M.SC - Physicsundertheframeworkofhonoursschoolsystem2021 22

M.
Sc (Physics) under the Framework of Honours School System
M.Sc. in Physics
Under the Framework of Honours School System
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)
Academic Session 2021-22
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M.Sc (Physics) under the Framework of Honours School System
PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH

OUTLINES OF TESTS, SYLLABI AND COURSES OF READING FOR
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) M.Sc. IN PHYSICS
UNDER THE FRAMEWORK OF HONOURS SCHOOL SYSTEM
EXAMINATION,
STARTING FROM ACADEMIC SESSION 2021-2022
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) is one of the important measures recommended
by the University Grants Commission (UGC) to enhance academic standards and
quality in higher education include innovation and improvements in curriculum,
teaching-learning process, examination and evaluation systems. CBCS provides an
opportunity for the students to choose courses from the prescribed courses
comprising Core, and Discipline Specific and Generic Elective courses. The
performance of students in examinations will be evaluated following the Grading
system, which provides uniformity in the evaluation and computation of the
Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) based on student’s performance in
examinations. The grading system will facilitate student mobility across institutions
within and across countries and also enable potential employers to assess the
performance of students.
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

The objectives of the M.Sc. Physics programme are manifold and start with
understanding diverse phenomena observed in nature through the fundamental
concepts of Physics using logical and mathematical reasoning. It imparts students
with an in-depth knowledge and understanding through the Core courses, which
form the basis of Physics, namely, Classical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics,
Mathematical Physics, Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics,
Electromagnetic Theory, Solid State Physics, Electronics, Nuclear Physics, Particle
Physics and Atomic and Molecular Physics. The syllabus will provide
comprehensive knowledge, and improve theoretical and practical skills of Physics
subject. The Discipline Specific elective courses are designed for more specialized
Physics content to equip students with experimental and theoretical techniques.
The Generic elective courses are designed for interdisciplinary content to equip
students with a broader knowledge base.
Creative thinking and problem solving capabilities are also aimed to be
encouraged through tutorials. The laboratory-based courses are designed to
develop an appreciation for the fundamental concepts and their applications,
Instrumentation, Scientific methods/tools of Physics and Electronics skills.
Computational physics course is aimed to equip the students to use computers as
a tool for scientific investigations/understanding. The Project work in theory and
experimental stream are expected to give a flavor of how research leads to new
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findings. Exposure to the Advanced instruments in the Expeimental Physics will

promote the research skills of students.
The M.Sc. course lays a solid foundation for a doctorate in Physics and its Allied
subjects later. Major portions of the National Entrence Test (NET for Research
Fellowship and Teaching Posts) syllabi are covered in the first two semesters of the
course. Thorough grounding in the subject will also enable students to teach
Physics at the college and school levels. The Course content also covers Industrial
visit of the students on individual or small group basis to inculcate the
enprenuership character in students.
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PREAMBLE
Physics is the science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space
and time, along with related concepts. One of the most fundamental scientific
disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe evolved and
behaves. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other
sciences and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. Physics also makes
significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from
theoretical breakthroughs.
After partition of India, the Department of Physics was re-established in 1947, in Govt.
College, Hoshiarpur (Punjab) and later, shifted to the present campus in August 1958.
With the modest beginning of research in high-energy particle physics (nuclear
emulsion) and optical UV spectroscopy, the research activities got a major filip with
installation of cyclotron accelerator in late sixties. The department strengthened its
research activities through UGC Special Assistance Programme (SAP) from 1980 to
1988 and College Science Improvement Programme from 1984 to 1991. In 1988, the
department was accorded the status of Center of Advanced Study (CAS) by UGC with
three major thrust areas, Particle physics, Nuclear physics and Solid-state physics,
which is a unique feature in itself. The department is now in CAS fifth phase. The
department participates in various national and international research initiatives in
Accelerator-based reaserch in High Energy Physics, Nuclear Physics and Solid-State
Physics. The department houses Cyclotron lab, EDXRF lab., Detector development
lab., Experimental Solid-state Physics laboratories, Molecular Physics lab. and
Advanced computation facilities for analyses of data from High Energy Physics, and
Nuclear Spectroscopy and Reaction experiments. High Performance Computation
facility is available for Condensed matter Physics and Nuclear Physics simulation
calculations.
The Physics department is running undergraduate and postgraduate courses in
Physics, and Physics (Specialization in Electronics) under the Honours School System.
At present the department has strength of about 30 faculty members and Post-
doctoral fellows, 50 non-teaching/administrative staff, 130 research students and 450
graduate and undergraduate students. The department has well equipped Practical
and computing laboratories, Workshops and Library. The department has an 11-inch
telescope to encourage/inculcate the scientific temper among public and with
particular emphasis on college and school students. The department houses Indian
Association of Physics Teachers (IAPT) office and actively leads in IAPT and Indian
Physics Association (IPA) activities.
COURSE STRUCTURE
M.Sc. IN PHYSICS UNDER THE FRAMEWORK OF HONOURS SCHOOL SYSTEM

‘The M. Sc. programme under the framework of Honours School System is a two-
year course divided into four-semesters with a total of 80 credits. A student is
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required to complete 80 credits for the completion of the course and the award of
degree. In general, one-hour lecture per week equals 1 Credit, 2 hours practical
class per week equals 1 credit.
Subjects offered in the M.Sc. Course is divided into three categories:
(i) ‘Core Course’ means a course that is Compulsory for a particular programme
and offered by the Department, where the student is admitted.
(ii) ‘Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Course’ means an optional course to be
selected by a student out of such courses offered by the Department, where the
student is admitted.
(iii) ‘Generic Elective (GE)’ means an elective course which is taken by the students
in the department other than where the student is admitted.
Syllabus (Teaching and Examination)

The details related to admissions, teaching, and conduct & evaluation of the
examinations of students are given in a separate document “Regulations of the M.Sc.
under the framework of Honours School System”. The teaching hours and credits
allocation, and the question paper pattern for the Mid Term and End-semester
examinations and their evaluations for various courses of M.Sc. are given in syllabus
of each Course, which is supplemented by the procedures given below:
1. TEACHING : The number of Lectures mentioned for each Course is 60 (45 + 15)
hours, which includes 45 contact hours of teaching to be delivered exclusively by
the Teacher as per the scheduled time table and 15 contact hours are for
interaction, discussion, tutorials, assignments and seminars (attended/ delivered)
by the student.
2. EXAMINATION : There shall be Mid-term Examination (75 min duration) of 20%
Marks for theory papers in each semester. End-semester examinations (3 hours
duration) shall be of 80% of total marks. The question paper for the Mid-term
examinations should be such that more emphasis is given to the problems related
to the subject. The student will be given 70% choice in attempt. Only in special
cases, where the student misses the mid-term examination, retest for the mid-
term examinations will be held. For a student who has used first mid term
examination chance, teacher may allow him/her to take another midterm test but
the maximum score 80% of the first chance of the mid-term test.
The End-semester question paper will consist of seven questions in all with equal
weightage. It will include one Compulsory question (consisting of short answer
type questions) covering whole syllabus. There will be no choice in this question.
The candidate will be asked to attempt five questions including the compulsory
question. The pattern of question paper should be 30% problem related, 10%
thought provoking and 60% descriptive.
3. EVALUATION :
Evaluation of Practicals Subjects –
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There shall be internal assessment component for practical courses having

weightage of 20% of the allocated marks. It will be based on practical
performance of the students in the laboratory, number of experiments
performed, written report/record of the experiments and regularity
(attendance) in the class.
The final end-semester Practical examination will be of 80% of the total marks
and 4 (3+1) hours duration. The evaluation will be based on the following
components:
(i) There will be written comprehensive test of 1 hour duration containing short
answer questions and covering all the experiments. The test will have a
weightage of 20% of the total allocated marks and will be jointly set by the
teachers involved in the examination.
(ii) Performance in the allotted experiments done during the End-semester Practical
examination (weightage - 25 %)
(iii) Viva voce by the external examiner (weightage - 20%) related to the practicals.
(iv) Continuous evaluation by the internal examiners based on the Viva Voce of the
checked practicals (weightage - 15%).
4. PASSING CRITERIAN : The student has to obtain minimum of 40% marks to qualify
a Course. The failing candidate has to reappear in end-semester examination. The
grading system is detailed in a separate document “Regulations of the M.Sc. under
the framework of Honours School System”.
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Semester I (Credits = 20, Marks = 500)
Course Subject Marks Credits Teaching hrs./week
Core Courses (Compulsary)

Core Course-1 PHY-MC1: Mathematical Physics-I 75 3 4 hrs
Core Course-2 PHY-MC2: Classical Mechanics 75 3 4 hrs
Core Course-3 PHY-MC3: Quantum Mechanics 75 3 4 hrs
Core Course-4 PHY-MC4: Electronics-I 75 3 4 hrs
Core Course-5 PHY-MC5 : Physics Laboratory 200 8
PHY-MC5A: Practical Laboratory-I 150 6 9 hrs
PHY-MC5B: Computer Laboratory-I 50 2 4 hrs
Semester II (Credits = 20, Marks = 500)
Course Subject Marks Credits Teaching hrs./week
Core Courses (Compulsary)
Core Course-6 PHY-MC6: Mathematical Physics 75 3 4 hrs

Core Course-7 PHY-MC7: Statistical Mechanics 75 3 4 hrs
Core Course-8 PHY-MC8: Relativistic Quantum 75 3 4 hrs
Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory
Core Course-9 PHY-MC9: Classical Electrodynamics 75 3 4 hrs
Core Course-10 PHY-MC10 : Physics Laboratory 200 8
PHY-MC10A: Practical Laboratory-II 150 6 9 hrs
PHY-MC10B: Computer Laboratory-II 50 2 4 hrs
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M.Sc. (Hons. School) Physics 1st Year

FIRST SEMESTER
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PHY- MC1 : MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – I
Total Lectures: 45+15 = 60 Credits: 03

Max. Marks: 15+60= 75
Objective : The aim and objective of the course on Mathematical Physics-I is to equip
the M.Sc. (H.S.) student with the mathematical techniques that he/she needs for
understanding theoretical treatment in different courses taught in this class and for
developing a strong background if he/she chooses to pursue research in physics as a
career.
Note: (i) Some portions of the syllabus have already been covered in the
undergraduate courses. The stress should be given on the application part.
(ii) The pattern of the question papers for the mid-term and end-semester
examinations are given in the beginning of the syllabus.
I Complex Variables : Cauchy-Riemann conditions, analycity, Cauchy-Goursat

theorem, Cauchy’s Integral formula, branch points and branch cuts, multivalued
functions, Taylor and Laurent expansion, singularities and convergence, calculus of
residues, evaluation of definite integrals, Dispersion relation.
II Tensors : Tensors in index notation, Kronecker and Levi Civita tensors, inner and
outer products, contraction, symmetric and antisymmetric tensors, quotient law,
Noncartesian tensors, metric tensors, covariant and contravariant tensors,
Covariant differentiation. Applications.
III Delta and Gamma Functions : Dirac delta function, Delta sequences for one
dimensional function, properties of delta function, Gamma function, factorial
notation and applications, Beta function.
IV Differential Equations : Partial differential equations of theoretical physics,
boundary value, problems, Neumann & Dirichlet Boundary conditions, separation
of variables, singular points, series solutions, second solution.
V Special Functions : Bessel functions of first and second kind, Generating function,
integral representation and recurrence relations for Bessel’s functions of first kind,
orthogonality. Legendre functions : generating function, recurrence relations and
special properties, orthogonality, various definitions of Legendre polynominals.
Associated Legendre functions: recurrence relations, parity and orthogonality,
Hermite functions, Laguerre functions.
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TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given at the end of each section in Book 1.

Suggested Reading:
1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists : G. Arfken and H.J. Weber (Academic Press,
San Diego) 7th edition, 2012.
2. Mathematical Physics : P.K. Chattopadhyay (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi), 2004.
3. Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences – M.L. Boas (Wiley, New York) 3 rd
edition, 2007.
4. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering : K.F.Riley, M.P.Hobson and S.J.
Bence (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) 3rd ed., 2006.
5. Special Functions : E.D. Rainville ( MacMillan, New York), 1960.
Additional Suggested Reading:

6. Mathematical Physics : A.K. Ghatak, I.C. Goyal and S.J. Chua (MacMillan, India,
Delhi),1986.
7. Complex variables and applications, J.W. Brown, R.V. Churchill, 8 th Ed., McGraw Hill
(2009).
8. Introduction to Mathematical Physics, C. Harper, (PHI) 1978.
PHY- MC2 CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Max. Marks: 15+60= 75
Objective : The aim and objective of the course on Classical Mechanics is to train the
students of M.Sc. (H.S.) class in the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms to an
extent that they can use these in the modern branches like Quantum Mechanics,
quantum Field Theory, Condensed Matter Physics, Astrophysics etc.
Note: The pattern of the question papers for the mid-term and end-semester
I Lagrangian Formulation: Mechanics of a system of particles; constraints of

motion, generalized coordinates, D’Alembert’s Principle and Lagrange’s velocity -
dependent forces and the dissipation function, Applications of Lagrangian
formulation.
II Hamilton’s Principles: Calculus of variations, Hamilton’s principle, Lagrange’s
equation from Hamilton’s principle, extension to nonholonomic systems,
advantages of variational principle formulation, symmetry properties of space and
time and conservation theorems.
III Hamilton’s Equations: Legendre Transformation, Hamilton’s equations of motion,
Cyclic-co-ordinates, Hamilton’s equations from variational principle, Principle of
least action.
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IV Two-body central force problem: Equivalent one body problem, Equation of

motion and first integrals, Equivalent one dimensional problem, Classification of
orbits, Differential equation for the orbit, Kepler's problem. Differential & total
scattering cross-section, Scattering by inverse square law, Rutherford's formula.
V Canonical Transformation and Hamilton-Jacobi Theory: Canonical transformation

and its examples, Poisson’s brackets, Equations of motion, Angular momentum,
Poisson’s Bracket relations, infinitesimal canonical transformation, Conservation
Theorems. Hamilton-Jacobi equations for principal and characteristic functions,
Harmonic oscillator problem,
VI Rigid Body Motion: Independent co-ordinates of rigid body, orthogonal

transformations, Eulerian Angles and Euler’s theorem, infinitesimal rotation, Rate
of change of a vector, Coriolis force, angular momentum and kinetic energy of a
rigid body, the inertia tensor
VII Small Oscillations: Eigen value equation, Free vibrations, Normal Coordinates,
Vibrations of a triatomic molecule.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given at the end of each chapter in different books.
Suggested Reading:
1. Classical Mechanics: H. Goldstein, C.Poole and J.Safko (Pearson Education Asia,
New Delhi), 3rd ed 2002.
2. Classical Mechanics of Particles and Rigid Bodies: K.C. Gupta (Wiley Eastern,
New Delhi), 1988.
PHY – MC3 QUANTUM MECHANICS

