DATA COLLECTION

ØIs the process of gathering and measuring information

about variables on study in an established systematic
procedure, which then enable to answer relevant
questions at hand and evaluate outcomes.
TYPES OF DATA
TYPES OF DATA
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Ø sometimes referred to as classificatory scale.

Ø This scale is used for classifying and labeling variables
without quantitative value
Ø One could simply call it as “labels”, “classification”
Example:
a. What is your eye color?
b. Where do you live?
c. What is your gender?
TYPES OF DATA
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Ø Possesses the characteristics of the nominal scale, where it

classifies data, however, the classification has ranks.
Ø Data is shown in order of magnitude.
Example:
a. How satisfied are you with our service?
b. What are the ranks of the ladies in a beauty pageant?
c. What are the honor ranks of students?
TYPES OF DATA
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Ø This scale possesses the characteristics of nominal and ordinal

scale where data are classified and Ranked.
Ø If in ordinal scale values between intervals were not
interpreted in interval scales, the distance between attributes does
have meaning.
Example:
a. The distance from 30 – 40 is the same as distance from 80– 90.
b. The temperature measured in Celsius (20°F) is 68°F in Fahrenheit.
TYPES OF DATA
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

ØPossesses the characteristics of nominal, ordinal, and interval

scale.
ØHowever, if in interval scale there is no true zero value, in ratio
scale, zero is absolute.
ØThis is where the quality being measured does not exist.
Example:
a. How much income do you earn in a week?
b. How many siblings are there in your family?
c. How old are you?
 INFORMATION NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO

The order of values is known

Can quantify the difference between

each value
Can add and subtract values

Can multiply and divide values

Has “true zero”

 TWO TYPES OF
DATA COLLECTION
METHOD
TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION METHOD

1. Quantitative Data Collection Method

ØThese are data that deal with quantities, values or numbers, making them
measurable.
ØThey are usually expressed in numerical form, such as length, size,
amount, price, and even duration.
ØThe use of statistics to generate and subsequently analyze this type of data
add credence or credibility to it, so that quantitative data is overall seen as
more reliable and objective.
TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION METHOD

2. Qualitative Data Collection Method

ØThese data, on the other hand, deals with quality, so that they are
descriptive rather than numerical in nature.
ØUnlike quantitative data, they are generally not measurable, and are
only gained mostly through observation.
ØNarratives often make use of adjectives and other descriptive words
to refer to data on appearance, color, texture, and other qualities.
Example:
a. Individual Services
b. Focus groups
c. Observation
ORGANIZING
DATA
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Frequency and Distribution Table
ØAn excellent device for making larger collections of data much more
manageable.
Consists of:
a. Class intervals (lower and upper limits)
b. Marks,
c. Frequency
d. Cumulative frequency
e. Relative frequency
f. Cumulative relative frequency
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Frequency and Distribution Table
The following are Ms. Cathy’s exam scores. Make a frequency distribution table.
97 90 86 83 84 78 73 73 69
65 98 90 88 83 81 79 78 72
69 60 93 98 85 82 80 78 77
71 68 59 91 89 84 82 80 77
75 70 62 55 91 89 84 82 78
77 72 70 63 54 65 89 90 81
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Frequency and Distribution Table
1. Arrange the data from LOWEST to HIGHEST.
97 90 86 83 84 78 73 73 69
65 98 90 88 83 81 79 78 72
69 60 93 98 85 82 80 78 77
71 68 59 91 89 84 82 80 77
75 70 62 55 91 89 84 82 78
77 72 70 63 54 65 89 90 81
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Frequency and Distribution Table
1. Arrange the data from LOWEST to HIGHEST.
97 90 86 83 84 78 73 73 69
65 98 90 88 83 81 79 78 72
69 60 93 98 85 82 80 78 77
71 68 59 91 89 84 82 80 77
75 70 62 55 91 89 84 82 78
77 72 70 63 54 65 89 90 81
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Frequency and Distribution Table
1. Arrange the data from LOWEST to HIGHEST.
97 90 86 83 84 78 73 73 69
65 98 90 88 83 81 79 78 72
69 60 93 98 85 82 80 78 77
71 68 59 91 89 84 82 80 77
75 70 62 55 91 89 84 82 78
77 72 70 63 54 65 89 90 81
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Frequency and Distribution Table
2. Step 2: Solve for Range (R).
R = Highest Score – Lowest Score
R = 98 – 54
R = 44
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Frequency and Distribution Table
3. Step 3: Prepare the table. Solve for the number of classes and class width.
Number of Classes:
k = 1 + 3.322 log n Where n is the number of entries.
k = 1 + 3.322 log (54)
k = 6.76
Class Width:
!"#$% (!) !
c= c=
)*+,%- ./ 01"22%2 (3) 3
44
c=
5.75
c = 6.51 ~ 7
 Class Less than Greater than Relative
Interval Boundaries Tally Frequency Cumulative Cumulative Frequency
Frequency Frequency

