Mono C# Winforms tutorial

Introduction
First steps
Layout management
Menus & toolbars
Controls
Advanced Controls
Dialogs
Drag & Drop
Painting
Snake

Tis is Mono C! "in#orms tutorial$ Mono "in#orms tutorial is #or beginner programmers$
%ou may ave a look at te T'! tutorial
or te sister tutorial IronPyton Mono "in#orms tutorial 

Introduction to Mono Winforms

Te #irst part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial introduces te Mono plat#orm and te "in#orms
library$

About this tutorial

Tis is Mono C! "in#orms tutorial$ Mono "in#orms tutorial is #or beginner programmers$ Te goal
o# tis tutorial is to teac readers basics o# (I programming in Mono "in#orms$ Te tutorial is
created and tested on Linu)$ *everteless+ it can be used on oter operating systems as ,ell$ Most
e)amples sould run ,itout modi#ication$ Images used in tis tutorial can be do,nloaded ere$ 

Mono
Te Mono Pro-ect is an open development initiative sponsored by Novell to develop an open
source+ (*I. version o# te Microso#t $*/T development plat#orm$ It is a $*/T compatible set o#
tools+ ,ic include C! compiler+ Common Language 0untime+ AD1$*/T+ ASP$*/T and
"in#orms libraries$
Mono can be divided into tree groups2
• Core components
• nome development stack
• Microso#t compatibility stack
Te core components are te C! language and te Common language runtime$ Te nome
development stack includes te T'! library and various database connectivity libraries$ Finally
te Microso#t compatibility stack includes te AD1$*/T+ ASP$*/T and te "in#orms libraries$
Mono is multiplat#orm programming plat#orm$ It can be run on Linu)+ 3SD+ Mac 1S .+ Solaris and
"indo,s operating systems$ It is a multilanguage e##ort$ For no,+ only C! language is #ully
supported$ Languages like 4isual 3asic or IronPyton are not yet #inised$
 

Winforms
"indo,s Forms is a grapical user inter#ace application programming inter#ace 5API6 included as a
 part o# Microso#t7s $*/T Frame,ork$ As o# 89 May :;;<+ Mono7s System$"indo,s$Forms :$; is
API complete$ Simply put+ "in#orms is a library #or creating (I applications$

Compiling examples
1ur tutorial uses te C! language$ To compile all te e)amples in tis tutorial+ ,e use te gmcs 
compiler$ Te gmcs compiler implements te complete C! :$; speci#ication including generics$ C!
source #iles must end ,it a $cs e)tension$
$ gmcs --about
The Mono C# compiler is (C) 2001-2008, Noell, !nc"
The compiler source coe is release uner the terms o the %N& %'
or more inormation on Mono, isit the pro*ect +eb site
  http..."mono-pro*ect"com
The compiler .as .ritten b/ Miguel e !caa, ai 'ratap, Martin aulig,
Mare3 4aar, a*a  5arinath, 6tushi 7nomoto

"e ave a simple C! source #ile$ "e ,ill discuss te source later$ For no,+ ,e concentrate on te
compilation process$
simple"cs

using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms
using 4/stem"9ra.ing

public class 4imple  orm

:
  public 4imple()
  :
  Te;t < =4imple=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)
  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  static public oi Main()

  :
  6pplication"un(ne. 4imple())
  ?
?

C! applications use modules called assemblies$ Te Mono C! compiler by de#ault only re#erences
tree assemblies2 mscorlib$dll+ System$dll and System$.ml$dll$ Any additional assembly must be
speci#ied ,it a command line option o# te compiler$ In our simple e)ample+ ,e need
System$"indo,s$Forms$dll and System$Dra,ing$dll assemblies$
gmcs -r4/stem"+ino.s"orms"ll -r4/stem"9ra.ing"ll simple"cs

=ere ,e compile te simple$cs source #ile$ I# te output #ile name is not speci#ied+ ,e get te e)e
#ile ,it name e>ual to te source #ile name$ In our e)ample+ simple$e)e #ile$
gmcs -r4/stem"+ino.s"orms"ll -r4/stem"9ra.ing"ll simple"cs
-outsimplee;ample"e;e

=ere ,e speci#y te output #ile name$ "e compile source #ile and get simplee)ample$e)e #ile$
 

First steps in Mono Winforms

In tis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial+ ,e introduce some basic programs in "in#orms
 programing library$

Simple
Tis is a simple "in#orms application$
simple"cs

using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms
using 4/stem"9ra.ing

public class 4imple  orm

:
  public 4imple()
  :
  Te;t < =4imple=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)
  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  static public oi Main()

  :
  6pplication"un(ne. 4imple())
  ?
?

Tis code e)ample so,s a small ,indo, on te screen$

using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms
 using 4/stem"9ra.ing

=ere ,e use te using directive+ ,ic allo,s us to use a type #rom an appropriate namespace
,itout a #ully >uali#ied name$ For e)ample+ ,e can no, ,rite Form instead o#
System$"indo,s$Forms$Form$
public class 4imple  orm
 :
 """
 ?

In "in#orms+ any ,indo, or a dialog is a Form$ Tis control is a basic container+ ,ose purpose is
to display oter cild controls$ 1ur class+ Simple+ inerits #rom a #orm$ Tis ,ay it becomes a #orm
itsel#$
Te;t < =4imple=
 4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)

Text and Sie are properties o# a #orm$ Canging tese properties+ ,e modi#y our #orm control$ Te
#irst line displays te)t ?Simple? in te titlebar o# te #orm control$ Te second line sets te si@e o#
te #orm to :;):;; p)$
CenterTo4creen()

Tis metod centers our application on te screen$

static public oi Main()
 :
  6pplication"un(ne. 4imple())
 

 ?

"en compiled and run+ te Main metod is e)ecuted #irst$ Te code instantiates te Simple class
and runs it$
$ gmcs -r4/stem"+ino.s"orms"ll -r4/stem"9ra.ing"ll simple"cs

=ere is o, ,e compile te source code$ I# ,e didn7t make any mistakes+ ,e sould ave
simple!exe #ile in our current ,orking directory$

Figure2 Simple

Icon
Mono means monkey in Spanis$ I# ,e do not provide an icon #or our application+ ,e ave a ead
o# a monkey by de#ault$ Te ne)t e)ample so,s+ o, to cange tis$
icon"cs

using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem

public class Morm  orm

:
  public Morm()
  :
  Te;t < =!con=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)

  tr/ :
  !con < ne. !con(=.eb"ico=)
  ? catch (7;ception e) :
  Console"+riteine(e"Message)
  7nironment"7;it(1)
  ?

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  static public oi Main()

  :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

Te code e)ample so,s an icon in te upper le#t corner o# te #orm$ A #orm7s icon is te picture
 

tat represents te #orm in te taskbar as ,ell as te icon tat is displayed #or te control bo) o# te
#orm$
tr/ :
  !con < ne. !con(=.eb"ico=)
 ? catch (7;ception e) :
  Console"+riteine(e"Message)
  7nironment"7;it(1)
 ?

It is a good practice to put all input output ,ork bet,een te tryBcatc key,ords$ Te ,eb$ico #ile
must be available in te current ,orking directory$ Tis is te directory #rom ,ere ,e e)ecute
5$Bicon$e)e6 our application$

Figure2 Icon

Tooltips
A tooltip is a small rectangular popup ,indo, tat displays a brie# description o# a control7s
 purpose ,en te user rests te pointer on te control$
tooltips"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Tooltips=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)

  ToolTip btnTlp < ne. ToolTip()

  btnTlp"4etToolTip(this, =This is a orm=)

  utton button < ne. utton()

  btnTlp"4etToolTip(button, =This is a utton Control=)
  button"Te;t < =utton=
  button"ocation < ne. 'oint(@0, A0)
  button"'arent < this

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?
?
 

class M6pplication :
  static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

1ur code e)ample creates a tooltip #or t,o controls$ Te "utton  control and te Form control$
ToolTip btnTlp < ne. ToolTip()

=ere ,e create te ToolTip control$ Tis instance is used to provide tooltips #or bot controls$
btnTlp"4etToolTip(this, =This is a orm=)

=ere ,e set a tooltip #or a #orm$

btnTlp"4etToolTip(button, =This is a utton Control=)

And ere #or our button$

utton button < ne. utton()
 btnTlp"4etToolTip(button, =This is a utton Control=)
 button"Te;t < =utton=
 button"ocation < ne. 'oint(@0, A0)
 button"'arent < this

 *otice te creation o# te "utton control$ Te Text property is a label #or te button$ Te ocation  
 property places te button on te #orm at )9;+ y  E; p) coordinates$ Finally+ te $arent property
determines te container+ ,ere te button ,ill reside$

Figure2 Tooltips

"utton
1ur last code e)ample so,s a button control in action$
button"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms
 

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =utton=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)

  utton button < ne. utton()

  button"ocation < ne. 'oint(@0, 20)

  button"Te;t < =Buit=
  button"Clic3 < ne. 7ent5anler(DnClic3)
  button"Mouse7nter < ne. 7ent5anler(Dn7nter)

  Controls"6(button)
  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi DnClic3(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  Close()
  ?

  oi Dn7nter(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  Console"+riteine(=utton 7ntere=)
  ?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

All (I programming is event driven programming$ In our e)ample+ ,e so, a button control on a
#orm container$ Te button ,ill listen to t,o events$ Te Clic%  and te Mouse&nter  events$
button"Clic3 < ne. 7ent5anler(DnClic3)

Tis code line plugs an event andler to te Clic%  event$ "en ,e click on te button+ te
'nClic%() metod is called$
button"Mouse7nter < ne. 7ent5anler(Dn7nter)

"en ,e enter te button area ,it te mouse pointer+ te Mouse&nter  event is triggerd$ In tis
case+ our code calls te 'n&nter() metod$
oi DnClic3(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :
  Close()
 ?

Te metod closes te application$

oi Dn7nter(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :
  Console"+riteine(=utton 7ntere=)
 ?

"en ,e enter te button control area ,it te mouse pointer+ ?3utton /ntered? te)t is displayed in
te terminal$
Tis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial so,ed some introductory code e)amples to get you
started ,it te "in#orms programming library$
 

a*out management in Mono Winforms

Te Mono "in#orms tutorial continues ,it te layout management o# controls$ A#ter ,e ave
 placed controls on teir parent containers+ ,e ave to ensure teir proper layuot$

Anchor
Te Anchor property o# a control determines o, it is resi@ed ,it its parent$ Ancor is a term
#rom te marine ,orld$ "en an ancor is dropped into te ,ater+ te sip is #i)ed in certain place$
Same applies #or te "in#orms controls$
/ac control in "in#orms can ave one o# tese AnchorSt*les  values2
• Top
• Le#t
• 0igt
• 3ottom
 *otice+ tat controls are not restricted to one value$ Tey can take any combinatino o# tese values
using te  operator$

"asic Anchor example

Te #ollo,ing e)ample so,s a very basic e)ample+ demonstrating te Anchor property$
anchor"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =6nchor=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(210, 210)

  utton btn1 < ne. utton()

  btn1"Te;t < =utton=
  btn1"'arent < this
  btn1"ocation < ne. 'oint(@0, @0)

  utton btn2 < ne. utton()

  btn2"Te;t < =utton=
  btn2"'arent < this
  btn2"ocation < ne. 'oint(@0, 80)
  btn2"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"ight

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  Morm m < ne. Morm()
  6pplication"un(m)
  ?
?
 

