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MTPDF4 Exact and Non-Exact Differential Equations

The document discusses exact and non-exact differential equations. It provides examples of solving first order differential equations that are exact and determining integrating factors for those that are non-exact. Specifically, it shows how to determine if a differential equation is exact by checking if the partial derivatives are equal, and how an integrating factor can be found for non-exact equations that depends on either x or y alone.

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naughty dela cruz
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265 views27 pages

MTPDF4 Exact and Non-Exact Differential Equations

The document discusses exact and non-exact differential equations. It provides examples of solving first order differential equations that are exact and determining integrating factors for those that are non-exact. Specifically, it shows how to determine if a differential equation is exact by checking if the partial derivatives are equal, and how an integrating factor can be found for non-exact equations that depends on either x or y alone.

Uploaded by

naughty dela cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Equations

Solution to 1
Order and
st 1 st

Degree Differential
Equations
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
Differential Equations

Exact Differential
Equations
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
Objectives

• Evaluate differential equations using the principle of exact equations


Solve the differential equation
2 x + y 2 + 2 xyy ' = 0
The equation in neither separable or with homogeneous
coefficients. So we couldn't apply the methods we discussed
before. But observe that the function f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy 2 has the
property that f f
2x + y = 2
x ;2 xy = y

Therefore (3) can be written as


 f  f dy d
+ =0 f ( x, y) = 0
 x  y dx dx
We easily that
d d 2
f ( x, y ) = 0  ( x + xy ) = 0
2

dx dx
has the solutions

 d ( x 2 + xy 2 ) = C
x 2 + xy 2 = C
The DE
M ( x , y ) + N ( x , y ) y ' = 0  M ( x , y ) + N ( x , y ) dy = 0

is said to be exact if there exist a function f(x,y) such


that f f
M ( x, y) = ; N ( x, y) =
x y
With this property, (4) can be rewritten as df=0
Let M, N, My, Nx be contuous on a disk D. The DE
M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy=0
is exact if and only if
M N
=
y x

That is, there exists function f(x,y) such that


fx=M; fy=N if and only in Mx=Ny
My=fxy and Nx=fyx. Continuity of M and N implies a
continuity of My and Nx which implies equality
f xy = f yx  M y = Nx
by Clairaut's Theorem.
We now show that if My=Nx, then (4) is exact. Let f(x,y) be
a function such that fx(x,y) = M(x,y). Integrating f with
respect to x, we get
f(x,y)=Q(x,y)+h(y)
where Q(x,y) is a differential function such that Qx(x,y) =
x
M(x,y). For  M(t, y)dtmight
example,Q(x, y) =we x0
choose
where x0ϵD. Now, differentiating with respect to y, we get
f y ( x, y ) = Q y ( x, y ) + h ' ( y ) = N ( x, y )
Solving for h'(y) we have

h'(y)=N(x,y)-Qy(x,y)

For us to solve for h(y), we must first confirm that


h'(y), despite its presentation, is strictly a function of
y only. that is ...
d      
h' ( y) = N ( x, y ) − = N ( x, y ) − Q ( x, y )
dx x x y x y x
 
= N ( x, y ) − M ( x, y ) = 0
x y

Hence ,
h ( y ) =  h ' ( y ) dy

and our construction for f(x,y) is done.


Exactness implies the equation

M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0

is equivalent to d[ f(x,y) ] = 0 for some function f. This


gives a solution f(x,y)=C for this DE.
1. 2x + y2 + 2xyy' = 0 ⇔ (2x + y2)dx + 2xydy = 0
is exact since My=2y=Nx

2. (3x2-2xy+2)dx + (6y2-x2+3)dy = 0
is exact since My=-2x=Nx

3. x ln y + xy + (ylnx + xy) y' =0


is nn-exact since My=x+ x/y ; Nx=y+ y/x
I. Find the value b to which each of the equation is exact.
1. (xy2+bx2y)dx + (x+y)x2dy = 0
2. ye2xy +x +bxe2xyy'=0