Max. Marks: 15+60= 75
Objective : The aim and objective of the course on Quantum Mechanics is to

introduce the students of M.Sc. (H.S.) class to the formal structure of the subject and
to equip them with the techniques of angular momentum, perturbation theory and
scattering theory so that they can use these in various branches of physics as per their
requirement.
I Linear Vector Space and Matrix Mechanics: Vector spaces, Schwarz inequality,
Orthonormal basis, Schmidt orthonormalisation method, Operators, Projection
operator, Hermitian and Unitary operators, change of basis, Eigenvalue and
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Eigenvectors of operators, Dirac's bra and ket notation, commutators, Simultaneous

eigenvectors, Postulates of quantum
mechanics, uncertainty relation. Harmonic oscillator in matrix mechanics, Time
development of states and operators, Heisenberg and Schroedinger representations,
Exchange operator and identical particles. Density Matrix and Mixed Ensemble.
II Angular Momentum : Angular part of the Schrödinger equation for a spherically

symmetric potential, orbital angular momentum operator. Eigenvalues and
eigenvectors of L2 and Lz. Spin angular momentum, General angular momentum,
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of J2 and Jz.
Representation of general angular momentum operator, Addition of angular
momenta, C.G. co-efficients. Wigner-Eckart theorem and its applications. Symmetries,
conservation laws, degeneracies
III Stationary State Approximate Methods: Non-Degenerate and degenerate

perturbation theory and its applications, Variational method with applications to the
ground states of harmonic oscillator and other sample systems.
IV Time Dependent Perturbation: General expression for the probability of transition

from one state to another, constant and harmonic perturbations, Fermi’s golden rule
and its application to radiative transition in atoms, Selection rules for emission and
absorption of light.
V Scattering Theory : Scattering Cross-section and scattering amplitude, partial wave

analysis, Low energy scattering, Green’s functions in scattering theory, Born
approximation and its application to Yukawa potential and other simple potentials.
Optical theorem, Scattering of identical particles.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in the text and reference books.

Suggested Reading:
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics : J.J. Sakurai (Addison Wesley, Reading), 2004.
2. Quantum Mechanics : E. Merzbacher (John Wiley, Singapore), 2004
3. Quantum Mechanics : M.P. Khanna, (Har Anand, New Delhi), 2006.
4. A Text book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan (Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi) 2nd edition, 2004
Additional suggested Reading:

5. Quantum Mechanics : J.L. Powell and B. Crasemann (Narosa, New Delhi), 1995.
6. Quantum Physics : S. Gasiorowicz (Wiley, New York), 3 rd ed. 2003.
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PHY – MC4 ELECTRONICS-I

Max. Marks: 15+60= 75
Objective : The Electronics-I course covers semiconductor physics, physical principles
of devices and their basic applications, basic circuit analysis, first-order nonlinear
circuits, Analysis of Passive and Active filters, OPAMP based analog circuits and
introduction to various communication techniques.
I Circuit Analysis : Lumped circuits, Non-linear resistors-series and parallel

connections, D.C. operating point, small signal analysis, Thevenin and Norton
theorems, Mesh and Node analysis. Admittance, impedance, hybrid and
Transmission matrices for two and three-port networks and their applications.
First-order nonlinear circuits, Dynamic route, jump phenomenon and relaxation
oscillator, triggering of bistable circuits.
Relation between time and frequency domains (Laplace transforms), Transfer
function, Location of poles and zeros of response functions of active and passive
systems (Nodal and modified nodal analysis), pole-zero cancellation, Sinusoidal
frequency and phase response, Bode plot, Analysis of passive circuits/filters, Phase
distortion and and equalizers, Transformer - equivalent circuit and transfer
function, Autotransformer.
II Semiconductor Devices and applications: Direct and indirect semiconductors, Drift
and diffusion of carriers, Photoconductors, Energy band diagrams, Semiconductor
junctions, Metal-semiconductor junctions - Ohmic and rectifying contacts,
Capacitance of p-n junctions, Varactors, Zener diode, Regulated power supplies,
Schottky diode, switching diodes, Tunnel diode, Light emitting diodes,
Semiconductor laser, Photodiodes, Solar cell, UJT, Gunn diode, IMPATT devices,
pnpn devices and applications, Liquid crystal displays, MOSFET, Enhancement and
depletion mode, FET as switch and amplifier configurations.
III Analog Circuits : Differential amplifiers, common mode rejection ratio, Transfer
characteristics, OPAMP configurations, open loop and close loop gain, inverting,
non-inverting and differential amplifier, Basic characteristics with detailed internal
circuit of IC Opamp, slew rate, Comparators with hysteresis, Window comparator,
wave generators, Summing amplifier, Analogue computation, Logarithmic and
anti-logarithmic amplifiers, Current-to-voltage and Voltage-to-current converter,
Voltage regulation circuits, Gyrator, Precision rectifiers, Instrumentation amplifiers,
True RMS voltage measurements. 555 timer based circuits.
Electronic circuits - Phase shift oscillator, Wien-bridge oscillator, Sample and hold
circuits, Phase Locking Loop basics and applications. Lock-in-detector, box-car
integrator.
Filters - Sallen and Key configuration and Multifeedback configuration, LP, HP, BP
and BR active filters, Delay equalizers.
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IV Communication: Microwaves, Satellite communication, Elements of Digital

Communication Systems, Carrier systems ASK, FSK, PSK and DPSK, M-ary
Communication, Scrambling
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in the recommended books.
Suggested Reading:
1. Solid State Electronic Devices: Ben Streetman, Sanjay Banerjee (Prentice Hall India) 6th
Edition, 2005.
2. Electronic Principles : A.P. Malvino (Tata McGraw, New Delhi), 7th edition, 2009.
3. Linear and Non-linear Circuits : Chua, Desoer and Kuh (Tata McGraw), 1987.
4. Applications of Laplace Transforms : Leonard R. Geis (Prentice Hall, New Jersey),
1989.
5. Circuit theory Fundamentals and Applications : Aram Budak (Prentice-Hall) 1987.
6. Integrated Electronics : Millman and Halkias (Tata McGraw Hill) 1991.
7. Operational amplifiers and Linear Integrated circuits, R.F. Coughlin and F.F. Driscoll,
(Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi), 2000.
9. Semiconductor Devices - Physics and Technology : S.M. Sze (John Wiley), 2002.
10. Electronic Devices and Circuits Theory : Boylested and Nashelsky, (Pearson Education)
10th ed. 2009.
11. OPAMPS and Linear Integrated circuits : Ramakant A Gayakwad (Prentice Hall), 1992.
PHY – MC5 PHYSICS LABORATORY I

PHY – MC5A PRACTICAL LABORATORY I
Total Lectures: 135 hours Credits: 06

Max. Marks: 30+120= 150
Objective : The aim and objective of the course on Physics Practical Laboratory I is to
expose the students of M.Sc. (H.S.) class to experimental techniques in general physics,
electronics, nuclear physics and condensed matter physics so that they can verify some
of the things read in theory here or in earlier classes and develop confidence to handle
sophisticated equipment. The project work on Physics/Electronics topics, Industrial
visit, Seminar on Advanced techniques in Physics will further enhance subject,
presentation and entrepreneurship skills.
Note:
(i) Students are expected to perform at least 10 experiments from Units 1-7 in each
semester. The experiments performed in first semester cannot be repeated in
second Semester. This part will carry 125 (25+100) marks.
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(ii) Each student will be assigned a project work/Industrial visit and give seminar on
Advanced techniques in Physics during first year. The student will complete units 8
and 9 taking one in each semester. This part will carry 25 (5+20) marks.
(iii) The evaluation procedure for the Practical examination is given in the beginning of
the syllabus.
Unit 1 : Introduction to experimental techniques

Measurement techniques: Data and error analysis, Plotting and curve fitting software,
Introduction to electronic components & use of instruments: Oscilloscope, Digital
storage oscilloscope, Multimeter, Wave-form generator. Experience in electronics &
mechanical workshops.
Unit 2 : Analog and Digital electronics
1. To study the power dissipation in the SSB and DSB side bands of AM wave.To
study the demodulation of AM wave.
2. To study various aspects of frequency modulation and demodulation.
3. To study the frequency response of an operational amplifier & to use operational
amplifier for different mathematical operations.
4. To study the characteristics of a regulated power supply and voltage multiplier
circuits.
5. To design a rectangular/triangular waveform generator using Comparators and
IC8038.
6. To study Hartley and Wien-Bridge oscillators.
7. UJT characteristics and its application as relaxation oscillator or triggering of triac.
8. Hybrid parameters of a transistor and design an amplifier. Determination of k/e
ratio.
9. FET/MOSFET characteristics, biasing and its applications as an amplifier.
10. To design (i) Low pass filter (ii) High pass filter (iii) All-pass filter (iv) Band pass
filter (v) Band-reject passive filter.
11. To study logic gates and flip flop circuits using on a bread-board.
12. To configure various shift registers and digital counters. Configure seven segment
displays and drivers.
13. Use of timer IC 555 in astable and monostable modes and applications involving
relays, LDR.
Unit 3 : Material science
17. To study temperature-dependence of conductivity of a given semiconductor
crystal using four probe method.
18. To determine the Hall coefficient for a given semi-conductor.
19. To determine dipole moment of an organic molecule, Acetone.
20. To study the lattice dynamics using LC analog kit.
21. To study the characteristic of J-H curve using ferromagnetic standards.
22. To determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves using interferometer as a function
of temperature.
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23. Temperature dependence of a ceramic capacitor - Verification of Curie-Weiss law

for the electrical susceptibility of a ferroelectric material.
24. To determine Percolation threshold and temperature dependence of resistance in
composites.
25. Tracking of the Ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition in Nickel through electrical
resistivity.
26. To study the characteristics of a PN junction with varying temperature & the
capacitance of the junction.
27. To study the characteristics of a LED and determine activation energy.
28. Measurement of vacuum using the pirani/thermocouple gauge.
29. (i) Study of the characteristics of klystron tube and to determine its electronic
tuning range; (ii) To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient;
(iii) To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working
on TE10 mode; (iv) To study the square law behaviour of a microwave crystal
detector.
Unit 4 : Nuclear Radiation detectors and measurement techniques
30. To study the characteristics and dead time of a GM Counter.
31. To study Poisson and Gaussian distributions using a GM Counter.
32. To study the alpha spectrum from natural sources Th and U.
33. To determine the gamma-ray absorption coefficient for different elements.
34. To study absorption of beta rays in Al and deduce end-point energy of a beta
emitter.
35. To calibrate the given gamma-ray spectrometer and determine its energy
resolution.
Unit 5 : Optics
35. Laboratory spectroscopy of standard lamps
36. Stellar spectroscopy
37. To study the Kerr effect using Nitrobenzene
38. To study polarization by reflection - Determination of Brewester’s angle.
39. To measure numerical aperture and propagation loss and bending losses for
optical fibre as function of bending angle and at various wavelengths.
40. To study the Magnetorestriction effect using Michelson interferometer.
Unit 6 : Fundamental constants in Physics
14. To determine Planck’s constant using photocell.
15. To determine the electric charge of an electron using Millikan drop experiment.
16. To determine the Hubble's constant (expansion rate of universe) using
astronomical data and deduce the large scale structure of the universe.
Unit 7 : Mechanics
42. To study the potential energy curve of the magnet-magnet interaction using air-
track setup along with the simple experiments in mechanics.
43. To estimate the rotational period of sun using sunspots observations.
44. To estimate the mass of Jupiter using rotational periods of Galilean satellites.
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45. To estimate the distance between sun and earth (1AU) using GONG project results
of Venus and Mercury transits.
Unit 8 : Industrial visit

The student will visit an Industry/Scientific Equipment Manufacturing Unit/National
Laboratory of his own and submit a report of about 20 pages about the visit (typed on
both the sides of the paper and properly bound) by a date to be announced by the
PGAPMEC. The student will be evaluated through presentation and viva-voce.
Unit 9 : Project work

The aim of project work in M.Sc.( H.S.) 1st/2nd semesters is to expose the students to
development/improve measurement procedure of a laboratory experiment,
fabrication of a device/electronics circuit, Understanding and handling of Physics-
based analytical techniques. A student will work of his/her own, however, he/she will
report the progress of the project to an assigned teacher. A report of about 20 pages
about the work done in the project (typed on both the sides of the paper and properly
bound) will be submitted by a date to be announced by the PGAPMEC. The student
will be evaluated through presentation and viva-voce.
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PHY – MC5B COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS I
Total Lectures: 10 Theory + 35 hours

Credits: 02
Max. Marks: 10+40= 50
Objective : The aim and objective of the course on Computational Physics I is to

familiarize the of M.Sc. (H.S.) students with the numerical methods used in
computation and programming using C++/FORTRAN language so that they can use
these in solving simple problems pertaining to Physics.
Note : The Computational Physics paper will consist of two parts –

