Drilling Engineering

2.12 Drilling rigs classifications

2.12.1 Land Drilling Rigs:

Onshore (land) rigs are all similar, but offshore rigs are of five basic types - each of which is
designed to suit specific offshore environment.

EDC Rig 5

2.12.2 Offshore drilling rigs

1.
2.

2.12.2.1 Barge Rig:

The barge rig is most often a flat-bottomed vessel with a shallow draft, equipped with a derrick and
other necessary drilling equipment. It is usually towed to the location and then has its hull filled with
water which allows it to rest on the bottom, providing a solid support for drilling activities.

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2.12.2.2 Submersible Rig:

A submersible rig is a larger version of a posted barge and is capable of working in water depths of
18 ft to 70 ft (5.5 m to 2.14 m). Often the hull of a submersible rig
will have steel floats or "bottles" that can be filled with water (ball lasted) to help stabilize the vessel
on bottom.

2.12.2.3 JACK-UP RIG:

This is a self-elevating drilling rig, designed to operate in depths from 30 ft t 350 ft (9 m to 107 m).
After being towed to the location (or in some cases being self propelled), the legs are lowered by
electric or hydraulic jacks until they rest on the seabed and the deck is level, supported perhaps 60 ft
(18 m) above the waves. Most jack-up rigs have three to five legs, and are either vertical or slightly
angled for stability.
The chief disadvantages of the jack-up are its vulnerability when being jacked up or relocated, but as
a class, they are cheaper than other mobile rigs. Nearly half of the world's fleet of offshore rigs in
service is the jack-up type, some of which are large, self-propelled Units.

2.12.2.4 Semisubmersible Rig:

These are floating drilling rigs consisting of hulls or caissons, which carry a number of vertical
stabilizing columns, support a deck with derrick, and associated drilling equipment. Semi-
submersible drilling rigs differ principally in their displacement, hull configuration, and the number
of stabilizing columns. Most modem type have a rectangular deck, a few are cruciform shaped, others
pentagon shaped, while some of the smaller rigs have a triangular deck.
The semi-submersible is very stable because its center of gravity is low in water. It can operate in
deeper water than a jack-up rig.

2.12.2.5 Drill ships:

Drill ships are most often utilized for extremely deep-water drilling locations. A "floater" like the
semisubmersible, a drillship must maintain its position at the drilling location by anchors and
mooring lines, or by computer-controlled dynamic positioning equipment

DRILLING RIGS SUMMARY

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2.13 Drilling rig and its components

Drilling rig is a set of mechanisms and prime movers designed for drilling wells; a conventional rig consists
of the following components:
1) Hoisting system
2) Rotary equipment system
3) Prime movers & transmissions (power system).
4) Slush pumps
5) Drilling fluid circulating system6. Well monitoring system.
6) Well control system.
7) Special equipment for marine operations.
2.13.1 Drilling rig and its elements:

1. Crown Block and Water Table

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2. Hoist Line
3. Drilling Line
4. Monkey board
5. Traveling Block
6. Top Drive
7. Mast
8. Drill Pipe
9. Doghouse
10. Blowout Preventer
11. Water Tank
12. Electric Cable Tray
13. Engine Generator Sets
14. Fuel Tank
15. Electrical Control House
16. Mud Pumps
17. Bulk Mud Component Tanks
18. Mud Tanks (Pits)

19. Reserve Pit

20. Mud-Gas Separator
21. Shale Shakers
22. Choke Manifold
23. Pipe Ramp
24. Pipe Racks
25. Accumulator

2.13.2 The basic systems in a drilling rig:

2.13.2.1 Hoisting system: The hoisting equipment system consists of:

 The derrick or the mast

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Is a tapered tower made of steel which serves to suspend the
drill string or casing strings or place drill pipe stands during housing operations (round trips).

 The draw-works

Is the main item of any drilling rig. It serves as the power control center of the rig. The power plant of
the rig supplies motive power to the hoisting drum, permitting reeling and unreeling of the drilling line
from the hoisting drum.

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 Crown block

The crown block Is mounted on the top of the derrick. it is the stationary block of the block and tackle
system. Crown Block contains a number of sheaves on which is wound the drilling line. The crown
block provides a means of taking the drilling line from the hoisting drum to the travelling block.

 The traveling blocks

The travelling block is the moving block of the system and suspended from the loops of the wire rope
which passes over all the sheaves of the two blocks one after another. a diamond-shaped block
containing a number of sheaves which is always less than those in the crown block.

 The rotary hook

The rotary hook Is suspended beneath the traveling block from its bail. The function of the hook is
to suspend the swivel, an elevator, while drilling, or making round trips.

2.13.2.2 Rotary system

The rotary system is intended for transmitting the rotary to the drill string to which lower end a
drilling bit is attached. The rotary system consists of:
 The Rotary Table
The rotary table Is situated in the center of the derrick floor, its function is to rotate the drill string in
the process of drilling and serve as a support for the drill string while round trips are being made.
 The Swivel
Swivel is probably the most ingenious element of the drilling rig. While drilling is in progress, the
swivel is suspended from the hook and suspends the whole weight of the drill string. It permits free
rotation of the drill string and serves as the passageway for the drilling fluid from the hose lo the
drill string, which is rotated.
 The Kelly
Is the first section of pipe below the swivel the outside section of the Kelly is squared or hexagonal.
 Drill pipe
Is the major portion of drill string, it is specified by its outer diameter, weight per foot, steel grade&
range length.
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 Drill collar
Is the lower section of drill string it is a heavy thick wall steel tubular.
 Drill bit
Is used to disintegrate the rock, Types is (mechanical bit and polycrystalline diamond bit)
 Top drive
In the top drive system Power swivel or power-sub installed just below a conventional swivel can be
used to replace the Kelly, Kelly bushing & rotary table Drilling rotation is achieved through
hydraulic motor incorporate in the power swivel or power sub.

2.13.2.4 Slush (or Mud) pumps

Usually a drilling rig is provided with two slush pumps. Their function is to circulate drilling fluid in
the process of drilling. The heart of the circulating system is the mud pumps. There are two types of
pumps used in the oil industry: Duplex and Triplex.

2.13.2.5 Prime movers and transmissions:

The prime movers and transmissions are necessary to provide motive power for all the mechanics of
the rig, the hoisting system, the rotary system and the mud pumps.

2.13.2.6 Drilling fluid circulating system:

Consists of mud pits and tanks, an auxiliary pump and mechanisms for mixing, chemical treatment
and solids controls of the drilling fluid (a mud hopper, a shaker, a hydro cyclone etc.)

2.13.2.7 Well monitoring system:

The well monitoring equipment system use devices to display different parameters and factors that
must be measured continuously during the drilling operations that are:

7. . Rotary torque 1. Penetration Rate

8. . Mud density 2. pump rate
9. . Gas content 3. Depth -
10. . Pit level 4. pump pressure
11. . Mud temperature 5. Hook load
12. . Rotary speed. 6. Mud salinity

2.13.2.8 Well control system:

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The well control system is used to prevent the uncontrolled
flow of formation fluids from the wellbore when the bit penetrates a permeable formation which is
pressurized formation.

Types of BOP:

 Annular preventer
Stop the flow from the well using arming of synthetic rubber that contract in the fluid passage in
annulus.

 Ram preventer
Have two packing elements on opposite sides that close by moving toward to each other (pipe
ram, blind ram shear ram)

2.14 Drilling Engineering Designs

:For vertical drilling

use rotary drilling or top drive drilling )From surface to KOP(
The suitable drilling
methode
:For turning section
.Use subsurface motor or jet bit

i. For rig type:

Because the well is on shore, so portable mast (jack knife derrick) rig is the most suitable
rig used for this well.
ii. Rig components:
After design the well trajectory, drill string, casing string and cement program we can select
the suitable rig components.
iii. Determination of the derrick load:
Derrick must be designed to carry safely all loads which ever be used while drilling, these

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loads are either
Dead load of derrick itself.
Vertical loads: Dead load of the load supported by the C/B.
Live and impact load

Hz. component of pipe set back.

