This document discusses linear inequalities and linear equations. It begins by defining linear inequalities and their properties, including the fundamental properties of inequalities. It then discusses solving single-variable, two-variable, and multi-variable inequalities. It also discusses the geometric interpretation of inequalities and defines half-planes. Next, it defines linear equations with one unknown, two unknowns, and systems of linear equations. It discusses solving systems using elimination and the Gaussian elimination method.
This document discusses linear inequalities and linear equations. It begins by defining linear inequalities and their properties, including the fundamental properties of inequalities. It then discusses solving single-variable, two-variable, and multi-variable inequalities. It also discusses the geometric interpretation of inequalities and defines half-planes. Next, it defines linear equations with one unknown, two unknowns, and systems of linear equations. It discusses solving systems using elimination and the Gaussian elimination method.
This document discusses linear inequalities and linear equations. It begins by defining linear inequalities and their properties, including the fundamental properties of inequalities. It then discusses solving single-variable, two-variable, and multi-variable inequalities. It also discusses the geometric interpretation of inequalities and defines half-planes. Next, it defines linear equations with one unknown, two unknowns, and systems of linear equations. It discusses solving systems using elimination and the Gaussian elimination method.
This document discusses linear inequalities and linear equations. It begins by defining linear inequalities and their properties, including the fundamental properties of inequalities. It then discusses solving single-variable, two-variable, and multi-variable inequalities. It also discusses the geometric interpretation of inequalities and defines half-planes. Next, it defines linear equations with one unknown, two unknowns, and systems of linear equations. It discusses solving systems using elimination and the Gaussian elimination method.
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Linear Inequalities and Linear Equations
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Linear Inequalities and Linear Equations Inequalities The term inequality is applied to any statement involving one of the symbols <, >, Example of inequalities are: i. ii. iii. iv. x 1 x + y + 2z > 16 p2 + q2 a2 + ab > 1 , .
Fundamental Properties of Inequalities
b and c is any real number, then a + c For example, -3 -1 implies -3+4 -1 + 4.
b and c is positive, then ac bc. For example, 2 3 implies 2(4) 3(4).
b and c is negative, then ac bc. For example, 3 9 implies 3(-2) 9(-2).
Solution of Inequality By solution of the one variable inequality 2x + 3 7 we mean any number which substituted for x yields a true statement. For example, 1 is a solution of 2x + 3 7 since 2(1) + 3 = 5 and 5 is less than and equal to 7.
By a solution of the two variable inequality x - 5 we mean any ordered pair of numbers which when substituted for x and y, respectively, yields a true statement. For example, (2, 1) is a solution of x - y 5 because 2-1 = 1 and 1 5.
By a solution of the three variable inequality 2x - y + z 3 we means an ordered triple of number which when substituted for x, y and z respectively, yields a true statement. For example, (2, 0, 1) is a solution of 2x 3.
A solution of an inequality is said to satisfy the inequality. For example, (2, 1) is satisfy x - y 5.
Two or more inequalities, each with the same variables, considered as a unit, are said to form a system of inequalities. For example, x 0 0 4 Note that the notion of a system of inequalities is analogous to that of a solution of a system of equations. Any solution common to all of the inequalities of a system of inequalities is said to be a solution of that system of inequalities. A system of inequalities, each of whose members is linear, is said to be a system of linear inequalities.
Geometric Interpretation of Inequalities
An inequality in two variable x and y describes a region in the x-y plane (called its graph),
namely, the set of all points whose coordinates satisfy the inequality. The y-axis divide, the xy-plane into two regions, called half-planes. z
Right half-plane The region of points whose coordinates satisfy inequality x > 0. Left half-plane The region of points whose coordinates satisfy inequality x < 0.
Similarly, the x-axis divides the xy-plane into two half-planes.
z
Upper half-plane In which inequality y > 0 is true. Lower half-plane In which inequality y < 0 is true.
What is x-axis and y-axis? They are simply lines. So, the above arguments can be applied to any line. Every line ax + by = c divides the xy-plane into two regions called its half-planes. z z
On one half-plane ax + by > c is true. On the other half-plane ax + by < c is true.
Linear Equations One Unknown A linear equation in one unknown can always be stated into the standard form
ax = b where x is an unknown and a and b are constants. If a is not equal to zero, this equation has a unique solution
x = b/a Two Unknowns
A linear equation in two unknown, x and y, can be put into the form
ax + by = c where x and y are two unknowns and a, b, c are real numbers. Also, we assume that a and b are no zero.
Solution of Linear Equation = (k1, k2), which satisfies the equation ax + by = c. Mathematically speaking, a solution consists of u = (k1, k2) such that ak1 + bk2 = c. Solution of the equation can be found by assigning arbitrary values to x and solving for y OR assigning arbitrary values to y and solving for x. Geometrically, any solution u A solution of the equation consists of a pair of number, u
= (k1, k2) of the linear equation ax + by = c determine
a point in the cartesian plane. Since a and b are not zero, the solution u correspond precisely to the points on a straight line.