(i) Written examination for 50% of the total marks covering Unit I and Unit II with equal
weightage and duration one hour.
(ii) Practical examination for 50% of the total marks and duration two hours.
Unit I
Introduction to Digital Computers, Computer hardware, Operating Systems - Linux,
Windows
C++ Programming Language,Algorithms, Structured Programming.
Data and Statements : Data Types. Constants and Variables. Mathematical, Relational,
Logical and Bitwise Operators. Expressions and Statements. Block, Local and Global
variables. Auto, Static and External Variables.
I/O Statements : printf, scanf, getc, getch, getchar, getche, etc. Streams : cin and cout.
Manipulators for Data Formatting: setw, width, endl and setprecision etc. ASCII Files
I/O.
Preprocessor : #include and #define directives.
Control Statements :- If-statement. If-else Statement. Nested if Structure. Else-if
Statement.
Ternary Operator. Goto Statement. Switch Statement. Unconditional and Conditional
Looping. While Loop. Do-while Loop. For Loop. Break and Continue Statements.
Nested Loops.
Arrays and Structures :- One and Two Dimensional Arrays. Idea of Structures.
Functions :- Standard Library Functions and User-defined Functions. Void Functions
and Functions returning Values.
Idea of Classes, Objects, Idea of Strings and Pointers.
OR
Introduction to Digital Computers, Computer hardware, Operating Systems - Linux,
Windows
Fortran Language: Intrinsic Functions, Data Types, Constants, and Variables, Double
Precision, Operation and Intrinsic Functions, Expressions and Assignment Statements,
Format-Directed Input and Output.Program Structure, Logical Operators and Logical
17
Expression, If Constructs - Block If, Logical If, Arithmetic IF Statements, GOTO

statement, The Case Construct, Do Loops
Programming Units: Main Program, File operation for input and output data. Single
and Multidimensional Arrays, Data Statement, Common and Equivalence Statements,
Modules, Functions and Subroutines.
Unit II
Programs (C++ using “Classes”) based on the basic numerical methods:
Statistics : Measures of central moment, correlation coefficients.
Interpolations - Least squares fitting, Lagrange interpolation.
Numerical differentiation, Numerical integration;
Numerical solution of differential equations by Euler, predictor-corrector and Runge-
Kutta methods, problems.
Matrices, addition, multiplication, determinant, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, inversion,
solution of simultaneous equations.
Random number generators, Simulation using Monte Carlo techniques
Suggested Reading:
1. Numerical Mathematical Analysis, J.B. Scarborough (Oxford & IBH Book Co.) 6 th ed.,
1979.
2. A first course in Computational Physics: P.L. DeVries (Wiley) 2 nd edition, 2011.
3. Computer Applications in Physics: S. Chandra (Narosa) 2 nd edition, 2005.
4. Computational Physics: R.C. Verma, P.K. Ahluwalia and K.C. Sharma (New Age)
2000.
5. Object Oriented Programming with C++: Balagurusamy, (Tata McGrawHill) 4 th
edition 2008.
6. Schaum's Outline of Programming with Fortran 77
8. Computer Programming in Fortran 90 and 95, V. RajaRaman, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
18
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
M.Sc. (Hons. School) Physics 1st Year

SECOND SEMESTER
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHY – MC6 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-II

Max. Marks: 15+60= 75
Objective: The aim and objective of the course on Mathematical Physics-II is to equip
the M.Sc. student with the mathematical techniques that he/she needs for
understanding theoretical treatment in different courses taught in this class and for
developing a strong background if he/she chooses to pursue research in physics as a
career.
I Group Theory : What is a group ? Multiplication table, conjugate elements and

classes, subgroups, Isomorphism and Homomorphism, Definition of representation
and its properties, Reducible and irreducible representations, Schur's lemmas (only
statements), characters of a representation. Example of C4v, Topological groups and
Lie groups, three dimensional rotation group, special unitary groups SU(2) and SU(3).
II Fourier Series and Integral Transforms : Fourier series, Dirichlet conditions. General
properties. Convolution and correlation, Advantages and applications, Gibbs
phenomenon. Fourier transforms, Development of the Fourier integral, Inversion
theorem, Fourier transforms of derivatives; Momentum representation.
Laplace transforms, Laplace transforms of derivatives, Properties of Laplace
transform, Inverse Laplace transformation. Applications.
III Integral Equations : Definitions and classifications, integral transforms and
generating functions. Neumann series, Separable Kernels, Hilbert-Schmidt theory.
Green's functions in one dimension.
IV Elements of Computational techniques: Numerical differentiation, Euler method,
Runge-Kutta second and fourth order methods, Finite difference methods, Numerical
integration, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rule, Interpolation and Extrapolation, Least
square fit (for linear and parabola behaviour)
V Elementary Statistics: Introduction to probability theory, random variables,
Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions, Central limit theorem.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in the books listed below .
Suggested Reading:
1. Group Theory for Physicists : A.W. Joshi (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) 2011.
19
2. Mathematical Methods for Physicists : G. Arfken and H.J. Weber, (Academic Press, San
Diego) 7th edition, 2012.
3. Matrices and Tensors in Physics : A.W. Joshi (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) 2005.
4. Numerical Mathematical Analysis, J.B. Scarborough (Oxford Book Co., Kolkata) 4 th
edition.
5. A First Course in Computational Physics: P.L. Devries (Wiley, New York) 1994.
6. Mathematical Physics : P.K. Chatopadhyay (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) 2011.
7. Introduction to Mathematical Physics : C. Harper (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi)
2006.
PHY – MC7 STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Max. Marks: 15+60= 75
Objective : The aim and objective of the course on Statistical Mechanics is to equip
the M.Sc. (H.S.) student with the techniques of Ensemble theory so that he/she can use
these to understand the macroscopic properties of the matter in bulk in terms of its
microscopic constituents.
I The Statistical Basis of Thermodynamics: The macroscopic and microscopic states,

contact between statistics and thermodynamics, classical ideal gas, Gibbs paradox and
its solution.
II Ensemble Theory: Phase space and Liouville's theorem, the microcanonical
ensemble theory and its application to ideal gas of monatomic particles; The canonical
ensemble and its thermodynamics, partition function, classical ideal gas in canonical
ensemble theory, energy fluctuations, equipartition and virial theorems, a system of
quantum harmonic oscillators as canonical ensemble, statistics of paramagnetism;
The grand canonical ensemble and significance of statistical quantities, classical ideal
gas in grand canonical ensemble theory, density and energy fluctuations.
III Quantum Statistics of Ideal Systems: Quantum states and phase space, an ideal gas
in quantum mechanical ensembles, statistics of occupation numbers; Ideal Bose
systems: basic concepts and thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal Bose gas, Bose-
Einstein condensation, discussion of gas of photons (the radiation fields) and phonons
(the Debye field); Ideal Fermi systems: thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal Fermi
gas, discussion of heat capacity of a free-electron gas at low temperatures, Pauli
paramagnetism.
IV Elements of Phase Transitions: First- and second-order phase transitions,
diamagnetism, paramegnetism, and ferromagnetism, a dynamical model of phase
transitions, Ising and Heisenberg models.
20
V Fluctuations: Thermodynamic fluctuations, random walk and Brownian motion,

introduction to nonequilibrium processes, diffusion equation.
TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given in the end of each chapter in the text book.
Suggested Reading:
1. Statistical Mechanics: R.K. Pathria and P.D. Beale (Butterworth-Heinemann,
Oxford), 3rd edition, 2011.
2. Statistical Mechanics: K. Huang (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi), 1987.

3. Statistical Mechanics: B.K. Agarwal and M. Eisner (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) 2nd edition,
2011.
4. Elementary Statistical Physics: C. Kittel (Wiley, New York), 2004.
5. Statistical Mechanics: S.K. Sinha (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi), 1990.
21
PHY-MC8 : RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS AND QUANTUM FIELD THEORY

Max. Marks: 15+60= 75
Objective : The aim and objective of the course on Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
and Quantum Field Theory is to introduce the M.Sc. (H.S.) student to the formal
structure of the subject and to equip him/her with the techniques of quantum field
theory so that he/she can use these in various branches of physics as per his/her
requirement.
I Relativistic Quantum Mechanics : Klein-Gordon equation, Dirac equation and its

plane wave solutions, significance of negative energy solutions, spin angular
momentum of the Dirac particle. The nonrelativistic limit of Dirac equation,
Electron in electromagnetic fields, spin magnetic moment , spin-orbit interaction,
Dirac equation for a particle in a central field, fine structure of hydrogen atom,
Lambshift.
II Quantum Field Theory : Resume of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism of a
classical field, Noether theorem. Quantization of real scalar field, complex scalar
field, Dirac field and e.m. field, Covariant perturbation theory, Wick's Theorem, S-
matrix, Feynman rules, Feynman diagrams and their applications, Yukawa field
theory, calculation of scattering cross sections, decay rates, with examples.
Quantum Electrodynamics, calculation of matrix elements - for first order and
second order processes.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in each chapter in the books listed below.
Suggested Reading:
1. A first book of Quantum Field Theory, A. Lahiri & P. Pal, (Narosa Publishers, New Delhi),
2nd ed. 2005.
2. Lectures on Quantum Field Theory, A. Das (World Scientific), 2008.
3. A Text book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan, (Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi), 2004.
4. Quantum Mechanics : M.P. Khanna, (Har Anand, New Delhi), 2006.

5. Quantum Field Theory : H. Mandl and G. Shaw, (Wiley, New York) 2010.
6. Advanced Quantum Mechanics : J.J. Sakurai (Addison-Wesley, Reading), 2004.
PHY - MC9 CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS

Max. Marks: 15+60= 75
22
Objective: The Classical Electrodynamics course covers Electrostatics and

Magnetostatics including Boundary value problems, Maxwell equations and their
applications to propagation of electromagnetic waves in dielectrics, metals and
plasma media; EM waves in bounded media, waveguides, Radiation from time varying
sources. It also covers motions of relativistic and non-relativistic charged particles in
electrostatic and magnetic fields.
I. Electrostatics: Gauss’s law, Poisson and Laplace equation, Green’s theorem,

Dirichlet and Neuman boundary conditions, Formal solution of electrostatic boundary
value problems with Green function, Electrostatic potential energy and energy
density.
II. Boundary value problems in electrostatics: Method of Images , Point Charge in the
Presence of a Grounded Conducting Sphere, Point Charge in the Presence of a
Charged, Insulated, Conducting Sphere, Point Charge Near a Conducting Sphere at
Fixed Potential , Conducting Sphere in a Uniform Electric Field by Method of Images,
Green Function for the Sphere; General Solution for the Potential , Conducting Sphere
with Hemispheres at Different Potentials, Separation of Variables; Laplace Equation in
Rectangular coordinates, Laplace Equation in Spherical Coordinates, Legendre
Equation and Legendre Polynomials, Boundary-Value Problems with Azimuthal
Symmetry, Associated Legendre Functions and the Spherical Harmonics Y lm(θ, Ф).
III. Mutipole and dielectrics: Multipole Expansion, Multipole Expansion of the Energy
of a Charge Distribution in an External Field, Elementary Treatment of Electrostatics
with Ponderable Media, Boundary-Value Problems with Dielectrics, Electrostatic
energy in dielectric media.
IV. Magnetostatics: Biot and Savart Law, Ampere’s Law, Vector potential, Magnetic
Fields of a Localized Current Distribution, Magnetic Moment , Force and Torque on
and Energy of a Localized Current Distribution in an External Magnetic Induction,
Singularity in dipole field, Fermi-contact term, Macroscopic Equations, Boundary
Conditions on В and H, Methods of Solving Boundary-Value Problems in
Magnetostatics, Uniformly Magnetized Sphere, Magnetized Sphere in an External
Field; Permanent Magnets, Magnetic Shielding, Spherical Shell of Permeable Material
in a Uniform Field
V. Maxwell Equation and Plane electromagnetic waves: Maxwell's Displacement

Current; Maxwell Equations, Vector and Scalar Potentials, Gauge Transformations,
Lorenz Gauge, Coulomb Gauge, Hertz potential, Green Functions for the Wave
Equation, plane waves in free space and isotropic dielectrics, waves in conducting
media, skin depth, Plane waves in a non conducting medium, Reflection and
Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves at a Plane Interface Between two Dielectrics,
Fresnel’s amplitude relations, Reflection and Transmission coefficients, polarization by
23
reflection, Brewster’s angle, Total internal reflection, Stoke’s parameters, Waves in

rarefied plasma (ionosphere) and cold magneto-plasma, Frequency Dispersion
Characteristics of Dielectrics, Conductors, and Plasmas, Simplified Model of
Propagation in the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere
VI. Wave guides and resonant cavities: Fields at the Surface of and within a
Conductor, Cylindrical Cavities and Waveguides, Waveguides, Modes in a Rectangular
Waveguide, Energy Flow and Attenuation in Waveguides, Coaxial cable, Resonant
Cavities, Power Losses in a Cavity; Q of a Cavity , Earth and Ionosphere as a Resonant
Cavity: Schumann Resonances, Multimode Propagation in Optical Fibers, Modes in
Dielectric Waveguides
VII. Radiating systems, Multipole fields and Radiations: Fields and Radiation of a
Localized Oscillating Source, Electric Dipole Fields and Radiation, Magnetic Dipole and
Electric Quadrupole Fields, Center-Fed Linear Antenna, Multipole Expansion of the
Electromagnetic Fields, Angular Distribution of Multipole Radiation. Sources of
multipole radiation, mutipole radiations in atoms and nuclei.
VIII. Charged Particle Dynamics: Non-relativistic motion in uniform constant fields,