Horizontal loads: Wind load

Note, Use maximum dead load capacity of a derrick equal to the heaviest casing column, an

additional length (from 25 – 50 % of casing) is added for friction.

For well #1
1. Derrick selection:
the maximum casing capacity; is the capacity of the last casing string
Effective weight= weight in air *buoyancy factor
Buoyancy factor B.F = 1 – γm / γsteel = 1 – (10 / 65.5) = 0.84733
For 7'' Wc = (23*920+20*3972) * 0.84733 =85241.398 1b“The max.”
By add length 35 %;
Maximum derrick load = 1.35 * 85241.398 = 115075.887 lb.
Note for wind load
Wind load Lw = 0.004 V2, lb / ft2 and V = 50 mph
Wind load = 0.004 * (50)2 * 510 ft2 (for rig class 8A) = 5100 lb.

From rotary drilling handbook page (12) from A Complete Well Planning
the derrick specifications Approach N. J. Adams
Derrick size No. 18 A
Derrick size No. 12 Height 136 ft
Height 94 ft Base square 30 ft
Base square 30 ft Casing capacity 300000 lbs
Water table opening 5.5 ft Pipe size 5 in
Casing
10 ASSRcapacity 300000 lb Total length 8900 ft
Pipe weight 22.5 lb/ft
Pipe set back capacity 150000 lb
Wind load area 510 ft2
 Drilling Engineering
2. Selection of the wellhead (BOP)
The safest procedure for designing preventer pressure ratings is to ensure that the preventer
can withstand the worst pressure condition possible. This condition occur when all drilling
fluids have been evacuated from the annulus and only low density from fluids such as gas
remain, so,
a- Maximum formation pressure = .499*4892 = 2441.108 psi.
b- Determine minimum hydrostatic pressure assume only gas density = 1 ppg
Phmin= 0.052 * 1 * (4892) = 254.38 psi.

The experience should dictate that 80 % design factor would be unexpected eventualities.
Working pressure = resultant pressure * 0.8= (Pfmax. – Phmin) * 0.8= 1750.2 psi
Using the API designations at 3000 psi working pressure.
For flanges two types :

Type Nominal size, in Selected

6B 2 1/16 – 11 - - -

6 BX 13 5/8 – 21.25 13 5/8

Size 13 3/8
Outside diameter 26.5
Diameter of raised face 18
Total thickness 4.94
Large diameter of hob 18.94
Small diameter of hob 16.69
2.2 For bolts :

Bolt circle diameter 23.25 in

Number of bolt 16
Diameter of bolt 1.625 in
Length 12.5 in
Ring joint 160

 Selection of (BOP):

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 Use Cameron ram type BOP, Operating Data:

Mode N. Size Working Fluid volume Ratio

pressure To open To close To open To close
Ty 10 3000 3.2 3.36 7 1
pe " gal gal.
U .

 Selection of Cameron type D Blow-out preventor:

Use MPL instead of manual – lock,

 Hydril annular BOP:

Mode N. Size Approximate weight Closing ratio Working Fluid volume
single N. Size
double pressure Tovolume
open To close
Mode Vertical Overall Overall Working Fluid
bore height diameter pressure To open To close
 SelectionM
of KOOMEY1 Ram Type:
8 1 5.2 3000 4. 5.
P 3 0 5 9 9
Mode L T N.5 Size
1 Fluid
0 1volume
0 3 52. Ratio 3000 3 g 3 ga
y / 3 0
0To open 0 9 close
To 75 To open To close . al . l.
p 8 5/ l " 0 . 1 . 1
e 8 b lb 2 g
PB – PRC 13 5/8 4.78 5
5.25 7.69 2.5 g a
D a l.
(Power ram change) gal. gal. l
.

3. Kelly selection:
Find the maximum d/s weight:
D/S max. = Wb max. + Wd/p max. + Wd/c max.
Where,
Wb, Bit weight (assume: 86 lbs.)
Fc, factor to compensate fraction (1.35)
D/P + DC + HWDP = (3722*21.35) +(630*49.3) +(540*103.77) = 166559.5 lbs.

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D/S = (86 +166559.5) * 1.35 * 0.84733 = 190625.037 lb.

From standard specifications of Kelly selection

Square Kelly 2.5 “
Lower pin connection (size & style) NC 26 C 2 3/8 IF
Inside diameter 1.25
Outside diameter 2.5
Minimum recommend casing O. D. 6 5/8
Internal pressure @ yield stress. 153.1
Tensile yield. 185000 daN
The Kelly weight 688.3 lb

4. Swivel selection:
Maximum swivel rated dead load capacity
= Bit + D/P + D/C + HWDP + Kelly
=190625.037 + 688.3
=191313.337 lbs
Use Rotary Drilling Handbook page 147,
Swivel specifications
Depth capacity 5000 ft
Main bearing dia. 16 1/2 "
Fluid passage dia. 3 in
Bail pin dia. 22 in
Net approximate weight 3030 lb

5. Hook selection
a- For total hook load during drilling,
Max. weight =Drill String wt. + Kelly+ Swivel wt.
= 190625.037 + 688.3 + 3030 = 194343.3375 lb
b- For total hook load during casing,

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H. L = wt. of heaviest casing in mud = 3030 + 85241.398 =
88271.398 lbs =40 ton
So, Hook specification
H-6(composite Handbook) Rated load 100 tons & Weight 5310lbs

6. Hoisting system selection:

For maximum traveling block load:
Max. Weight =Load carried by hook +Hook wt.
= 194343.3375 +5310 = 199653.3375 lb = 90.56 ton

From Rotary Drilling Handbook page 140,

API working load strength 100 tons
No. of sheaves 4
Sheave diameter 36 inches
Line size 1 1/8 inch,
Overall length 69.5 inch
Weight with no hook 5470 lb
Thickness 20.75 inch
Clevis width 8 1/2 inch
Length with hook 204,314 inches
Hook length 191/2 inch
Hook width 30 1/2 inch

For Crown block design:

HLL = 199653.3375 +5470 = 205123.3375 lb
K ( 1−K ) 0.915 ( 1−0.915 )
N 8
EF = = =0.8414
N (1−K ) 8 ( 1−0.915 )

FL = HL/(N*EF) = 205123.3375 /(8*0.8414) =30473.517 lb

8
HL∗K N 205123.3375∗(0.915 )
DL = = =14972.39 lb
N∗EF 8∗0.8414
Total crown block load T.H.L = T.B. load + T.B. weight + F.L.tension + D.L. tension

= 205123.3375 + 30473.517 + 14972.39 = 250569.2514 lb = 113.656 Ton

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1-Consider the maximum tension in the line in pounds,
which expected for the drilling operation
FL = 30473.517 lb
Multiply this tension by (2) as safety factor to obtain the safe ultimate strength of the
required cable =60947.034 lb

From Drilling Data Handbook, select the cable which has the closest ultimate strength and
has the suitable diameter for hoisting sheaves.
Select 6 * 19 classification wire rope, bright (UN coated) or Drawn-Galvanized wire
independent wire rope core.
From Drilling Data Handbook
Nominal diameter Approximate mass, Extra improved Improved plow
lb / ft plow steel steel
1 in 1.85 79600 lb 89800 lb

For Drawworks design:

For D/W H.P input From Drilling Data Handbook page102
Nominal depth rating 10000
=Brake H.P / EB
Size break rims 54 "
= Wm * Vmin / (33000 * EF) Drum length 35 "
Drum dia. 26 "
Where,
Size line 1 1/8 "
33000) = ft. lb / min) / hp Weight 35000 lb
EB= Average efficiency factor for block and tackle system = 0.841
Vmin= Minimum expected velocity of the hook, (150 ft / min(
Wm = the total hook load, lb
D/W H.P = 150 * 205123.3375 / (33000 *0.841) = 1108.65 hp

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7. Ton-mile:
Is a measure of the usage of the hoisting cable.
Ton mile calculations:
Drilling line is maintained in good conditions by following a - scheduled Slip-and Cut
program, slipping the d/line involves loosing the dead line anchor and placing a few feet of
new line in service from the storage reel.
Max.Ton mile during tripping:

Ton- miles during round trip @ 4892 ft

C1=(540*103.77-540*21.43)* 0.84733 = 37675.34 lb
C2 = (630*49.3 – 630*21.43)*0.84733 = 15295.23 lb
M = weight of travelling block and hook = 5470 + 5310 = 10708 lb
Wdp = 21.35 * 0.84733 = 18.09 lb

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Tr = {4892*18.09*(91+4892) +
4*4892*(10708+ .5*(37675.34+15295.23))}/10560000
= 110.68 ton-mile

Ton mile during casing,

Tc = (4892*23*0.84733*(42+4892) + 4*4892*10708)/ (2*10560000)

=32.19 ton-mile
The length of the wire rope to be wrapped on the drum
From Drilling Hand Book, Select drum with the following
specifications
Nominal Depth 16,000 ft

Drum diameter (D) 32 ,in

Drum length (B) 57 ,in

Drum Height 25 ,in

Approximate Shaft Diameter 1.2 ,ft

Length of skid (A) 25 ,in

Drope 2.625 ,in

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 Total length of the rope for wrapping N layers
L=N*l*n
Where,
N=A/d
n = no. of coils in one layer=B/d
L = average length of one coil=Π*(D+a)/12 ft

A  B
L * * ( D  A) *
 d 12 d

L=K*(A + D) *A*B
K: constant depending on the rope diameter, equal to

K   0.04
12 * d 2

L = 0.04*25*57*(32+25) = 3249 ft

8. SELECTION OF MUD PUMP


Properties of the hole and drilling assembly during the final bit run
DP OD 5 in
ID 4.276 in
LENGTH 3722 ft
HWDP OD 5 in
ID 3 in
LENGTH 630 ft
DC OD 6.75 in
ID 2.25 in
LENGTH 540 ft
HOLE 8.5 in
plastic VISCOSITY 11 CP
MUD weight 10 ppg
YP ( YIELD POINT) 14

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From bit record Select circulation rate 540 gpm
and the hole depth is 4892 ft
For pressure losses during circulation.
∆ PT = ΔPS + ΔPIDP+ ΔPIDP + ΔPIDP + ΔPBIT + ΔPODP+ ΔPODC + ΔPOHW + ΔPIHW
Where
∆ PT : Total pressure loss, psi
ΔPS : Total pressure loss in surface connection, psi

ΔPIDP : Total pressure loss inside the drill pipe, psi

ΔPIDP : Total pressure loss inside drill collar, psi
ΔPBIT : Total pressure loss in bit, psi
ΔPODP: Total pressure loss in the outside of drill pipe, psi
ΔPODC: Total pressure loss in the outside of drill collar, psi
ΔPOHW: Total pressure loss in the outside the heavy weight drill pipe, psi
ΔPIHW: Total pressure loss inside the heavy weight drill pipe, psi

Calculation of total pressure losses.

A- ΔPs : total pressure loss in surface connection:

From Rabia reference chapter 8

ΔPs=E((ρm)0.8)*(Q 1.8)*(Pv) 0.2
Where
E = a constant depending on type of surface equipment used E from table 8.2 in chapter 8
is selected to be 4.2*10^(-5)
ΔPs =4.2*10^(-5)*(10)^0.8*540^1.8*11^0.2=35.48 psi

B- ΔPIDP: total pressure loss inside drill pipe:

1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv +8.2 ¿ ρm∗ID ∗YP
2 2

Vc=
ρm∗ID
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Where
Vc Critical velocity (ft / sec.)
PV Plastic viscosity (11c.p)
ρm mud density (10 ppg)
ID inside diameter of drill pipe = 4.276in
Y.P yield point 14

97∗11+ 97 √112 +8.2∗10∗4.2762∗14

Vc = = 354.8 ft/min
10∗4.276

2nd. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:

24.5∗Q
−¿= 2
¿
ID
V

Where
V
 : Actual velocity (average velocity) ft/sec.
 Q: flow rate gpm
 IDc : inside diameter of drill pipe inch.
24.5∗540
¿ 2
=723.6 ft /minute
4.276

While V >Vc Then, the flow is turbulent flow.

8.91∗10−5∗ρm0.8∗Q1.8∗PV 0.2∗Lp
∆ P IDP=
IDp 4.8

8.91∗10−5∗10 0.8∗5401.8∗110.2∗3722
∆ P IDP= =261.97 psi
4.2764.8

C- ΔPc: total pressure loss inside drill collar:

1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv 2 +8.2 ¿ ρm∗IDc 2∗YP

Vc=
ρm∗IDC

97∗11+ 97 √11 +8.2∗10∗2.25 ∗14

2 2
Vc= = 379.48 ft/minute
10∗2.25

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2 nd
. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:
24.5∗Q
−¿= 2
¿
I Dc
V
24.5∗540
−¿= 2
=2613.3 ft /minute ¿
2.25
V

Whilev' >Vc Then, the flow is turbulent flow.

−5 0.8 1.8 0.2

8.91∗10 ∗ρ m ∗Q ∗PV ∗Lc
∆ P IDc = 4.8
IDc

−5 0.8 1.8 0.2

8.91∗10 ∗10 ∗540 ∗11 ∗540
∆ P IDc = 4.8
=828.67 psi
2.25

D- ΔPIHW: Total pressure loss inside the heavy weight drill pipe, psi

1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv 2 +8.2 ¿ ρm∗ID HW 2∗YP

Vc=
ρm∗ID HW

97∗11+ 97 √112 +8.2∗10∗32∗14

Vc= = 366.14 ft/minute
10∗3

2nd. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:

24.5∗Q
−¿= 2
¿
I DHW
V
24.5∗540
−¿= 2
=1470 ft /minute ¿
3
V

Whilev' >Vc Then, the flow is turbulent flow.

8.91∗10−5∗ρ m0.8∗Q1.8∗PV 0.2∗Lhw
∆ P IDhw =
ID hw 4.8

8.91∗10−5∗10 0.8∗5401.8∗110.2∗630
∆ P IDhw = =243 psi
3 4.8

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Annular losses
E- ΔPODpipe: total pressure loss outside drill pipe and cased hole :

1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv +6.2 ¿ ρm∗De ∗YP

2 2

Vc=
ρm∗IDe

De=(ID casing−OD pipe)

Vc=97∗11+97 √ 112+ 6.2∗10 ¿ ¿ ¿= 314.28 ft/minute

2nd. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:

24.5∗Q
−¿= 2 2
¿
ID casing −OD pipe
V
24.5∗540

V
−¿= 2
8.921 −5
2
¿
=242.37 ft/minute

Whilev' <Vc Then, the flow is laminar flow.

L pipe∗Pv∗V −¿ L pipe∗Yp
∆ PODP = + psi ¿
60000∗De
2
225∗D e

2200∗11∗242.37 2200∗14
∆ PODP = + =41.27 psi
60000∗(8.921−5) 2
225∗(8.921−5)

F-ΔPODpipe: total pressure loss outside drill pipe and heavy weight drill pipe in open hole
1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv +6.2 ¿ ρm∗De ∗YP

2 2

Vc=
ρm∗IDe

De=(D hole−OD pipe )

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Vc=97∗11+97 √ 112+ 6.2∗10 ¿ ¿ ¿= 317.89 ft/minute
2nd. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:

24.5∗Q
−¿= 2 2
¿
D hole −ODpipe
V

24.5∗540

V
−¿= 2
8.5 −5
2
¿
=280 ft/minute

Whilev' <Vc Then, the flow is laminar flow.

L pipe∗Pv∗V −¿ L pipe∗Yp
∆ PODP = + psi ¿
60000∗De
2
225∗D e

2152∗11∗280 2152∗14
∆ PODP = + =47.27 psi
60000∗(8.5−5) 225∗(8.5−5)
2

Total pressure drop around drill pipe and heavy weight drill pipe = 88.546 psi

G- ΔPc: total pressure loss outside drill collar:

1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv 2 +6.2 ¿ ρm∗De 2∗YP
Vc=
ρm∗IDe

De=(Dhole −OD collar )

Vc=97∗11+97 √ 112+ 6.2∗10 ¿ ¿ ¿= 353.18 ft/minute
2nd. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:
24.5∗Q
−¿= 2 2
¿
D hole −ODcollar
V
24.5∗540

V
−¿= 2
8.5 −6.25
2
¿
=399 ft/minute

WhileVc<V' Then, the flow is turbulent flow.