Tis is a very basic code e)ample+ tat clearly so,s ,at te Anchor  property is all about$ "e
ave t,o buttons on te #orm$ Te #irst button as te de#ault AnchorSt*les values+ ,ic are
AncorStyles$Top  AncorStyles$Le#t$ Te second button as e)plicitely set te
AncorStyles$0igt$
btn2"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"ight

"e e)plicitely set te Anchor property o# te second button to AncorStyles$0igt value$
 *o, ave a look at te #ollo,ing t,o images$ Te le#t one so,s te application at te beginning$
Te rigt one so,s te same application a#ter resi@ement$ Te #irst button keeps its distance #rom
te le#t and top borders o# te #orm$ Te second button keeps its distance #rom te rigt border o#
te #orm$ 3ut it does not keep any distance in te vertical direction$

Figure2 3e#ore and a#ter resi@ing

+oc% 
Te +oc%  property allo,s us to stick a control to a certain edge o# te parent #orm or control$
Te #ollo,ing are possible +oc%St*le values$
• Top
• Le#t
• 0igt
• 3ottom
• Fill
•  *one

&ditor s%eleton
Te #ollo,ing code e)ample so,s te +oc%  property in action$
eitor"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
 

using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =7itor=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(210, 180)

  MainMenu mainMenu < ne. MainMenu()

  Menu!tem ile < mainMenu"Menu!tems"6(=Eile=)
  ile"Menu!tems"6(ne. Menu!tem(=7E;it=,
  ne. 7ent5anler(this"Dn7;it), 4hortcut"CtrlF))

  Menu < mainMenu

  Te;to; tb < ne. Te;to;()

  tb"'arent < this
  tb"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ill
  tb"Multiline < true

  4tatusar sb < ne. 4tatusar()

  sb"'arent < this
  sb"Te;t < =ea/=

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn7;it(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  Close()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

"e so, a menubar and a statusbar$ And te remaining area is taken by te Text"ox control$
Te;to; tb < ne. Te;to;()
 tb"'arent < this

=ere ,e create te Text"ox control$ Form container is set to be te parent #or te te)t bo)$
tb"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ill

Tis code line makes te Text"ox control take up te remaining space inside te #orm container$
 

 
Figure2 /ditor skeleton

Anchored buttons
Te ne)t e)ample so,s t,o buttons placed in te bottom rigt corner o# te #orm$
anchorebuttons"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate int +!9T5 < 2>0

  priate int 57!%5T < 1>0
  priate int &TTDN4G4'6C7 < 1>
  priate int '6N7G4'6C7 < 8
  priate int CD47G4'6C7 < 10

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =6nchor=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(+!9T5, 57!%5T)

  utton o3 < ne. utton()

  int '6N7G57!%5T < o3"5eight  '6N7G4'6C7

  'anel panel < ne. 'anel()

  panel"5eight < '6N7G57!%5T
  panel"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ottom
  panel"'arent < this

int ; < o3"+ith H 2  &TTDN4G4'6C7

  int / < ('6N7G57!%5T - o3"5eight)  2

  o3"Te;t < =D3=

  o3"'arent < panel
  o3"ocation < ne. 'oint(+!9T5-;, /)
  o3"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"ight

  utton close < ne. utton()

 
 

  ; < close"+ith

  close"Te;t < =Close=

  close"'arent < panel
  close"ocation < ne. 'oint(+!9T5-;-CD47G4'6C7, /)
  close"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"ight

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

Te e)ample displayes 1'+ Close buttons in te bottom rigt corner o# te ,indo,+ as it is common
in dialog ,indo,s$
priate int +!9T5 < 2>0
 priate int 57!%5T < 1>0

Te WI+T, and ,&I-,T variables determine te ,idt and eigt o# te application ,indo,$
priate int &TTDN4G4'6C7 < 1>
 priate int '6N7G4'6C7 < 8
 priate int CD47G4'6C7 < 10

Te ".TT'NS/S$AC& is te space bet,een te 1' and te Close button$ Te $AN&/S$AC& 
is te space bet,een te panel and te bottom o# te #orm$ Finally+ te C'S&/S$AC& variable
sets te space bet,een te Close button and te rigt border o# te #orm$
int '6N7G57!%5T < o3"5eight  '6N7G4'6C7

=ere ,e compute te eigt o# te panel$ Te eigt o# te panel is based on te eigt o# te 1'
 button$ And ,e add some additional space+ so tat te buttons are not too close to te border$
'anel panel < ne. 'anel()
 panel"5eight < '6N7G57!%5T
 panel"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ottom
 panel"'arent < this

=ere ,e create and manage te $anel control$ In tis e)ample+ it is used as a container #or our
 buttons$ It is glued to te bottom border o# te #orm$ And te buttons are placed ,itin te panel$
o3"Te;t < =D3=
 o3"'arent < panel
 o3"ocation < ne. 'oint(+!9T5-;, /)
 o3"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"ight

Te 1' button7s parent is set to te panel ,idget$ Te location is computed$ And te Anchor 
 property is set to te rigt$ Te oter button is created similarly$
 

 
Figure2 Ancored buttons

$la*er s%eleton
Te last e)ample o# tis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial so,s a more comple) e)ample$ It is a
skeleton o# a music player$
pla/er"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < ='la/er=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(@>0, 280)

  MainMenu mainMenu < ne. MainMenu()

  Menu!tem ile < mainMenu"Menu!tems"6(=Eile=)
  Menu!tem pla/m < mainMenu"Menu!tems"6(=E'la/=)
  Menu!tem ie. < mainMenu"Menu!tems"6(=EIie.=)

  Menu!tem tools < mainMenu"Menu!tems"6(=ETools=)

  Menu!tem aourites < mainMenu"Menu!tems"6(=Eaourites=)
  Menu!tem help < mainMenu"Menu!tems"6(=E5elp=)
  ile"Menu!tems"6(ne. Menu!tem(=7E;it=,
  ne. 7ent5anler(this"Dn7;it), 4hortcut"CtrlF))

  Menu < mainMenu

  'anel panel < ne. 'anel()

  panel"'arent < this
  panel"ac3Color < Color"lac3
  panel"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ill
 
'anel button'anel < ne. 'anel()
  button'anel"'arent < this
  button'anel"5eight < J0
  button'anel"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ottom

  utton pause < ne. utton()

  pause"lat4t/le < lat4t/le"'opup
  pause"'arent < button'anel
  pause"ocation < ne. 'oint(>, 10)
  pause"4ie < ne. 4ie(2>, 2>)
  pause"!mage < ne. itmap(=pause"png=)
 

  utton pla/ < ne. utton()

  pla/"lat4t/le < lat4t/le"'opup
  pla/"'arent < button'anel
  pla/"ocation < ne. 'oint(@>, 10)
  pla/"4ie < ne. 4ie(2>, 2>)
  pla/"!mage < ne. itmap(=pla/"png=)

  utton or.ar < ne. utton()

  or.ar"lat4t/le < lat4t/le"'opup
  or.ar"'arent < button'anel
  or.ar"ocation < ne. 'oint(80, 10)
  or.ar"4ie < ne. 4ie(2>, 2>)
  or.ar"!mage < ne. itmap(=or.ar"png=)

  utton bac3.ar < ne. utton()

  bac3.ar"lat4t/le < lat4t/le"'opup
  bac3.ar"'arent < button'anel
  bac3.ar"ocation < ne. 'oint(110, 10)
  bac3.ar"4ie < ne. 4ie(2>, 2>)
  bac3.ar"!mage < ne. itmap(=bac3.ar"png=)

  Trac3ar tb < ne. Trac3ar()

  tb"'arent < button'anel
  tb"Tic34t/le < Tic34t/le"None
  tb"4ie < ne. 4ie(1>0, 2>)
  tb"ocation < ne. 'oint(200, 10)
  tb"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"ight

  utton auio < ne. utton()

  auio"lat4t/le < lat4t/le"'opup
  auio"'arent < button'anel
  auio"4ie < ne. 4ie(2>, 2>)
  auio"!mage < ne. itmap(=auio"png=)
  auio"ocation < ne. 'oint(1A0, 10)
  auio"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"ight

  4tatusar sb < ne. 4tatusar()

  sb"'arent < this
  sb"Te;t < =ea/=

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn7;it(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  Close()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

Tis is a more comple) e)ample so,ing bot +oc%  and Anchor properties in action$

MainMenu mainMenu < ne. MainMenu()
 Menu!tem ile < mainMenu"Menu!tems"6(=Eile=)
 """
 Menu < mainMenu

=ere ,e create te menubar$

 

 'anel panel < ne. 'anel()

 panel"'arent < this
 panel"ac3Color < Color"lac3
 panel"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ill

Tis is te black panel+ ,ic takes all te remaining space+ le#t by te menubar+ statusbar and te
control panel$
'anel button'anel < ne. 'anel()
 button'anel"'arent < this
 button'anel"5eight < J0
 button'anel"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ottom

Tis is te control panel$ Its parent is te #orm container$ It is glued to te bottom o# te #orm$ Its
eigt is G;p)$ Inside tis control panel+ ,e place all te buttons and te trackar$
utton pause < ne. utton()
 pause"lat4t/le < lat4t/le"'opup
 pause"'arent < button'anel
 pause"ocation < ne. 'oint(>, 10)
 pause"4ie < ne. 4ie(2>, 2>)
 pause"!mage < ne. itmap(=pause"png=)

Te pause button is one o# te #our buttons+ tat as te de#ault Anchor property value$ Te style o#
te button is set to #lat+ because it looks better$ "e put a bitmap on te button$
tb"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"ight
 """
auio"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"ight

Te last t,o controls are ancored to te rigt$

Figure2 Player skeleton

Tis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial ,as about te layout management o# controls$ "e
 practised various possibilities tat te "in#orms library o##ers$
 

Menus and toolbars in Mono Winforms

In tis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial+ ,e ,ill talk about menus and toolbars$
A menubar is one o# te most visible parts o# te (I application$ It is a group o# commands
located in various menus$ "ile in console applications you ad to remember all tose arcane
commands+ ere ,e ave most o# te commands grouped into logical parts$ Tere are accepted
standards tat #urter reduce te amount o# time spending to learn a ne, application$

Simple menu
In te #irst e)ample+ ,e create a simple menu$
simplemenu"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =4imple menu=

  Menu4trip ms < ne. Menu4trip()

  ms"'arent < this
 
Tool4tripMenu!tem ile < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=Eile=)
Tool4tripMenu!tem e;it < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=E7;it=, null,
  ne. 7ent5anler(Dn7;it))
e;it"4hortcutKe/s < Ke/s"Control L Ke/s"F
  ile"9rop9o.n!tems"6(e;it)

  ms"!tems"6(ile)
  MainMenu4trip < ms
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn7;it(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  Close()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

In our e)ample+ ,e ave a menubar and one menu$ Inside a menu tere is one menu item$ I# ,e
select te menu item+ application is closed$
 *otice te ,ays o, ,e can close te application$ "e can close it by using te CtrlH. sorcut or
 by pressing Alt+ F+ / keys$
Menu4trip ms < ne. Menu4trip()

MenuStrip  creates a menu system #or our #orm$ "e add ToolStripMenuItem ob-ects to te
MenuStrip tat represent te individual menu commands in te menu structure$ /ac
ToolStripMenuItem can be a command #or your application or a parent menu #or oter submenu
 

items$
Tool4tripMenu!tem ile < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=Eile=)

=ere ,e create a menu$

Tool4tripMenu!tem e;it < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=E7;it=, null,
  ne. 7ent5anler(Dn7;it))

Tis line creates te e)it menu item$

e;it"4hortcutKe/s < Ke/s"Control L Ke/s"F

"e provide a sortcut #or te e)it menu item$

ile"9rop9o.n!tems"6(e;it)

Te e)it menu item is added to te drop do,n items o# te menu ob-ect$
ms"!tems"6(ile)

=ere ,e add te menu ob-ect into te menu strip$

MainMenu4trip < ms

Te MenuStrip  is plugged into te #orm$

Figure2 Simple menu

Submenu
/ac menu item can also ave a submenu$ Tis ,ay ,e can group similar commnads into groups$
For e)ample ,e can place commands tat ideBso, various toolbars like personal bar+ address bar+
status bar or navigation bar into a submenu called toolbars$
submenu"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =4ubmenu=
 

  Menu4trip ms < ne. Menu4trip()

  ms"'arent < this

  Tool4tripMenu!tem ile < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=Eile=)

Tool4tripMenu!tem e;it < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=E7;it=, null,
  ne. 7ent5anler(Dn7;it))

Tool4tripMenu!tem import < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem()

  import"Te;t < =!mport=

  ile"9rop9o.n!tems"6(import)

  Tool4tripMenu!tem temp < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem()

  temp"Te;t < =!mport ne.see list"""=
  import"9rop9o.n!tems"6(temp)

  temp < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem()

  temp"Te;t < =!mport boo3mar3s"""=
  import"9rop9o.n!tems"6(temp)

  temp < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem()

  temp"Te;t < =!mport mail"""=
  import"9rop9o.n!tems"6(temp)

  ile"9rop9o.n!tems"6(e;it)

  ms"!tems"6(ile)
  MainMenu4trip < ms
  4ie < ne. 4ie(@80, 200)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn7;it(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  Close()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

In tis e)ample+ ,e create one submenu$ Te submenu Import as tree menu items$
Tool4tripMenu!tem import < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem()
 import"Te;t < =!mport=

A ToolStripMenuItem  can be a menu or a menu item$ =ere it ,ill act as a submenu$

Tool4tripMenu!tem temp < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem()
 temp"Te;t < =!mport ne.see list"""=
  import"9rop9o.n!tems"6(temp)

=ere ,e create a menu item and add it to te Import submenu$

 

 
Figure2 Submenu

Chec% menu item

Te ne)t code e)ample demonstrates+ o, to create a cecked menu item$
chec3menuitem"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate 4tatusar sb

  priate Menu!tem ie.4tatusar

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Chec3 menu item=

  sb < ne. 4tatusar()

  sb"'arent < this
  sb"Te;t < =ea/=

  MainMenu mainMenu < ne. MainMenu()

  Menu!tem ile < mainMenu"Menu!tems"6(=Eile=)

ile"Menu!tems"6(ne. Menu!tem(=7E;it=,
ne. 7ent5anler(Dn7;it), 4hortcut"CtrlF))

  Menu!tem ie. < mainMenu"Menu!tems"6(=EIie.=)

  ie.4tatusar < ne. Menu!tem(=Iie. 4tatusar=)
  ie.4tatusar"Chec3e < true
  ie.4tatusar"Clic3 < ne. 7ent5anler(Toggle4tatusar)
  ie."Menu!tems"6(ie.4tatusar)

  Menu < mainMenu

  4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn7;it(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  Close()
  ?

  oi Toggle4tatusar(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

 

  bool chec3 < ie.4tatusar"Chec3e

  i (chec3) :
  sb"Iisible < alse
  ie.4tatusar"Chec3e < alse
  ? else :
  sb"Iisible < true
  ie.4tatusar"Chec3e < true
  ?
  ?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

"e ave t,o menus$ File and 4ie,$ Te 4ie, menu as a menu item tat toggles te visibility o#
te statusbar$
MainMenu mainMenu < ne. MainMenu()

In tis e)ample+ ,e use te MainMenu  control$ To create a menubar+ ,e can use eiter MainMenu
or MenuStrip  controls$ Te latter as some additional #unctionality$
ie.4tatusar"Chec3e < true

Tis menu item is cecked by de#ault+ because te statusbar is visible #rom te start o# te
application$
bool chec3 < ie.4tatusar"Chec3e
 i (chec3) :
  sb"Iisible < alse
  ie.4tatusar"Chec3e < alse
 ? else :
  sb"Iisible < true
  ie.4tatusar"Chec3e < true
 ?