Slowly varying magnetic field : Time varying magnetic field, space varying magnetisc
field, Adiabatic invariance of flux through an orbit, magnetic mirroring, Crossed
electrostatic and magnetic fields and applications, Relativistic motion of a charged
particle in electrostatic and magnetic fields.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems are given in each chapter in the text and reference
books.
Suggested Reading:
1. Classical Electrodynamics : J.D. Jackson, (New Age, New Delhi) 2009.
2. Introduction to Electrodynamics: D.J. Griffiths (Prentice Hall India, New Delhi) 4th
ed., 2012.
3. Classical Electrodynamics : S.P. Puri (Narosa Publishing House) 2011.
4. Electromagnetic Fields, Ronald K. Wangsness (John Wiley and Sons) 2nd
edition,1986.
5. Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals : Bhag Singh Guru and H.R. Hiziroglu
(Cambridge University Press) 2nd edition, 2004.
6. Introduction to Electrodynamics : A.Z. Capri and P.V. Panat (Narosa Publishing
House) 2010.
7. Classical Electromagnetic Radiation : J.B. Marion and M.A. Heald, (Saunders College
Publishing House) 3rd edition, 1995.
24
PHY – MC10 PHYSICS LABORATORY II
PHY – MC10A PRACTICAL LABORATORY II
Total Lectures: 135 hours Credits: 06

Max. Marks: 30+120= 150
Objective : The aim and objective of the course on Physics Practical Laboratory II is to
expose the students of M.Sc. (H.S.) class to experimental techniques in general physics,
electronics, nuclear physics and condensed matter physics so that they can verify some
of the things read in theory here or in earlier classes and develop confidence to handle
sophisticated equipment. The project work on Physics/Electronics topics, Industrial
visit, Seminar on Advanced techniques in Physics will further enhance subject,
presentation and entrepreneurship skills.
Note:
(i) Students are expected to perform at least 10 experiments from Units 1-7 in each
semester. The experiments performed in first semester cannot be repeated in
second Semester. This part will carry 125 (25+100) marks.
(ii) Each student will be assigned a project work/Industrial visit and give seminar on
Advanced techniques in Physics during first year. The student will complete units 8
and 9 taking one in each semester. This part will carry 25 (5+20) marks.
the syllabus.
Unit 1 : Introduction to experimental techniques

Measurement techniques: Data and error analysis, Plotting and curve fitting software,
Introduction to electronic components & use of instruments: Oscilloscope, Digital
storage oscilloscope, Multimeter, Wave-form generator. Experience in electronics &
mechanical workshops.
Unit 2 : Analog and Digital electronics
1. To study the power dissipation in the SSB and DSB side bands of AM wave.To
study the demodulation of AM wave.
2. To study various aspects of frequency modulation and demodulation.
3. To study the frequency response of an operational amplifier & to use operational
amplifier for different mathematical operations.
4. To study the characteristics of a regulated power supply and voltage multiplier
circuits.
5. To design a rectangular/triangular waveform generator using Comparators and
IC8038.
6. To study Hartley and Wien-Bridge oscillators.
7. UJT characteristics and its application as relaxation oscillator or triggering of triac.
25
8. Hybrid parameters of a transistor and design an amplifier. Determination of k/e

ratio.
9. FET/MOSFET characteristics, biasing and its applications as an amplifier.
10. To design (i) Low pass filter (ii) High pass filter (iii) All-pass filter (iv) Band pass
filter (v) Band-reject passive filter.
11. To study logic gates and flip flop circuits using on a bread-board.
12. To configure various shift registers and digital counters. Configure seven segment
displays and drivers.
13. Use of timer IC 555 in astable and monostable modes and applications involving
relays, LDR.
Unit 3 : Material science
17. To study temperature-dependence of conductivity of a given semiconductor
crystal using four probe method.
18. To determine the Hall coefficient for a given semi-conductor.
19. To determine dipole moment of an organic molecule, Acetone.
20. To study the lattice dynamics using LC analog kit.
21. To study the characteristic of J-H curve using ferromagnetic standards.
22. To determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves using interferometer as a function
of temperature.
23. Temperature dependence of a ceramic capacitor - Verification of Curie-Weiss law
for the electrical susceptibility of a ferroelectric material.
24. To determine Percolation threshold and temperature dependence of resistance in
composites.
25. Tracking of the Ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition in Nickel through electrical
resistivity.
26. To study the characteristics of a PN junction with varying temperature & the
capacitance of the junction.
27. To study the characteristics of a LED and determine activation energy.
28. Measurement of vacuum using the pirani/thermocouple gauge.
29. (i) Study of the characteristics of klystron tube and to determine its electronic
tuning range; (ii) To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient;
(iii) To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working
on TE10 mode; (iv) To study the square law behaviour of a microwave crystal
detector.
Unit 4 : Nuclear Radiation detectors and measurement techniques
30. To study the characteristics and dead time of a GM Counter.
31. To study Poisson and Gaussian distributions using a GM Counter.
32. To study the alpha spectrum from natural sources Th and U.
33. To determine the gamma-ray absorption coefficient for different elements.
34. To study absorption of beta rays in Al and deduce end-point energy of a beta
emitter.
35. To calibrate the given gamma-ray spectrometer and determine its energy
resolution.
26
Unit 5 : Optics
35. Laboratory spectroscopy of standard lamps
36. Stellar spectroscopy
37. To study the Kerr effect using Nitrobenzene
38. To study polarization by reflection - Determination of Brewester’s angle.
39. To measure numerical aperture and propagation loss and bending losses for
optical fibre as function of bending angle and at various wavelengths.
40. To study the Magnetorestriction effect using Michelson interferometer.
Unit 6 : Fundamental constants in Physics
14. To determine Planck’s constant using photocell.
15. To determine the electric charge of an electron using Millikan drop experiment.
16. To determine the Hubble's constant (expansion rate of universe) using
astronomical data and deduce the large scale structure of the universe.
Unit 7 : Mechanics
42. To study the potential energy curve of the magnet-magnet interaction using air-
track setup along with the simple experiments in mechanics.
43. To estimate the rotational period of sun using sunspots observations.
44. To estimate the mass of Jupiter using rotational periods of Galilean satellites.
45. To estimate the distance between sun and earth (1AU) using GONG project results
of Venus and Mercury transits.
Unit 8 : Industrial visit

The student will visit an Industry/National Laboratory of his own and submit a report
of about 20 pages about the visit (typed on both the sides of the paper and properly
bound) by a date to be announced by the PGAPMEC. The student will be evaluated
through presentation and viva-voce.
Unit 9 : Project work

The aim of project work in M.Sc.( H.S.) 1st/2nd semesters is to expose the students to
development/improve measurement procedure of a laboratory experiment,
fabrication of a device/electronics circuit, Understanding and handling of Physics-
based analytical techniques. A student will work of his/her own, however, he/she will
report the progress of the project to an assigned teacher. A report of about 20 pages
about the work done in the project (typed on both the sides of the paper and properly
bound) will be submitted by a date to be announced by the PGAPMEC. The student
will be evaluated through presentation and viva-voce.
27
PHY – MC10B COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS II

Total Lectures: 45 Credits: 02
Max. Marks: 15+60= 75
Objective :The aim and objective of the course on Computational Physics II is to train
the students of M.Sc. (H.S.) class in the usage of C++/FORTRAN language for
simulation of results for different physics problems so that they are well equipped in
the use of computer for solving physics related problems.
Note :
(i) The student will perform either an assigned Project work (UNIT I) or the problems
given in UNIT II.
(ii) In case of assigned project (UNIT I), the student will be evaluated through viva-
voce (25 marks). In the final examination, the student will be asked to write a
programme to check his Computer language skills (25 marks).
UNIT I
Project work:
The aim of project work on Computational Physics in M.Sc.( H.S.) 2 nd semesters is to
expose the students to computational techniques used for handling Physics problems.
The student will work of his/her own, however, he/she will report the progress of the
project to the teacher who has been assigned/suggested the Project problem. The
problems are expected tpo be based on common numerica;l techniques which are
used in different theoretical/experimental aspects of Physics.
OR
FORTRAN programmes OR C++ Inheritance, Use of external scientific libraries in C++
programmes.
List of Physics Problems:
1. Write a program to study graphically the EM oscillations in a LCR circuit (use
Runge-Kutta Method). Show the variation of (i) Charge vs Time and (ii) Current vs
Time.
2. Study graphically the motion of falling spherical body under various effects of
medium (viscous drag, buoyancy and air drag) using Euler method.
3. Study graphically the path of a projectile with and without air drag using FN
method. Find the horizontal and maximum height in either case. Write your
comments on the findings.
4. Study the motion of an artificial satellite.
5. Study the motion of (a) 1-D harmonic oscillator (without and with damping
effects). (b) two coupled harmonic oscillators. Draw graphs showing the relations:
i. Velocity vs Time
ii. Acceleration vs Time
iii. Position vs Time, also compare the numerical and analytical results.
6. To obtain the energy eigenvalues of a quantum oscillator using the Runge-Kutta
method.
28
7. Study the motion of a charged particle in: (a) Uniform electric field, (b) Uniform
Magnetic field, (c) in combined uniform electric and magnetic fields. Draw graphs
in each case.
8. Use Monte Carlo techniques to simulate phenomenon of
(i) Nuclear Radioactivity. Do the cases in which the daughter nuclei are also
unstable with half life greater/lesser than the parent nucleus.
(ii) to determine solid angle in a given geometry.
(iii) simulate attenuation of gamma rays/neutron in an absorber and
(iv) solve multiple integrals and compare results with Simpson’s method.
9. To study phase trajectory of a Chaotic Pendulum.
10. To study convection in fluids using Lorenz system.
Suggested Reading:
1. Numerical Recipes in C++ The Art of Scientific Computing, William H. Press, Saul A.
Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling and Brian P. Flannery, (Cambridge), 2 nd ed. 2002.
2. A First Course in Computational Physics: P.L. DeVries (John Wiley) 2000.
3. An introduction to Computational Physics: Tao Pang (Cambridge), 2 nd ed. 2006.
4. Computer Applications in Physics: S. Chandra (Narosa), 2006.
5. Computational Physics: R.C. Verma, P.K.Ahluwalia and K.C. Sharma (New Age),
2005.
6. Object Oriented Programming with C++: Balagurusamy, (Tata McGrawHill), 5 th ed.
2011.
9. Computer Programming in Fortran 90 and 95, V. RajaRaman, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
29
Semester III (Credits = 20, Marks = 500)

Course Subject Marks Credits Teaching
hrs./week
Core Courses
Core Course-11 PHY-MC11: Condensed Matter Physics – I 75 3 4 hrs
Core Course-12 PHY-MC12: Nuclear Physics - I 75 3 4 hrs

Core Course-13 PHY-MC13: Particle Physics - I 75 3 4 hrs
Core Course-14 PHY-MC14: Physics Laboratory-III 125 5 9 hrs
Elective Courses - Choose any Two of the listed Discipline Specific Elective Courses*. Candidate may
choose one of the Generic Elective Course** in place of one of the Discipline Specific Elective Courses.
Discipline Specific Elective 75 3 4 hrs
Course-1
Course-2
Generic-Elective Courses**
Generic-Elective Course-1 75 3 4 hrs
Semester IV (Credits = 20, Marks = 500)

Course Subject Marks Credits Teaching
hrs./week
Core Course -
Core Course-15 PHY-MC15: Nuclear Physics-II 100 4 4 hrs

Core Course-16 PHY-MC16:Particle Physics-II 100 4 4 hrs
Core Course-16 PHY-MC17: Condensed Matter Physics-II 100 4 4 hrs
Elective Courses - Choose any two of the listed Discipline Specific Elective Courses*. Candidate may
choose one of the Generic Elective Course**(if available) in place of one of the Discipline Specific
Elective Courses.

Course-3
Course-4
Generic-Elective Courses**
Generic-Elective Course-2 100 4 4 hrs
30
* DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE (DSE) COURSES (Semesters III and IV)

Choose any two DSE courses in semester III and IV. A DSE Course will be offered only if a
minimum of 10 students opt for the same and depending of the Faculty available.
A. Choose any two of the following in each of semesters III and IV: (teaching: 4hrs)
1. PHY-MDS1 Electrodynamics and General theory of Relativity
2. PHY-MDS2 Exp. Tech. in Nuclear & Particle Physics
3. PHY-MDS3 Exp. Tech. In Physics
4. PHY-MDS4 Space Science and Technology
5. PHY-MDS5 Astrophysics
6. PHY-MDS6 Electronics II
7. PHY-MDS7 Fiber Optics and Non-linear Optics
8. PHY-MDS8 Informatics
9. PHY-MDS9 Nonlinear Dynamics
10. PHY-MDS10 Particle Accelerator Physics
11. PHY-MDS11 Physics of Nano-materials
12. PHY-MDS12 Science of Renewable Energy Sources
13. PHY-MDS13 Advanced Statistical Mechanics
B. One of the following will be offered in each of semester IV. Allotment will be on
merit of results of Semesters I and II: (teaching 9hrs)
1. PHY-MDS14 Physics Laboratory-IV
2. PHY-MDS15 (i) Project work (Nuclear Physics) Experimental
3. PHY-MDS15 (ii) Project work (Particle Physics) Experimental
4. PHY-MDS15 (iii) Project work (Condensed Matter Physics) Experimental
5. PHY-MDS15 (iv) Project work (Atomic and Molecular Physics) Experimental
6. PHY-MDS15 (iv) Project work Electronics) Experimental
7. PHY-MDS15 (v) Project work (Nuclear Physics) Theory
8. PHY-MDS15 (vi) Project work (Particle Physics) Theory
9. PHY-MDS15 (vii) Project work (Condensed Matter Physics) Theory
10. PHY-MDS15 (viii) Project work (Atomic and Molecular Physics) Theory
11. PHY-MDS15 (ix) Project work (Astrophysics) Theory
12. PHY-MDS15 (x) Project work (Non-linear Physics) Theory
31
THIRD SEMESTER
PHY- MC11 : CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS-I
Max. Marks
:15+60=75
Note:
(i) The pattern of the question papers for the mid-term and end-semester
(ii) The books indicated as text-book(s) are suggestive of the level of coverage.
However, any other book may be followed.
I Elastic constants :
Binding in solids; Stress components, stiffness constant, elastic constants, elastic

waves in crystals.
II Lattice Dynamics and Thermal Properties :
Rigorous treatment of lattice vibrations, normal modes; Density of states,

thermodynamic properties of crystal, anharmonic effects, thermal expansion.
III Energy Band Theory :
Electrons in a periodic potential: Bloch theorem, Nearly free electron model; tight
binding method; Semiconductor Crystals, Band theory of pure and doped
semiconductors; elementary idea of semiconductor superlattices.
IV Transport Theory :
Electronic transport from classical kinetic theory; Introduction to Boltzmann

transport equation; electrical and thermal conductivity of metals; thermoelectric
effects; Hall effect and magnetoresistance.
V Dielectric Properties of Materials :
Polarization mechanisms, Dielectric function from oscillator strength, Clausius-

Mosotti relation; piezo, pyro- and ferro-electricity.
VI Liquid Crystals :
Thermotropic liquid crystals, Lyotropic liquid crystals, long range order and
order parameter, Various phases of liquid crystals, Effects of electric and
magnetic field and applications, Physics of liquid crystal devices.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in the books listed below.

