Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 1
Random Variable and
Probability Distribution

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Statistics & Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3– Module 1: Random Variable & Probability Distributions
First Edition, 2020

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 Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 1
Random Variable and
Probability Distribution

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 OVERVIEW

What I Need to Know

This module will assist you in understanding the concepts of the following:
Lesson 1: Random Variables and Probability Distribution
Lesson 2: Computing the Mean of a Discrete Probability Distribution
Lesson 3: Computing the Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution

What are you Expected to Learn

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous);
2. Distinguishes between a discrete and continuous random variable;
3. Finds the possible values of a random variable;
4. Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties;
5. Computes probability corresponding to a given random variable;
6. Illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable;
7. Calculates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable;
8. Interprets the mean and variance of a discrete random variable; and
9. Solves problems involving mean and variance of probability distribution.

How to Learn this Module

To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:
✓ Read and follow instructions carefully;
✓ Take your time reading the lessons carefully;
✓ Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently; and
✓ Answer all the given test and exercises.

IMPORTANT REMINDER:
DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS MODULE. USE A SEPARATE
NOTEBOOK WHERE YOU CAN WRITE YOUR ANSWERS FOR THIS MODULE.

The Authors
 Lesson Random Variables and
1 Probability Distributions

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

• Illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous);
• Distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable;
• Find the possible values of a random variable;
• Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties;
• Compute the probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.

What I Know

A. Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.

1. The number of voters favoring a candidate
2. The number of accidents per year at an intersection
3. The amount of paint utilized in a building project
4. The number of siblings in a family of a city
5. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
6. The average distance that a runner can reach in an hour
7. The time needed to finish the test
8. The number of baskets of apples harvested
9. The weight of student athletes
10. The length of fence around each housing unit
B. Suppose three cellular phones are tested at random. Let D represent the
defective cellular phone and N represent the non-defective phone. If we let
X be the random variable representing the number of defective cellular
phone, complete the table below to show the probability distribution of the
random variable X.
Value of the Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(Number of Defective Cellular Phone)
 What’s In

Remember in your previous lesson in mathematics that a set of all possible

outcomes in an experiment is called the sample space. To find out if you can still
recall how to list down the possible outcomes, do this activity.
List the sample space of the following experiments.
Experiment Sample Space
1. Rolling a die.
2. Drawing a spade from a deck of
cards.
3. Tossing two coins.
4. Rolling a die and tossing a coin
simultaneously.
5. Drawing a black from a deck of
cards.

What’s New

Activity 1. Tossing Three Coins

Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing
the number of tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable Y. Complete
the table below.
Value of the Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(Number of Tails)

Activity 2. Drawing Balls from an Urn

Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn
containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the random variable representing
the number of blue balls. Find the values of the random variable Z.
Value of the Random Variable Z
Possible Outcomes
(Number of Blue Balls)
Activity 3. Number of Heads

Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing
the number of heads that occur. Find the probability of each of the values of the
random variable Y. Complete the table below.
Value of the Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(Number of Heads)

What Is It

Random Variables
A variable is something which can change its value. It may vary with
different outcomes of an experiment. If the value of a variable depends upon the
outcome of a random experiment it is a random variable. A random variable can
take up any real value.
A discrete random variable is a variable whose value is obtained by
counting.
Examples: number of students present
number of red marbles in a jar
number of heads when flipping three coins
students’ grade level
A continuous random variable is a variable whose value is obtained by
measuring.
Examples: height of students in class
weight of students in class
time it takes to get to school
distance traveled between classes
Example 1:

Suppose that the District Supervisor is selecting three Senior High School
students at random to be interviewed. Let M be Male and F be Female. Let
X be the random variable representing the number of female student selected
by the District Supervisor.
Solution:
Value of the Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(Number of Female Student Selected)
MMM 0
MMF 1
MFM 1
FMM 1
MFF 2
FMF 2
FFM 2
FFF 3
So, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, 2, 3.

Example 2: Consider tossing a fair coin 3 times.

Let Y = the number of heads obtained
Find the values of of the random variable X.
Solution:
Y = 0: TTT
Y = 1: HTT THT TTH
Y = 2: HHT HTH THH
Y = 3: HHH
So, the possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, 3.

Probability Distribution
Probability distribution of a random variable tells all of its possible values
along with their associated probabilities.