"e determine+ i# te menu item is cecked$ "e so, and ide te statusbar and te ceck tick
depending on te chec%  value$

Figure2 Ceck menu item

 

Images0 separator
"e ,ill #urter enance our kno,ledge o# te MenuStrip  control$ "e ,ill create a menu item ,it
an image and so, o, to separate tem ,it a separator$
menustrip"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

public Morm() :
Te;t < =Menu4trip=
4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)
 
Menu4trip menu4trip < ne. Menu4trip()

Tool4tripMenu!tem titem1 < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=ile=)

menu4trip"!tems"6(titem1)

Tool4tripMenu!tem titem2 < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=Tools=)

menu4trip"!tems"6(titem2)

Tool4tripMenu!tem subm1 < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=Ne.=)

subm1"!mage < !mage"romile(=ne."png=)
  titem1"9rop9o.n!tems"6(subm1)

Tool4tripMenu!tem subm2 < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=Dpen=)

subm2"!mage < !mage"romile(=open"png=)
  titem1"9rop9o.n!tems"6(subm2)

titem1"9rop9o.n!tems"6(ne. Tool4trip4eparator())

  Tool4tripMenu!tem subm@ < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=7;it=)

subm@"!mage < !mage"romile(=e;it"png=)
  titem1"9rop9o.n!tems"6(subm@)

subm@"Clic3 < Dn7;it

Controls"6(menu4trip)

MainMenu4trip < menu4trip

CenterTo4creen()
  ?

public static oi Main() :

6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
?

oi Dn7;it(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  Close()
  ?
?

"e ave t,o menus in our code e)ample$ File and Tools$ In te File ,e ave tree menu items ,it
images$ "e ave also one separator$ In tis e)ample+ te png images must be located in te current
,orking directory$
Tool4tripMenu!tem subm1 < ne. Tool4tripMenu!tem(=Ne.=)
subm1"!mage < !mage"romile(=ne."png=)
 

  titem1"9rop9o.n!tems"6(subm1)

=ere ,e create te #irst menu item$ To add an image to te item+ ,e set te Image property to our
image$ "e create an Image #rom te speci#ied #ile using te static FromFile()  metod$
titem1"9rop9o.n!tems"6(ne. Tool4trip4eparator())

=ere ,e add a separator to te File menu$

Figure2 Images and separator 

Tool"ar
Menus group all commands tat ,e can use in an application$ Toolbars provide a >uick access to
te most #re>uently used commands$ Tool"ar control is used to display Tool"ar"utton controls$
"e can assign images to te buttons by creating an Imageist$ "e tan assign te image list to te
Imageist property o# te toolbar and assign te image inde) value to te ImageIndex  property #or
eac Tool"ar"utton$
toolbar"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

public class Morm  orm

:
  priate !mageist toolar!cons
  priate Toolarutton sae
  priate Toolarutton e;it
  priate Toolar toolar

  public Morm()
:
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)
  Te;t < =4imple toolbar=

  toolar < ne. Toolar()

  toolar"'arent < this
  toolar!cons < ne. !mageist()
  sae < ne. Toolarutton()
  e;it < ne. Toolarutton()

  sae"!mage!ne; < 0
  sae"Tag < =4ae=
  e;it"!mage!ne; < 1
 

  e;it"Tag < =7;it=

  toolar"!mageist < toolar!cons

  toolar"4ho.ToolTips < true
  toolar"uttons"6ange(ne. Toolarutton :sae, e;it?)
  toolar"uttonClic3 < ne. ToolaruttonClic37ent5anler(DnClic3e)
 
toolar!cons"!mages"6(ne. !con(=ne."ico=))
  toolar!cons"!mages"6(ne. !con(=e;it"ico=))

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  static oi Main()

:
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
 
oi DnClic3e(ob*ect sener, ToolaruttonClic37ent6rgs e)
:
  i (e"utton"Tag"7Ouals(=7;it=))
  Close()
  ?
?

In our e)ample+ ,e so, t,o buttons on te toolbar$

toolar < ne. Toolar()

=ere ,e create te Tool"ar control$

toolar!cons < ne. !mageist()

An image list is created$

sae < ne. Toolarutton()
 e;it < ne. Toolarutton()

Tese are t,o toolbar buttons$

sae"!mage!ne; < 0

"e determine ,ic icon #rom te image list ,ill be used #or te save toolbar button$
toolar"uttons"6ange(ne. Toolarutton :sae, e;it?)

Te Tool"ar"utton controls are added to te toolbar$

toolar!cons"!mages"6(ne. !con(=ne."ico=))
  toolar!cons"!mages"6(ne. !con(=e;it"ico=))

Icons are added to te image list$

i (e"utton"Tag"7Ouals(=7;it=))
  Close()

I# te tag o# te button e>uals to ?/)it?+ ,e close te application$

 

 
Figure2 Tool3ar 
Tis part o# te "in#orms tutorial ,as about menus and toolbars$

"asic Controls in Mono Winforms

Tis part o# te Mono "in#orms programming tutorial ,ill be about basic controls$
"in#orms controls are basic building blocks o# an application$ "in#orms as a ,ide range o#
various controls$ 3uttons+ ceck bo)es+ sliders+ list bo)es etc$ /veryting a programmer needs #or
is -ob$ In tis section o# te tutorial+ ,e ,ill describe several use#ul controls$

abel Control
abel is a simple control #or displaying te)t or images$ It does not receive #ocus$
label"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  string te;t < P=4ometimes ! eel !Qe got to

un a.a/ !Qe got to
%et a.a/
rom the pain that /ou rie
  into the heart o me
The loe .e share
4eems to go no.here
!Qe lost m/ lights
! toss an turn ! canQt sleep at night

Dnce ! ran to /ou (! ran)

No. !Qll run rom /ou
This tainte loe /ouQe gien
! gie /ou all a bo/ coul gie /ou
Ta3e m/ tears an thatQs not nearl/ all
Tainte loe
Tainte loe=

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Tainte oe=

  ont ont < ne. ont(=4eri=, 10)

  abel l/rics < ne. abel()

 

  l/rics"'arent < this

  l/rics"Te;t < te;t
  l/rics"ont < ont
  l/rics"ocation < ne. 'oint(10, 10)
  l/rics"4ie < ne. 4ie (2R0, 2R0)

  CenterTo4creen()

  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

In our e)ample+ ,e so, lyrics o# Tainted Love song$

abel l/rics < ne. abel()

abel control is created$
string te;t < P=4ometimes ! eel !Qe got """

Te  caracter is used to denote a multiline string$

ont ont < ne. ont(=4eri=, 10)
 """
 l/rics"ont < ont

Te #ont o# te te)t o# te label is set to Seri#+ 8;p)$

Figure2 Label
 

Chec%"ox
Chec%"ox is a control tat as t,o states$ 1n and 1##$ It is a bo) ,it a label or an image$ I# te
Ceck3o) is cecked+ it is represented by a tick in a bo)$ A Ceck3o) can be used to so,Bide
splasscreen at startup+ toggle visibility o# a toolbar etc$
chec3bo;"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate Chec3o; cb

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Chec3o;=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(220, 1A0)

  cb < ne. Chec3o;()

  cb"'arent < this
  cb"ocation < ne. 'oint(@0, @0)
  cb"Te;t < =4ho. Title=
  cb"Chec3e < true

  cb"Chec3eChange < ne. 7ent5anler(DnChange)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi DnChange(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  i (cb"Chec3e) :
  Te;t < =Chec3o;=
  ? else :
  Te;t < ==
  ?
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

1ur code e)ample so,s or ides te title o# te ,indo, depending on it7s state$
cb < ne. Chec3o;()

Chec%"ox control is created$
cb"Te;t < =4ho. Title=
 cb"Chec3e < true

"en te application starts+ ,e so, te title$ And ,e set te Chec%"ox control to cecked state$
cb"Chec3eChange < ne. 7ent5anler(DnChange)

"en ,e click on te Chec%"ox  control+ te Chec%edChanged event is triggered$

i (cb"Chec3e) :
  Te;t < =Chec3o;=
 

 ? else :
  Te;t < ==
 ?

=ere ,e toggle te title o# te ,indo,$

Figure2 Ceck3o)

Trac%"ar
Trac%"ar  is a component tat lets te user grapically select a value by sliding a knob ,itin a
 bounded interval$ 1ur e)ample ,ill so, a volume control$
trac3bar"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

 
'ictureo; pb
  Trac3ar tb
  itmap mute, min, me, ma;

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Trac3ar=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2S0, 1R0)

  tb < ne. Trac3ar()

  tb"'arent < this
  tb"4ie < ne. 4ie(1S0, @0)
  tb"ocation < ne. 'oint(20, J0)
  tb"Tic34t/le < Tic34t/le"None

  tb"IalueChange < ne. 7ent5anler(DnChange)

 
oa!mages()

  pb < ne. 'ictureo;()

  pb"'arent < this
  pb"ocation < ne. 'oint(210, >0)
  pb"!mage < mute
 
CenterTo4creen()

  ?
 

  oi oa!mages() :
  mute < ne. itmap(=mute"png=)
  min < ne. itmap(=min"png=)
  me < ne. itmap(=me"png=)
  ma; < ne. itmap(=ma;"png=)
  ?

  oi DnChange(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  int al < tb"Ialue

  i (al << 0) :
  pb"!mage < mute
  ? else i (al  0 EE al U< @) :
  pb"!mage < min
  ? else i (al  @ EE al U 8) :
  pb"!mage < me
  ? else :
  pb"!mage < ma;
  ?
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

In te code e)ample+ ,e so, a Trac%"ar  and a $icture"ox $ 3y dragging te track bar+ ,e cange
te image on te $icture"ox  control$
tb < ne. Trac3ar()

Trac%"ar  control is created$

tb"Tic34t/le < Tic34t/le"None

"e so, no ticks #or tis Trac%"ar $

pb < ne. 'ictureo;()
 """
 pb"!mage < mute

Picture3o) control is created$ It is used to display an image$ At te start+ it so,s te mute image$
oi oa!mages() :
  mute < ne. itmap(=mute"png=)
  min < ne. itmap(=min"png=)
  me < ne. itmap(=me"png=)
  ma; < ne. itmap(=ma;"png=)
 ?

=ere ,e load #our images+ tat ,e ,ill use$

int al < tb"Ialue

 i (al << 0) :

  pb"!mage < mute
 ? else i (al  0 EE al U< @) :
  pb"!mage < min
 ? else i (al  @ EE al U 8) :
  pb"!mage < me
 

 ? else :
  pb"!mage < ma;
 ?