Books :
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics: C. Kittel (Wiley, New York), 8th ed. 2005.
32
2. Quantum Theory of Solids : C. Kittel (Wiley, New York) 1987.
3. Principles of the Theory of Solids : J. Ziman (Cambridge University Press) 1972.
4. Solid State Physics : H. Ibach and H. Luth (Springer Berlin) 3rd. ed. 2002.
5. Solid State Theory : Walter A. Harrison (Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi) 1970.
6. Liquid Crystals : S. Chandrasekhar (Cambridge University), 2 nd ed. 1992.
7.The Liquid Crystal Phases : Physics & Technology : T.J. Sluckin, Contemporary
Physics (Taylor & Francis), 2000.
PHY-MC12 NUCLEAR PHYSICS- I

[
Max. Marks: 15+60 = 75
Note:
I Static properties of nuclei : Nuclear radii and measurements, nuclear binding

energy (review), nuclear moments and systematic, wave-mechanical properties of
nuclei, hyperfine structure, effect of external magnetic field, Nuclear magnetic
resonance.
II Radioactive decays : Review of barrier penetration of alpha decay & Geiger-

Nuttal law. Beta decays, Fermi theory, Kurie plots and comparative half-lives,
Allowed and forbidden transitions, Experimental evidence for Parity-violation in
beta decay, Electron capture probabilities, Double beta decay, Neutrino, detection
of neutrinos, measurement of the neutrino helicity.
Multipolarity of gamma transitions, internal conversion process, transition rates,

Production of nuclear orientation, angular distribution of gamma rays from oriented
nuclei.
III Nuclear forces : Evidence for saturation of nuclear density and binding energies
(review), types of nuclear potential, Ground and excited states of deuteron, dipole
and quadruple moment of deuteron, n-p scattering at low energies, partial wave
analysis, scattering length, spin-dependence of n-p scattering, effective-range
theory, coherent and incoherent scattering, central and tensor forces, p-p
scattering, exchange forces & single and triplet potentials, meson theory of nuclear
forces.
IV Neutron physics : Neutron production, slowing down power and moderating ratio,
neutron detection.
33
V Nuclear reactions: Nuclear reactions and cross-sections, Resonance, Breit–Wigner

dispersion formula for l=0 and higher values, compound nucleus, Coulomb
excitation, nuclear kinematics and radioactive nuclear beams.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in the books listed below:

Books:
1. Nuclear Physics : Irving Kaplan (Narosa), 2002.
2. Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics : K. Hyde (Institute of Physics) 2004.
3. Introduction to Nuclear Physics ; Herald Enge (Addison-Wesley) 1971.
4. Nuclei and Particles : E. Segre (W.A. Benjamin Inc), 1965.
5. Theory of Nuclear Structure : R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam (New Age, New Delhi)
2005.
6. Nuclear physics: Experimental and Theoretical, H.S. Hans (New Academic Science) 2nd
ed (2011).
34
PHY-MC13: PARTICLE PHYSICS - I

Max. Marks:
15+60= 75
Note:
I Introduction : Fermions and bosons, particles and antiparticles, quarks and

leptons, interactions and fields in particle physics, classical and quantum pictures,
Yukawa picture, types of interactions - electromagnetic, weak, strong and
gravitational, units.
II Invariance Principles and Conservation Laws : Invariance in classical mechanics

and in quantum mechanics, Parity, Pion parity, Charge conjugation, Positronium
decay. Time reversal invariance, CPT theorem.
III Hadron-Hadron Interactions : Cross section and decay rates, Pion spin, Isospin,
Two-nucleon system, Pion-nucleon system, Strangeness and Isospin, G-parity,
Particle production at high energy.
IV Relativistic Kinematics and Phase Space : Introduction to relativistic kinematics,

particle reactions, Lorentz invariant phase space, two-body and three-body phase
space, recursion relation, effective mass, dalitz, K-3-decay, - puzzle, Dalitz
plots for dissimilar particles, Breit-Wigner resonance formula, Mandelstem
variables.
V Static Quark Model of Hadrons : The Baryon decuplet, quark spin and color,
baryon octet, quark-antiquark combination.
VI Electrodynamics and Chromo dynamics of Quarks: Hadron production in e +e-

collisions, Elastic electron-proton scattering, Feynman rules for Chromo-dynamics,
color factors, quark and antiquark, quark and quark, Asymptotic freedom.
VII Weak Interactions : Classification of weak interactions, Charged Leptonic Weak

Interactions, Decay of the muon, Decay of the pion, Charged Weak Interactions of
quarks, neutral weak interactions, helicity of neutrino, K-decay, CP violation in K-
decay and its experimental determination.
VIII Cosmic rays, origin and composition, energy spectrum, acceleration and
propagation of UHE (>1014 eV) particles, Cosmic ray shower, Measurements of
UHE cosmic rays on earth (GRAPES experiment).
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given at the end of each chapter in the books listed
below.
35
Books :
1. Introduction to High Energy Physics : D.H. Perkins (Cambridge University Press),

4th ed. 2000.
2. Elementary Particles : I.S. Hughes (Cambridge University Press), 3rd ed. 1991.
3. Introduction to Quarks and Partons : F.E. Close (Academic Press, London), 1979.
4. Introduction to Particle Physics : M.P. Khanna (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi),
2004.
36
PHY-MC14: Physics Laboratory III

Max. Marks:
20+80=100
Note:
(i) Students are expected to perform at least 10 experiments in each semester. The
experiments performed in first semester cannot be repeated in second Semester.
(ii) Each student will complete a project work and give seminar on one of the topics on
Advances in Electronics during first year. Project work will consist of
understanding, handling and repair of Audio-Video and communication Electronics
Equipment.
the syllabus.
List of Experiments :
1. To determine the g-factor of free electron using ESR.
2. To measure dielectric constant of barium titanate as function of temperature and

frequency and hence study its phase transition.
3. To study structural and melting transition in KNo3 using Differential Thermal

Analyzer.
4. To study Martensite to Austenite phase transition in Shape memory alloy Nitinol.
5. To study Metal-Insulator transition in a thin film of strontium doped lanthanum

mangenite
6. To study thermoluminescence of F-centres in alkali halide crystals.
7. To study Raman scattering in CCl4 .
8. To study Zeeman effect by using Na lamp.
9. Determination of velocity of light using modulated Laser method
10. Hands on experience on X-ray diffractometer for studying (i) Crytal structure (ii)
Phase identification and (iii) size of nanoparticles.
11. Experiments with microwave (Gunn diode): Young's double slit experiment,
Michelson interferometer, Febry-Perot interferometer, Brewester angle, Bragg's
law, refractive index of a prism.
12. To measure (i) dielectric constant of solid/liquid; (ii) Q of a cavity. Use of Klystron-
based microwave generator.
13. To plot polar pattern and gain characteristics of Pyramidal horn antenna and
parabolic dish for microwaves.
14. Scanning tunneling microscope – hardware and software familiarization, Atomic

lattice image of graphite, Study of thin film and nanogrid .
37
15. Energy calibration of a gamma-ray spectrometer and determination of the energy

resolution by using multi-channel analyzer.
16. To study time resolution of a gamma-gamma ray coincidence set-up.

60
17. To study anisotropy of gamma-ray cascade emission in Ni (60Co source) using a
coincidence set-up.
18. Time calibration and determination of the time resolution of a coincidence set-up
using a multichannel analyzer.
19. To study calibration of a beta-ray spectrometer.
20. To study scattering of gamma rays from different elements.
21. To determine range of Alpha-particles in air at different pressure and energy loss
in thin foils.
22. To determine strength of alpha particles using SSNTD.
23. To measure p( of a particle using emulsion track.
24. To study p-p interaction and find the cross-section of a reaction using a bubble chamber.
25. To study n-p interaction and find the cross-section using a bubble chamber.
26. To study k-d interaction and find its multiplicity and moments using a bubble chamber.
27. To study a (( event using emulsion track.
28. To design (i) Low pass filter (ii) High pass filter (iii) All-pass filter (iv) Band pass filter (v)
Band-reject filter using 741 OPAMP.
29. To study of Switched-mode power supply.
30. To study Phase Locked Loop (PLL) – (i) adjust the free running frequency (ii) determination
of lock range and capture range (iii) determine the dc output from Frequency modulated
wave.
31. Measurement of (i) low resistance (ii) Mutual inductance using Lock- In-Amplifier
32. Frequency modulation using Varactor and Reactance modulator and Frequency
demodulation using Quadrature detector and Phased Locked Loop detector.
33. Dynamics of non-linear systems – (i) Feigenbaum Circuit and (ii) Chua Circuit.
34. Computer controlled experiments and measurements (Phoenix kit and Python
language) – Digital and analog measurements based experiments.
35. Control of devices and data logger using parallel port of PC – programming using
Turbo C.
36. Programming of parallel port of PC using C-language and control of devices connected.
37. Microprocessor kit: (a) hardware familiarization
38
(b) programming for (i) addition and subtraction of numbers using direct and indirect
addressing modes (ii) Handling of 16 bit numbers (iii) use of CALL and RETURN
instructions and block data handling.
38. (a) Selection of port for I & O and generation of different waveforms (b) control of stepper
motor.
39. Microcontroller kit: hardware familiarization of (Controller and universal programmer and
programming for four digit seven segment multiplexed up-conter upto 9999.
40.(a) EEPROM based 8 to 3 encoder using microcontroller (b) interfacing with ADC
(temperature sensor) and DAC (variable voltage source).
Project Work : Develop a new experiment or perform open-ended thorough investigations

using the available set-up. Weightage of the project work equal to few experiments to be
decided by the teachers.
39
FOURTH SEMESTER
PHY-MC15 NUCLEAR PHYSICS-II

Max. Marks: 20+80 = 100
Note:
Review of Fermi gas model, liquid drop model and Nuclear fission
I Shell model : Coupling of angular momenta, C.G. & Racah coefficients, Wigner’s
3j,6j and 9j symbols and properties, Extreme particle model with square-well &
harmonic oscillator potentials, spin-orbit coupling, shell model predictions, static
electromagnetic moments of nuclei, LS & jj coupling, seniority wave function, magnetic
moment-Schmidt lines, Single particle model, Total spin ‘J’ for various configurations,
electric quadrupole moment, configuration mixing, independent particle model,
coefficient of fractional parentage, Two nucleon wavefunction, Matrix elements of one
and two body operators, Correlation in nuclear matter.
II Collective model : Rotation-D matrices and properties, Collective modes of motion,

nuclear vibrations, iso-scalar vibrations, Giant resonance, derivation of collective
Hamiltonian and applications, Rotation and vibration of even-even nuclei, β and γ-
vibrations, Rotational-vibrational coupling, odd-mass nuclei -coupling of particle to
even-even core, Nilsson model, Rotational motion at high spin, Kinematic and
dynamic moment of inertia, Routhian and alignment plots, backbending behaviour.
III Nuclear reactions : Review of Statistical model for compound nucleus, Review of
optical Model. Direct reactions : Kinematics and theory of stripping, pick up and
reverse reactions. Fusion-evaporation & transfer reactions and various models,
Heavy-ion induced nuclear reactions and various phenomena at low, intermediate and
high energies.
below.
Books :
1 Theory of Nuclear Structure : M.K. Pal (East-West Press, New Delhi) 1982.
2 Nuclear Physics : R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam (New Age, New Delhi) 2005.
3 Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics by K. Hyde (Institute of Physics)
2004.
4 Elementary theory of Angular Momentum by M.E. Rose (Dover) 2011.
5 Quantum Mechanics, V.K.Thankappan (New Age Publications), 2012.
6 Concepts of Nuclear Physics by B.L. Cohen (Tata McGraw Hill), 2004.
40
7 Nuclear physics: Experimental and Theoretical, H.S. Hans (New Academic

nd
Science) 2 ed 2011.
8 Angular Momentum Techniques in Quantum mechanics, V. Debanathan (Kluwar
Academic), 1999.
9 Introduction to Nuclear Reactions, C.A. Bertulani and P. Danielwicz ( CRC Press)
2004.
PHY-MC16 PARTICLE PHYSICS – II

