Unit – III

Entropy

Prof. Pramod Chaudhari

 Syllabus
Unit III. Entropy: Concept of Reversibility & Irreversibility, Clausius
Inequality, Entropy as a property, Increase of entropy principle, change
of entropy in various processes.
REVERSIBLE PROCESSES
A reversible process should fulfill the following conditions :
1. The process should not involve friction of any kind.
2. Heat transfer should not take place with finite temperature difference.
3. The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process should be identically
equal to energy transfer as heat and work during the reversal of the process.
4. There should be no free or unrestricted expansion.
5. There should be no mixing of the fluids.
6. The process must proceed in a series of equilibrium states.
Some examples of ideal reversible processes are :
(i) Frictionless adiabatic expansion or compression ;
(ii) Frictionless isothermal expansion or compression ;
(iii) Condensation and boiling of liquids. ace with finite temperature difference.
Some examples of irreversible processes are :
(i) Combustion process ; (ii) Mixing of two fluids ;
(iii) All processes involving friction ; (iv) Flow of electric current through a resistance ;
(v) Heat flow from a higher temperature to lower temperature.
Reversible processes are preferred because the devices which produce work such as
engines and turbines, reversible process of the working fluid delivers more work than the
corresponding irreversible processes. Also in case of fans, compressors, refrigerators and
pumps less power input is required when reversible processes are used in place of
corresponding irreversible ones.
In thermodynamic analysis concept of reversibility, though hypothetical, is very important
because a reversible process is the most efficient process. Only reversible processes can be
truly represented on property diagrams. Thermodynamic reversibility can only be
approached but can never be achieved. Thus the main task of the engineer is to design the
system which will evolve approximate reversible processes.
Entropy
It may be noted that all heat is not equally valuable for converting into work. Heat that is
supplied to a substance at high temperature has a greater possibility of conversion into
work than heat supplied to a substance at a lower temperature.

“Entropy is a function of a quantity of heat which shows the possibility of conversion of that
heat into work. The increase in entropy is small when heat is added at a high temperature
and is greater when heat addition is made at a lower temperature. Thus for maximum
entropy, there is minimum availability for conversion into work and for minimum entropy
there is maximum availability for conversion into work.”
Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in the system. It is that
part of energy which is unavailable to be converted in to useful work. It
is a property of a system. It always increases and during reversible
processes it remains constant. It is represented by letter S and its unit
J/K, or J/Kg K
 Entropy
 Entropy is: measure of molecular
disorder, molecular randomness.

 Higher the entropy higher is the

disorder and disorganization.
 As disorder increases entropy
increases, irreversibility's and
losses increase and hence
efficiency drops.
 HEAT HEAT

SOLID LIQUID GASES

As disorder increases entropy increases, irreversibility and losses increase and

hence efficiency drops.
Entropy of the Surroundings
(Energetic Disorder)

Heat Entropy ΔSsurr > 0

System
ΔHsys < 0 Surroundings
ΔSsys < 0

Surroundings
Heat Entropy ΔSsurr < 0
System
ΔHsys > 0

Δssys > 0

Δsuniverse > 0 always

 Entropy change of pure
substances (e.g. water)
Solid Liquid Gas

S  vaporization
(qrev/T)
(J/K)
 fusion

0
0 Temperature (K)

S° (absolute entropy) can be calculated for any substance

 Entropy
 There is no entropy transfer
associated with work.
 Entropy Change-Work converted into
frictional heat
 Work changed to heat
increases entropy
TEMPERATURE-ENTROPY DIAGRAM: If
entropy is plotted-horizontally and absolute
temperature vertically the diagram so
obtained is called temperature-entropy (T-s)
diagram. Such a diagram is shown in Fig. If
working fluid receives a small amount of heat
dQ in an elementary portion ab of a process
AB when temperature is T, and if dQ is
represented by the shaded area of which T is
the mean ordinate, the width of the figure
must be dQ/T. This is called ‘increment of
entropy’ and is denoted by dS. The total heat
received by the operation will be given by the
area under the curve AB and (SB – SA) will be
corresponding increase of entropy.
From above we conclude that :
Entropy change,

“Entropy may also be defined as the thermal property of a substance which remains
constant when substance is expanded or compressed adiabatically in a cylinder”.
Note. ‘s’ stands for specific entropy whereas ‘S’ means total entropy (i.e., S = ms).
1. It increases when heat is supplied irrespective of the fact whether temperature changes
or not.
2. It decrease when heat is removed whether temperature changes or not.
3. It remains unchanged in all adiabatic frictionless processes.
4. It increases if temperature of heat is lowered without work being done as in a throttling
process.
Clausius Inequality:
When a system undergoes a complete cyclic process, the integral of around the cycle is less
than zero or equal to zero.
Mathematically,

Consider a reversible engine R and irreversible engine I working between two

thermal reservoir at temperature TH and TL.