"e determine te value o# te Trac%"ar$ Depending on its value+ ,e update te $icture"ox  
control$

Figure2 Track3ar 

Combo"ox
Combo"ox is a control tat combines a button or editable #ield and a dropdo,n list$ Te user can
select a value #rom te dropdo,n list+ ,ic appears at te user7s re>uest$ I# you make te combo
 bo) editable+ ten te combo bo) includes an editable #ield into ,ic te user can type a value$
combobo;"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate Comboo; cb

  priate abel label

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Comboo;=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2J0, 2J0)

  cb < ne. Comboo;()

  cb"'arent < this
  cb"ocation < ne. 'oint(>0, @0)

  cb"!tems"6ange(ne. ob*ect :=&buntu=,

  =Manria=,
  =e 5at=,
  =eora=,
  =%entoo=?)

  cb"4electionChangeCommitte < ne. 7ent5anler(DnChange)

  label < ne. abel()

  label"ocation < ne. 'oint(>0, 1J0)
  label"'arent < this
  label"Te;t < ="""=

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?
 

  oi DnChange(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  Comboo; combo < (Comboo;) sener
  label"Te;t < combo"Te;t
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

1ur code programming e)ample so,s a combobo) ,it #ive items$ Te selected item is so,n in
a label control$
cb < ne. Comboo;()

Combo"ox control is created$
cb"!tems"6ange(ne. ob*ect :=&buntu=,
  =Manria=,
  =e 5at=,
  =eora=,
  =%entoo=?)

Te Combo"ox  control is #illed ,it items$

cb"4electionChangeCommitte < ne. 7ent5anler(DnChange)

I# ,e select an item #rom te combobo)+ te SelectionChangeCommitted event is triggered$

oi DnChange(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :
  Comboo; combo < (Comboo;) sener
  label"Te;t < combo"Te;t
 ?

=ere te selected te)t #rom te combobo) is copied to te label$

Figure2 Combo3o)
 

MonthCalendar
In te ne)t e)ample+ ,e ,ill so, a MonthCalendar control$ Te MontCalendar control allo,s
te user to select a date using a visual display$
monthcalenar"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate MonthCalenar calenar

  priate abel ate

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Month Calenar=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2J0, 2J0)

  calenar < ne. MonthCalenar()

  calenar"'arent < this
  calenar"ocation < ne. 'oint(20, 20)
  calenar"9ate4electe < ne. 9ateange7ent5anler(Dn4electe)

  ate < ne. abel()

  ate"ocation < ne. 'oint(J0, 1A0)
  ate"'arent < this
  9ateTime t < calenar"4election4tart
  ate"Te;t < t"Month  ==  t"9a/  ==  t"Vear

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn4electe(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  9ateTime t < calenar"4election4tart
  ate"Te;t < t"Month  ==  t"9a/  ==  t"Vear
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

In te e)ample+ ,e so, a MonthCalendar  and a abel$

priate MonthCalenar calenar
  priate abel ate

"e ave t,o controls$ A MonthCalendar  and a abel$ Te latter so,s te currently selected date$
oi Dn4electe(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :
  9ateTime t < calenar"4election4tart
  ate"Te;t < t"Month  ==  t"9a/  ==  t"Vear
  ?

"en ,e select a date #rom te MonthCalendar + te 'nSelected() metod is called$ Te
SelectionStart property gets te start date o# te selected range o# dates$
 

 
Figure2 MontCalendar 

Text"ox
Te Text"ox control is used to display or accept some te)t$ Te te)t can be single or multiline$ Tis
control is also capable o# pass,ord masking$
te;tbo;"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate abel te;t

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Te;to;=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)
  CenterTo4creen()

  te;t < ne. abel()

  te;t"'arent < this
  te;t"Te;t < ="""=
  te;t"ocation < ne. 'oint(S0, J0)
  te;t"6uto4ie < true

  Te;to; tbo; < ne. Te;to;()

  tbo;"'arent < this
  tbo;"ocation < ne. 'oint(S0, 100)
  tbo;"Ke/&p < ne. Ke/7ent5anler(DnKe/&p)

  ?

  oi DnKe/&p(ob*ect sener, Ke/7ent6rgs e) :

  Te;to; tb < (Te;to;) sener
  this"te;t"Te;t < tb"Te;t
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?
 

Tis e)ample so,s a te)t bo) and a label$ Te te)t tat ,e key in te te)t bo) is displayed
immediately in te label control$
te;t < ne. abel()
 """
 te;t"6uto4ie < true

Te abel control is created$ Te AutoSie  property ensures+ tat te Label gro,s to so, te te)t$
Te;to; tbo; < ne. Te;to;()
 """
 tbo;"Ke/&p < ne. Ke/7ent5anler(DnKe/&p)

"e plug in te 1e*.p event$ "en ,e release te key+ 'n1e*.p() metod is called$
oi DnKe/&p(ob*ect sener, Ke/7ent6rgs e) :
  Te;to; tb < (Te;to;) sener
  this"te;t"Te;t < tb"Te;t
 ?

In te 'n1e*.p() metod ,e update te label control ,it te te)t #rom te te)t bo) control$

Figure2 Te)t3o)
"e ave #inised capter o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial+ dedicated to basic controls$

Advanced Controls in Mono Winforms

In tis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial+ ,e introduce some more advanced controls$ *amely te
ist"ox+ te ist2ie3 and te Tree2ie3 control$

ist"ox Control
Te ist"ox control is used to display a list o# items$ (sers can select one or more items by
clicking on tem$
listbo;"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate 4tatusar sb

 

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =isto;=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(210, 210)

  isto; lb < ne. isto;()

  lb"'arent < this
  lb"!tems"6(=Wessica=)
  lb"!tems"6(=achel=)
  lb"!tems"6(=6ngelina=)
  lb"!tems"6(=6m/=)
  lb"!tems"6(=Wennier=)
  lb"!tems"6(=4carlett=)

  lb"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ill

  lb"4electe!ne;Change < ne. 7ent5anler(DnChange)

  sb < ne. 4tatusar()

  sb"'arent < this

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi DnChange(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  isto; lb < (isto;) sener
  sb"Te;t < lb"4electe!tem"To4tring()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

1ur e)ample so,s a listbo) ,it si) names$ Te selected item is so,n in te statusbar$
isto; lb < ne. isto;()
 lb"'arent < this

ist"ox control is created$
lb"!tems"6(=Wessica=)

Tis is o, ,e add a ne, item to te ist"ox control$ Te control as te Items property$ Te
 property is a re#erence to te list o# items in a listbo)$ (sing tis re#erence+ ,e can add+ remove or
get count o# items o# te listbo)$
lb"4electe!ne;Change < ne. 7ent5anler(DnChange)

SelectedIndexChanged  event is triggered+ ,en ,e select an item$

isto; lb < (isto;) sener
 sb"Te;t < lb"4electe!tem"To4tring()

Inside te 'nChange() metod+ ,e get te re#erence to te listbo) and set te selected te)t to te
statusbar$
 

 
Figure2 List3o)

ist2ie3
ist2ie3 control is used to display collections o# items$ It is a more sopisticated control tan te
ist"ox control$ It can display data in various vie,s is mostly used to display data in multicolumn
vie,s$
listie."cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms
using 4/stem"Collections"%eneric

public class 6ctress

:
  public string name
  public int /ear
 
public 6ctress(string name, int /ear)
  :
  this"name < name
  this"/ear < /ear
  ?
?

class Morm  orm :

  priate 4tatusar sb

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =istIie.=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(@>0, @00)

  istU6ctress actresses < ne. istU6ctress()

  actresses"6(ne. 6ctress(=Wessica 6lba=, 1R81))

  actresses"6(ne. 6ctress(=6ngelina Wolie=, 1RA>))
  actresses"6(ne. 6ctress(=Natalie 'ortman=, 1R81))
  actresses"6(ne. 6ctress(=achel +eiss=, 1RA1))
  actresses"6(ne. 6ctress(=4carlett Wohansson=, 1R8J))
 

  Column5eaer name < ne. Column5eaer()

  name"Te;t < =Name=
  name"+ith < -1
  Column5eaer /ear < ne. Column5eaer()
  /ear"Te;t < =Vear=

  4uspena/out()

  istIie. l < ne. istIie.()

  l"'arent < this
  l"ullo.4elect < true
  l"%riines < true
  l"6llo.Columneorer < true
  l"4orting < 4ortDrer"6scening
  l"Columns"6ange(ne. Column5eaer :name, /ear?)
  l"ColumnClic3 < ne. ColumnClic37ent5anler(ColumnClic3)

  oreach (6ctress act in actresses) :

  istIie.!tem item < ne. istIie.!tem()
  item"Te;t < act"name
  item"4ub!tems"6(act"/ear"To4tring())
  l"!tems"6(item)
  ?

  l"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ill

  l"Clic3 < ne. 7ent5anler(DnChange)

  sb < ne. 4tatusar()

  sb"'arent < this
  l"Iie. < Iie."9etails

  esumea/out()

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi DnChange(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  istIie. l < (istIie.) sener
  string name < l"4electe!tems0"4ub!tems0"Te;t
  string born < l"4electe!tems0"4ub!tems1"Te;t
  sb"Te;t < name  =, =  born
  ?

  oi ColumnClic3(ob*ect sener, ColumnClic37ent6rgs e)

  :
  istIie. l < (istIie.) sener

  i (l"4orting << 4ortDrer"6scening) :

  l"4orting < 4ortDrer"9escening
  ? else :
  l"4orting < 4ortDrer"6scening
  ?
?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?
 

In our e)ample+ ,e ave a listvie, ,it t,o columns$ In te #irst column+ ,e display te name o#
te actress$ In te second one teir date o# birt$ Te data is store in a ist collection$ 3y selecting a
ro,+ te data in a ro, is displayed in te statusbar$ Also+ by clicking on te column eader+ te data
is sorted$
public class 6ctress
 :
 """
 ?

"e use te Actress class to store our data$

istU6ctress actresses < ne. istU6ctress()

 actresses"6(ne. 6ctress(=Wessica 6lba=, 1R81))

 actresses"6(ne. 6ctress(=6ngelina Wolie=, 1RA>))
 """

"e create and #ill our collection ,it items$

Column5eaer name < ne. Column5eaer()
 name"Te;t < =Name=
 name"+ith < -1

For eac column in a listvie,+ ,e create a Column,eader$ 3y setting te Width to 8+ te ,idt o#
te column is e>ual to te longest item in te column$
istIie. l < ne. istIie.()
 l"'arent < this

ist2ie3 control is created$
l"ullo.4elect < true
 l"%riines < true
 l"6llo.Columneorer < true
l"4orting < 4ortDrer"6scening

=ere ,e set #our properties o# te control$ Tis code lines enable #ull ro, selection+ so, grid lines+
allo, column reordering by dragging te columns and sort te data in ascending order$
l"Columns"6ange(ne. Column5eaer :name, /ear?)

=ere ,e add t,o Column,eaders to te ist2ie3 control$

oreach (6ctress act in actresses) :
  istIie.!tem item < ne. istIie.!tem()
  item"Te;t < act"name
  item"4ub!tems"6(act"/ear"To4tring())
  l"!tems"6(item)
 ?

Tis cycle populates te listvie, control$ /ac ro, is added to te listvie, as a ist2ie3Item  
class$
l"Iie. < Iie."9etails

Te ist2ie3 control can ave di##erent vie,s$ Di##erent vie,s display data di##erently$
istIie. l < (istIie.) sener
 string name < l"4electe!tems0"4ub!tems0"Te;t
 string born < l"4electe!tems0"4ub!tems1"Te;t
 sb"Te;t < name  =, =  born
 

Inside te 'nChanged() metod+ ,e get te data #rom te selected ro, and so, it on te
statusbar$
i (l"4orting << 4ortDrer"6scening) :
  l"4orting < 4ortDrer"9escening
 ? else :
  l"4orting < 4ortDrer"6scening
 ?

=ere ,e toggle te sorting order o# te column$

Figure2 List4ie,

Tree2ie3
Tree2ie3 control displays ierarcical collection o# items$ /ac item in tis control is represented
 by a TreeNode  ob-ect$
treeie."cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  4tatusar sb

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =TreeIie.=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 2>0)

  TreeIie. t < ne. TreeIie.()

  TreeNoe root < ne. TreeNoe()

  root"Te;t < =anguages=

  TreeNoe chil1 < ne. TreeNoe()

  chil1"Te;t < ='/thon=

  TreeNoe chil2 < ne. TreeNoe()

  chil2"Te;t < =ub/=

  TreeNoe chil@ < ne. TreeNoe()

 

  chil@"Te;t < =Waa=

  root"Noes"6ange(ne. TreeNoe :chil1, chil2, chil@?)

  t"'arent < this

  t"Noes"6(root)
  t"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ill
  t"6ter4elect < ne. TreeIie.7ent5anler(6ter4elect)

  sb < ne. 4tatusar()

  sb"'arent < this

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi 6ter4elect(ob*ect sener, TreeIie.7ent6rgs e)

  :
  sb"Te;t < e"Noe"Te;t
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

Tis is a very simple demonstration o# te Tree2ie3 control$ "e ave one root item and tree
cildren$
TreeIie. t < ne. TreeIie.()

"e create te Tree2ie3 control$

TreeNoe root < ne. TreeNoe()
 root"Te;t < =anguages=
 """
  t"Noes"6(root)

=ere ,e create a root node$

TreeNoe chil1 < ne. TreeNoe()
 chil1"Te;t < ='/thon=

Cild node is created in a similar ,ay$

root"Noes"6ange(ne. TreeNoe :chil1, chil2, chil@?)