Example 1: The random variable X is the number of tails in two tosses of a coin.
What are the probabilities of the possible outcomes?
What is the probability distribution of X?
Solution:
Possible outcomes:
Each has probability ¼ so the probability distribution is:
X=No. of Tails 0 1 2
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4

Example 1: Census Bureau reported distribution of Manila household size in 2000.

a) What is the probability of having fewer than 3 people?
b) What is the probability that the first has 3 people and the second
has 4 people?
Solution:
a. 𝑃 (𝑋 < 3) = 𝑃 (1) + 𝑃 (2) = 0.26 + 0.34 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎
b. 𝑃 (3) × 𝑃 (4) = (0.16)(0.14) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟒

What’s More

Histogram for the Probability Distribution of Discrete Random

Variable

Remember, a histogram is a bar graph. To construct a histogram for a

probability distribution,

• Plot the values of the random variable (X, Y, etc.) along the horizontal axis.
• Plot the probabilities (P(X)) along the vertical axis.

Example: Let X is the number of tails in 3 coin tosses.

What are the probability distribution of X and probability histogram?
Use the probability distribution to sketch the histogram.
Solution:

X=No. of Tails 0 1 2 3

P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

What I Have Learned

Based on this lesson, answer the following questions:

1. How do you describe a discrete random variable? Give examples.
2. How do you describe a continuous random variable? Give examples.
3. What are the properties of a probability distribution?
 • A random variable is a discrete random variable if its set of possible
outcomes is countable , such as number of defective chairs produced
in a factory
• A random variable is continuous random variable if it takes a
continuous scale such as heights, weights, and temperature.
Properties of a Probability Distribution
1. The probability of each value of x is a value between 0 and 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of a value is equal to 1. In symbol,
ΣP(X) = 1.

What I Can Do

Using the sample in a family of four children, construct a probability

distribution for the random variable Z representing the number of boys. Draw the
histogram of the probability distribution.
 Assessment

A. Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.

1. The speed of the car
2. The number of voters favoring a candidate
3. The time needed to finish the test
4. The weight of newborns each year in a hospital
5. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
6. The number of deaths per year attributed to lung cancer.
7. The average amount of electricity consumed per household per month
8. The number of patient arrivals per hour at a medical clinic
9. The number of dropout in a school district for a period of 10 years
10. The number of female athletes
B. Four coins are tossed. Let A be the random variable representing the
number of heads that occur. Find the values of the random variable A.
Value of the Random Variable A
Possible Outcomes
(Number of Heads)

C. Construct the probability distribution for the random variables described in

each of the following situations.
1. Two dice are tossed. Let X = represent the sum of two dice
Make a table of all possible values. Find the values of the random
variable X.
Value of the Random Variable X Probability P(X)

2. Four coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing the
number of heads that occur. Find the values of the random variable Y.
Value of the Random Variable Y Probability P(Y)
 D. Solve the following problems.
1. A bakeshop owner determines the number of boxes of pandesal that are
delivered each day. Make a histogram and answer the questions that
follow.
Number of boxes X 35 36 37 38 39

P(X) 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.10

a) What is the probability that number of boxes are greater than 37?
b) What is the probability that the deliveries will be at most 36?

2. The following data show the probabilities for the number of cars sold in
a given day at a car dealer store.
Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
of Cars X
0.10 0.15 0.25 0.15 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02
P(X)

a) Find 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2)
b) Find 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 7)
c) Find 𝑃(1 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 5)

3. The daily demand for copies of a movie magazine at a variety store has
the probability distribution as follows.
Number
of Copies 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03

a) What is the probability that 3 or more copies will be demanded in a particular

day?
b) What is the probability that the demand will be at least 2 but not more than
6?
c) Draw the histogram of the probability distribution.
 Lesson Computing the Mean of a
2 Discrete Probability Distribution

What I Need to Know

You have learned from Junior High School how to find the mean and
variance of ungrouped and grouped data. You’ve also learned that mean is called
the average or the central value of a discrete set of numbers. (Underhill, L.G.;
Bradfield D., 1998)

At the end of this lesson, you will learn the following:

• illustrate and calculate the mean of a discrete random variable;
• interpret the mean of a discrete random variable; and
• solve problems involving mean of probability distribution.

What’s In

To find out if you’re ready to learn this new lesson, do the following activity.
Write your answers on the space provided before each number.