Efficiency of reversible engine,

Efficiency of irreversible engine,

We know that efficiency of reversible engine is more than irreversible engine under same
temperature limit.
We know heat added should be positive and heat rejected should be negative.

Therefore for a cycle:

According to Clausius theorem ∮(δQ/T)=0 for reversible cycle.

Combing results for reversible and irreversible cycle,

This expression known as Clausius inequality.

Entropy is a Property: Let us consider a system undergoing a reversible process
from state 1 to state 2 along path A and then from state 2 to the original state 1
along path B as shown in Fig.
Applying the Clausius theorem to this reversible cyclic process, we have

So, when the system passes through the

cycle 1-A-2-B-1, we have

….. (1)
Now consider another reversible cycle in which the system changes from state 1 to state 2
along path A, but returns from state 2 to the original state 1 along a different path C. For
this reversible cyclic process,
we have
….. (2)

From eqn. (1) & (2)

• Above equation shows that the quantity do not change even though the path has
changed and depends only on the end state and hence a state function and is a property of
a system
Change of Entropy in a Reversible Process:
Refer Fig.
Let S1 = Entropy at the initial state 1,
And S2 = Entropy at the final state 2.
Then, the change in entropy of a system, as
it undergoes a change from state 1 to 2,
becomes
…. 1

Lastly, if the two equilibrium states 1 and 2

are infinitesimal near to each other, the
integral sign may be omitted and S2 – S1
becomes equal to dS.
Hence equation (1) may be written as

…… 2
where dS is an exact differential.
Thus, from equation (2), we find that the change of entropy in a reversible process is equal
to δQ/T . This is the mathematical formulation of the second law of thermodynamics.
Equation (2) indicates that when an inexact differential δQ is divided by an integrating
factor T during a reversible process, it becomes an exact differential.
The third law of thermodynamics states “When a system is at absolute zero temperature,
the entropy of system is zero”.
It is clear from the above law that the absolute value of entropy corresponding to a given
state of the system could be determined by integrating between the state at
absolute zero and the given state.
Zero entropy, however, means the absence of all molecular, atomic, electronic and nuclear
disorders.

As it is not practicable to get data at zero absolute temperature, the change in entropy is

calculated either between two known states or by selecting some convenient point at
which the entropy is given an arbitrary value of zero. For steam, the reference point at
which the entropy is given an arbitrary value of zero is 0°C and for refrigerants like
ammonia, Freon-12, carbon dioxide etc. the reference point is – 40°C, at which the entropy
it taken as zero.

Thus, in practice we can determine the change in entropy and not the absolute value of
entropy.
Change of Entropy in a Irreversible Process:
Refer Fig.
We know that change in entropy in a
reversible process is equal to
Let us now find the change in entropy in an
irreversible process.
Consider a closed system undergoing a
change from state 1 to state 2 by a reversible
process 1-L-2 and returns from state 2 to the
initial state 1 by an irreversible process 2-M-1
as shown in Fig. on the thermodynamic
coordinates, pressure and volume.
Since entropy is a thermodynamic property, --- 1
we can write
(Subscript I represents the irreversible process).
Now for a reversible process,
….. 2
Substituting it, we get
…… 3

Again, since in eqn. (1) the processes 1-L-2 and 2-M-1 together form an irreversible cycle,
applying Clausius equality to this expression, we get

…. 4

Now subtracting eqn. (4) from eqn. (3), we get

which for infinitesimal changes in states can be written as

…. 5
Eqn. (5) states that the change in entropy in an irreversible process is greater than δQ/T.
Combining eqns. (4) and (5), we can write the equation in the general form as

where equality sign stands for the reversible process and inequality sign stands for the
irreversible process.
It may be noted here that the effect of irreversibility is always to increase the entropy of
the system.
Let us now consider an isolated system. We know that in an isolated system, matter, work
or heat cannot cross the boundary of the system. Hence according to first law of
thermodynamics, the internal energy of the system will remain constant.
Since for an isolated system, δQ = 0, from eqn. (5), we get