8.91∗10−5∗ρ m 0.8∗Q 1.8∗PV 0.2∗Lc

∆ P oDc= ¿¿

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8.91∗10−5∗100.8∗5401.8∗110.2∗540
∆ P oDc=
¿¿

H- ΔPb : total pressure loss in bit:

Assume a cone bit has 3 nozzles of size 13/16, in. withbit nozzle co-efficient C = 0.95
Q2 × ρm
∆ P BIT =
7430 ×c 2 × D2equ .

√ [ ]
2
13
Dequ . = 3 × =1.41 inch
16
2
540 ×10
∆ P BIT = =2 18.73 psi
7430 ×0.95 2 ×1.412

Total pressure drop calculations

∆ PT =∆ P S +∆ P IDP + ∆ PIDC + ∆ P ODP + ∆ P ODC ++ ∆ P BIT

∆ PT =35.48+261.97+ 243+828.67+88.546+ 56.216+218.73=1732.61 psi

Mud pump Horse power calculations

The mud pump horse power is calculated as follow:
∆P × Qac
H.P=
1714

1732.61 × 540
H.P= = 545 .86 hp
1714
pump horse power
The brake horse power=
ηmech

ηmech : is the mechanical efficiency that assumed with 0.85

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545.86
The brake horse power= =642.19 hp
0.85
BHP
the rated horse power for the prime mover engine= ×1.4
ηO

ηO : is the overall efficiency that assumed with 0.87

642.33
the rated horse power for the prime mover engine= ×1.4 = 1033.4 h p
0.87

So, we are supposed to use two pumps to give the needed horse power in the manner
that one on operations and one standby

For well #2
1. Derrick selection:
the maximum casing capacity; is the capacity of the last casing string
Effective weight= weight in air *buoyancy factor
Buoyancy factor B.F = 1 – γm / γsteel = 1 – (10.5 / 65.5) = 0.8385
For 7'' Wc = (23*920+20*3760) * 0.8385 =80797.86 1b“The max.”
By add length 35 %;
Maximum derrick load = 1.35 * 80797.86 = 109077.11 lb.
from A Complete Well Planning
From rotary drilling handbook page (12)
Approach N. J. Adams
the derrick specifications
Derrick size No. 18 A
Derrick size No. 12 Height 136 ft
Height 94 ft Base square 30 ft
Base square 30 ft Casing capacity 300000 lbs
Water table opening 5.5 ft Pipe size 5 in
Total length 8900 ft
Casing capacity 300000 lb
Pipe weight 22.5 lb/ft
Pipe set back capacity 150000 lb Wind load area 510 ft2
Note for wind load
Wind load Lw = 0.004 V2, lb / ft2 and V = 50 mph
Wind load = 0.004 * (50)2 * 510 ft2 (for rig class 8A) = 5100 lb.

2. Selection of the wellhead (BOP)

25 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
The safest procedure for designing preventer pressure
ratings is to ensure that the preventer can withstand the worst pressure condition possible.
This condition occur when all drilling fluids have been evacuated from the annulus and only
low density from fluids such as gas remain, so,
a- Maximum formation pressure = .499*4700 = 2345.3 psi.
b- Determine minimum hydrostatic pressure assume only gas density = 1 ppg
Phmin= 0.052 * 1 * (4700) = 244.4 psi.
The experience should dictate that 80 % design factor would be unexpected eventualities.
Working pressure = resultant pressure * 0.8= (Pfmax. – Phmin) * 0.8= 1680.72 psi
Using the API designations at 3000 psi working pressure.
For flanges two types :

Type Nominal size, in Selected

6B 2 1/16 – 11 - - -
6 BX 13 5/8 – 21.25 13 5/8

Size 13 3/8
Outside diameter 26.5
Diameter of raised face 18
Total thickness 4.94
Large diameter of hob 18.94
Small diameter of hob 16.69

2.2 For bolts :

Bolt circle diameter 23.25 in

Number of bolt 16
Diameter of bolt 1.625 in
Length 12.5 in
Ring joint 160

Selection of (BOP):
 Use Cameron ram type BOP, Operating Data:

Mode N. Size Working Fluid volume Ratio

26 ASSR
pressure To open To close To open To close
Ty 10 3000 3.2 3.36 7 1
pe " gal gal.
U .
 Drilling Engineering

 Selection of Cameron type D Blow-out preventor:

Use MPL instead of manual – lock,

 Hydril annular BOP:

Mode N. Size Approximate weight Closing ratio Working Fluid volume
single double pressure To open To close
Mode Vertical N. Size Overall Overall Working Fluid volume
bore height diameter pressure To open To close
M 1 8 1 5.2 3000 4. 5.
P 3 0 5 9 9
L T 5 1 0 1 0 3 52. 3000 3 g 3 ga
y / 3 0 0 0 9 75 . al . l.
p 8 5/ l " 0 . 1 . 1
e 8 b lb 2 g
5 g a
D a l.
l
.

 Selection of KOOMEY Ram Type:

Mode N. Size Fluid volume Ratio
To open To close To open To close

PB – PRC 13 5/8 4.78 5.25 7.69 2.5

(Power ram change) gal. gal.

3. Kelly selection:
Find the maximum d/s weight:
D/S max. = Wb max. + Wd/p max. + Wd/c max.

Where,
Wb, Bit weight (assume: 86 lbs.)
Fc, factor to compensate fraction (1.35)
27 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
D/P + DC + HWDP = (3530*21.35) +(630*49.3)
+(540*103.77) = 162460.3 lbs.
D/S = (86 +162460.3) * 1.35 * 0.8385 = 183998.347 lb.
From standard specifications of Kelly selection
Square Kelly 2.5 “
4. Swivel selection: Lower pin connection (size & style) NC 26 C 2 3/8 IF
Maximum swivel rated dead load Inside diameter 1.25
capacity Outside diameter 2.5
Minimum recommend casing O. D. 6 5/8
= Bit + D/P + D/C + HWDP + Kelly Internal pressure @ yield stress. 153.1
=183998.347 + 688.3 Tensile yield. 185000 daN
The Kelly weight 688.3 lb
=184686.65 lbs
Use Rotary Drilling Handbook page 147,
Swivel specifications
Depth capacity 5000 ft
Main bearing dia. 16 1/2 "
Fluid passage dia. 3 in
Bail pin dia. 22 in
Net approximate weight 3030 lb

5. Hook selection
a- For total hook load during drilling,
Max. weight =Drill String wt. + Kelly+ Swivel wt.
= 183998.347 + 688.3 + 3030 = 187716.64 lb
b- For total hook load during casing,
H. L = wt. of heaviest casing in mud = 3030 + 80797.86 = 83827.86 lbs = 39 ton
So, Hook specification
H-6(composite Handbook) Rated load 100 tons & Weight 5310lbs
6. Hoisting system selection:
For maximum traveling block load:

Max. Weight =Load carried by hook +Hook wt.