Max. Marks: 20+80 =
100
Note:
I Review of fundamental particles and their interactions: Present day fundamental

particles and their characteristics. Constituent and current quark masses. Generations
and quark-lepton symmetry. Present picture of QED, QCD, weak interactions and
gravitational interactions.
II Hadron symmetries: Introduction to continuous groups and O(3). Unitary
symmetries: SU(2), SU(3), SU(6) and their simple applications.
III Quark model and its applications: Going from SU(3) to quark model. Valence
quark contents of hadrons. Construction of hadron wave functions in terms of quarks.
Simple calculations of hadronic properties in terms of quark wave functions.
IV Electromagnetic interactions: Form factors of nucleons. Charge radii of nucleons.
Deep inelastic scattering, structure and scaling. Introduction to Parton Model.
V Weak interactions: Four fermion Fermi theory. Fermi and Gamow-Teller
transitions. Dirac bilinear covariants. V─A theory. Intermediate Vector Boson Model.
GIM Model.
VI Gauge Theories and Standard Model: Global gauge invariance and its
consequences. Local gauge invariance-QED as an example. Local Non-Abelian
gauge theories (Yang-Mills theory). QCD Lagrangian. Spontaneous Symmetry
Breaking. Brief introduction to SM.
VII Recent Developments: Introduction to GUTs, Neutrino oscillations, Dark matter,
Dark energy. Brief introduction to Neutrino Oscillations and Collider experiments.
TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given at the end of each chapter in the books listed.
Books :
1. An Introduction to High Energy Physics, D.H. Perkins (Cambridge Press) 4th ed. 2000.
41
2. An Introduction to Elementary Particles : D. Griffiths (Wiley-Vch), 2008.
3. Unitary Symmetry and Elementary Particles : Litchtenberg (Academic, NY) 1978.
4. Introduction to Quarks and Partons : F.E. Close (Academic Press, London), 1979.
5. Introduction to Particle Physics : M.P. Khanna (Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi), 2004.
6. Gauge Theories of Weak, Strong and Electromagnetic Interactions: C. Quigg (Addison-

Wesley), 1994.
7. Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics: T.P Cheng, L.F. Li (Oxford University
Press, Oxford), 2000.
8. Particle Physics and introduction to Field Theory: T.D. Lee, (Harwood Academic),
1988.
PHY-MC17 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS-II
Max. Marks: 20+80=100
Note:
(i) The pattern of the question papers for the mid-term and end-semester examinations are
given in the beginning of the syllabus.
(ii) The books indicated as text-book(s) are suggestive of the level of coverage. However, any
other book may be followed.
I Optical Properties : Macroscopic theory – generalized susceptibility,

Kramers- Kronig relations, Brillouin scattering, Raman effect;
interband transitions.
II Magnetism : Dia- and para-magnetism in materials, Pauli
paramagnetism, Exchange interaction. Heisenberg Hamiltonian –
mean field theory; Ferro-, ferri- and antiferro-magnetism; spin waves,
Bloch T3/2 law.
III Principles of Magnetic Resonance : ESR and NMR – equations of motion, line
width, motional narrowing, Knight shift.
IV Superconductivity: Experimental Survey; Basic phenomenology; BCS pairing

mechanism and nature of BCS ground state; Flux quantization; Vortex state of a
Type II superconductors; Tunneling Experiments; High T c superconductors.
V Nano Structures in Solids: Nanostructures – short expose; Quasicrystals. Zero-,

one, two and three dimensional nanostructures – Naorods, Nanowires Qquantum
dots, Nanocomposites, Concept of Top Down and Bottom Up Fabrication
approach, Self-assembly, Origin of plasmon band, Influence of various factors on
42
the plasmon absorption. Quantum confinement in semiconductors – particle in a

box like model for quantum dots .
below.
Books :
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics : C. Kittel (Wiley, New York) 2005.
2. Quantum Theory of Solids : C. Kittel (Wiley, New York) 1987.
3. Principles of the Theory of Solids : J. Ziman (Cambridge University Press) 1972.
4. Solid State Physics : H. Ibach and H. Luth (Springer, Berlin), 3rd. ed. 2002.
5. A Quantum Approach to Solids : P.L. Taylor (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs), 1970.
6. Intermediate Quantum Theory of Solids : A.O.E. Animalu (East-West Press, New

Delhi), 1991.
7. Solid State Physics : Ashcroft and Mermin (Reinhert & Winston, Berlin), 1976.
* DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE (DSE) COURSES (Semesters III and IV)

Choose any two DSE courses in semester III and IV. A DSE Course will be
offered only if a minimum of 10 students opt for the same and depending
of the Faculty available.
43
PHY-MDS1: CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS AND GENERAL

THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Max. Marks :
20+80=100
Note:
I Special Theory of Relativity : Lorentz transformation as orthogonal

transformation in 4-dimension, relativistic equation of motion, applications of
energy momentum conservation, Disintegration of a particle, C.M. System and
reaction thresholds.
II Covariant Formulation of Electrodynamics in Vacuum : Four vectors in

Electrodynamics, 4-current density, 4-potential, covariant continuity equation,
wave equation, covariance of Maxwell equations. Electromagnetic field tensor,
transformation of EM fields. Invariants of the EM fields. Energy momentum tensor
of the EM fields and the conservation laws. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of a
charged particle in an EM field.
III Radiation From Accelerated Charges : Lienard-Wiechert Potentials, Field of a

charge in arbitrary motion and uniform motion, Radiated power from an
accelerated charge at low velocities-Larmor-Power formula. Radiation from a
charged particle with collinear velocity and acceleration. Radiation from a charged
particle in a circular orbit, Radiation from an ultra-relativistic particle, Radiation
reaction. Line-width and level shift of an oscillator.
IV Scattering : Thomson scattering, Rayleigh scattering, absorption of radiation by

bound electron.
V General Theory of Relativity : Introduction of Arbitrary point transformation,

Elements of general tensor and covariant differentiation, Motion of free particle in
curvilinear coordinates : Variational Principle, Principle of equivalence, motion of
mass point in gravitational field : Newtonian approximation, Basic tensor of
gravitational field (Riemann
curvature tensor, Bianchi identities, Ricci tensor), Einstein field equations and
Poisson approximation, Electromagnetic field in Riemann space time.
Experimental tests: The Schwarzchild metric, precession of planetary orbits.

Deflection of ray of light.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given at the end of each chapter in the listed books.
Books :
1. Classical Electrodynamics : S.P. Puri (Narosa Publishing House), 2011.
2. Classical Electrodynamics : J.D. Jackson (New Age, New Delhi), 2009.

44
3. Theory of Relativity : R.K. Patharia (Hindustan Pub., Delhi) 2nd ed., 1974.
4. General Relativity : I.R. Kenyon (Oxford Univ. Press) 2001.
5. Classical Electromagnetic Radiation : J.B. Marion and M.A. Heald (Saunders

college Publishing House), 3rd ed. 1995.
6. Introduction to Electrodynamics : D.J. Griffiths (Prentice-Hall Learning), 2009.
7. An Introduction to General Relativity : S.K. Bose (Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi),
1980.
8. Principles of Cosmology and Gravitation: M. Berry (Overseas Press, New Delhi),

2005.
PHY-MDS2 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND

PARTICLE PHYSICS
Max. Marks: 20+80 = 100
Note:
I Detection of radiations: Interaction of gamma-rays, electrons, heavy charged

particles, neutrons, neutrinos and other particles with matter.
General properties of Radiation detectors, energy resolution, detection efficiency

and dead time. Statistics and treatment of experimental data.
Gas-filled detectors, Proportional counters, space charge effects, energy

resolution, time characteristics of signal pulse, position-sensitive proportional
counters, Multiwire proportional chambers, Drift chamber, Time projection
chamber.
Organic and inorganic scintillators and their characteristics, light collection and
coupling to photomultiplier tubes and photodiodes, description of electron and
gamma ray spectrum from detector, phoswich detectors, Cherenkov detector.
Semiconductor detectors, Ge and Si(Li) detectors, Charge production and

collection processes, detector structures and fabrication aspects, semiconductor
detectors in X- and gamma-ray spectroscopy, Pulse height spectrum, Compton-
suppressed Ge detectors, Semiconductor detectors for charged particle
spectroscopy and particle identification, Silicon strip detectors, Radiation damage.
Electromagnetic and Hadron calorimeters.
45
Motion of charged particles in magnetic field, Magnetic dipole and quadrupole

lenses, beta ray spectrometer.
Detection of fast and slow neutrons - nuclear reactions for neutron detection.
General Background and detector shielding.
II Electronics associated with detectors : Electronics for pulse signal processing,

CR-(RC)n and delay-line pulse shaping, pole-zero cancellation, baseline shift and
restoration, preamplifiers (voltage and charge-sensitive configurations), overload
recovery and pileup, Linear amplifiers, single-channel analyzer, anolog-to-digital
converters, multichannel analyzer.
Basic considerations in time measurements, Walk and jitter, Time pickoff methods,
time-to-amplitude converters, Systems for fast timing, fast-slow coincidence, and
particle identification, NIM and CAMAC instrumentation standards and data
acquisition system.
III Experimental methods : Detector systems for heavy-ion reactions : Large

gamma and charge particle detector arrays, multiplicity filters, electron
spectrometer, heavy-ion reaction analyzers, nuclear lifetime measurements
(DSAM and RDM techniques), production of radioactive ion beams.
Detector systems for high energy experiments : Collider physics (brief

account), Particle Accelerators (brief account), Secondary beams, Beam transport,
Modern Hybrid experiments- CMS and ALICE.
Tutorials: Relevant problems pertaining to the topics covered in the course.

Books :
1. Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics by Richard Fernow (Cambridge

University Press), 2001.
2. Radiation detection and measurement by Glenn F. Knoll (Wiley), 2010.
3. Techniques in Nuclear and particle Experiments by W.R. Leo (Springer), 1994.
4. Detectors for particle radiation by Konrad Kleinknecht(Cambridge University P
PHY-MDS3 EXPPERIMENAL TECHNIQUES IN PHYSICS
Max. Marks: 20+80 = 100
Note:
46
Unit-I
I. Revisit to Atomic and Molecular Physics:

Atomic Physics : Spectrum of helium and alkali atom. Relativistic corrections for
energy levels of hydrogen atom, hyperfine structure and isotopic shift, width of spectrum
lines, LS & JJ couplings.
Zeeman, Paschen-Bach & Stark effects.
Inner-shell ionization and vacancy decay mechanisms, Selection rules, X-ray spectra.
Lasers: Temporal and spatial coherence, Spontaneous and stimulated emission, line
broadening mechanisms, rate equation, He-Ne laser, Nitrogen laser, CO 2 laser, Ruby
laser, Holography.
Molecular Physics : Molecular spectra, symmetric structures, Frank-Condon principle.
Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Electronic, rotational, vibrational and Raman spectra
of diatomic molecules, selection rules.
II. Analytical techniques : (Brief account) Atomic Absorption and emission
Spectrometers, UV-Vis Spectrometer, FTIR Spectrometer, Raman Spectrometer.
Electron spin resonance, Nuclear magnetic resonance.
TEM, AFM, STM, X-ray fluorescence, XRD.
III. Vacuum Techniques : Production and Measurements of vacuum.
Unit – II
IV. Detection of radiations: Interaction of gamma-rays, electrons, heavy charged

particles, neutrons, neutrinos and other particles with matter.
Radiation detectors - energy resolution, detection efficiency and dead time. Statistics
and treatment of experimental data.
Gas-filled detectors, Proportional counters, space charge effects, position-sensitive

proportional counters.
Organic and inorganic scintillators and their characteristics, light collection and
coupling to photomultiplier tubes and photodiodes, description of electron and gamma
ray spectra from scintillation detector, Cherenkov detector.
Semiconductor detectors in X- and gamma-ray spectroscopy, Charge production and

collection processes, Pulse height spectrum, Compton suppressed Ge detectors,
Semiconductor detectors for charged particle spectroscopy. Detection of fast and slow
neutrons - nuclear reactions for neutron detection. General Background and detector
shielding. Beta ray spectrometer.
V. Electronics associated with detectors : Pulse height analysis - Electronics for

pulse signal processing, Pulse shaping, pole-zero cancellation, preamplifiers (voltage
and charge-sensitive configurations), Linear amplifiers, Single-channel analyser,
multichannel analyzer.
Basic considerations in time measurements, Walk and jitter, Time pickoff methods,
time-to-amplitude converters, Systems for fast timing, fast-slow coincidence set up.
47
VI. Experimental methods for nuclear and high energy experiments (Brief
account) : Large gamma and charge particle detector arrays, multiplicity filters,
electron spectrometer, heavy-ion reaction analysers, nuclear lifetime measurements
(DSAM and RDM techniques). Mossbauer Spectroscopy. Collider physics and Particle
Accelerators, Secondary beams, Modern Hybrid experiments- CMS and ALICE.
Books :
1. Atomic and Molecular Spectra: Rajkumar (Kedarnath Ramnath Prakashan, Meerut).
2. Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis: James W. Robinson (Marcel Dekker, New

York) (1970).
3. Fundamentals of Molecular spectroscopy: Banwell and McCash (Tata McGraw Hill)

(1994).
4. Molecular Structure and Molecular Spectroscopy G. Aruldhas (PHI Learning)

(2009)
5. Lasers and Non-linear Optics: B.B. Laud. (Wiley Eastern) (1991).
6. Vacuum Technology: A. Roth (North Holland) (1990).
7. Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics by Richard Fernow (Cambridge

University Press), 2001.
8. Radiation detection and measurement by Glenn F. Knoll (Wiley), 2010.
9. Techniques in Nuclear and particle Experiments by W.R. Leo (Springer), 1994.
10. Detectors for particle radiation by Konrad Kleinknecht (Cambridge University

Press), 1999.
48
PHY-MDS4 SPACE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Max. Marks
20+80=100
Note:
However, any other book may be followed
I Astronomy & Astrophysics: Stellar properties and associated astronomy; Interstellar

medium; Galaxy structure and dynamics; Structure of star; Star formation and evolution; Red-
giant stage, Supernovae, Black hole; Nucleosynthesis; Origin and the evolution of the
Universe; Big-bang cosmology.
II Planetary Science: An introduction to the planets, satellites, asteroids, etc. and the
associated planetary processes; Origin and the early evolution of the solar system; Formation
& evolution of planets and satellites.
III Atmospheric Science: Physical and chemical characteristics of the Earth’s

atmosphere; Major regions of the atmosphere; Comparison with the atmosphere of other
planets and satellites e.g., Venus, Mars, Titan; Evolution of planetary atmosphere; Sun-Earth
interaction; Radiation balance; Concepts of climatic studies & global warming.
IV Space technology: Overview of the planetary missions by various space agencies e.g.,
NASA, ESA, ISRO, etc.; Science and technology related with the designing, launch, landing and
orbit insertion of planetary spacecrafts/mission and satellites; Designing of planetary
spacecrafts and missions; Elements of hyper-spectral imaging, SAR (Synthetic Aperture
Radar), onboard optical, IR, UV, X-ray, γ-ray spectrometers and particle detectors.