Above Eqn. states that the entropy of an isolated system either increases or remains
constant.
This is a corollary of the second law. It explains the principle of increase in entropy.
Increase of Entropy Principle:
We know that the entropy of an isolated
system either increase or remains constant,
i.e.,
T

By including any system and its surrounding

within a single boundary, as shown in Fig., an
isolated system can be formed. The
combination of the system and the
surroundings within a single boundary is
sometimes called the Universe. Hence,
applying the principle of increase in entropy,
we get ΔSUniverse = ΔSsys + ΔSsurr
(dS)universe = (dS)system + (dS)surroundings
In the combined closed system consider that a quantity of heat δQ is transferred from the
system at temperature T to the surroundings at temperature T0. For this process, we can
write

(-ve sign indicates that heat is transferred from the system).

Similarly, since an amount of heat δQ is absorbed by the surroundings, for a reversible
process, we can write
Hence, the total change in entropy for the combined system

And as T0 < T, so it will be +ve (increase) for all irreversible processes and will remain
constant when T0 = T i.e. for reversible process.

Since all natural processes are irreversible, the entropy is increasing continually.

Hence entropy of Universe always increases and may remain constant under certain limits
and can never decrease. This is called as Increase of Entropy Principle.
Tds RELATIONS:
We know that dS = δQ/T δQ = T dS
& δW = PdV
Also δQ = dU + δW
So T dS = dU + PdV
1
OR T ds = du + Pdv
This equation is known as the first Tds, or Gibbs equation.
Now (h = u + Pv) dh = du + Pdv + vdP
From eqn 1
T ds = dh - vdP --- 2

Eqn 1 & 2 are called as TdS eqns, all the quantities involved are properties
 Entropy Change in Various Processes
1) Constant Volume Process:
Refer Fig. Let 1 kg of gas be heated at
constant volume and let the change in
entropy and absolute temperature be from s1
to s2 and T1 to T2 respectively.
Then Q = Cv(T2 – T1)
Differentiating to find small increment of
heat dQ corresponding to small rise in
temperature dT.
dQ = CvdT
Dividing both sides by T, we get

Constant Volume Process T - S dig

Integrating both sides, we get

2) Constant Pressure Process:

Refer Fig. Let 1 kg of gas be heated at
constant pressure, so that its absolute
temperature changes from T1 to T2 and
entropy s1 to s2.
Then, Q = Cp(T2 – T1)

Constant Pressure Process T – s dig

Differentiating to find small increase in heat, δQ of this gas when the temperature rise is
dT.
δQ = Cp . dT

Dividing both sides by T, we get

Integrating both sides, we get

3) Isothermal Process
An isothermal expansion 1-2 at constant
temperature T is shown in Fig.
Entropy changes from s1 to s2 when gas
absorbs heat during expansion. The heat
taken by the gas is given by the area under
the line 1-2 which also represents the work
done during expansion.
In other words, Q = W.

Isothermal Process T – s dig

4) Adiabatic Process (Reversible)
During an adiabatic process as heat is neither supplied nor rejected,
dQ = 0
dQ/dT = 0
dS = 0
This shows that there is no change in entropy and
hence it is known as isentropic process.
Fig. represents an adiabatic process. It is a vertical
Line (1-2) and therefore area under this line is nil ;
hence heat supplied or rejected and entropy
change is zero.
Isentropic Process T – s dig
Polytropic Process:
Refer Fig. For polytropic process
(pvn = constant), we have

T-s diagram : Polytropic process

… Continue
… Continue

Eqn for Entropy change in

Polytropic process
Summary of Formulae
Example 1: (a) One kg of water at 0°C is brought into contact with a heat reservoir at 90°C.
When the water has reached 90°C, find :
(i) Entropy change of water ; (ii) Entropy change of the heat reservoir ;
(iii) Entropy change of the universe.
(b) If water is heated from 0°C to 90°C by first bringing it in contact with a reservoir at 40°C
and then with a reservoir at 90°C, what will the entropy change of the universe be ?
(c) Explain how water might be heated from 0°C to 90°C with almost no change in the
entropy of the universe.
Solution: a) (i) Entropy of water,

= 1.193 kJ/kg K. (Ans.)