II. Find a general function F(x,y) such that each of the


following equations are exact
1. F(x,y)dx +(x cos 2x -3)dy = 0
2. x ln y + xy + F(x,y)y' = 0
Solve the differential equation
(y cos x + 2xey) + )sin x + x2ey-1)y' = 0

We see that My(x,y) = cos x + 2xey= Nx(x,y). Hence, our


DE is exact. Thus
fx(x,y)=y cos x + 2xey (5)
fy(x,y)= sin x + x2ey - 1 (6)
Integrating (5) with respect to x, we get
f(x,y) = ysin x + x2ey + h(y) (7)
Solve the differential equation
(y cos x + 2xey) + )sin x + x2ey-1)y' = 0

Setting fy(x,y)=N(x,y), we get,


fy(x,y) = sin x + x2e + h'(y) = sin x + x2ey -1 (8)

This gives h'(y)=-1 and thus h(y)=-y.


Finally, substituting to (6), we obtain f(x,y) = ysinx+x2ey-y
and therefore the solution for our DE is
ysinx + x2ey - y = C
Solve each of the following ODEs

1. (3x2y + 4x3)dx + (x3-ycosy-siny)dy = 0


2. (4x3y3 + 6xy2)dx + (3x4y2 + 6x2y)dy = 0
3. (2x-y) + (2y - x) y' = 0 ; y(1)=3
4. (9x2+y-1) - (4y-x)y' = 0 ; y(1)=0
5. (ex sin y - 2y sin x) + (ex cos y + 2 cos x) y' = 0
Differential Equations

Non-Exact Differential
Equations
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
Objectives

• Evaluate non-exact differential equation using the principle of integrating factor


Let
M(x,y)dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 (1)

be a non-exact equation. the function μ(x,y) is called


an integrating factor is

μ(x,y)M(x,y)dx + μ(x,y)N(x,y)dy=0
is exact.
For each item, determine whether or not the given
functions μ(x,y) are intgrating factors to the given DEs
1. x3y3+x(1+y2)y'=0; μ(x,y)=1/xy3
2. y + (2x-yey)y'=0; μ(x,y)=xy2
3. (x+2)sin y + (x cos y) y' = 0 ; μ(x,y)=xex
4. ( sin y − 2e sin x) + ( cos y + 2e cos x ) y ' = 0;  ( x, y ) = ye
−x
−x
x

y y
Let μ(x,y) be an integrating factor to (1). Now
μ(x,y)M(x,y)dx + μ(x,y)N(x,y)dy = 0 is exact if and only if

(μM)y=(μN)x ⇒ Mμy - Nμx + (My -Nx)μ =0

If we assume that μ is a function of x only, then μx=dμ/dx and


μy=0. Making these substitution in we that
d M − N
= y x

dx N
M − Nx
If y

N
is a function of x only, say Q(x), then
d 
= Q ( x)   ( x) = e
Q ( x ) dx

dx
M −N
One can also confirm that y x
strictly a function of y, say
N
Q(y), then
 ( y) = e  Q ( y ) dy

is an integrating factor of (1).


Solve the differential equation
(x2-y2-4y-5)dx + 2x(x+y+2)dy=0

Let M(x,y) = (x2-y2-4y-5) and N(x,y)=2x(x+y+2), we see


that
M y − N x − 2and
My(x,y=-2y-4 and Nx(x,y)=4x+2y+4 y − 4 − (hence
4 x + 2 y + 4) the
− 2 DE is
= =
non-exact. However, observe Nthat 2 x( x + y + 2) x

is a function in terms of
 ( x) = e 
x ( −2only.
/ x ) dx Hence.
= 1/ x2
is an integrating
factor.
Solve the differential equation
(x2-y2-4y-5)dx + 2x(x+y+2)dy=0

This means now that y 2


4y 5 2y 4
(1 − − − ) dx + ( 2 + + ) dy = 0
x2 x 2
x 2
x x is exact.
Solving this, we
2 obtain the general solution
y 4 y 5
x + + + + 2 y = C
x x x
or
x 2
+ y 2
+ 4 y + 5 = Cx

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