= 187716.64 +5310 = 193026.64 lb = 87.55 ton

28 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
From Rotary Drilling Handbook page 140,
API working load strength 100 tons
No. of sheaves 4
Sheave diameter 36 inches
Line size 1 1/8 inch,
Overall length 69.5 inch
Weight with no hook 5470 lb
Thickness 20.75 inch
Clevis width 8 1/2 inch
Length with hook 204,314 inches
Hook length 191/2 inch
Hook width 30 1/2 inch

For Crown block design:

HLL = 193026.64 +5470 = 198496.64 lb
K ( 1−K ) 0.915 ( 1−0.915 )
N 8
EF = = =0.8414
N (1−K ) 8 ( 1−0.915 )

FL = HLL/(N*EF) = 198496.64 /(8*0.8414) =29489 lb

N 8
198496.64∗(0.915 )
DL = HLL∗K = =14488.7 lb
N∗EF 8∗0.8414
Total crown block load T.H.L = T.B. load + T.B. weight + F.L.tension + D.L. tension

= 198496.64 + 29489+ 14488.7 = 242474.34 lb = 109.98 Ton

1-Consider the maximum tension in the line in pounds, which expected for the drilling
operation
FL = 29489 lb
Multiply this tension by (2) as safety factor to obtain the safe ultimate strength of the
required cable =58978 lb
From Drilling Data Handbook, select the cable which has the closest ultimate strength and
has the suitable diameter for hoisting sheaves.
Select 6 * 19 classification wire rope, bright (UN coated) or Drawn-Galvanized wire
independent wire rope core.

29 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
From Drilling Data Handbook
Nominal diameter Approximate mass, Extra improved Improved plow
lb / ft plow steel steel
1 in 1.85 79600 lb 89800 lb

For Drawworks design:

For D/W H.P input
=Brake H.P / EB
= Wm * Vmin / (33000 * EF)
Where,
33000) = ft. lb / min) / hp
EF= Average efficiency factor for block and tackle system = 0.841
Vmin= Minimum expected velocity of the hook, (150 ft / min(
Wm = Hoisting line load, lb
D/W H.P = 150 * 198496.64 / (33000 *0.841) = 1072.84 hp

From Drilling Data Handbook page102

Nominal depth rating 10000
Size break rims 54 "
Drum length 35 "
Drum dia. 26 "
.
Size line 1 1/8 "
Weight 35000 lb

7. Ton-mile:
30 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
Is a measure of the usage of the hoisting cable.
Ton mile calculations:
Drilling line is maintained in good conditions by following a - scheduled Slip-and Cut
program, slipping the d/line involves loosing the dead line anchor and placing a few feet of
new line in service from the storage reelMax.Ton mile during tripping:

Ton- miles during round trip @ 4700 ft

C1=(540*103.77-540*21.43)* 0.8385 = 37282.73 lb
C2 = (630*49.3 – 630*21.43)*0.8385 = 14722.466 lb
M = weight of travelling block and hook = 5470 + 5310 = 10708 lb
Wdp = 21.35 * 0.8385 = 17.9 lb
Tr = {4700*17.9*(91+4700) + 4*4700*(10708+ .5*(37282.73 +14722.466))}/10560000
= 103.53 ton-mile

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 Drilling Engineering
Ton mile during casing,

Tc = (4700*23*0.8385*(42+4700) + 4*4700*10708)/ (2*10560000)

=29.88 ton-mile
The length of the wire rope to be wrapped on the drum

From Drilling Hand Book, Select drum with the following

specifications
Nominal Depth 16,000 ft

Drum diameter (D) 32 ,in

Drum length (B) 57 ,in
Drum Height 25 ,in
Approximate Shaft Diameter 1.2 ,ft

Length of skid (A) 25 ,in

Drope 2.625 ,in

 Total length of the rope for wrapping N layers

L=N*l*n
Where,
N=A/d

32 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
n = no. of coils in one layer=B/d
L = average length of one coil=Π*(D+a)/12 ft
A  B
L * * ( D  A) *
 d 12 d

L=K*(A + D) *A*B
K: constant depending on the rope diameter, equal to

K   0.04
12 * d 2

L = 0.04*25*57*(32+25) = 3249 ft

8. SELECTION OF MUD PUMP


Properties of the hole and drilling assembly during the final bit run
DP OD 5 in
ID 4.276 in
LENGTH 3530 ft
HWDP OD 5 in
ID 3 in
LENGTH 630 ft
DC OD 6.75 in
ID 2.25 in
LENGTH 540 ft
HOLE 8.5 in
plastic VISCOSITY 11 CP
MUD weight 10.5 ppg
YP ( YIELD POINT) 14

From bit record Select circulation rate 540 gpm and the hole depth is 4700 ft
For pressure losses during circulation.
∆ PT = ΔPS + ΔPIDP+ ΔPIDP + ΔPIDP + ΔPBIT + ΔPODP+ ΔPODC + ΔPOHW + ΔPIHW
Where
∆ PT : Total pressure loss, psi

33 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
ΔPS : Total pressure loss in surface connection,
psi
ΔPIDP : Total pressure loss inside the drill pipe, psi
ΔPIDP : Total pressure loss inside drill collar, psi
ΔPBIT : Total pressure loss in bit, psi
ΔPODP: Total pressure loss in the outside of drill pipe, psi
ΔPODC: Total pressure loss in the outside of drill collar, psi
ΔPOHW: Total pressure loss in the outside the heavy weight drill pipe, psi
ΔPIHW: Total pressure loss inside the heavy weight drill pipe, psi

Calculation of total pressure losses.

A- ΔPs : total pressure loss in surface connection:

From Rabia reference chapter 8

ΔPs=E((ρm)0.8)*(Q 1.8)*(Pv) 0.2
Where
E = a constant depending on type of surface equipment used E from table 8.2 in chapter 8
is selected to be 4.2*10^(-5)
ΔPs =4.2*10^(-5)*(10.5)^0.8*540^1.8*11^0.2=36.88 psi
B- ΔPIDP: total pressure loss inside drill pipe:

1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv 2 +8.2 ¿ ρm∗ID 2∗YP
Vc=
ρm∗ID

Where
Vc Critical velocity (ft / sec.)
PV Plastic viscosity (11c.p)
ρm mud density (10.5 ppg)
ID inside diameter of drill pipe = 4.276in
Y.P yield point 14

34 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
97∗11+ 97 √11 +8.2∗10 .5∗4.276 ∗14
2 2
Vc = = 345.38 ft/min
10.5∗4.276

2nd. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:

24.5∗Q
−¿= 2
¿
ID
V

Where
V
 : Actual velocity (average velocity) ft/sec.
 Q: flow rate gpm
 IDc : inside diameter of drill pipe inch.
24.5∗540
¿ 2
=723.6 ft /minute
4.276

While V >Vc Then, the flow is turbulent flow.

8.91∗10−5∗ρm0.8∗Q1.8∗PV 0.2∗Lp
∆ P IDP=
IDp 4.8

8.91∗10−5∗10.5 0.8∗5401.8∗110.2∗3 530

∆ P IDP= =258.35 psi
4.2764.8

C- ΔPc: total pressure loss inside drill collar:

1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv 2 +8.2 ¿ ρm∗IDc 2∗YP

Vc=
ρm∗IDC

97∗11+ 97 √11 +8.2∗10 .5∗2.25 ∗14

2 2
Vc= = 369.06 ft/minute
10.5∗2.25

2nd. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:

24.5∗Q
−¿= 2
¿
I Dc
V
24.5∗540
−¿= 2
=2613.3 ft /minute ¿
2.25
V

Whilev' >Vc Then, the flow is turbulent flow.

35 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering

8.91∗10−5∗ρ m0.8∗Q1.8∗PV 0.2∗Lc

∆ P IDc =
IDc4.8

−5 0.8 1.8 0.2

8.91∗10 ∗10.5 ∗540 ∗11 ∗540
∆ P IDc = =861.656 psi
2.254.8

D- ΔPIHW: Total pressure loss inside the heavy weight drill pipe, psi

1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv +8.2 ¿ ρm∗ID HW ∗YP

2 2

Vc=
ρm∗ID HW

97∗11+ 97 √112 +8.2∗10.5∗3 2∗14

Vc= = 356.39 ft/minute
10 .5∗3

2nd. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:

24.5∗Q
−¿= 2
¿
I DHW
V
24.5∗540
−¿= 2
=1470 ft /minute ¿
3
V

Whilev' >Vc Then, the flow is turbulent flow.