(ii) The temperature of the reservoir remains
constant irrespective of the amount of the
heat withdrawn.
Amount of heat absorbed by the system
from the reservoir,
Q = 1 × 4.187 × (363 – 273) = 376.8 kJ
∴ Entropy change of the reservoir,

= – 1.038 kJ/K. (Ans.)

(–ve sign indicates decrease in entropy).
(iii) Entropy change of the universe,
(Δ s)universe = (Δ s)water (or system) + (Δ s)reservoir = 1.193 + (– 1.038) = 0.155 kJ/K. (Ans.)
(b) The heating of water is being carried out in two stages, first from 0°C (273 K) to 40°C
(i.e., 313 K) by bringing in contact with a reservoir at 40°C (313 K), and then from 40°C (313
K) to 90°C (363 K) by bringing in contact with a second reservoir at 90°C (363 K).

(Δ s)univ. = (Δ s)water + (Δ s)res. I + (Δ s)res. II

= 1.1928 + (– 0.535) + (– 0.576) = 0.0818 kJ/K.
i.e., Entropy change of universe = 0.0818 kJ/K. (Ans.)
(c) The entropy change of universe would be less and less, if the water is heated in more
and more stages, by bringing the water in contact successively with more and more heat
reservoirs, each succeeding reservoir being at a higher temperature than the preceding
one. When water is heated in infinite steps, by bringing in contact with an infinite number
of reservoirs in succession, so that at any instant the temperature difference between the
water and the reservoir in contact is infinitesimally small, then the entropy change of the
universe would be zero and the water would be reversibly heated.
Example 2: 1 kg of ice at – 5°C is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 25°C. The ice melts
and comes into thermal equilibrium.
(i) Determine the entropy increase of the universe.
Take : Cp of ice = 2.093 kJ/Kg°C, Latent heat of fusion of ice = 333.33 kJ/kg.
Solution. Mass of ice, m = 1 kg, Temperature of ice = – 5°C (= – 5 + 273 = 268 K)
Temperature of atmosphere = 25°C (= 25 + 273 = 298 K)
Heat absorbed by ice from the atmosphere = Heat absorbed in solid phase + latent heat
+ heat absorbed in liquid phase
= 1 × 2.093 × [0 – (– 5)] + 1 × 333.33 + 1 × 4.187 × (25 – 0)
= 10.46 + 333.33 + 104.67 = 448.46 kJ.
i) Entropy increase of the universe, (Δ s)universe :
Entropy change of the atmosphere,
Entropy change of system (ice) as it gets heated from – 5°C to 0°C,

= 0.0386 kJ/K
Entropy change of the system as ice melts at 0°C to become water at 0°C.

Entropy change of water as it gets heated from 0°C to 25°C

= 0.3668 kJ/K
Total entropy change of ice as it melts into water
(Δ s)total = Δ sI + Δ sII + Δ sIII
= 0.0386 + 1.2209 + 0.3668 = 1.6263 kJ/K
Then temperature-entropy diagram for the system as ice at – 5°C converts to water at 25°C
is shown in Fig.
∴ Entropy increase of the universe,
(Δ s)univ = (Δs)system + (Δs)atm
= 1.6263 + (– 1.5049) = 0.1214 kJ/K
Example 3: An iron cube at a temperature of 400°C is dropped into an insulated bath
containing 10 kg water at 25°C. The water finally reaches a temperature of 50°C at steady
state. Given that the specific heat of water is equal to 4186 J/kg K. Find the entropy
changes for the iron cube and the water. Is the process reversible ? If so why ?
Solution. Given : Temperature of iron cube = 400°C = 673 K
Temperature of water = 25°C = 298 K, Mass of water = 10 kg
Temperature of water and cube after equilibrium = 50°C = 323 K
Specific heat of water, Cpw = 4.186 KJ/kg K
Now, Heat lost by iron cube = Heat gained by water
mi Cpi (673 – 323) = mw Cpw (323 – 298)
= 10 × 4186 (323 – 298)
mi Cpi = 2990
 Entropy of iron at 673 K
=

[Taking 0°C as datum]