A. Given the values of the variables X and Y, evaluate the following

summations.
𝑋1 = 4 𝑋2 = 2 𝑋3 = 5 𝑋4 = 1
𝑌1 = 2 𝑌2 = 1 𝑌3 = 0 𝑌4 = 2
_____1. ∑ 𝑋
a. 15 b. 12 c. 9 d. 10
_____ 2. ∑ 𝑌
a. 1 b. 4 c. 5 d. 8
_____3. ∑ 𝑋𝑌
a. 12 b. 15 c. 18 d. 20
_____ 4. ∑(𝑋 + 𝑌)
a. 13 b. 17 c. 20 d. 32
_____5. ∑ 4𝑋𝑌
a. 30 b. 38 c. 40 d. 48
 B. The following are the scores of 40 students in a test. Compute the mean
score. Use the space below to show your solution.
Score Number of Students
42 8
50 12
53 9
38 7
46 4

What’s New

Activity 1. Number of Spots

Consider rolling a die. What is the average number of spots that would
appear? The following activity will help you answer this question.

Step 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing
the number of spots that would appear.
Solution:
Probability
Number of Spots
P(X)
1
1
6
1
2
6
1
3
6
1
4
6
1
5
6
1
6
6
Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding
probability.
Solution:
Probability
Number of Spots 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
P(X)
1 1
1
6 6
1 2
2
6 6
1 3
3
6 6
1 4
4
6 6
1 5
5
6 6
1 6
6
6 6

Step 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.

Solution:
Probability
Number of Spots 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
P(X)
1 1
1
6 6
1 2
2
6 6
1 3
3
6 6
1 4
4
6 6
1 5
5
6 6
1 6
6
6 6
21
∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋 ) = = 𝟑. 𝟓
6

Activity 2. Surgery Patients

The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 patients in any
day are 0.15, 0.10. 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 respectively. Find the average number of
patients that a surgeon operates on a day.
Solution:
Step 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing
the number of spots that would appear.
Solution:
Number of Patients Probability
X P(X)
3 0.15
4 0.10
5 0.20
6 0.25
7 0.30

Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding

probability.
Solution:
Number of Patients Probability
𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
X P(X)
3 0.15 0.45
4 0.10 0.40
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.25 1.50
7 0.30 0.45

Step 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.

Solution:
Number of Patients Probability
𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
X P(X)
3 0.15 0.45
4 0.10 0.40
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.25 1.50
7 0.30 2.10

∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟓
 What Is It

The value we obtained in Step 3 of example 1 and 2 is called the mean of

the random variable X or the mean of the probability distribution of X. What
does this mean? The mean tells us that when you roll a die, the average number
of spots that will appear is 3.5 and the average number of patient that a surgeon
will operate in a day is 5.45. Obviously, we can’t see any 3.5 in a die and a 5.45
patient. But, this just implies that rolling a die many times would theoretically yield
a mean of 3.5.

Formula for the Mean of the Probability Distribution

The mean of a random variable with a discrete probability distribution is

𝜇 = 𝑋1 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋1 ) + 𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋2 ) + 𝑋3 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋3 ) + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋𝑛 )
𝝁 = ∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)

where:
𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 … 𝑋𝑛 are values of random variable X; and
𝑃(𝑋1 ), 𝑃(𝑋2 ), 𝑃(𝑋3 ) … 𝑃(𝑋𝑛 ) are the corresponding probability

What’s More
Grocery Items
The probabilities that a customer will buy 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 items in a grocery
3 1 1 2 3
store are 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10 respectively. What is the average number of item that
a costumer will buy?
Solution:
Number of Items Probability
𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
X P(X)
3
1
10
1
2
10
1
3
10
2
4
10
3
5
10
∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋) = ___________
Conclusion: ______________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the space provided.

1. What is the mean of a discrete random variable?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. What does the mean of a probability distribution tell us?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. How do you interpret the mean of a probability distribution?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

In a school canteen, the number of ball pens (X) sold every recess time
varies from day to day. Past records indicate that the probability distribution of X is
as follows:
No. of Ball pens Probability
X P(X)
0 0.029
1 0.049
2 0.078
3 0.155
4 0.212
5 0.262
6 0.215
Questions:
1. What is the probability that exactly four ball pens are sold?
2. What is the probability that at least two ball pens are sold?
3. What is the probability that at least two but fewer than five ball pens are
sold?
4. What is the mean of the probability distribution? Use the given formula and
solve.
 5.

