Scribd
Upload
99 views

A - Algorithm - A - Algorithm Example in AI - Gate Vidyalay

Uploaded by

Freeguy Freeguy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
99 views

A - Algorithm - A - Algorithm Example in AI - Gate Vidyalay

Uploaded by

Freeguy Freeguy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

A* Algorithm | A* Algorithm Example in

AI
Artificial Intelligence

A* Algorithm-
 

A* Algorithm is one of the best and popular


techniques used for path finding and graph
traversals.
A lot of games and web-based maps use this
algorithm for finding the shortest path efficiently.
It is essentially a best first search algorithm.

Working-
 

A* Algorithm works as-

It maintains a tree of paths originating at the start


node.
It extends those paths one edge at a time.
It continues until its termination criterion is
satisfied.

A* Algorithm extends the path that minimizes the


following function-

f(n) = g(n) + h(n)

Here,

‘n’ is the last node on the path


g(n) is the cost of the path from start node to node
‘n’
h(n) is a heuristic function that estimates cost of
the cheapest path from node ‘n’ to the goal node

Algorithm-
 
The implementation of A* Algorithm involves
maintaining two lists- OPEN and CLOSED.
OPEN contains those nodes that have been
evaluated by the heuristic function but have not
been expanded into successors yet.
CLOSED contains those nodes that have already
been visited.

The algorithm is as follows-

Step-01:
 

Define a list OPEN.


Initially, OPEN consists solely of a single node, the
start node S.

Step-02:
 

If the list is empty, return failure and exit.

Step-03:
 

Remove node n with the smallest value of f(n) from


OPEN and move it to list CLOSED.
If node n is a goal state, return success and exit.

Step-04:
 

Expand node n.

Step-05:
 
If any successor to n is the goal node, return
success and the solution by tracing the path from
goal node to S.
Otherwise, go to Step-06.

Step-06:
 

For each successor node,

Apply the evaluation function f to the node.


If the node has not been in either list, add it to
OPEN.

Step-07:
 

Go back to Step-02.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON A*


ALGORITHM-
 

Problem-01:
 

Given an initial state of a 8-puzzle problem and final


state to be reached-

 
 

Find the most cost-effective path to reach the final state


from initial state using A* Algorithm.

Consider g(n) = Depth of node and h(n) = Number of


misplaced tiles.

Solution-
 

A* Algorithm maintains a tree of paths originating


at the initial state.
It extends those paths one edge at a time.
It continues until final state is reached.

 
 

Problem-02:
 

Consider the following graph-

The numbers written on edges represent the distance


between the nodes.

The numbers written on nodes represent the heuristic


value.

Find the most cost-effective path to reach from start


state A to final state J using A* Algorithm.

Solution-
 

Step-01:
 

We start with node A.


Node B and Node F can be reached from node A.

A* Algorithm calculates f(B) and f(F).

f(B) = 6 + 8 = 14
f(F) = 3 + 6 = 9
 

Since f(F) < f(B), so it decides to go to node F.

Path- A → F

Step-02:
 

Node G and Node H can be reached from node F.

A* Algorithm calculates f(G) and f(H).

f(G) = (3+1) + 5 = 9
f(H) = (3+7) + 3 = 13

Since f(G) < f(H), so it decides to go to node G.

Path- A → F → G

Step-03:
 

Node I can be reached from node G.

A* Algorithm calculates f(I).

f(I) = (3+1+3) + 1 = 8

It decides to go to node I.

Path- A → F → G → I

Step-04:
 
Node E, Node H and Node J can be reached from node
I.

A* Algorithm calculates f(E), f(H) and f(J).

f(E) = (3+1+3+5) + 3 = 15
f(H) = (3+1+3+2) + 3 = 12
f(J) = (3+1+3+3) + 0 = 10

Since f(J) is least, so it decides to go to node J.

Path- A → F → G → I → J

This is the required shortest path from node A to node


J.

Important Note-
 

It is important to note that-

A* Algorithm is one of the best path finding


algorithms.
But it does not produce the shortest path always.
This is because it heavily depends on heuristics.

 
To gain better understanding about A* Search
Algorithm,

Watch this Video Lecture

Get more notes and other study material of Artificial


Intelligence.

Watch video lectures by visiting our YouTube channel


LearnVidFun.

Summary

Article Name A* Algorithm | A* Algorithm


Example in AI

Description A* Algorithm in Artificial


Intelligence is a popular path
finding technique. A* Algorithm
Working & Pseudo Code. A*
Algorithm Examples in AI. A*
Algorithm on 8 Puzzle Problem is
discussed.

Author Akshay Singhal

Publisher Name Gate Vidyalay

Publisher Logo

You might also like