Cild nodes are plugged into te Nodes property o# te root node$
 

 
Figure2 Tree4ie,

+irectories
Te #ollo,ing code e)ample ,ill e)amine te Tree2ie3 control more indept$
irectories"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms
using 4/stem"!D

public class Morm  orm

:
  priate TreeIie. t
  priate utton e;pan
  priate utton e;pan6ll
  priate utton collapse
  priate utton collapse6ll
  priate 4tatusar sb

  priate const string 5DM7G9! < =homerons3i*=

  public Morm()
  :
  4ie < ne. 4ie(J00, J00)
  Te;t < =9irectories=

  t < ne. TreeIie.()

  4uspena/out()

  t"'arent < this

  t"ocation < ne. 'oint(10,10)
  t"4ie < ne. 4ie(Client4ie"+ith - 20, 5eight - 200)
  t"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"Top L 6nchor4t/les"et L
6nchor4t/les"ight 

  t"ullo.4elect < alse

t"4ho.ines < true
t"4ho.'lusMinus < true
t"4crollable < true
t"6ter4elect < ne. TreeIie.7ent5anler(6ter4elect)
 

  e;pan < ne. utton()

  e;pan"'arent < this
  e;pan"ocation < ne. 'oint(20, t"ottom  20)
  e;pan"Te;t < =7;pan=
  e;pan"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"et L 6nchor4t/les"Top
  e;pan"Clic3 < ne. 7ent5anler(Dn7;pan)

  e;pan6ll < ne. utton()

  e;pan6ll"'arent < this
  e;pan6ll"ocation < ne. 'oint(20, e;pan"ottom  >)
  e;pan6ll"Te;t < =7;pan 6ll=
  e;pan6ll"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"et L 6nchor4t/les"Top
  e;pan6ll"Clic3 < ne. 7ent5anler(Dn7;pan6ll)

  collapse < ne. utton()

  collapse"'arent < this
  collapse"ocation < ne. 'oint(e;pan6ll"ight  >, e;pan"Top )
  collapse"Te;t < =Collapse=
  collapse"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"et L 6nchor4t/les"Top
  collapse"Clic3 < ne. 7ent5anler(DnCollapse)

  collapse6ll < ne. utton()

  collapse6ll"'arent < this
  collapse6ll"ocation < ne. 'oint(collapse"et, collapse"ottom  >)
  collapse6ll"Te;t < =Collapse 6ll=
  collapse6ll"6nchor < 6nchor4t/les"et L 6nchor4t/les"Top
  collapse6ll"Clic3 < ne. 7ent5anler(DnCollapse6ll)

  sb < ne. 4tatusar()

  sb"'arent < this

  4ho.9irectories(t"Noes, 5DM7G9!)

  esumea/out()

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi 6ter4elect(ob*ect sener, TreeIie.7ent6rgs e)

  :
  sb"Te;t < e"Noe"Te;t
  ?

  oi 4ho.9irectories(TreeNoeCollection trNoe, string path)

  :
  9irector/!no ir!no < ne. 9irector/!no(path)
  i (ir!no X< null)
  :
  9irector/!no sub9irs < ir!no"%et9irectories()
  TreeNoe tr < ne. TreeNoe(ir!no"Name)

  i (sub9irs"ength  0)
  :
  oreach (9irector/!no r in sub9irs)
  :
i (Xr"Name"4tarts+ith(="=))
  4ho.9irectories(tr"Noes, r"ullName)
?
  ?
  trNoe"6(tr)
 

  ?
  ?

  oi Dn7;pan(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e)

  :
  t"4electeNoe"7;pan()
  ?

  oi Dn7;pan6ll(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e)

  :
  t"7;pan6ll()
  ?

  oi DnCollapse(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e)

  :
  t"4electeNoe"Collapse()
  ?

  oi DnCollapse6ll(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e)

  :
  t"Collapse6ll()
  ?

  static oi Main()

:
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?

1ur code e)ample so,s te directories o# te speci#ied ome directory in a Tree2ie3 control$ Te
application starts ,it some delay+ because it reads te directory structure o# te ome directory
#irst$ "e ave also #our buttons on te #orm$ Te buttons e)pand and collapse nodes
 programatically$
t"4crollable < true

"e make te treevie, control scrollable+ because te control so,s lots o# directories$
4ho.9irectories(t"Noes, 5DM7G9!)

Te Sho3+irectories()  metod #ills te nodes o# te trevie, control ,it directories available in
te speci#ied ome directory$
i (sub9irs"ength  0)
 :
 """
 ?

"e ceck i# tere are any subdirectories$

oreach (9irector/!no r in sub9irs)
 :
i (Xr"Name"4tarts+ith(="=))
  4ho.9irectories(tr"Noes, r"ullName)
?

"e loop troug all directories$ For tis+ ,e use te recursion algoritm$ "e also skip te idden
directories$ Tey begin ,it a dot on (ni) systems$
trNoe"6(tr)
 

Tis code line actually adds te directory to te treevie, control$
oi Dn7;pan(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e)
  :
  t"4electeNoe"7;pan()
  ?

All #our buttons ave events plugged to a metod$ =ere is a metod #or te /)pand button$ It calls
te &xpand()  metod o# te currently selected node$

Figure2 Directories
In tis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial+ ,e covered several advanced controls available in
"in#orms library$

+ialogs
In tis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial+ ,e ,ill talk about dialogs$
Dialog ,indo,s or dialogs are an indispensable part o# most modern (I applications$ A dialog is
de#ined as a conversation bet,een t,o or more persons$ In a computer application a dialog is a
,indo, ,ic is used to ?talk? to te application$ A dialog is used to input data+ modi#y data+
cange te application settings etc$ Dialogs are important means o# communication bet,een a user
and a computer program$
Tere are essentially t,o types o# dialogs$ Prede#ined dialogs and custom dialogs$

Folder"ro3ser+ialog
Tis dialog prompts te user to select a #older$
olerbro.serialog"cs
 

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"!D
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate Toolar toolbar

  priate Toolarutton open
  priate 4tatusar statusbar

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =olerro.ser9ialog=
 
toolbar < ne. Toolar()
  open < ne. Toolarutton()

  statusbar < ne. 4tatusar()

  statusbar"'arent < this

  toolbar"uttons"6(open)
  toolbar"uttonClic3 < ne. ToolaruttonClic37ent5anler(DnClic3e)

  Controls"6(toolbar)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi DnClic3e(ob*ect sener, ToolaruttonClic37ent6rgs e) :

  olerro.ser9ialog ialog < ne. olerro.ser9ialog()

  i (ialog"4ho.9ialog(this) << 9ialogesult"DK) :

  statusbar"Te;t < ialog"4electe'ath
  ?
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

"e ave a toolbar and one toolbar button$ 3y clicking on te button+ te Folder"ro3ser+ialog 
appears on te screen$ Te name o# te selected #older is so,n in te statusbar$
olerro.ser9ialog ialog < ne. olerro.ser9ialog()

Te Folder"ro3ser+ialog  is created$

i (ialog"4ho.9ialog(this) << 9ialogesult"DK) :
  statusbar"Te;t < ialog"4electe'ath
 ?

Te Sho3+ialog() metod so,s te dialog on te screen$ I# ,e click on te 1' button o# te
dialog+ te selected directory pat is so,n on te statusbar$
 

 
Figure2 Folder3ro,serDialog

Color+ialog
Tis dialog displays available colors along ,it controls tat enable te user to de#ine custom
colors$
colorialog"cs

 using 4/stem
 using 4/stem"9ra.ing
 using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate Toolar toolbar

  priate Toolarutton open
  priate Color color

  priate int rect+ith < 100

  priate int rect5eight < 100
  priate ectangle r

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Color9ialog=

  color < Color"lue

 
toolbar < ne. Toolar()
  open < ne. Toolarutton()

  toolbar"uttons"6(open)
  toolbar"uttonClic3 < ne. ToolaruttonClic37ent5anler(DnClic3e)

  ocateect()

  4et4t/le (Control4t/les"esieera., true)

  Controls"6(toolbar)
  'aint < ne. 'aint7ent5anler(Dn'aint)
 

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn'aint(ob*ect sener, 'aint7ent6rgs e)

  :
  %raphics g < e"%raphics
  ocateect()

  4olirush brush < ne. 4olirush(color)

  g"illectangle(brush, r)
  ?

  oi DnClic3e(ob*ect sener, ToolaruttonClic37ent6rgs e) :

  Color9ialog ialog < ne. Color9ialog()
  i (ialog"4ho.9ialog(this) << 9ialogesult"DK) :
  color < ialog"Color
  !naliate()
  ?
  ?

  oi ocateect() :
  int ; < (Client4ie"+ith - rect+ith)  2
  int / < (Client4ie"5eight - rect5eight)  2
  r < ne. ectangle(;, /, rect+ith, rect5eight)
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

In tis code e)ample+ ,e use te Color+ialog to coose a color #or a rectangle+ tat is located in te
middle o# te #orm control$
color < Color"lue

At te beginning+ te color o# te rectangle is blue$ "e use te color variable to determine te color
o# te rectangle$
Color9ialog ialog < ne. Color9ialog()

Te Color+ialog is created$

i (ialog"4ho.9ialog(this) << 9ialogesult"DK) :
  color < ialog"Color
  !naliate()
 ?

Te code so,s te color dialog$ I# ,e click on te 1' button+ ,e get te selected color and call
te Invalidate() metod$ Te metod invalidates te entire sur#ace o# te control and causes te
control to be redra,n$ Te result is tat te rectangle is dra,n ,it a ne, color value$
 

 
Figure2 ColorDialog

Font+ialog
Te Font+ialog is used to select #onts$
ontialog"cs

 using 4/stem
 using 4/stem"9ra.ing
 using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate abel te;t

  priate Toolar toolbar
  priate Toolarutton open

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =ont9ialog=

  te;t < ne. abel()

  te;t"'arent < this
  te;t"Te;t < =+inorms tutorial=

  ocateTe;t()
 
toolbar < ne. Toolar()
  toolbar"'arent < this
  open < ne. Toolarutton()

  toolbar"uttons"6(open)
  toolbar"uttonClic3 < ne. ToolaruttonClic37ent5anler(DnClic3e)

  te;t"6uto4ie < true

  esie < ne. 7ent5anler(Dnesie)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?
 

  oi Dnesie(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e):

  ocateTe;t()
  ?

  oi DnClic3e(ob*ect sener, ToolaruttonClic37ent6rgs e) :

  ont9ialog ialog < ne. ont9ialog()
  i (ialog"4ho.9ialog(this) << 9ialogesult"DK) :
  te;t"ont < ialog"ont
  ocateTe;t()
  ?
  ?

  oi ocateTe;t() :
  te;t"Top < (this"Client4ie"5eight - te;t"5eight)  2
  te;t"et < (this"Client4ie"+ith - te;t"+ith)  2
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

"e dra, some te)t in te middle o# te #orm control$ "e use te #ont dialog to cange #ont #or tis
te)t$
ont9ialog ialog < ne. ont9ialog()

Font+ialog is created$
i (ialog"4ho.9ialog(this) << 9ialogesult"DK) :
  te;t"ont < ialog"ont
  ocateTe;t()
 ?