Additional Activity

Think about the answers to the questions below. Discuss your ideas with
other students.

▪ What are the steps in computing the mean of a probability distribution of a

random variable? How is it similar to the procedure in finding the mean of a
frequency distribution?
▪ Compare the formulas for finding the mean of a frequency distribution and
that of a probability distribution.
 Lesson Computing the Variance of a
3 Discrete Probability Distribution

What I Need to Know

You have learned from Junior High School how to find the mean and
variance of ungrouped and grouped data. You’ve also learned that variance and
standard deviation describe the amount of spread, dispersion or variability of the
items in a distribution.

At the end of this lesson, you will learn the following:

• illustrate and calculate the variance of a discrete random variable;
• interpret the variance of a discrete random variable; and
• solve problems involving variance of probability distribution.

What’s In

A. Compute the variance of this frequency distribution. Use the space below to
show your complete solution.
Score Number of Students
5 3
8 5
10 4
12 5
15 3
 What’s New

Activity 1. Number of Nuts

The random variable X, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar
has the following probability distribution. Compute the variance.
X 1 2 3 4 5
1 3 3 2 1
P(X)
10 10 10 10 10
Solution:
Step 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution using the formula
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋).
Number of Nuts Probability
𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
X P(X)
1 1
1
10 10
3 6
2
10 10
3 9
3
10 10
2 8
4
10 10
1 5
5
10 10
29
∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋 ) = = 𝟐. 𝟗
10
Step 2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
Number of Nuts Probability
𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿−𝝁
X P(X)

1 1⁄ 1⁄ −1.9
10 10

2 3⁄ 6⁄ −0.9
10 10

3 3⁄ 9⁄ 0.1
10 10

4 2⁄ 8⁄ 1.1
10 10

5 1⁄ 5⁄ 2.1
10 10
29
∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋 ) =
10
= 𝟐. 𝟗
Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
Number of
Probability
Nuts 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿−𝝁 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐
P(X)
X
1 1
1 −1.9 3.61
10 10
3 6
2 −0.9 0.81
10 10
3 9
3 0.1 0.01
10 10
2 8
4 1.1 1.21
10 10
1 5
5 2.1 4.41
10 10
∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋 )
29
= = 𝟐. 𝟗
10
Step 4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
Number
Probability
of Nuts 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿−𝝁 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
P(X)
X
1 1
1 −1.9 3.61 0.361
10 10
3 6
2 −0.9 0.81 0.486
10 10
3 9
3 0.1 0.01 0.009
10 10
2 8
4 1.1 1.21 0.968
10 10
1 5
5 2.1 4.41 2.205
10 10
∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋 )
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)
29
= = 𝟐. 𝟗 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟗
10
Step 5. Get the square root of the variance to get the standard deviation.
The variance of the probability distribution is 4.029.
The standard deviation is 𝜎 = √4.029 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏.
Activity 2. Number of Items Sold
The number of items sold per day at a retail store, with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the table. Find the variance and standard deviation of the
probability distribution.
Number of Items Sold
Probability P(X)
X
19 0.20
20 0.20
21 0.30
22 0.20
23 0.10
Solution:
Step 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution using the formula
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋).
Number of Items Sold
Probability P(X) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
X
19 0.20 3.80
20 0.20 4.00
21 0.30 6.30
22 0.20 4.40
23 0.10 2.30

∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟎

Step 2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
Number of Items
Sold Probability P(X) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) (𝑿 − 𝝁)
X
19 0.20 3.80 −1.8
20 0.20 4.00 −0.8
21 0.30 6.30 0.2
22 0.20 4.40 1.2
23 0.10 2.30 2.2

∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
= 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
Number of
Items Sold Probability P(X) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) (𝑿 − 𝝁) (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐
X
19 0.20 3.80 −1.8 3.24
20 0.20 4.00 −0.8 0.64
21 0.30 6.30 0.2 0.04
22 0.20 4.40 1.2 1.44
23 0.10 2.30 2.2 4.84

∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
= 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
Step 4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
Number of
Items Sold Probability
𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) (𝑿 − 𝝁) (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
P(X)
X
19 0.20 3.80 −1.8 3.24 0.648
20 0.20 4.00 −0.8 0.64 0.128
21 0.30 6.30 0.2 0.04 0.012
22 0.20 4.40 1.2 1.44 0.288
23 0.10 2.30 2.2 4.84 0.484

∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
∑(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔
= 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
Step 5. Get the square root of the variance to get the standard deviation.
The variance of the probability distribution is 1.56.
The standard deviation is 𝜎 = √1.56 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓.