Books:
1. Physics of stellar evolution and cosmology: H.S. Goldberg and M.D. Scadron
(Gordon and Breach), 1986.
2. Theoretical Astrophysics (Vol. I, II, III): T. Padmanabhan (Cambridge University
Press), 2005.
3. Moons and Planets: W. K. Hartmann (Wadsworth Publishing Company), 1999.
4. Basics of Atmospheric science: A. Chandrasekhar (PHI Learning Private Limited), 2011.
5. Space Technology: J. A. Angelo (Greenwood Press), 2003.
49
PHY-MDS5 ASTROPHYSICS
Max. Marks:
20+80=100
Note:
I Introduction: Basic concepts of celestial sphere, Co-ordinate systems; Alt-azimuth,

Equatorial, Right Ascension, Ecliptic, Basic stellar properties; Luminosity, apparent
and absolute magnitude, photo visual and photographic magnitude system,
estimation of distance using parallax method and Cepheid variables, stellar
masses in binary system. Spectral classification of stars, Origin of emission and
absorption spectra, Doppler effect and its applications, Mass-Luminosity relation;
free electron scattering and bound-free scattering, HR diagram. Basic concepts of
astronomical observations in -rays, X-rays, UV, visible, infra-red, radio waves.
II Interstellar medium and molecular clouds: Structure of our galaxy, Globular

clusters, velocity distribution of stars, origin of 21-cm radiation and interstellar gas,
fine structure of Carbon, Origin of spiral arms and its basic features, Interstellar
dust and theory of extinction of stellar light, molecules and molecular clouds, the
galactic magnetic field, the active star forming molecular clouds.
III Stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis: Pre-main sequence collapse, origin of the
solar system, Jean’s criteria, Shedding excess of angular momentum and
magnetic field, T Tauri phase, Quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium, Virial theorem,
Radiative and convective heat transfer, the sun on the main sequence, rates of
nuclear energy generation, the standard solar model, evolution of low,
intermediate and high mass stars on HR diagram, late stage evolution of stars, red
giant phase, white dwarf, supernova (type Ia, Ib/c, II), neutron star, black hole,
stellar nucleosynthesis, hydrostatic and explosive nucleosynthesis, sprocess, r-
process, the galactic chemical evolution.
IV Cosmology: Simple extragalactic observations, Olber’s paradox, Hubble’s constant

and its implications, the steady state universe, Evolution of the Big Bang, hadron
era, lepton era, primordial nucleosynthesis, the radiation era, the matter era, time
evolution of the future universe.

Books:
1. Physics of stellar evolution and cosmology: H.S. Goldberg and M.D. Scadron
(Gordon and Breach), 1986.
2. Astronomy: Principles and Practice : A.E. Roy and D. Clarke (Adam Hilger), 2003.
3. Theoretical Astrophysics (Vol. I, II, III) : T. Padmanabhan (Cambridge University Press),

2005.
50
PHY-MDS6 ELECTRONICS-II
Max. Marks: 20+80 = 100
Note:
However, any other book may be followed..
I Digital circuits : Boolean algebra, de Morgans theorem, Karnaugh maps.
Data processing circuits : Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Arithmetic building blocks,

Encoders, Decoders, Parity generators, PLA.
Sequential circuits : Flip-Flops – RS, JK, D, clocked, preset and clear operation,
race-around conditions in JK Flip-flops, master-slave JK flip-flops, Switch contact
bounce circuit.
Shift registers, Asynchronous and Synchronous counters, Counter design and

applications.
A/D Converters : Successive approximation, Counter-type, Dual slope, voltage to

frequency and voltage to time conversion techniques, accuracy and resolution.
D/A converter using resistive network, accuracy and resolution.
Applications: Multiplexed displays, Frequency Counters, Time Measurement,

Digital Voltmeters, ADC 0804
II Digital logic families : RTL, DTL, TTL, ECL, CMOS, MOS, Tri-state logic -
switching and propagation delay, fan out and fan in, TTL-CMOS and CMOS-TTL
interfaces.
III Basic concepts of Integrated Circuits : IC technology, Fabrication of monolithic

IC’s - epitaxial growth, diffusion of impurities, masking and etching; Active and
Passive components, MSI, LSI and VLSI chips, FPGA.
IV Microprocessor : Buffer registers, Bus oraganised computers, SAP-I,

Microprocessor (P) 8085 Architecture, memory interfacing, interfacing I/O
devices. Assembly language programming : Instruction classification, addressing
modes, timing diagram, Data transfer, Logic and Branch operations- Programming
examples.
V Semiconductor Memories : ROM, PROM and EPROM, RAM, Static and Dynamic
Random Access Memories (SRAM and DRAM), content addressable memory,
Other advanced memories.
51
below.
Books :
1. Digital Principles and Applications : Malvino and Leach (Tata McGraw Hill),
2010.
2. Microelectronics : Millman and Grabel (Tata McGraw Hill), 1999.
3. A text book of digital electronics, R.S. Sedha (S. Chand Publishers), 2004.
4. Integrated Electronics : Millman and Halkias (Tata McGraw Hill) 2010.
5. Semiconductor Devices : Physics and Technology : S.M. Sze (John Wiley),
2007.
6. Digital Computer Electronics : Albert P. Malvino, Jerald A Brown (Tata-McGraw Hill)
3rd ed.
7. Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085 : R.S.
Gaonkar (Prentice Hall) 2002.
PHY-MDS7: FIBRE OPTICS AND NON-LINEAR OPTICS
Max. Marks: 20+80 = 100
Note:
I. Optical fibre and its properties: Introduction, basic fibre construction,

propagation of light, modes and the fibre, refractive index profile, types of fibre,
dispersion, data rate and band width, attenuation, leaky modes, bending losses,
cut-off wavelength, mode field diameter, other fibre types.
II. Fiber fabrication and cable design: Fibre fabrication, mass production of fiber,
comparison of the processes, fiber drawing process, coatings, cable design
requirements, typical cable design, testing.
III. Optics of anisotropic media: Introduction, the dielectric tensor, stored

electromagnetic energy in anisotropic media, propagation of monochromatic plane
waves in anisotropic media, directions of D for a given wave vector, angular
relationships between D, E, H, k and Poynting vector S, the indicatrix, uniaxial
crystals, index surfaces, other surfaces related to the uniaxial indicatrix, Huygenian
constructions, retardation, biaxial crystals, intensity through polarizer/waveplate/
polarizer combinations.
IV. Electro-optic and acousto-otpic effects and modulation of light beams:
Introduction to the electro-optic effects, linear electro-optic effect, quadratic

electro-optic effects, longitudinal electro-optic modulation, transverse electrooptic
modulation, electro-optic amplitude modulation, electro-optic phase modulation,
52
high frequency wave guide, electro-optic modulator, strain optic tensor, calculation
of LM for a logitudinal acoustic wave in isotropic medium, calculation of LM for a
shear wave in lithium niobate, Raman-Nath diffraction, Raman-Nath acousto-optic
modulator.
V. Non-linear optics/processes: Introduction, anharmonic potentials and nonlinear

polarization, non-linear susceptibilities and mixing coefficients, parametric and
other non-linear processes, macroscopic and microscopic susceptibilities.
TUTORIALS: Relevant problems pertaining to the topics covered in the course.

Books
1. The Elements of Fibre Optics: S.L.Wymer and Meardon (Regents/Prentice Hall),

1993.
2. Lasers and Electro-Optics: C.C. Davis (Cambridge University Press), 1996.
3. Optical Electronics : Gathak & Thyagarajan (Cambridge Univ. Press), 1989.
4. The Elements of Non-linear Optics: P.N. Butcher & D. Cotter (Cambridge University
Press), 1991.
53
PHY-MDS8 INFORMATICS
Max. Marks: 20+80=100
Note:
I Introduction : Computer hardware, software, programming languages, Fortran

77, classification of data, variables, dimension and data statement, input/output,
format, branching, IF statements, DO statements, subprogrammes, operations
with files.
II Operating Systems : Introduction to Unix/Linux and shell scripting, graphics and

plotting, tools: internet, e-mail, etc. Conceptual framework of computer languages.
III Introduction to C++ : Basics of C++, Data types and operators, statements and
control flow, functions and programme structure, classes in C++, strings, the
preprocessor, pointers, C++ memory allocation, Input/output, subprogramme,
recursion, file access.
IV Object Oriented Programming : Classes, objects, inheritence and encapsulation,

interface and implementation, reuse and extension of classes, inheritence and
polymorphism; analysis and design, notations for object – oriented analysis and
design. Some applications using object oriented programming languages.
TUTORIALS : Solving problems pertaining to the topics covered in the course, using
computers.
Books :
1. Fortran Programming : V. Rajaraman (Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi), 2004.
2. Teach Yourself C++ : A. Stevens (BPB Pub., New Delhi), 2003.
3. Let us C++ : Y.P. Kanetkar (BPB Pub., New Delhi), 2008.
4. Object Oriented Systems Development using Unified Modeling Language : A

Bahrami (McGraw-Hill, New York), 1999.
PHY-MDS9 NONLINEAR DYNAMICS
Max. Marks: 20+80=100
Note:
54
I Phenomenology of Chaos : Linear and nonlinear systems, A nonlinear electrical

system, Biological population growth model, Lorenz model; determinism,
unpredictability and divergence of trajectories, Feigenbaum numbers and size
scaling, self similarity, models and universality of chaos.
II Dynamics in State Space: State space, autonomous and nonautonomous

systems, dissipative systems, one dimensional state space, Linearization near
fixed points, two dimensional state space, dissipation and divergence theorem.
Limit cycles and their stability, Bifurcation theory, Heuristics, Routes to chaos.
Three-dimensional dynamical systems, fixed points and limit cycles in three
dimensions, Lyapunov exponents and chaos. Three dimensional iterated maps, U-
sequence.
III Hamiltonian System : Non-integrable systems, KAM theorem and period

doubling, standard map. Applications of Hamiltonian Dynamics, chaos and
stochasticity.
IV Quantifying Chaos : Time series, Lyapunov exponents. Invariant measure,

Kolmogorov - Sinai entropy. Fractal dimension, Statistical mechanics and
thermodynamic formalism.
V Quantum Chaos : Quantum Mechanical analogies of chaotic behaviour.

Distribution of energy eigenvalue spacing, chaos and semi-classical approach to
quantum mechanics.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems pertaining to the topics covered in the course.

Books
1. Chaos and Non Linear Dynamics : R.C. Hilborn (Oxford Univ. Press), 2001.
2. Chaos in Dynamical Systems : E. Ott (Cambridge Univ. Press), 2002.
3. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics : A.H. Nayfeh and B. Balachandran (Wiley), 1995.
4. Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics : M.C. Gutzwiller (Springer-Verlag),

1990.
PHY-MDS10 PARTICLE ACCELERATOR PHYSICS
Max. Marks: 20+80=100
Note:
55
I Charged Particle Dynamics : Particle motion in electric and magnetic fields,

Beam transport system, Beam pulsing and bunching techniques, microbeams,
Particle and ion sources, secondary beams, Measurement of beam parameters.
II Radiofrequency Accelerators : Linear accelerators - Resonance acceleration

and phase stability, electron and proton Linacs. Circular accelerators- Cyclotron,
Frequency Modulated Synchrocyclotron, AVF Cyclotron, Alternating-gradient
accelerators.
III Electrostatic and Heavy Ion Accelerators : Van de Graaff voltage generator,
Cockcroft-Walton voltage generator, insulating column, voltage measurement,
Acceleration of heavy ions, Tandem electrostatic accelerator, Production of heavy
negative ions, Pelletron and Tandetron, Cluster beams, Superconducting Heavy
Ion Linear Accelerators.
IV Synchrotron Radiation Sources : Electromagnetic radiation from relativistic

electron beams, Electron synchrotron, dipole magnet, multipole wiggler,
noncoherent and coherent, Undulator, Characteristics of synchrotron radiation.
V Radioactive ion beams : Production of Radioactive ion beams, Polarized beams,

Proton synchrotron, Colliding accelerators.
VI Applications : Use of accelerators for AMS and Ion-beam Analysis Techniques.
56
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in the books listed below.