8.91∗10−5∗ρ m0.8∗Q1.8∗PV 0.2∗Lhw

∆ P IDhw =
ID hw 4.8

8.91∗10−5∗10.5 0.8∗5401.8∗110.2∗630
∆ P IDhw = =252.68 psi
3 4.8

Annular losses

36 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering

E- ΔPODpipe: total pressure loss outside drill pipe and cased hole :

1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv +6.2 ¿ ρm∗De ∗YP

2 2

Vc=
ρm∗IDe

De=(ID casing−OD pipe)

Vc=97∗11+97 √ 112+ 6.2∗10.5 ¿ ¿ ¿= 306 ft/minute

2nd. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:

24.5∗Q
−¿= 2 2
¿
ID casing −OD pipe
V
24.5∗540

V
−¿= 2
8.921 −5
2
¿
=242.37 ft/minute

Whilev' <Vc Then, the flow is laminar flow.

L pipe∗Pv∗V −¿ L pipe∗Yp
∆ PODP = + psi ¿
60000∗De 2
225∗De

2305∗11∗242.37 2305∗14
∆ PODP = + =43.24 psi
60000∗(8.921−5) 225∗(8.921−5)
2

F-ΔPODpipe: total pressure loss outside drill pipe and heavy weight drill pipe in open hole
1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,
97 PV + 97 √ pv +6.2 ¿ ρm∗De ∗YP
2 2

Vc=
ρm∗IDe

De=(D hole−OD pipe )

Vc=97∗11+97 √ 112+ 6.2∗10.5 ¿ ¿ ¿= 309.43 ft/minute

37 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
2 . calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:
nd

24.5∗Q
−¿= 2 2
¿
D hole −ODpipe
V
24.5∗540

V
−¿= 2
8.5 −5
2
¿
=280 ft/minute

Whilev' <Vc Then, the flow is laminar flow.

L pipe∗Pv∗V −¿ L pipe∗Yp
∆ PODP = + psi ¿
60000∗De 2
225∗De

1855∗11∗280 1855∗14
∆ PODP = + =60.18 psi
60000∗(8.5−5) 225∗(8.5−5)
2

Total pressure drop around drill pipe and heavy weight drill pipe = 103.42 psi

G- ΔPc: total pressure loss outside drill collar:

1st. Using the following calculation, calculate the critical velocity,

97 PV + 97 √ pv 2 +6.2 ¿ ρm∗De 2∗YP

Vc=
ρm∗IDe

De=(Dhole −OD collar )

Vc=97∗11+97 √ 112+ 6.2∗10.5 ¿ ¿ ¿= 342.94 ft/minute
2nd. calculate the actual velocity that is expressed as:
24.5∗Q
−¿= 2 2
¿
D hole −ODcollar
V

24.5∗540

V
−¿= 2
8.5 −6.25
2
¿
=399 ft/minute

WhileVc<V' Then, the flow is turbulent flow.

8.91∗10−5∗ρ m 0.8∗Q 1.8∗PV 0.2∗Lc
∆ P oDc=
¿¿

38 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
−5 0.8 1.8 0.2
8.91∗10 ∗10.5 ∗540 ∗11 ∗540
∆ P oDc=
¿¿

H- ΔPb : total pressure loss in bit:

Assume a cone bit has 3 nozzles of size 13/16, in. withbit nozzle co-efficient C = 0.95
2
Q × ρm
∆ P BIT = 2 2
7430 ×c × Dequ .

√ [ ]
2
13
Dequ . = 3 × =1.41 inch
16
2
540 ×10
∆ P BIT = =2 18.73 psi
7430 ×0.95 2 ×1.412

Total pressure drop calculations

∆ PT =∆ P S +∆ P IDP + ∆ PIDC + ∆ P ODP + ∆ P ODC ++ ∆ P BIT

∆ PT =36.88+258.33+252.68+ 861.656+103.42+58.45+218.73=1790.15 psi

Mud pump Horse power calculations

The mud pump horse power is calculated as follow:

∆P × Qac
H.P=
1714

1790.15 × 540
H.P= = 563 . 99 hp
1714

pump horse power

The brake horse power=
ηmech

39 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering

ηmech : is the mechanical efficiency that assumed with 0.85

563.99
The brake horse power= =663.517 hp
0.85

BHP
the rated horse power for the prime mover engine= ×1.4
ηO

ηO : is the overall efficiency that assumed with 0.87

663.517
the rated horse power for the prime mover engine= ×1.4 = 1067.7 h p
0.87

So, we are supposed to use two pumps to give the needed horse power in the manner
that one on operations and one standby

Calculation of derrick efficiency factor.

C . / B.load  ( N  2) * T
4 * max .equivalent legload

ASSRD.E.F
C. / B.load
40 
max .equavelantlegload
( N  2) * T
 Drilling Engineering

A-For position no.1

( N  2) * T
D.E.F. =(N + 2) / (N + 2) = 100 % N *T T
4*(  )
4 2
B- For position no.2
( N  2)

( N  4)

D.E.F.= (8 + 2) / (8 + 4) = 83.33 %

C- For position no.3

( N  2) * T

N *T T T
(   )
4 2 2

D.E.F. = 83.33 % , Note same as position no2

D- For position no.4

( N  2) * T

N *T T
(  T)
4 2

D.E.F. = (N + 2) / (N + 6) = 71.4 %

Average penetration rate

Note there’s no information about the penetration rate in each formation so that the
following data has been obtained from another project and has been fit to adapt our
project
Each formation is drilled by one bit or more. The average penetration rate is calculated by
the following equation

41 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
R=
∑ Ri∗H i
∑ Hi
Where, Ri :isthe penetration rate∈theith section∈the formation
H i :isthe section drilled∈the formation

WELL#1

Lithology Form. Depth Depth Drilled ROP Avg.ROP

Depth In Out Section

MOGHRA
870 207 870 663 59 59

DABAA
2380 870 2300 1430 59 58.088742

2300 2380 80 41.8

APOLLONIA 3330 2380 3330 950 41.8 41.8

KHOMAN 3345 3330 3345 15 41.8 41.8

A/R "D"
3475 3345 3475 130 41.8 41.8

A/R "E" 3610 3475 3610 135 41.8 41.8

A/R "F" 3745 3610 3745 135 41.8 41.8

A/R "G" 4140 3745 4140 395 41.8 41.8

BAHARIA 4892 4140 4892 752 41.8 41.8

42 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
Avg.
ROP
(FT/ Averagr ROP In Each Formation
HR)
Unit Drilled
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
A " " " "
HR AA NI
A AN "D "E "F "G IA
B O M R /R R AR
OG DA LL O A/ A A/ A /R AH
M O KH B
AP

WELL#2
Lithology Form. Depth Depth Drilled ROP Avg.ROP
Depth In Out Section

MOGHRA 870
180 499 319 49.1 62.326957

499 870 371 73.7

DABAA 2380
870 2305 1435 73.7 72.185099

2305 2380 75 43.2

APOLLONIA 3330 2380 3330 950 43.2 43.2

KHOMAN 3345 3330 3345 15 43.2 43.2
A/R "D" 3475
3345 3475 130 43.2 43.2

A/R "E" 3610

3475 3610 135 43.2 43.2

A/R "F" 3745

3610 3745 135 43.2 43.2

A/R "G" 4140 3745 4140 395 43.2 43.2

BAHARIA 4700 4140 4529 389 43.2 43.2
4529 4700 171 42.8 42.8

43 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering

Avg.80
ROP
(FT/HR) Averagr ROP In Each Formation Unit
70
Drilled
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
A " " " "
HR AA IA AN "D "E "F "G IA
B ON M /R R R AR
G DA L O A/ A/ /R AH
M
O OL KH A A B
AP

Determination of rotating time versus depth

For every depth interval, the bit rotating time is determined as:
i=j
T CJ=∑ t i
i=1

Where, Tcj : cumulative rotating time at any depth, hrs

Ti : Rotating time in any formation interval hrs

Then, Depth versus rotating time and cumulative rotating time is calculated as shown in the following tables:-
WELL#1
DEPTH VS ROTATING TIME
ROTATING TIME (HR)
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
6000

5000
DEPTH (FT)

4000

3000

2000

1000

44 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering

WELL#2

DEPTH VS ROTATING TIME

ROTATING TIME (HR)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
5000
4500
4000
3500
DEPTH (FT)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500

 0

The Trip time per trip vs. depth

 Ts  D
Tt  2 
L 
 * 60
 s 
Where,
Tt : Tripe time , hrs
Ts : Time for pull one stand, 4 min.
Ls : Length of stand, 91 ft.
D : Drilled footage by one bit.