"en ,e click on te 1' button+ ,e set a ne,ly selected #ont #or te abel control$ 3ecause te
si@e o# te te)t canges ,it di##erent #onts+ ,e must call te ocateText() metod+ ,ic locates
te te)t in te middle o# te #orm control$

Figure2 FontDialog
 

'pen+ialog
Tis dialog is used to open #iles$
openialog"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"!D
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate Toolar toolbar

  priate Toolarutton open
  priate Te;to; te;tbo;

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Dpenile9ialog=

  toolbar < ne. Toolar()

  open < ne. Toolarutton()

  te;tbo; < ne. Te;to;()

  te;tbo;"Multiline < true
  te;tbo;"4crollars < 4crollars"oth
  te;tbo;"+or+rap < alse
  te;tbo;"'arent < this
  te;tbo;"9oc3 < 9oc34t/le"ill
 

toolbar"uttons"6(open)
  toolbar"uttonClic3 < ne. ToolaruttonClic37ent5anler(DnClic3e)

  Controls"6(toolbar)
  Controls"6(te;tbo;)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi DnClic3e(ob*ect sener, ToolaruttonClic37ent6rgs e) :

  Dpenile9ialog ialog < ne. Dpenile9ialog()
  ialog"ilter < =C# iles (H"cs)LH"cs=

  i (ialog"4ho.9ialog(this) << 9ialogesult"DK) :

  4treameaer reaer < ne. 4treameaer(ialog"ileName)
  string ata < reaer"eaTo7n()
  reaer"Close()
  te;tbo;"Te;t < ata
  ?
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

"e use te 'pen+ialog control to open C! source #iles$ "e ave a Text"ox control+ ,ere ,e
display te #ile$
Dpenile9ialog ialog < ne. Dpenile9ialog()
 

Te 'pen+ialog is created$

ialog"ilter < =C# iles (H"cs)LH"cs=

"e set te Filter property to C! source #iles$ 1nly C! #iles can be cosen ,it tis dialog instance$
i (ialog"4ho.9ialog(this) << 9ialogesult"DK) :
  4treameaer reaer < ne. 4treameaer(ialog"ileName)
  string ata < reaer"eaTo7n()
  reaer"Close()
  te;tbo;"Te;t < ata
 ?

A#ter clicking 1'+ ,e read te contents o# te cosen #ile and put it into te Text"ox control$

Figure2 1penDialog
In tis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial+ ,e so,ed various dialogs$

+rag 4 +rop in Mono Winforms

JK
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googlecolorborder  ?9D<8//?O
 

googlecolorbg  ?FFFFFF?O
googlecolorlink  ?9D<8//?O
googlecolorte)t  ?;;;;;;?O
googlecolorurl  ?;;<;;;?O
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googlecolorlink  ?;;;;FF?O
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BB
,indo,$googlerenderad56OTis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial ,ill be dedicated to te drag
& drop operations$
In computer grapical user inter#aces+ draganddrop is te action o# 5or support #or te action o#6
clicking on a virtual ob-ect and dragging it to a di##erent location or onto anoter virtual ob-ect$ In
general+ it can be used to invoke many kinds o# actions+ or create various types o# associations
 bet,een t,o abstract ob-ects$ 5"ikipedia6
Drag and drop #unctionality is one o# te most visible aspects o# te grapical user inter#ace$ Drag
and drop operation enables you to do comple) tings intuitively$

+ragging a button
In te #irst e)ample+ ,e ,ill do te drag & drop operation on te button control$ Te e)ample does
te -ob outside te drag & drop protocol$
ragbutton"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

public class Morm  orm

:
  priate bool is9ragging < alse
  priate int olF, olV
  priate utton button

  public Morm()
  :
  Te;t < =9rag E rop button=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(2A0, 180)

  button < ne. utton()

  button"'arent < this
  button"Cursor < Cursors"5an
  button"Te;t < =utton=
  button"ocation < ne. 'oint(20, 20)
 

  button"Mouse9o.n < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouse9o.n)

  button"Mouse&p < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouse&p)
  button"MouseMoe < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouseMoe)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  public static oi Main()

:
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?

  priate oi DnMouse9o.n(ob*ect sener, Mouse7ent6rgs e)

:
  is9ragging < true
  olF < e"F
  olV < e"V
  ?

  priate oi DnMouseMoe(ob*ect sener, Mouse7ent6rgs e)

:
  i (is9ragging)
:
  button"Top < button"Top  (e"V - olV)
button"et < button"et  (e"F - olF)
?
  ?

  priate oi DnMouse&p(ob*ect sener, Mouse7ent6rgs e)

:
  is9ragging < alse
  ?
?

Te code e)ample puts a regular button control on te #orm container$ 3y clicking on te button
sur#ace and simultaneously dragging it ,it a mouse ,e can relocate te button$
priate bool is9ragging < alse
  priate int olF, olV

Tese are te supporting variables #or our e)ample$ Te is+ragging variable tells us+ ,eter ,e
are in te process o# dragging an ob-ect$ Te old5 and old6 variables store te )+ y coordinates -ust
 be#ore te dragging process begins$
button"Mouse9o.n < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouse9o.n)
  button"Mouse&p < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouse&p)
  button"MouseMoe < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouseMoe)

"e plug in tree di##erent mouse andlers #or our button$ Tey implement tree di##erent stages o#
te drag & drop process$ Te process begins+ ,en ,e click on te button$ Tis is andled by te
'nMouse+o3n()  metod$ Te second part is te movement$ Tis is ,en ,e move te ob-ect to a
ne, position$ It is andled in te 'nMouseMove()  metod$ Te #inal part is ,en te process
stops$ It appens ,en ,e release te mouse button$ Te appropriate task is delegated to te
'nMouse.p() metod$
priate oi DnMouse9o.n(ob*ect sener, Mouse7ent6rgs e)
:
  is9ragging < true
  olF < e"F
  olV < e"V
  ?
 

Te 'nMouse+o3n()  metod implements te #irst part o# te process$ It sets tree necessary
variables$
priate oi DnMouseMoe(ob*ect sener, Mouse7ent6rgs e)
:
  i (is9ragging)
:
  button"Top < button"Top  (e"V - olV)
button"et < button"et  (e"F - olF)
?
  ?

In te 'nMouseMove()  metod+ ,e relocate te button$ "e calculate te di##erence bet,een te
stored )+ y coordinates and te ne, coordinates o# te mouse pointer$ Te di##erence is added to te
Top and eft properties o# te button+ tus moving it to a ne, position$

Figure2 Dragging a button

+ragging Text
In te previous e)ample+ ,e did drag & drop on te control$ *e)t ,e ,ill do a drag & drop
operation on te te)tual data$ =ere ,e ,ill use te drag & drop protocol provided by te "in#orms
library$
Drag & drop operation is a standardi@ed communication protocol in "in#orms$ "e ave t,o basic
ob-ects$ Te drag source and te drop target $
ragte;t"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

public class Morm  orm

:

  priate Te;to; te;to;

  priate utton button

  public Morm()
  :
  !nitorm()
  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  priate oi DnMouse9o.n(ob*ect sener, Mouse7ent6rgs e)

 

  :
  Te;to; t;t < (Te;to;) sener
  t;t"9o9rag9rop(t;t"Te;t, 9rag9rop7ects"Cop/)
  ?

  priate oi Dn9rag7nter(ob*ect sener, 9rag7ent6rgs e)

  :
  e"7ect < 9rag9rop7ects"Cop/
  ?

  priate oi Dn9rag9rop(ob*ect sener, 9rag7ent6rgs e)

  :
  utton button < (utton) sener
  button"Te;t < (string) e"9ata"%et9ata(9ataormats"Te;t)
  ?

  priate oi !nitorm()

  :
  Te;t < =9rag E rop=
  button < ne. utton()
  te;to; < ne. Te;to;()
  4uspena/out()

  button"6llo.9rop < true

  button"ocation < ne. 'oint(1>0, >0)
  te;to;"ocation < ne. 'oint(1>, >0)

  button"9rag9rop < ne. 9rag7ent5anler(Dn9rag9rop)

  button"9rag7nter < ne. 9rag7ent5anler(Dn9rag7nter)
  te;to;"Mouse9o.n < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouse9o.n)

  Client4ie < ne. 4ie(2>0, 200)

  Controls"6(button)
  Controls"6(te;to;)
  esumea/out()
  ?

  public static oi Main(string args)

  :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?

"e ave t,o controls on te #orm$ A button and a te)t bo)$ "e ,ill drag te)t #rom te te)t bo) and
drop it on te button$
!nitorm()

Setting up o# te #orm is delegated to te InitForm() metod$ Tis is usually done in larger
applications$
4uspena/out()
 """
 esumea/out()

"e lay out our controls bet,een tese t,o metod calls$ Tis is an optimali@ation$ It sould
eliminate #licker$
button"6llo.9rop < true

"e set te Allo3+rop property to true$ Dropping is not enabled by de#ault$

 

 button"9rag9rop < ne. 9rag7ent5anler(Dn9rag9rop)

 button"9rag7nter < ne. 9rag7ent5anler(Dn9rag7nter)
 te;to;"Mouse9o.n < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouse9o.n)

Again+ te drag & drop process is divided into tree steps$ "e ave tree metods #or eac
 particular step$
priate oi DnMouse9o.n(ob*ect sener, Mouse7ent6rgs e)
 :
  Te;to; t;t < (Te;to;) sener
  t;t"9o9rag9rop(t;t"Te;t, 9rag9rop7ects"Cop/)
 ?

In te 'nMouse+o3n()  metod ,e initiali@e te drap & drop process$ "e initiate te process ,it
te +o+rag+rop()  metod$ Te +rag+rop&ffects!Cop* parameter speci#ies te type o# te
operation$ /sentially+ ,e can eiter copy te te)t or move it during te drag & drop operation$
priate oi Dn9rag7nter(ob*ect sener, 9rag7ent6rgs e)
 :
  e"7ect < 9rag9rop7ects"Cop/
 ?

Te +rag&nter  event is launced ,en te mouse pointer enters te area o# te drop target control$
Te &ffect property must be set$ Te DragDrop/##ects o# te drag source and drop target must be
e>ual$ 1ter,ise te operation ,ill not ,ork$
priate oi Dn9rag9rop(ob*ect sener, 9rag7ent6rgs e)
 :
  utton button < (utton) sener
  button"Te;t < (string) e"9ata"%et9ata(9ataormats"Te;t)
 ?

Finally ,e ave te 'n+rag+rop()  metod$ =ere ,e get te data #rom te event ob-ect and set it to
te button Text property$

Figure2 Drag & drop o# te)t

+ragging Image
In our last e)ample+ ,e ,ill drag & drop image on te #orm$
ragimage"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
 

using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

public class !mage9rag9rop  orm

:
  priate bool is9ragging
  priate int olF, olV

  priate ectangle ropect

  priate 'ictureo; pico;
  priate itmap image
  priate rush brush

  public !mage9rag9rop()
  :
  Client4ie < ne. 4ie(@>0, 2>0)
  Te;t < =9ragging !mage=
  'aint < ne. 'aint7ent5anler(Dn'aint)
 
is9ragging < alse
  ropect < ne. ectangle(10, 10, 200, 1S0)
  brush < rushes"%ra/
  pico; < ne. 'ictureo;()
  loa!mage()

  pico;"'arent < this

  pico;"ocation < ne. 'oint(100, >0)
  pico;"4ie < ne. 4ie(image"+ith, image"5eight)
  pico;"!mage < image
  pico;"Cursor < Cursors"5an

  pico;"Mouse9o.n < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouse9o.n)

  pico;"Mouse&p < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouse&p)
  pico;"MouseMoe < ne. Mouse7ent5anler(DnMouseMoe)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi loa!mage() :
  tr/ :
  image < ne. itmap(=image"*pg=)
  ? catch :
  Console"+riteine(=7rror reaing image=)
  7nironment"7;it(1)
  ?
  ?

  public static oi Main()

:
  6pplication"un(ne. !mage9rag9rop())
  ?

  priate oi DnMouse9o.n(ob*ect sener, Mouse7ent6rgs e)

:
  is9ragging < true
  olF < e"F
  olV < e"V
  ?

  priate oi DnMouseMoe(ob*ect sener, Mouse7ent6rgs e)

:
  i (is9ragging)
:
  pico;"Top < pico;"Top  (e"V - olV)
 

  pico;"et < pico;"et  (e"F - olF)

  ?
  ?

  priate oi DnMouse&p(ob*ect sener, Mouse7ent6rgs e)

:
  is9ragging < alse

  i(ropect"Contains(pico;"ouns)) :
  brush < rushes"%ol
  ? else :
  brush < rushes"%ra/
  ?

  eresh()
  ?

  priate oi Dn'aint(ob*ect sener, 'aint7ent6rgs e)

  :
  %raphics g < e"%raphics
  g"illectangle(brush, ropect)
  ?
?

In our e)ample ,e ave a $icture"ox  and ,e dra, a gray rectangle$ I# ,e drop te picture inside
te rectangle+ te color o# te rectangle canges to gold$
brush < rushes"%ra/

Te brush variable olds te brus o# te rectangle$ It is a gray color by de#ault$
oi loa!mage() :
  tr/ :
  image < ne. itmap(=image"*pg=)
  ? catch :
  Console"+riteine(=7rror reaing image=)
  7nironment"7;it(1)
  ?
  ?

Te loadImage()  loads a bitmap #or te $icture"ox  control$

i (ropect"Contains(pico;"ouns)) :
  brush < rushes"%ol
 ? else :
  brush < rushes"%ra/
 ?