54 – 60 53.5 – 60.5 IIII 4 4 54 7.41 %

61 – 67 60.5 – 67.5 IIII 4 8 50 7.41 %

68 – 74 67.5 – 74.5 IIII IIII I 9 17 46 16.67 %

75 – 81 74.5 – 81.5 IIII IIII IIII 14 31 37 25.93 %

II

82 – 88 81.5 – 88.5 IIII IIII III 11 42 23 20.37 %

89 – 95 88.5 – 95.5 IIII IIII I 9 51 12 16.67 %

96 – 102 95.5 – 102.5 III 3 54 3 5.56 %

ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph

ØOnce the data are gathered and organized in a frequency

distribution, the next step is to come up with a
comprehensive presentation that is easier to understand.
ØOne if it is through graphs
ØGraphs are pictorial presentation of the data set
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
a. Histogram
Ø Looks like a bar graph
Ø Its groups are made up of class intervals of a continuous data
Ø The graph has no gaps
Ø Illustrate central tendency, shape, and how the data are spread out or dispersed
Ø It may be symmetrical, uniform, skewed, and bi-modal
Made up of:
a. Title – identifies the population of concern and type of information
presented
b. Vertical scale – identifies the frequencies in the various classes
c. Horizontal scale – identifies variables.
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
a. Histogram
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
a. Histogram
Class Less than Cumulative Greater than Relative Frequency
Frequency Cumulative
Interval Boundaries Tally Frequency Frequency

54 – 60 53.5 – 60.5 IIII 4 4 54 7.41 %

61 – 67 60.5 – 67.5 IIII 4 8 50 7.41 %

68 – 74 67.5 – 74.5 IIII IIII I 9 17 46 16.67 %

75 – 81 74.5 – 81.5 IIII IIII IIII II 14 31 37 25.93 %

82 – 88 81.5 – 88.5 IIII IIII III 11 42 23 20.37 %

89 – 95 88.5 – 95.5 IIII IIII I 9 51 12 16.67 %

96 – 102 95.5 – 102.5 III 3 54 3 5.56 %

ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
a. Histogram
Class Less than Cumulative Greater than Relative Frequency
Frequency Cumulative
Interval Boundaries Tally Frequency Frequency

54 – 60 53.5 – 60.5 IIII 4 4 54 7.41 %

61 – 67 60.5 – 67.5 IIII 4 8 50 7.41 %

68 – 74 67.5 – 74.5 IIII IIII I 9 17 46 16.67 %

75 – 81 74.5 – 81.5 IIII IIII IIII II 14 31 37 25.93 %

82 – 88 81.5 – 88.5 IIII IIII III 11 42 23 20.37 %

89 – 95 88.5 – 95.5 IIII IIII I 9 51 12 16.67 %

96 – 102 95.5 – 102.5 III 3 54 3 5.56 %

ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
a. Histogram
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
b. Frequency Polygon
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
b. Frequency Polygon
ØLooks like a line graph
ØA visually substantial method of representing quantitative data and
its frequency.

Horizontal Axis – uses marks

Vertical Axis – either frequency or relative frequency
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
b. Frequency Polygon
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
c. Ogive
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
c. Ogive
ØA cumulative frequency graph for the classes in a frequency
distribution.
ØGraph is typically “upward” in trend
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
d. Box & Whisker
ØShows the median, the quartiles, and the extremes for a
numerical set of data.
ØThe box portion contains about 50% of the data values.
ØThe two whiskers each contain about 25% of the data
values
ØIt shows how spread out the data values are
ØUseful for comparing sets of data
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
d. Box & Whisker
Example:
Suppose you have the following prices of capsule umbrella.
225 350 175 450 429 205 431 250 248

Step 1: Place the data in order from least to greatest

Step 2: Find the lower extreme
Step 3: Find the median of your data
Step 4: Draw a line through your median. Then split the two halves in half again. If there is an
even number of data on each side you need to average the two middle numbers to find the end
of the lower quartile and the beginning of the upper quartile.
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
d. Box & Whisker
Example:
Suppose you have the following prices of capsule umbrella.
225 350 175 450 429 205 431 250 248

Step 1: Place the data in order from least to greatest

175 205 225 248 250 350 429 431 450
Step 2: Find the lower extreme

Lower Extreme Upper Extreme

ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
d. Box & Whisker
Example:
Suppose you have the following prices of capsule umbrella.
225 350 175 450 429 205 431 250 248

Step 3: Find the median of your data.

175 205 225 248 250 350 429 431 450

Lower Extreme Median Upper Extreme

ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
d. Box & Whisker
Example:
Suppose you have the following prices of capsule umbrella.
225 350 175 450 429 205 431 250 248

Step 4: Draw a line through your median. Then split the two halves in half again. If there is an
even number of data on each side you need to average the two middle numbers to find the end
of the lower quartile and the beginning of the upper quartile.

175 205 225 248 250 350 429 431 450

Median
ORGANIZING DATA
1. Make Charts or Graph
d. Box & Whisker
Example:
175 205 225 248 250 350 429 431 450

Median
9:;<99; 49=<4>?
1st Quartile = Last Quartile =
9 9
= 215 = 430

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