WELL#1 Depth (FT) Trip Time (HR) Total Trip Time (HR)
0 0 0
2300 3.3699634 3.3699634
4892 7.1677656
Total Trip Time VS Depth
10.537729 Total T.time (hr)

0
0 2 Trip 4Time Vs.6Depth 8 10
Trip Time (hr)
12

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
1000
1000
DEPTH (FT)

2000
2000
3000
DEPTH (FT)

4000
3000
5000

4000 6000

45 ASSR
5000

6000
 Drilling Engineering
WELL#2
depth out (ft) trip time (hr) total trip time (hr)
0 0 0
499 0.731135531 0.73113553
2305 3.377289377 4.10842491
4529 6.635897436 10.744322
4700 6.886446886 17.6307692

Trip Time Vs. Depth

Trip Time (hr)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0

1000

2000
DEPTH (FT)

3000

4000

5000

6000

Total Trip Time VS Depth

Total T.time (hr)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0

1000

2000
DEPTH (FT)

3000

4000

5000

6000

46 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
2.15 Intelligent well completion
The intelligent well completions being installed today have relatively simple capabilities. Intelligent well
completion systems (ICS) integrate reservoir sensors and remotely controllable inflow and outflow devices
deployed permanently in the wellbore. The immediate benefits of such system arise from minimization of
interventions needed to ascertain critical changes and alter downhole flow conditions, particularly in
offshore operations and subsea developments.
The Intelligent Well Completion of tomorrow will have significantly enhanced capabilities such as the
following namely:
 Sensors and flow control devices in the
lateral’s branches Downhole separation of
water from oil. Also, the ability of reinjection
the water downhole Detection of water
encroachment
 Detection and / or prevention / removal of
sand, scale, or corrosion
 Three- phase flow measurement
 Infinitely variable choke

 Fiber optics developments for various uses including communication as well as distributed measurement
of temperature and pressure
 Higher temperature capability
 Downhole power source
 Downhole seismic sources and / or receivers to provide in-well
vertical seismic profiles (VSP) or cross-.

2.16 Drilling Problems

2.16.1 Problems Associated with Drilling Operations
47 ASSR
 Drilling Engineering
2.16.1.1 Sour Gas Bearing Zones
During drilling operations, the leak of sour gas can be very destructive to both personals and equipment.
Hydrogen sulfide gas can be fatal at relatively small concentrations at very short time exposure for humans.
For equipment a terrible material failure can occur. Also, the contamination of drilling fluid with sour gas
can deteriorate its properties. So, some precautions must be taken to eliminate that danger and these steps
are:
 H2S scavenger should be included in the mud program to minimize equipment damage that may be
in contact with the sour gas.
 Materials that are resistant to H2S gas are essential according to the international association of
drilling contractors (IADC) rules and regulations.
 A test should be carried over before reaching the H2S contaminated formation for the emergency
equipment (BOP or Degasser for example). In this test the response of these equipment is important
in a kick simulation.
 Wind direction is important in equipment layout such as shale shaker, mud tanks and vents (flair line,
diverter and mud-gas separator). Wind direction must take sour gas away from drilling site.
 Personal training is very important. Personals must be trained for emergency situations and
evacuation plans

2.16.1.2 Shallow gas bearing zones

A shallow gas blowout is considered the most dangerous and destructive blowout because:
 The BOP cannot be installed yet.
 The shallow gas kick occurs with very little warning and may contain H2S.
 The conductor strength is relatively low to endure the kick if it was closed.
 Shallow formation’s fracture strength is low and fracture may occur at the conductor’s shoe.
2.16.1.3 Some techniques that help in a gas bearing zone detection:
 Seismic surveys for shallow zones.
 Offset well reports.
 Platform pilling reports.
2.16.1.4 Possible solutions for a shallow gas bearing zone:
 If shallow gas is expected during offshore drilling it is better to use a floating rig because the rig
support will be safe.
 A fast-acting automated diverter system is preferable.
 A tank of heavy and viscous mud should be prepared for pumping.
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 Decrease ROP to prevent the annuals overloading.
 Avoid swabbing completely. If swabbing is suspected run back to hole and circulate bottoms up.
 Conductor should be set deep enough to ensure sufficient well integrity
2.16.1.5 Bit balling:
Occurs when we apply a high weight on bit during drilling through
hard formations. The teeth of the bit become clogged with cuttings.
Because of the excessive force due to high WOB the cuttings
adhere to the bit’s teeth in a mechanism looks like the differential
sticking.
The wariest kind of bit balling occurs in soft shale formations
specially the swelling shale which adsorbs water from mud and
forms a ball of compacted shale that covers the entire bit and
prevent further drilling progress.

In this case an obvious decrease in ROP might be an indication of bit balling. There are some steps the
driller follows in case of bit balling:
 Rise the string few feet from the bottom and circulate.
 Mechanically jar the string to clean the bit.
 If the previous steps didn`t work the entire string must be pulled and the drilling bit must be cleaned
at surface.
To avoid bit balling a low weight on bit is recommended for hard formations and special additives are
added to the drilling mud to prevent shale swelling

2.16.1.6 Tool sticking

It is the most time-consuming problems because a fishing job might take days. the following are some
kinds of sticking:

 Mud sticking caused by the mud dehydration in the annuals. Also, foreign fluids may contaminate
the mud changing its properties and possible sticking.
 Friction sticking occurs when there is relatively small clearance between drill pipe outer diameter
and hole diameter.

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 Key seat sticking some indications are Pipe is moving up
when it becomes stuck. Pipe is stuck at an (OD) enlargement in the drill string. Drill string is stuck at
the top of the drill collars. Circulation of drilling mud is not affected.
 Differential sticking occurs when the drill pipe come in contact with the mud cake in the wall. A
differential pressure between mud hydrostatic pressure and formation pressure causes a force on the
pipe keeping it stuck to the walls.an indication of this type is the drill string not moving up or down
especially while making a connection. Jarring is a good solution for these cases.
The remedy for this kind of trouble is usually a fishing job

2.16.2 Problems related to mud system:

2.16.2.1 loss of circulation
It is one of the most dangerous problems that might occur during drilling. Losing the hydrostatic pressure
of the mud or even a part of it might lead to a kick or even a blow out because mud is considered the
primary barrier. Loss of circulation might occur during drilling through a high permeability formation
that causes the smaller particles of mud entre the formation forming a mud cake at the walls of the well
clogging the pores and causing formation damage. The most dangerous and destructive loss of
circulation is the complete loss which occurs when drilling through a highly fractured formation.

A fast reaction should be taken to face this problem by adding chemical additives to the mud called loss
of circulation materials (LCM). If the (LCM) are not effective, cement is used to plug the zone entirely
then drilling will start through the cement passing the zone called Thief zone

2.16.2.2 formation damage:

Formation damage is the reduction in a subsurface hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir permeability caused by
well bore fluids used during drilling, work over and completion operations. According to Ahamefule et
al (1988), “formation damage is an expensive headache to the oil and gas industry.” Formation damage
indicators are: (i) permeability reduction. (ii) skin damage. (iii) reduction in well production.

Causes of formation damage:

a) Solids plugging: during drilling operation the invasion of fine solids from mud filtrate into
formation can cause serious formation damage and can be decreased by decreasing fine solids in drilling
mud.

b) Clay-particle swelling: occurs when water base filtrate enters the formation with existence of
water sensitive clay like smectite. The mineral adsorbs water and swells (its volume increases).

c) Saturation changes: occurs when mud filtrate enters the reservoir and causes some changes in
water saturation. The rock relative permeability certainly will change and production rate will be
affected.