Two Equations in the Two Unknowns
A system of two linear equations in the two unknowns x and y is
a1x + b1x = c1 a2x + b2x = c2
Where a1, a2, b1, b2 are not zero. A pair of numbers which satisfies both equations is called a simultaneous solution of the given equations or a solution of the system of equations. Geometrically, there are three cases of a simultaneous solution 1. If the system has exactly one solution, the graph of the linear equations intersect in one
point. 2. If the system has no solutions, the graphs of the linear equations are parallel. 3. If the system has an infinite number of solutions, the graphs of the linear equations
The special cases (2) and (3) can only occur when the coefficient of x and y in the two linear equations are proportional.
OR
1b2 - a2b1 = 0
=>
=0
The system has no solution when
The solution to system
a1x + b1x = c1 a2x + b2x = c2
can be obtained by the elimination process, whereby reduce the system to a single equation in only one unknown. This is accomplished by the following algorithm ALGORITHM Step 1 Multiply the two equation by two numbers which are such that the resulting coefficients of one of the unknown are negative of each other. Add the equations obtained in Step 1.
Step 2
The output of this algorithm is a linear equation in one unknown. This equation may be solved for that unknown, and the solution may be substituted in one of the original equations yielding the value of the other unknown. As an example, consider the following system
19y = 19 Thus, we obtain an equation involving only unknown y. we solve for y to obtain
y=1 Next, we substitute y =1 in equation (1) to get
x=2 Therefore, x = 2 and y = 1 is the unique solution to the system.
n Equations in n Unknowns Now, consider a system of n linear equations in n unknowns
a11x1 + a12x2 + . . . + a1nxn = b1 a21x1 + a22x2 + . . . + a2nxn = b2 ......................... an1x1 + an2x2 + . . . + annxn = bn Where the aij, bi are real numbers. The number aij is called the coefficient of xj in the ith equation, and the number bi is called the constant of the ith equation. A list of values for the unknowns,
x1 = k1, x2 = k2, . . . , xn = kn or equivalently, a list of n numbers
is called a solution of the system if, with kj substituted for xj, the left hand side of each equation in fact equals the right hand side. The above system is equivalent to the matrix equation.
or, simply we can write A = B, where A = (aij), = (xi), and B = (bi).
The matrix
is called the coefficient
matrix of the system of n linear
equations in the system of n unknown.
The matrix
augmented matrix of n linear
equations in n unknown. Note for algorithmic nerds: we store a system in the computer as its augmented matrix. Specifically, system is stored in computer as an N (N+1) matrix array A, the augmented matrix array A, the augmented matrix of the system. Therefore, the constants b1, b2, . . . , bn are respectively stored as A1,N+1, A2,N+1, . . . , AN,N+1.
= a11a22 . . . ann; If none of the diagonal entries a11,a22, . . ., ann is
zero, the system has a unique solution.
Back Substitution Method
we obtain the solution of a triangular system by the technique of back substitution, consider the above general triangular system. 1. First, we solve the last equation for the last unknown, xn;
xn = bn/ann 2. Second, we substitute the value of xn in the next-to-last equation and solve it for the nextto-last unknown, xn-1: . 3. Third, we substitute these values for xn and xn-1 in the third-from-last equation and solve it for the third-from-last unknown, xn-2 :
In general, we determine xk by substituting the previously obtained values of xn, xn-1, . . . , xk+1 in the kth equation. .
Gaussian Elimination Gaussian elimination is a method used for finding the solution of a system of linear equations. This method consider of two parts. 1. This part consists of step-by-step putting the system into triangular system. 2. This part consists of solving the triangular system by back substitution.
equation 2 and 3 (above). a, Multiply equation (2) by 1/2 and add it to equation (3). The equation (3) becomes 6z = 12. Therefore, our given system of three linear equation of 3 unknown is reduced to the triangular system
x - 3y - 2z = 6 2y + 6z = 6 6z = 12 Second Part In the second part, we solve the equation by back substitution and get
x = 1, y = -3, z = 2 In the first stage of the algorithm, the coefficient of x in the first equation is called the pivot, and in the second stage of the algorithm, the coefficient of y in the second equation is the point. Clearly, the algorithm cannot work if either pivot is zero. In such a case one must interchange equation so that a pivot is not zero. In fact, if one would like to code this algorithm, then the greatest accuracy is attained when the pivot is as large in absolute value as possible. For example, we would like to interchange equation 1 and equation 2 in the original system in the above example before eliminating x from the second and third equation. That is, first step of the algorithm transfer system as
Let D denote the determinant of the matrix A +(aij) of coefficients; that is, let D =|A|. Also, let Ni denote the determinants of the matrix obtained by replacing the ith column of A by the column of constants.
Theorem. If D 0, the above system of linear equations has the . unique solution This theorem is widely known as Cramer's rule. It is important to note that Gaussian elimination is usually much more efficient for solving systems of linear equations than is the use of determinants.
Odoardo Volonterio, Michele Nardelli - "ON SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE VOLONTERIO'S TRANSFORM: SERIES DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE NK+M AND MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS WITH SOME SECTORS OF THE STRING THEORY"
Odoardo Volonterio, Michele Nardelli - "ON SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE VOLONTERIO'S TRANSFORM: SERIES DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE NK+M AND MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS WITH SOME SECTORS OF THE STRING THEORY"