= 2697.8 J/K
Entropy of water at 298 K

Entropy of iron at 323 K

Entropy water at 323 K

Changes in entropy of iron = 502.8 – 2697.8 = – 2195 J/K

Change in entropy of water = 7040.04 – 3667.8 = 3372.24 J/K
Net change in entropy = 3372.24 – 2195 = 1177.24 J/K
Since ΔS > 0 hence the process is irreversible. (Ans.)
Example 4: Air at 20°C and 1.05 bar occupies 0.025 m3. The air is heated at constant
volume until the pressure is 4.5 bar, and then cooled at constant pressure back to original
temperature. Calculate :
(i) The net heat flow from the air. (ii) The net entropy change.
Sketch the process on T-s diagram.
Solution. The processes are shown on a T-s diagram in Fig
For air :
Temperature, T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K
Volume, V1 = V3 = 0.025 m3
Pressure, p1 = 1.05 bar = 1.05 × 105 N/m2
Pressure, p2 = 4.5 bar = 4.5 × 105 N/m2
(i) Net heat flow :
For a perfect gas (corresponding to point 1 of air)

For a perfect gas at constant volume

At constant volume,
Q = mCv (T2 – T1) = 0.0312 × 0.718 (1255.7 – 293)
i.e., Q1–2 = 21.56 kJ.
Also, at constant pressure,
Q = m × Cp × (T3 – T2) = 0.0312 × 1.005 (293 – 1255.7)
i.e., Q2–3 = – 30.18 kJ
∴ Net heat flow = Q1–2 + Q2–3 = 21.56 + (– 30.18) = – 8.62 kJ
i.e. Heat rejected = 8.62 kJ. (Ans.)
(ii) Net entropy change :
Referring to Fig.
Net decrease in entropy,
S1 – S2 = (S2 – S3) – (S2 – S1)
At constant pressure, dQ = mCp dT, hence
 S2 – S3 = 0.0456 kJ/K
At constant volume, dQ = mCv dT, hence

S2 – S1 = 0.0326 kJ/K
∴ m(s1 – s3) = S1 – S3 = (S2 – S3) – (S2 – S1)
= 0.0456 – 0.0326 = 0.013 kJ/K
Hence, increase in entropy = 0.013 kJ/K. (Ans.)
Example 5:The latent heat of fusion of water at 0°C is 335 kJ/kg. How much does the
entropy of 1 kg of ice change as it melts into water in each of the following ways:
(a) Heat is supplied reversibly to a mixture of ice and water at 0°C.
(b) A mixture of ice and water at 0°C is stirred by a paddle wheel.

a) (ΔS) system = m Q/T

= 1.227 kJ/K
b)
(ΔS) system =
Example 6:Two kg of water at 80°C is mixed adiabatically with 3 kg of water at 30°C in a
constant pressure process of 1 atmosphere. Find the increase in the entropy of the total
mass of water due to the mixing process (Cp of water = 4.187 kJ/kg K).
If final temperature of mixing is Tf then
m1Cp ΔT1 = m2Cp ΔT2
2 × Cp (353 – Tf ) = 3 × Cp ( Tf – 303)
or Tf = 323 K
(ΔS) system = (ΔS) I + (ΔS) II

(ΔS) system = 0.05915 kJ/K

Example 7: A reversible engine, as shown in Figure during a cycle of operations draws 5 MJ
from the 400 K reservoir and does 840 kJ of work. Find the amount and direction of heat
interaction with other reservoirs.
Solution:
Let Q2 and Q3 both incoming i.e. out from
the system ∴ Q2 → +ve, Q3 → +ve

6 Q3 + 4 Q2 + 3 × 5000 = 0 … (i)
& from dig. Q3 + Q2 + 5000 – 840 = 0 … (ii)
Multiplying eqn ii by 4

4 Q3 + 4 Q2 + 16640 = 0 … (iii)

∴ (i) – (iii) gives

2 Q3 = +1640

∴ Q3 = +820 kJ

∴ Q2 = –4980 kJ

(Here –ve sign means heat flows opposite to our assumption)

Example 8: A closed system contains air at a pressure 1 bar, temperature 300 K and volume
0.018 m3. This system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following three
processes in series : (i) Constant volume heat addition till pressure becomes 5 bar, (ii)
Constant pressure cooling, and (iii) Isothermal heating to initial state. Represent the cycle
on T-S and p-V plots and evaluate the change in entropy for each process.
Take Cv = 0.718 kJ/KgK and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
Given : p1 = 1 bar ; T1 = 300 K ; V1 = 0.018 m3 ; p2 = 5 bar ; Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K ;
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.