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d) Wettability changes: it is known that reservoir rocks are
originally water wet. While drilling with oil base mud, surfactants can reverse rock wettability to oil wet.
Lab studies showed that 90% of production can be lost this way.to avoid that minimum amount of
surfactant should be used.

e) Emulsion blockage: it is formed from the mixing of two immiscible fluids which forms a highly
viscous layer that blocks hydrocarbon flow. A mutual solvent is used to break down emulsions.
When choosing drilling mud, you should consider these factors to minimize the formation damage
during drilling:
 fluid compatibility with the reservoir
 presence of hydratable or swelling clays
 Fractured formations and the possible reduction of permeability by invasion of materials into
the formation.

Most common ways to fix near well bore damage are:

 Acidizing: by injecting acids and chemicals in sand and carbonate reservoirs to dissolve
some minerals and eliminate damage.

 Hydraulic fracturing: pumping of special frac fluids at high pressure and high rate to break
down the rock forming fractures and channels to bypass near wellbore damaged area.
 Underbalance drilling: a technique used to minimize mud filtrate and solid invasion from
drilling mud into formation.

2.16.2.3. Annular hole cleaning:

It is defined as the ability of drilling fluid to carry cuttings and affected by the difference in densities of
the rock drilled and drilling fluids. Mud circulation rate and properties should be optimized to avoid
excessive build-up of cuttings.
With a high mud viscosity and fine solid cuttings, a problem of solid build up will form. And to avoid
this problem the circulation rate should be increased but caution should be taken because increasing the
circulation rate will increase the effective circulation density (ECD) will be a probability of formation
fracture. Hole cleaning problems are more obvious in highly deviated wells than vertical wells because
cuttings tend to settle at the low side of the hole. To enhance hole cleaning, you should:
 Increase mud density.
 Increase the annular velocity.
 Increase mud viscosity
2.16.3. Problems related to drilling hydraulics:
2.16.3.1. Borehole instability:
Stability problems mostly occur in shale and mud stone that contains swelling clay minerals and related
to high pore pressure. From 5% to 10% of exploration and production cost is consumed by instability
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problems as time consumption cost and equipment loss cost.
Borehole instability can occur in various forms including:

 Hole enlargement: occur as a result of drill string vibrations and may lead to
problems such as annular hole cleaning difficulty, change in Hole deviation,
problems during logging operations and reduce the quality of cement placement.
 Hole closure: hole diameter gets smaller than expected and may lead to serious
problems like serious increase in torque and drag, increase of pipe sticking
situations and difficulty in casing landing.

 Fracturing: if mud hydrostatic pressure exceeds formation fracture pressure.

 Collapse: occurs when mud hydrostatic pressure is lower than formation pressure.
There are mechanical and chemical solution for instability problems the chemical
ones are related to mud hydrostatic pressure and mechanical ones are concerned
with reducing drill string vibrations.

2.16.3.2. Mechanical pipe sticking

2.16.3.3. Hole deviation
2.16.4 Directional and horizontal drilling problems:
2.16.4.1. Accuracy of borehole trajectory
The directional drilling well must reach its target that might be several kilometers away from well head
location sideways and several thousands of meters in depth so the most important thing in directional
drilling is accuracy. There are many factors that can affect the accuracy of borehole trajectory including:
 Factors related to formation effects (boundaries of various strata).
 Inaccuracy in choosing weight on bit (WOB) values.
 Inconvenient choice of BHA tools.
 Existence of a magnetic property of drilling mud.
To overcome this problem there are many tools that can help. These tools functions are giving an
accurate measurement of azimuth, inclination and depth of drill string at all times. The most used type of
these tools is called the magnetic measurement while drilling (MWD) survey tools. The biggest
weakness of these tools is their usage of magnetic properties to measure both azimuth and inclination in
existence of iron rich environment and tis may cause errors in measurements. In this case a non-magnetic
drill collars are used considering their higher price than ordinary ones and their higher weight which will
affect WOB.

2.16.4.2. Crookedness of wells

There is no such thing called straight well due to the existence of penetrate bedding planes and other
geological factors that make it impossible to create a

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straight hole. The degree of borehole deviation varies from location to
location. Drilling practices can create boreholes with doglegs or another irregularity in shape or
direction, which might be undetected until they restrict some operations.
It is common to find crookedness in vertical wells. But it is very common to have doglegs in directional
wells. The degree of crookedness is measured by the magnitude of doglegs and frequency. Causes of
crookedness can be:

 Improper Weight on Bit: The most important reason for crookedness of a wellbore is the
high weight on bit (WOB).
 Formation Dip: If the bit hits a subsurface rock layer with a dip greater than 45°, the bit
tends to be deflected down dip. If rock layer dip less than 45 °, the bit tends to be deflected up
dip.
 Anisotropy: Bedding plane permeability anisotropy is common in natural fractures. Stress
anisotropy is greatest between overburden stress and horizontal stress in the bedding plane.

 Inadequate Length of Drill Collars: Appropriate length of drill collars must be used in
order to ensure: weight on bit (WOB), BHA directional control, hole size integrity, drill string
clearance and drill string compressive and torsional loads.
 No Stabilizer: stabilizer mechanically stabilizes the BHA in the borehole to avoid
unintentional sidetracking, vibrations, and ensure the quality of the hole being drilled.
Stabilizer placement is highly important to avoid drill string vibrations and to ensure safe
drilling.

In order to avoid a crooked borehole, the following measures can be taken :

 Use “Oversize” Drill Collars
 Use Reamers and Stabilizers
 Start the Hole Vertically

In case the borehole is already crooked, the following remedial actions can be taken:
 Plug Back and Sidetrack
 Use Whip stock
 Use Reamers

2.16.4.3. Horizontal drilling

Parameters that are unique to horizontal well drilling:

 Torque and Drag: Drag is a force restricting the movement of the drill tools in directions
parallel to the well path. Torque is the force resisting rotation movement. Reducing drill string
weight reduces drag and torque at high quality of mud with appropriate chemical. Oil-based mud
is recommended because of its lubricating qualities.

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 Hole Cleaning: It is the difficulty of removing the
rock cuttings from the horizontal section of the well because cuttings tend to settle in the bottom
of the hole and allow mud to pass above without carrying them. High fluid velocities and
polymer muds are used for efficient hole cleaning and minimizing formation damage. also, oil-
based muds can control shale swelling.
 Directional Control: Overcoming the force of gravity is a fundamental problem in directional
and horizontal drilling. The BHA section controls the hole trajectory but does not contribute to
WOB. So, this section should be kept as lightweight as possible to minimize torque and drag.
 Anisotropy: Anisotropy affects horizontal wells different from vertical wells.

2.17 COST CALCULATIONS

Description Cost
Rig rates 75,000.00 USD
CATERING 3,300.00 USD
SURFACE RENTAL TOOLS 5,000.00 USD
CEMENTING SERVICES 9,000.00 USD
MUD LOGGING 5,500.00 USD
CONDUCTOR DRMNG 8,120.00 USD
MUD ENGINEER 2,340.00 USD
OPENHOLE LOGGING 90,000.00 USD
INSURANCE 5,500.00 USD
CASING&TUBING TONG 2,200.00 USD
TUBULAR INSPECTION 2,200.00 USD
MUD LABOURS 1,600.00 USD
TELECOMUNICATION 1,600.00 USD
OTHERS 4,500.00 USD
LAND TRANSPORTATION 2,200.00 USD
FUEL TRANSPORTATION 750.00 USD
CREW CHANGE 2,100.00 USD
BITS & CORE HEADS 15,000.00 USD
DRILLING FLUID 55,000.00 USD
FRESH WATER 3,200.00 USD
DRILL WATER 12,800.00 USD
DRILLING TOOLS CONSUMABLES 15,000.00 USD
FUEL & LUBRICATION 10,353.00 USD
WELLHEAD & X-MAS TREE 22,000.00 USD
CASING EQUIPMENT & ACCESSORIES 4,000.00 USD
SURFACE / CONDUCTOR 15,600.00 USD

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PRODUCTION CASING 54,000.00 USD
CEMENT & ADDITIVES 20,000.00 USD
447,863.00 USD

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