What Is It

Steps in Finding the Variance and Standard Deviation

1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding
probability.
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4.
 Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete
Probability Distribution

The variance of a discrete probability distribution is given by the

formula:
𝝈𝟐 = ∑(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)

The standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution is given

by the formula:
𝝈 = √∑(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)

Where:
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability of the random variable X
𝜇 = mean of the probability distribution

What’s More
The Number of Heads
When three coins are tossed, the probability distribution for the random
variable X representing the number of heads that occur is given below. Compute
the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.
Number of Probability
𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) (𝑿 − 𝝁) (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
Heads X P(X)
1
0
8
3
1
8
6
2
8
3
3
8
∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
∑(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = __________
= _________

The variance of the probability distribution is _________________.

The standard deviation of the probability distribution is ____________.
 What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the space provided.

1. What is the variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. What does the variance and standard deviation of a probability distribution tell
us?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. How do you interpret the variance and standard deviation of a probability
distribution?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

The number of computers sold per day at a local computer store, along with
its corresponding probabilities, is shown in the table. Find the variance and
standard deviation of the distribution.
Number of
Probability
Computers 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) (𝑿 − 𝝁) (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
P(X)
Sold X

0 0.1

1 0.2

2 0.3

3 0.2

4 0.2

∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
∑(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = __________
= _________

The variance of the probability distribution is _________________.

The standard deviation of the probability distribution is ____________.
 Additional Activity

Using your Facebook account, conduct a survey on the number of sports

related activities your friends are involved in. Construct a probability distribution
and compute the mean, variance and standard deviation.
 Post Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your
answers on the space provided before each number.
_____ 1. Which of the following is a discrete random variable?
a. The average amount of electricity consumed
b. The number of patients in a hospital
c. The amount of paint used in repainting a building
d. The average weight of female athletes
_____ 2. If two coins are tossed, which is not a possible value of the random
variable for the number of heads?
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
_____ 3. Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE?
a. The value of a random variable could be zero.
b. Random variables can only have one value.
c. The probability of the value of a random variable could be zero.
d. The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is
always equal to one.

For items 4-8, identify whether the given variable is discrete or continuous.
Write D if it is discrete and C if it is continuous.
_____ 4. The number of books in the library
_____ 5. The lifetime in hours of 15 flashlights
_____ 6. The number of tourists each day in museum
_____ 7. The capacity of water dams in a region
_____ 8. The weight of Grade 1 pupils

For items 9-11, refer to the probability distribution below.

X 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 1
P(X)
8 8 8 8
_____ 9. What is the mean of the probability distribution?
a. 1.5 b. 1.2 c. 1.6 d. 1.8
_____ 10. What is the variance of the probability distribution?
a. 0.75 b. 1.00 c. 1.25 d. 0.50
_____ 11. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
a. 1.00 b. 0.87 c. 1.12 d. 0.71
For items 12-14, refer to the probability distribution below.
X 0 2 4 6 8
1 1 1 1 1
P(X)
5 5 5 5 5
_____ 12. What is the mean of the probability distribution?
a. 1.5 b. 2.0 c. 3.5 d. 4.0
_____ 13. What is the variance of the probability distribution?
a. 4.15 b. 6.35 c. 8.00 d. 7.50
_____ 14. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
a. 2.38 b. 2.83 c. 3.82 d. 3.28
_____ 15. The number of adults living in homes on a randomly selected city block
is described by the following probability distribution.
X 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.25 0.50 0.15 0.10
What is the standard deviation?
a. 0.50 b. 0.62 c. 0.79 d. 0.89
 Key Answers