In te 'nMouse.p()  metod+ ,e determine te brus o# te rectangle$ I# te bounds o# te picture
 bo) are inside te rectangle+ te brus is o# gold colorO gray oter,ise$
eresh()

"e must call te 7efresh()  metod to activate te ne, brus color$
 

 
Figure2 Drag & drop image
Tis capter ,as dedicated to drag & drop operations using te Mono "in#orms library$

$ainting in Mono Winforms

JK
googleadclient  ?pubE;NE;E8889:?O
googlead,idt  8:;O
googleadeigt  N;;O
googlead#ormat  ?8:;)N;;as?O
googleadtype  ?te)t?O
BB:;;E;E8:2 kanal8
googleadcannel  ?E89:<:G:9?O
googlecolorborder  ?9D<8//?O
googlecolorbg  ?FFFFFF?O
googlecolorlink  ?9D<8//?O
googlecolorte)t  ?;;;;;;?O
googlecolorurl  ?;;<;;;?O
googleui#eatures  ?rc28;?O
BB,indo,$googlerenderad56OJK
googleadclient  ?pubE;NE;E8889:?O
googlead,idt  GN<O
googleadeigt  N;O
googlead#ormat  ?GN<)N;as?O
googleadtype  ?te)t?O
BB:;;E;E8:2 ori@ont
googleadcannel  ?EN;E9:9?O
googlecolorborder  ?/N/N/N?O
googlecolorbg  ?FFFFFF?O
googlecolorlink  ?;;;;FF?O
googlecolorte)t  ?;;;;;;?O
googlecolorurl  ?;;<;;;?O
googleui#eatures  ?rc28;?O
BB
,indo,$googlerenderad56OIn tis part o# te Mono "in#orms tutorial+ ,e ,ill do some painting$
Painting is used+ ,en ,e ,ant to cange or enance an e)isting control$ 1r i# ,e are creating a
 

custom control #rom scratc$ To do te painting+ ,e use te painting API provided by te "in#orms
library$ Te painting is done ,itin a metod+ tat ,e plug into te $aint event$
Te S*stem!+ra3ing namespace provides access to -+I8 basic grapics #unctionality$ More
advanced #unctionality is provided in te System$Dra,ing$Dra,ing:D+ System$Dra,ing$Imaging+
and System$Dra,ing$Te)t namespaces$ Te -raphics  class provides metods #or dra,ing on te
#orm$

ines
1ur #irst e)ample ,ill dra, lines on te Form control$
lines"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"9ra.ing"9ra.ing29
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =ines=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(280, 2A0)
  esieera. < true

  'aint < ne. 'aint7ent5anler(Dn'aint)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn'aint(ob*ect sener, 'aint7ent6rgs e)

  :
%raphics g < e"%raphics
  'en pen < ne. 'en(Color"lac3, 1)

  pen"9ash4t/le < 9ash4t/le"9ot

  g"9ra.ine(pen, 20, J0, 2>0, J0)

  pen"9ash4t/le < 9ash4t/le"9ash9ot

  g"9ra.ine(pen, 20, 80, 2>0, 80)

  pen"9ash4t/le < 9ash4t/le"9ash

  g"9ra.ine(pen, 20, 120, 2>0, 120)

  pen"9ash4t/le < 9ash4t/le"9ash9ot9ot

  g"9ra.ine(pen, 20, 1S0, 2>0, 1S0)

  pen"9ash'attern < ne. loat :S, 8, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ?
  g"9ra.ine(pen, 20, 200, 2>0, 200)

  g"9ispose()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

"e dra, #ive lines on te #orm$ /ac line as di##erent +ashSt*le$
 

 esieera. < true

"en ,e resi@e te #orm+ it is automatically redra,n$ Tis is not te de#ault beavior$
'aint < ne. 'aint7ent5anler(Dn'aint)

Paint events are delivered to te 'n$aint() metod$

oi Dn'aint(ob*ect sener, 'aint7ent6rgs e)
 :
  """
?

Tis is te signature o# te 'n$aint() metod$

%raphics g < e"%raphics

In order to paint on te #orm+ ,e must get te -raphics ob-ect$ Painting on a #orm is actually
calling various metods o# te -raphics ob-ect$
'en pen < ne. 'en(Color"lac3, 1)

 pen"9ash4t/le < 9ash4t/le"9ot

 g"9ra.ine(pen, 20, J0, 2>0, J0)

"e create a $en ob-ect$ Tis ob-ect is used to dra, outlines o# sapes$ Tan ,e set a dotted
+ashSt*le$ Finally ,e dra, te line ,it te +ra3ine() metod$ Te #irst parameter is te pen
ob-ect$ Te ne)t #our values are ) and y values o# starting and ending points o# te line$
pen"9ash'attern < ne. loat :S, 8, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ?

Tere are several builtin +ashSt*le values$ "e can create our o,n style by using te +ash$attern
 property$ It may look di##icult at te #irst sigt$ 3ut te pattern is simply an array o# #ill and empty
values$
g"9ispose()

"e kno, tat C! language uses garbage collection$ So ,y are ,e e)plicitely releasing resourcesQ
Tis is to increase e##iciency$ "e are elping te garbage collector$

Figure2 Lines
 

Colors
A color in "in#orms library represents an A03 5alpa+ red+ green+ blue6 color$ It is a combination
o# Alpa+ 0ed+ reen+ and 3lue 5036 intensity values$ Tere are also prede#ined color names+ tat
,e can use in painting$ ttp2BB@etcode$comBtutorialsBmono,in#ormstutorialBimages
colors"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"9ra.ing"9ra.ing29
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =Colors=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(@S0, @00)
httpetcoe"comtutorialsmono.inormstutorialimages
  'aint < ne. 'aint7ent5anler(Dn'aint)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn'aint(ob*ect sener, 'aint7ent6rgs e)

  :
%raphics g < e"%raphics
 
g"illectangle(rushes"4ienna, 10, 1>, R0, S0)
  g"illectangle(rushes"%reen, 1@0, 1>, R0, S0)
  g"illectangle(rushes"Maroon, 2>0, 1>, R0, S0)
  g"illectangle(rushes"Chocolate, 10, 10>, R0, S0)
  g"illectangle(rushes"%ra/, 1@0, 10>, R0, S0)
  g"illectangle(rushes"Coral, 2>0, 10>, R0, S0)
  g"illectangle(rushes"ro.n, 10, 1R>, R0, S0)
  g"illectangle(rushes"Teal, 1@0, 1R>, R0, S0)
  g"illectangle(rushes"%olenro, 2>0, 1R>, R0, S0)

  g"9ispose()httpetcoe"comtutorialsmono.inormstutorialimages

  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

"e dra, nine rectangles ,it nine di##erent colors$

g"illectangle(rushes"4ienna, 10, 1>, R0, S0)

Te Fill7ectagle() metod #ills a speci#ied rectangle ,it a brus$ A brus can be a color or a
 pattern$ Tere are some prede#ined colors available$ "e can get tem #rom te "rushes 
enumeration$ Te last #our values are te )+ y values o# te tople#t point and te ,idt and eigt o#
te rectangle$
 

 
Figure2 Colors

,atches
Te ,atch"rush  ob-ect is used to #ill te interiors o# te sapes$ Tere are several builtin patterns+
tat ,e can use$
hatches"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"9ra.ing"9ra.ing29
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
Te;t < =5atches=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(@S0, @00)

  'aint < ne. 'aint7ent5anler(Dn'aint)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn'aint(ob*ect sener, 'aint7ent6rgs e)

  :
%raphics g < e"%raphics
 
5atchrush hb < ne. 5atchrush(5atch4t/le"Cross, Color"lac3,
this"ac3Color)
  g"illectangle(hb, 10, 1>, R0, S0)

  hb < ne. 5atchrush(5atch4t/le"'ercent0>, Color"lac3, this"ac3Color)

  g"illectangle(hb, 1@0, 1>, R0, S0)

  hb < ne. 5atchrush(5atch4t/le"4oli9iamon, Color"lac3,

this"ac3Color)
  g"illectangle(hb, 2>0, 1>, R0, S0)

  hb < ne. 5atchrush(5atch4t/le"9iagonalric3, Color"lac3,

this"ac3Color)
 

  g"illectangle(hb, 10, 10>, R0, S0)

  hb < ne. 5atchrush(5atch4t/le"9iot, Color"lac3, this"ac3Color)

  g"illectangle(hb, 1@0, 10>, R0, S0)

  hb < ne. 5atchrush(5atch4t/le"+ae, Color"lac3, this"ac3Color)

  g"illectangle(hb, 2>0, 10>, R0, S0)

  hb < ne. 5atchrush(5atch4t/le"YigYag, Color"lac3, this"ac3Color)

  g"illectangle(hb, 10, 1R>, R0, S0)

  hb < ne. 5atchrush(5atch4t/le"4phere, Color"lac3, this"ac3Color)

  g"illectangle(hb, 1@0, 1R>, R0, S0)

  hb < ne. 5atchrush(5atch4t/le"4hingle, Color"lac3, this"ac3Color)

  g"illectangle(hb, 2>0, 1R>, R0, S0)

  hb"9ispose()
  g"9ispose()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

Tis time ,e #ill nine rectangles ,it nine di##erent patterns+ called atces$
5atchrush hb < ne. 5atchrush(5atch4t/le"Cross, Color"lac3, this"ac3Color)

=ere ,e create a ,atch"rush ob-ect$ Te parameters are te atc style and te #oreground and te
 background colors$ Te background color is set to te color o# te #orm+ so tat it looks like ,e
ave dra,n onto te #orm$
g"illectangle(hb, 10, 1>, R0, S0)

"e #ill te rectangle ,it te speci#ied atc brus$

Figure2 =atces
 

-radients
In computer grapics+ gradient is a smoot blending o# sades #rom ligt to dark or #rom one color
to anoter$ In :D dra,ing programs and paint programs+ gradients are used to create color#ul
 backgrounds and special e##ects as ,ell as to simulate ligts and sado,s$ 5ans,ers$com6
graients"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"9ra.ing"9ra.ing29
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =%raients=
  4ie < ne. 4ie(@>0, @>0)

  'aint < ne. 'aint7ent5anler(Dn'aint)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi Dn'aint(ob*ect sener, 'aint7ent6rgs e)

  :
%raphics g < e"%raphics

  'oint pt1 < ne. 'oint(>, >)

  'oint pt2 < ne. 'oint(2>, 2>)
  rush lg < ne. inear%raientrush(pt1, pt2, Color"e, Color"lac3)
  g"illectangle(lg, 20, 20, @00, J0)
 
pt1 < ne. 'oint(>, 2>)
  pt2 < ne. 'oint(20, 2)
  lg < ne. inear%raientrush(pt1, pt2, Color"Vello., Color"lac3)
  g"illectangle(lg, 20, 80, @00, J0)

  pt1 < ne. 'oint(>, 2>)

  pt2 < ne. 'oint(2, 2)
  lg < ne. inear%raientrush(pt1, pt2, Color"%reen, Color"lac3)
  g"illectangle(lg, 20, 1J0, @00, J0)

  pt1 < ne. 'oint(2>, 2>)

  pt2 < ne. 'oint(1>, 2>)
  lg < ne. inear%raientrush(pt1, pt2, Color"lue, Color"lac3)
  g"illectangle(lg, 20, 200, @00, J0)
 
pt1 < ne. 'oint(0, 10)
  pt2 < ne. 'oint(0, 20)
  lg < ne. inear%raientrush(pt1, pt2, Color"Drange, Color"lac3)
  g"illectangle(lg, 20, 2S0, @00, J0)

lg"9ispose()
  g"9ispose()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?
 