Constant volume process 1-2 :

Constant pressure process 2-3 :

T3 = T1 = 300 K
 = – 0.0338 kJ/K. (Ans.)
Constant temperature (isothermal) process 3-1 :
p3 = p2 = 5 bar
Example 9: The connections of a reversible engine to three sources at 500 K, 400 K and 300
K are shown in Fig. It draws 1500 KJ/min of energy from the source at 500 K and develops
200 kJ/min of work.
(i) Determine the heat interactions with the other two sources of heat.
(ii) Evaluate the entropy change due to each heat interaction with the engine.
(iii) Total entropy change during the cycle.
Solution.
Temperature of source 1 = 500 K
Temperature of source 2 = 400 K
Temperature of source 3 = 300 K
Heat energy drawn from source 1, Q1 = 1500 kJ/min
Work developed, W = 200 kJ/min.
i) The direction of heat flow from source
1 is known as given in the problem.
Assume that the quantities of heats
Q2 and Q3 are taken from heat sources and
their directions are arbitrarily chosen.
For the cyclic operation of the engine

----- 1
----- 2
 Solving eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
Q2 = – 1600 kJ/min and Q3 = – 300 kJ/min.
The above values indicate that the direction of Q2 and Q3 are reversed. Since Q2 should be
+v and Q3 also must be +ve but both are –ve therefore, their assumed directions should be
reversed.
The arrangement is shown in Fig.
 (iii) Net change of the entropy = – 3 + 4 – 1 = 0
As the cycle is completed, the net change in entropy must be zero because entropy is a
property.
It may be observed from the new arrangement that the engine takes heat from source 1
and source 3 and rejects to source 2, only i.e., the equipment does both a heat engine and
a heat pump function.
Example 10: 3 kg of water at 80°C is mixed with 4 kg of water at 15°C in an isolated system.
Calculate the change of entropy due to mixing process.
Solution. Fig. shows the isolated system before mixing. When barrier is removed, the
water from two compartments mix each other. Let tm is the final equilibrium temperature
after mixing.
Applying first law of thermodynamics
to the isolated system :
Total energy before mixing = Total energy after mixing
∴ 3Cpw (80 – 0) + 4Cpw (15 – 0) = 7 Cpw (tm – 0)
[Cpw = Specific heat of water at constant pressure]
or 240Cpw + 60Cpw = 7Cpw tm
or 240 + 60 = 7 tm
tm = 42.85°C
Initial entropy of the system,

= 0.7709Cpw + 0.2139 Cpw = 0.9848 Cpw

Final entropy of the system

Net change in entropy,

ΔS = Final entropy – Initial entropy
= 1.0205Cpw – 0.9848 Cpw = 0.0357 Cpw
= 0.0357 × 4.187 kJ/K
= 0.1495 kJ/K
Example 11: Determine the change in entropy of 0.5 kg of air compressed polytropically
from 1.013 × 105 Pa and 800 K to 0.8 MPa following index 1.2. Take Cv = 0.71 kJ/KgK.
Solution:
Let initial and final states be denoted by 1 and 2.
For polytropic process pressure and temperature can be related as,

Temperature after compression T2 = 1128.94 K

Substituting in entropy change expression for polytropic process,

= –244.54, kJ/kg . K
Total entropy change = m (s2 – s1)
= 0.5 × (- 244.54)
ΔS = - 122.27 J/K Ans.
Example 12: During a free expansion 2 kg air expands from 1 m3 to 10 m3 volume in an
insulated vessel. Determine entropy change of (a) the air (b) the surroundings (c) the
universe.
Solution: During free expansion temperature remains same and it is an irreversible
process. For getting change in entropy let us approximate this expansion process as a
reversible isothermal expansion.
(a) Change in entropy of air

ΔSair = 1321.68 J/K = 1321.68 J/K Ans.

(b) During free expansion no heat is gained or lost to surroundings so,
ΔSsurroundings = 0 = Entropy change of surroundings, = 0 Ans.
(c) Entropy change of universe
ΔSuniverse = ΔSair + ΔSsurroundings = 1321.68 J/K Ans.
Thank You