Lesson 1
• What I Know
A.
1. Discrete random variable
2. Discrete random variable
3. Continuous random variable
4. Discrete random variable
5. Continuous random variable
6. Continuous random variable
7. Continuous random variable
8. Discrete random variable
9. Continuous random variable
10. Continuous random variable
B.
Value of the Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(Number of Defective Cellphones)
NNN 0
NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
NDD 2
DND 2
DDN 2
DDD 3

x 0 1 2 3

P(x) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

• Assessment
A.
1. Continuous random variable
2. Discrete random variable
3. Continuous random variable
4. Continuous random variable
5. Continuous random variable
6. Discrete random variable
7. Continuous random variable
8. Discrete random variable
9. Discrete random variable
10. Discrete random variable
B.
Value of the Random Variable A
Possible Outcomes
(Number of Heads)
TTTT 0
TTTH 1
TTHT 1
THTT 1
HTTT 1
TTHH 2
THHT 2
HHTT 2
HTTH 2
THTH 2
HTHT 2
THHH 3
HTHH 3
HHTH 3
HHHT 3
HHHH 4

C.
1.
Value of the
Random Variable Probability P(X)
(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
X
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6) 2 1/36
(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6) 3 2/36
(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6) 4 3/36
(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6) 5 4/36
6 5/36
7 6/36
The values of the random variable 8 5/36
X are 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,and 12. 9 4/36
10 3/36
11 2/36
12 1/36
2.
Value of the Random Variable
Probability P(Y)
Y
0 1/16
1 4/16
2 6/16
3 4/16
4 1/16

The values of the random variables are 0, 1,2 3 and 4.

D.
1.
a) P (X > 37) = P(38) + P(39) = 0.30 + 0.10 = 0.40
b) P (X ≤ 36) = 0.10 + 0.20 = 0.30
2.
a) P( X ≤ 2 ) = 0.10 + 0.15 + 0.25 = 0.50
b) P( X ≥ 7 ) = 0.05 + 0.04 + 0.02 + 0.02 = 0.13
c) P( 1 ≤ X ≤ 5)= 0.15 + 0.25 + 0.15 + 0.08 + 0.08 = 0.71
3.
a) P( X ≥ 3 ) = 0.14 + 0.12 + 0.10 + 0.08 + 0.07 + 0.06 + 0.04 + 0.03 = 0.64
b) P( 2 ≤ X ≤ 6) = 0.16 + 0.14 + 0.12 + 0.10 + 0.08 = 0.60
c)

Lesson 2

• What’s In
A.
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. D
B.
Score (X) No. of Students (f) f(X)
42 8 336
50 12 600
9 477 ∑ 𝑓𝑋 1,863
53 𝑥̅ = = = 46.58 ≈ 𝟒𝟕
𝑛 40
38 7 266
46 4 184
n = 40 1,863
 • What’s More

Number of Items Probability

𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
X P(X)
3 3
1
10 10
1 2
2
10 10
1 3
3
10 10
2 8
4
10 10
3 15
5
10 10
31
∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋 ) = = 𝟑. 𝟏
10

Conclusion: Therefore, the average number of items that a costumer will buy
is 3.1.

• What I Can Do
1. 0.212
2. 0.156
3. 0.707
4. 4.118

Lesson 3

• What’s In

No. of
Score (X) Students (f)
f(X) ̅)
(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅ )𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅ )𝟐
𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒙
5 3 15 −5 25 75
8 5 40 −2 4 20
10 4 40 0 0 0
12 5 60 2 4 20
15 3 45 5 25 75
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎
𝑛 = 20 𝑥̅ = 10 𝝈 = √190
= 𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟖
 • What’s More

Number of Probability
𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) (𝑿 − 𝝁) (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
Heads X P(X)
1
0 0 −3 9 1.125
8
3 3
1 −2 4 1.50
8 8
6 12
2 −1 1 0.75
8 8
3 9
3 0 0 0
8 8
∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
24 ∑(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟕𝟓
= =𝟑
8

The variance of the probability distribution is 3.375.

The standard deviation of the probability distribution is 1.84.

• What I Can Do

Number of
Probability
Computers 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) (𝑿 − 𝝁) (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
P(X)
Sold X

0 0.1 0 −2.2 4.84 0.484

1 0.2 0.2 −1.2 1.44 0.288

2 0.3 0.6 −0.2 0.04 0.012

3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64 0.128

4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24 0.648

∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
∑(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔
= 𝟐. 𝟐

The variance of the probability distribution is 1.56.

The standard deviation of the probability distribution is 1.25.
Post Assessment
1. B 9. A
2. D 10. A
3. B 11. B
4. D 12. D
5. C 13. C
6. D 14. B
7. C 15. D
8. C
References

Belecina, Rene R. et. al. Statistics and Probability. P. Florentino ST., Sta. Mesa
Heights, Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, Inc., 2016
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