"e dra, #ive rectangles ,ic are #illed ,it di##erent linear gradients$
ttp2BB@etcode$comBtutorialsBmono,in#ormstutorialBimages
 'oint pt1 < ne. 'oint(>, >)
 'oint pt2 < ne. 'oint(2>, 2>)

Tese t,o are te controlling points o# te linear gradient brus$
rush lg < ne. inear%raientrush(pt1, pt2, Color"e, Color"lac3)

"e create te inear-radient"rush ob-ect$ "e use t,o controlling points and t,o blending
colors$

Figure2 radients

+ra3ing string
To dra, string on te "in#orms Form+ ,e use te +ra3String() metod$
l/rics"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"9ra.ing"9ra.ing29
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  public Morm() :

  Te;t < =Vou 3no. !Qm No %oo=

  4ie < ne. 4ie(@80, J>0)

  'aint < ne. 'aint7ent5anler(Dn'aint)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?
 

  oi Dn'aint(ob*ect sener, 'aint7ent6rgs e)

  :
%raphics g < e"%raphics
 
ont t < ne. ont(='urisa=, 10)
  4olirush br < ne. 4olirush(Color"lac3)

  'oint pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, 20"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=Meet /ou o.nstairs in the bar an hear=, t, br, pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, >0"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=Vour rolle up sleees an /our s3ull t-shirt=, t, br,
pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, 80"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=Vou sa/ .h/ i /ou o it .ith him toa/Z=, t, br, pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, 110"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=6n snie me out li3e ! .as tanOuera/=, t, br, pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, 1S0"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=Cause /ou[re m/ ella, m/ gu/=, t, br, pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, 1R0"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=5an me /our stella an l/=, t, br, pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, 220"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=/ the time ![m out the oor=, t, br, pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, 2>0"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=Vou tear me o.n li3e roger moore=, t, br, pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, @00"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=! cheate m/sel=, t, br, pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, @@0"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=i3e ! 3ne. ! .oul=, t, br, pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, @S0"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=! tol /a, ! .as trouble=, t, br, pt)

  pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, @R0"0)

g"9ra.4tring(=Vou 3no. that ![m no goo=, t, br, pt)

  g"9ispose()
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

In our e)ample+ ,e dra, lyrics o# a song on te "in#orms #orm$

ont t < ne. ont(='urisa=, 10)

"e use te Purisa #ont+ o# 8; pts eigt$

'oint pt < ne. 'oint(20"0, 20"0)

To dra, string on te #orm+ ,e must use #loating point values$

 

 g"9ra.4tring(=Meet /ou o.nstairs in the bar an hear=, t, br, pt)

Te +ra3String()  metod takes te #ollo,ing parameters2 te)t to dra,+ #ont+ brus and te $ointF 
ob-ect$

Figure2 Lyrics

+ra3ing image
In our last e)ample ,e ,ill dra, an image on te Form control$
reroc3"cs

 using 4/stem
 using 4/stem"9ra.ing
 using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class Morm  orm :

  priate itmap castle

  public Morm() :
  Te;t < =e oc3=
  loa!mage()
  Client4ie < ne. 4ie(castle"+ith, castle"5eight)

  'aint < ne. 'aint7ent5anler(Dn'aint)

  CenterTo4creen()
  ?

  oi loa!mage() :
 

  tr/ :
castle < ne. itmap(=reroc3"png=)
  ? catch (7;ception e) :
  Console"+riteine(e"Message)
  7nironment"7;it(1)
  ?
  ?

  oi Dn'aint(ob*ect sener, 'aint7ent6rgs e)

  :
%raphics g < e"%raphics

  ectangle r < ne. ectangle(1, 1, castle"+ith, castle"5eight)

  g"9ra.!mage(castle, r)
  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. Morm())
  ?
?

Tis code e)ample dra,s an image o# a castle on te #orm$

tr/ :
castle < ne. itmap(=reroc3"png=)
 ? catch (7;ception e) :
  Console"+riteine(e"Message)
  7nironment"7;it(1)
 ?

"e load an image o# a castle$

ectangle r < ne. ectangle(1, 1, castle"+ith, castle"5eight)

"e determine te rectangle tat ,e ,ill dra,$

g"9ra.!mage(castle, r)

Tis line actually dra,s te image$

Figure2 Image
 

In tis capter+ ,e did some painting in Mono "in#orms library$

Sna%e in Mono Winforms

JK
googleadclient  ?pubE;NE;E8889:?O
googlead,idt  8:;O
googleadeigt  N;;O
googlead#ormat  ?8:;)N;;as?O
googleadtype  ?te)t?O
BB:;;E;E8:2 kanal8
googleadcannel  ?E89:<:G:9?O
googlecolorborder  ?9D<8//?O
googlecolorbg  ?FFFFFF?O
googlecolorlink  ?9D<8//?O
googlecolorte)t  ?;;;;;;?O
googlecolorurl  ?;;<;;;?O
googleui#eatures  ?rc28;?O
BB,indo,$googlerenderad56OJK
googleadclient  ?pubE;NE;E8889:?O
googlead,idt  GN<O
googleadeigt  N;O
googlead#ormat  ?GN<)N;as?O
googleadtype  ?te)t?O
BB:;;E;E8:2 ori@ont
googleadcannel  ?EN;E9:9?O
googlecolorborder  ?/N/N/N?O
googlecolorbg  ?FFFFFF?O
googlecolorlink  ?;;;;FF?O
googlecolorte)t  ?;;;;;;?O
googlecolorurl  ?;;<;;;?O
googleui#eatures  ?rc28;?O
BB
,indo,$googlerenderad56OIn tis part o# te Mono "in#orms programming tutorial+ ,e ,ill
create a Snake game clone$

Sna%e game
Sna%e is an older classic video game$ It ,as #irst created in late E;s$ Later it ,as brougt to PCs$ In
tis game te player controls a snake$ Te ob-ective is to eat as many apples as possible$ /ac time
te snake eats an apple+ its body gro,s$ Te snake must avoid te ,alls and its o,n body$ Tis
game is sometimes called Nibbles$

+evelopment
Te si@e o# eac o# te -oints o# a snake is 8;p)$ Te snake is controlled ,it te cursor keys$
Initially te snake as tree -oints$ Te game is started by pressing one o# te cursor keys$ I# te
game is #inised+ ,e display ame 1ver message in te middle o# te 3oard$
oar"cs

using 4/stem
 

using 4/stem"Collections
using 4/stem"ComponentMoel
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"9ata
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

public class oar  &serControl :

  priate const int +!9T5 < @00

  priate const int 57!%5T < @00
  priate const int 9DTG4!Y7 < 10
  priate const int 6G9DT4 < R00
  priate const int 6N9G'D4 < 2A

  priate int ; < ne. int6G9DT4

  priate int / < ne. int6G9DT4

  priate int ots

  priate int appleG;
  priate int appleG/

  priate bool let < alse

  priate bool right < true
  priate bool up < alse
  priate bool o.n < alse
  priate bool in%ame < true

  priate Timer timer

  priate itmap ot

  priate itmap apple
  priate itmap hea

  priate !Container components

 
public int D97G+!9T5
  public int T!T76G57!%5T

  public oar() :

  components < ne. Container()

  ac3Color < Color"lac3
  9oubleuere < true
  this"Client4ie < ne. 4ie(+!9T5, 57!%5T)

  tr/ :
  ot < ne. itmap(=ot"png=)
  apple < ne. itmap(=apple"png=)
  hea < ne. itmap(=hea"png=)

  ? catch (7;ception e) :
  Console"+riteine(e"Message)
  7nironment"7;it(1)
  ?

init%ame()
  ?

  priate oi DnTic3(ob*ect sener, 7ent6rgs e) :

  i (in%ame) :
  chec36pple()
 

  chec3Collision()
  moe()
  ?
  this"eresh()
  ?

  priate oi init%ame() :

  ots < @

  or (int  < 0  U ots ) :

  ; < >0 -  H 10
  / < >0
  ?

  locate6pple()
  Ke/&p < ne. Ke/7ent5anler(DnKe/&p)

  timer < ne. Timer(this"components)

  timer"7nable < true
  timer"!nteral < 100
  timer"Tic3 < ne. 4/stem"7ent5anler(this"DnTic3)

  'aint < ne. 'aint7ent5anler(this"Dn'aint)

  ?

  priate oi Dn'aint(ob*ect sener, 'aint7ent6rgs e) :

  %raphics g < e"%raphics

  i (in%ame) :

  g"9ra.!mage(apple, appleG;, appleG/)

  or (int  < 0  U ots ) :

  i ( << 0) :
  g"9ra.!mage(hea, ;, /)
  ? else :
  g"9ra.!mage(ot, ;, /)
?
  ?

  ? else :
  gameDer(g)
  ?
  ?

  priate oi gameDer(%raphics g) :

  4tring msg < =%ame Der=

  4tringormat ormat < ne. 4tringormat()
  ormat"6lignment < 4tring6lignment"Center
  ormat"ine6lignment < 4tring6lignment"Center
 
g"9ra.4tring(msg, ont, rushes"+hite, Clientectangle, ormat)
  timer"4top()
  ?
 

  priate oi chec36pple() :

  i ((;0 << appleG;) EE (/0 << appleG/)) :

  ots
  locate6pple()
  ?
  ?

  priate oi moe() :

  or (int  < ots   0 --) :

  ; < ;( - 1)
  / < /( - 1)
  ?

  i (let) :
  ;0 -< 9DTG4!Y7
  ?

  i (right) :
  ;0 < 9DTG4!Y7
  ?

  i (up) :
  /0 -< 9DTG4!Y7
  ?

  i (o.n) :
  /0 < 9DTG4!Y7
  ?
  ?

  priate oi chec3Collision() :

  or (int  < ots   0 --) :

  i ((  J) EE (;0 << ;) EE (/0 << /)) :
  in%ame < alse
  ?
  ?

  i (/0  57!%5T - 9DTG4!Y7 - T!T76G57!%5T - D97G+!9T5) :

  in%ame < alse
  ?

  i (/0 U 0) :
  in%ame < alse
  ?

  i (;0  +!9T5 - 9DTG4!Y7 - 2 H D97G+!9T5) :

  in%ame < alse
  ?

  i (;0 U 0) :
  in%ame < alse
  ?
  ?

  priate oi locate6pple() :

  anom ran < ne. anom()
  int r < (int)(ran"Ne;t(6N9G'D4))
  appleG; < ((r H 9DTG4!Y7))
  r < (int)(ran"Ne;t(6N9G'D4))
  appleG/ < ((r H 9DTG4!Y7))
 

  ?

  priate oi DnKe/&p(ob*ect sener, Ke/7ent6rgs e) :

  int 3e/ < (int) e"Ke/Coe

  i ((3e/ << (int) Ke/s"et) EE (Xright)) :

  let < true
  up < alse
  o.n < alse
  ?

  i ((3e/ << (int) Ke/s"ight) EE (Xlet)) :

  right < true
  up < alse
  o.n < alse
  ?

  i ((3e/ << (int) Ke/s"&p) EE (Xo.n)) :

  up < true
  right < alse
  let < alse
  ?

  i ((3e/ << (int) Ke/s"9o.n) EE (Xup)) :

  o.n < true
  right < alse
  let < alse
  ?
  ?
?

First ,e ,ill de#ine te constants used in our game$

Te WI+T, and ,&I-,T constants determine te si@e o# te 3oard$ Te +'T/SI9& is te si@e
o# te apple and te dot o# te snake$ Te A/+'TS constant de#ines te ma)imum number o#
 possible dots on te 3oard$ 5;;  9;;R9;;B8;R8;6 Te 7AN+/$'S constant is used to calculate a
random position o# an apple$ Te +&A6 constant determines te speed o# te game$
priate int ; < ne. int6G9DT4
 priate int / < ne. int6G9DT4

Tese t,o arrays store )+ y coordinates o# all -oints o# a snake$

In te move() metod ,e ave te key algoritm o# te game$ To understand it+ look at o, te
snake is moving$ %ou control te ead o# te snake$ %ou can cange its direction ,it te cursor
keys$ Te rest o# te -oints move one position up te cain$ Te second -oint moves ,ere te #irst
,as+ te tird -oint ,ere te second ,as etc$
or (int  < ots   0 --) :
  ; < ;( - 1)
  / < /( - 1)
 ?

Tis code moves te -oints up te cain$

i (let) :
  ;0 -< 9DTG4!Y7
 ?

Move te ead to te le#t$

 

In te chec%Collision() metod+ ,e determine i# te snake as it itsel# or one o# te ,alls$
or (int  < ots   0 --) :

  i ((  J) EE (;0 << ;) EE (/0 << /)) :

  in%ame < alse
  ?
 ?

Finis te game+ i# te snake its one o# its -oints ,it te ead$
i (/0  57!%5T - 9DTG4!Y7 - T!T76G57!%5T - D97G+!9T5) :
  in%ame < alse
 ?

Finis te game+ i# te snake its te bottom o# te 3oard$
4na3e"cs

using 4/stem
using 4/stem"9ra.ing
using 4/stem"+ino.s"orms

class 4na3e  orm :

  public 4na3e() :

  Te;t < =4na3e=

  9oubleuere < true
  ormorer4t/le < ormorer4t/le"i;e4ingle
 
int borer+ith < (this"+ith - this"Client4ie"+ith)  2
  int titlear5eight < this"5eight - this"Client4ie"5eight - borer+ith

  oar boar < ne. oar()

  boar"D97G+!9T5 < borer+ith
  boar"T!T76G57!%5T < titlear5eight

  Controls"6(boar)
  CenterTo4creen()

  ?
?

class M6pplication :
  public static oi Main() :
  6pplication"un(ne. 4na3e())
  ?
?

Tis is te main class$

 

 
Figure2 Snake
Tis ,as te Snake game programmed using te Mono "in#orms library$