Books :
1. Particle Accelerator Physics, Vol I and II, H.J. Wiedman, (Springer Verlag), 1998.
2. Particle Accelerators, M.S. Livingston and J.P. Blewel, (McGraw-Hill Book Press),
1962.
3. Nuclear Spectroscopy and Reactions Part-A, Ed. J. Cerny, (Academic Press),

1974.
4. Theory of Resonance Linear Accelerators by I.M. Kapchenkey, (Harwood Academic

Publishers).
PHY-MDS11 PHYSICS OF NANOMATERIALS (Special paper)
Max. Marks: 20+80=100
Note:
I Introductory Aspects : Free electron theory and its features, Idea of band
structure—metals, insulators and semiconductors. Density of state in one, two and
three dimensional bands and its variation with energy, Effect of crystal size on
density of states and band gap. Examples of nanomaterials.
II Preparation of Nanomaterials : Bottom up: Cluster beam evaporation, ion beam

deposition, chemical bath deposition with capping techniques and Top down: Ball
Milling.
III General Characterization Techniques : Determination of particle size, study of

texture and microstructure, Increase in x-ray diffraction peaks of nanoparticles,
shift in photo luminescence peaks, variation in Raman spectra of nanomaterials,
photoemission microscopy, scanning force microscopy.
IV Quantum Dots : Electron confinement in infinitely deep square well, confinement

in one and two-dimensional wells, idea of quantum well structure, Examples of
quantum dots, spectroscopy of quantum dots.
V Other Nanomaterials : Properties and applications of carbon nanotubes and

nanofibres, Nanosized metal particles, Nanostructured polymers, Nanostructured
films and Nano structured semiconductors.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems pertaining to the topics covered in the course.
57
Books
1. Nanotechnology - Molecularly Designed Materials : G.M. Chow & K.E. Gonsalves

(American Chemical Society), 1996.
2. Nanotechnology Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance : B.C. Crandall (MIT

Press), 1996.
3. Quantum Dot Heterostructures: D. Bimerg, M. Grundmann and N.N. Ledentsov

(Wiley), 1998.
4. Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Films–Preparation, Characterization and

Application : J.H. Fendler (Wiley), 1998.
5. Nanofabrication and Bio-system: H.C. Hoch, H.G. Craighead and L. Jelinski

(Cambridge Univ. Press), 1996.
6. Physics of Semiconductor Nanostructures: K.P. Jain (Narosa), 1997.
7. Physics of Low-Dimension Semiconductors: J.H. Davies (Cambridge Univ. Press)

1998.
8. Advances in Solid State Physics (Vo.41) : B. Kramer (Ed.) (Springer), 2001.
PHY- MDS12 SCIENCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Max. Marks:
20+80 = 100
Note:
I Introduction : Production and reserves of energy sources in the world and in

India, need for alternatives, renewable energy sources.
II Solar Energy : Thermal applications, solar radiation outside the earth’s

atmosphere and at the earth’s surface, fundamentals of photovoltaic energy
conversion. Direct and indirect transition semi-conductors, interrelationship
between absorption coefficients and band gap recombination of carriers.
Types of solar cells, p-n junction solar cell, Transport equation, current density,
open circuit voltage and short circuit current, description and principle of working of
single crystal, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cells, conversion
efficiency. Elementary ideas of Tandem solar cells, solid-liquid junction solar cells
and semiconductor-electrolyte junction solar cells. Principles of
photoelectrochemical solar cells. Applications.
III Hydrogen Energy : Environmental considerations, solar hydrogen through photo

electrolysis and photocatalytic process, physics of material characteristics for
production of solar hydrogen. Storage processes, solid state hydrogen storage
58
materials, structural and electronic properties of storage materials, new storage

modes, safety factors, use of hydrogen as fuel; use in vehicles and electric
generation, fuel cells, hydride batteries.
IV Other sources : Nature of wind, classification and descriptions of wind machines,

power coefficient, energy in the wind, wave energy, ocean thermal energy
conversion (OTEC), system designs for OTEC.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems on the topics covered in the course.

Books:
1. Solar Energy : S.P. Sukhatme (Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi), 2008.
2. Solar Cell Devices : Fonash (Academic Press, New York), 2010.
3. Fundamentals of Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Solar Energy : Fahrenbruch and Bube

(Springer, Berlin), 1983.
4. Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells : Chandra (New Age, New Delhi).
PHY-MDS13 ADVANCED STATISTICAL MECHANICS (Special paper)
Max. Marks: 20+80=100
Note:
I Interacting Systems : Deviation of a real gas, Cluster expansion for a classical

gas, Virial expansion of equation of state, Evaluation of virial coefficients, General
remarks on cluster expansion; quantum mechanical ensemble theory, the density
matrix, density matrix for a linear harmonic oscillator; cluster expansion for a
quantum mechanical system. Bose condensation.
II Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena : Phase transitions – General

remarks on the problems of condensation, Dynamical model for phase transition—
Ising and Heisenberg models, the lattice gas and binary alloy, Ising model in the
Zeroth approximation, Matrix method for onedimensional Ising model. The critical
indices, Law of Corresponding States, thermodynamic inequalities, Landau's
phenomenological theory; Scaling hypothesis.
III Brownian Motion : Spatial correlation in a fluid, Einstein-Smoluchowski theory,

Langevin theory, The Fokker-Planck equation.
IV The Time Correlation Function Formalism : Concept of time correlation function,

derivation of basic formulas of linear response theory, Time-Correlation function
59
expressions for thermal transport coefficients and their applications. The Wiener -
Khintchine theorem, the fluctuation dissipation theorem. The Onsagar relations.
TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given at the end of each chapter in books 1 and 2.
Books:
1. Statistical Mechanics : R.K. Pathria (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford), 3rd ed, 2011.
2. Statistical Mechanics : D.A. Mc Quarrie (Harper and Row), 2000.
3. Introduction to Modem Statistical Mechanics : D. Chandler (Oxford Univ. Press),

1987.
4. Statistical Mechanics : K. Huang (Wiley Eastern, Delhi), 1987.
5. Statistical Mechanics and Properties of Matter : ESR Gopal (Macmillan India, Delhi),
1988.
B. One of the following will be offered in each of semester IV. Allottment will be on
merit of results of Semesters I and II: ( teaching 9hrs)
13. PHY-MDS14 Physics Laboratory-IV
14. PHY-MDS15 (i) Project work (Nuclear Physics) Experimental
15. PHY-MDS15 (ii) Project work (Particle Physics) Experimental
16. PHY-MDS15 (iii) Project work (Condensed Matter Physics) Experimental
17. PHY-MDS15 (iv) Project work (Atomic and Molecular Physics) Experimental
18. PHY-MDS15 (iv) Project work Electronics) Experimental
19. PHY-MDS15 (v) Project work (Nuclear Physics) Theory
20. PHY-MDS15 (vi) Project work (Particle Physics) Theory
21. PHY-MDS15 (vii) Project work (Condensed Matter Physics) Theory
22. PHY-MDS15 (viii) Project work (Atomic and Molecular Physics) Theory
23. PHY-MDS15 (ix) Project work (Astrophysics) Theory
24. PHY-MDS15 (x) Project work (Non-linear Physics) Theory
60
PHY-MDS14 Physics Laboratory IV

Max. Marks: 20+80=100
Note:
(i) Students are expected to perform at least 10 experiments in each semester. The
experiments performed in first semester cannot be repeated in second Semester.
(ii) Each student will complete a project work and give seminar on one of the topics on
Advances in Electronics during first year. Project work will consist of
understanding, handling and repair of Audio-Video and communication Electronics
Equipment.
the syllabus.
List of Experiments :
1. To determine the g-factor of free electron using ESR.
2. To measure dielectric constant of barium titanate as function of temperature and

frequency and hence study its phase transition.
3. To study thermo luminescence of F-centres in alkali halide crystals.
4. To study Raman scattering in CCl4 .
5. To study Zeeman effect by using Na lamp.
6. Determination of velocity of light using modulated Laser method
7. Hands on experience on X-ray diffractometer for studying (i) Crytal structure (ii)
Phase identification and (iii) size of nanoparticles.
8. Experiments with microwave (Gunn diode): Young's double slit experiment,

Michelson interferometer, Febry-Perot interferometer, Brewester angle, Bragg's
law, refractive index of a prism.
9. To measure (i) dielectric constant of solid/liquid; (ii) Q of a cavity. Use of Klystron-

based microwave generator.
10. To plot polar pattern and gain characteristics of Pyramidal horn antenna and
parabolic dish for microwaves.
11. Scanning tunneling microscope – hardware and software familiarization, Atomic

lattice image of graphite, Study of thin film and nanogrid .
12. Energy calibration of a gamma-ray spectrometer and determination of the energy

resolution by using multi-channel analyzer.
13. To study time resolution of a gamma-gamma ray coincidence set-up.

60
14. To study anisotropy of gamma-ray cascade emission in Ni (60Co source) using a
coincidence set-up.
61
15. Time calibration and determination of the time resolution of a coincidence set-up
using a multichannel analyzer.
16. To study calibration of a beta-ray spectrometer.
17. To study scattering of gamma rays from different elements.
18. To determine range of Alpha-particles in air at different pressure and energy loss
in thin foils.
19. To determine strength of alpha particles using SSNTD.
20. To measure p( of a particle using emulsion track.
21. To study p-p interaction and find the cross-section of a reaction using a bubble chamber.
22. To study n-p interaction and find the cross-section using a bubble chamber.
23. To study k-d interaction and find its multiplicity and moments using a bubble chamber.
24. To study a (( event using emulsion track.
25. To design (i) Low pass filter (ii) High pass filter (iii) All-pass filter (iv) Band pass filter (v)
Band-reject filter using 741 OPAMP.
26. To study of Switched-mode power supply.
27. To study Phase Locked Loop (PLL) – (i) adjust the free running frequency (ii) determination
of lock range and capture range (iii) determine the dc output from Frequency modulated
wave.
28. Frequency modulation using Varactor and Reactance modulator and Frequency
demodulation using Quadrature detector and Phased Locked Loop detector.
29. Computer controlled experiments and measurements (Phoenix kit and Python language) –
Digital and analog measurements based experiments.
30. Control of devices and data logger using parallel port of PC – programming using Turbo C.
31. Programming of parallel port of PC using C-language and control of devices connected.
32. Microprocessor kit: (a) hardware familiarization
(b) programming for (i) addition and subtraction of numbers using direct and indirect
addressing modes (ii) Handling of 16 bit numbers (iii) use of CALL and RETURN
instructions and block data handling.
33. (a) Selection of port for I & O and generation of different waveforms (b) control of stepper
motor.
34. Microcontroller kit: hardware familiarization of (Controller and universal programmer and
programming for four digit seven segment multiplexed up-conter upto 9999.
35. (a) EEPROM based 8 to 3 encoder using microcontroller (b) interfacing with ADC
(temperature sensor) and DAC (variable voltage source).
62
Project Work : Develop a new experiment or perform open-ended thorough investigations

using the available set-up. Weightage of the project work equal to few experiments to be
decided by the teachers.
PHY-MDS15 PROJECT WORK

Max. Marks: 20+80=100
The aim of project work in M.Sc.( H.S.) 4th semesters is to expose some of the
students (20) to preliminaries and methodology of research and as such it may consist
of review of some research papers, development of a laboratory experiment,
fabrication of a device, working out some problem, participation in some ongoing
research activity, analysis of data, etc. Project work can be in Experimental Physics or
Theoretical Physics in the thrust as well as non-thrust research areas of the
department.
A student opting for this course will be attached to one teacher of the department
before the end of the 3rd semester. A report of about 30 pages about the work done in
the project (typed on both the sides of the paper and properly bound) will be submitted
by a date to be announced by the PGAPMEC. Assessment of the work done under
the project will be carried out by a committee on the basis of effort put in the execution
of the project, interest shown in learning the methodology, report prepared, grasp of
the problem assigned and viva-voce/seminar, etc as per guidelines prepared by the
PGAPMEC.
This load (equivalent to 2 hours per week) will be counted towards the normal
teaching load of the teacher.
63

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M.

Sc (Physics) under the Framework of Honours School System

PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

findings. Exposure to the Advanced instruments in the Expeimental Physics will

M.Sc. IN PHYSICS UNDER THE FRAMEWORK OF HONOURS SCHOOL SYSTEM

Syllabus (Teaching and Examination)

There shall be internal assessment component for practical courses having

Semester I (Credits = 20, Marks = 500)

Course Subject Marks Credits Teaching hrs./week

Core Courses (Compulsary)

Semester II (Credits = 20, Marks = 500)

Course Subject Marks Credits Teaching hrs./week

Core Courses (Compulsary)

Core Course-6 PHY-MC6: Mathematical Physics 75 3 4 hrs

M.Sc. (Hons. School) Physics 1st Year

PHY- MC1 : MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – I

Total Lectures: 45+15 = 60 Credits: 03

I Complex Variables : Cauchy-Riemann conditions, analycity, Cauchy-Goursat

TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given at the end of each section in Book 1.

Additional Suggested Reading:

PHY- MC2 CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Total Lectures: 45+15 = 60 Credits: 03

I Lagrangian Formulation: Mechanics of a system of particles; constraints of

IV Two-body central force problem: Equivalent one body problem, Equation of

V Canonical Transformation and Hamilton-Jacobi Theory: Canonical transformation

VI Rigid Body Motion: Independent co-ordinates of rigid body, orthogonal

PHY – MC3 QUANTUM MECHANICS

Total Lectures: 45+15 = 60 Credits: 03

Objective : The aim and objective of the course on Quantum Mechanics is to

Eigenvectors of operators, Dirac's bra and ket notation, commutators, Simultaneous

II Angular Momentum : Angular part of the Schrödinger equation for a spherically

III Stationary State Approximate Methods: Non-Degenerate and degenerate

IV Time Dependent Perturbation: General expression for the probability of transition

V Scattering Theory : Scattering Cross-section and scattering amplitude, partial wave

TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in the text and reference books.

Additional suggested Reading:

PHY – MC4 ELECTRONICS-I

I Circuit Analysis : Lumped circuits, Non-linear resistors-series and parallel

IV Communication: Microwaves, Satellite communication, Elements of Digital

TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in the recommended books.

PHY – MC5 PHYSICS LABORATORY I

Total Lectures: 135 hours Credits: 06

Unit 1 : Introduction to experimental techniques

23. Temperature dependence of a ceramic capacitor - Verification of Curie-Weiss law

Unit 8 : Industrial visit

Unit 9 : Project work

PHY – MC5B COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS I

Total Lectures: 10 Theory + 35 hours

Objective : The aim and objective of the course on Computational Physics I is to

Note : The Computational Physics paper will consist of two parts –

Expression, If Constructs - Block If, Logical If, Arithmetic IF Statements, GOTO

M.Sc. (Hons. School) Physics 1st Year

PHY – MC6 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-II

Total Lectures: 45+15 = 60 Credits: 03

I Group Theory : What is a group ? Multiplication table, conjugate elements and

PHY – MC7 STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Total Lectures: 45+15 = 60 Credits: 03