MAJOR 5 –

Analytical Chemistry

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PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY
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MAJOR 5 – Analytical Chemistry

First Edition, 2021

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Course Overview

Introduction

The discipline of Analytical chemistry is concerned with the chemical characterization of

matter and the answer to two important questions: what is it (qualitative analysis) and how much
is it (quantitative analysis). It consists of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The
former deals with the identification of elements, ions, or compounds present in a sample (we may
be interested in whether only a given substance is present), while the latter deals with the
determination of how much of one or more constituents is present. The sample may be solid, liquid,
gas, or a mixture. The presence of gunpowder residue on a hand generally requires only qualitative
knowledge, not of how much is there, but the price of coal will be determined by the percent of
undesired sulfur impurity present.

Course General Objectives

At the end of this module, it is expected that the learner should be able to:
1. Define analytical chemistry;
2. Differentiate quantitative and qualitative analyses;
3. Determine the key steps in analytical process, and
4. Relate the applicability of analytical chemistry to other fields of science;

Course Details:

• Course Code: MAJOR 5

• Course Title: Analytical Chemistry
• No. of Units: 3 units lecture and 2 units laboratory
• Classification: Lecture- and laboratory-based
• Pre-requisite / Co-Requisite: Major 1
• Semester and Academic Year: 1st Semester, AY 2021-2022
• Schedule: MW- 2:00 – 5:00, THU – 7:30 – 9:00
• Name of Faculty: MARICEL M. TABLIGAN, MaEd.
• Contact Details
Email: [email protected]
FB Account: Leciram Tabligan
• Consultation
Day: MW
Time: 8:00-9:30AM

Learning Management System

The University LMS will be used for asynchronous learning and assessment. The link and class
code for LMS will be provided at the start of class through the class’ official Facebook Group.

• Edmodo
• Google Classroom
• University LMS

Assessment with Rubrics

Students will be assessed in a regular basis thru quizzes, long/unit/chapter tests, individual/group
outputs using synchronous and/or asynchronous modalities or submission of self-learning module
(SLM) exercises. Rubrics are also provided for evaluation of individual/group outputs.

Major examinations will be given as scheduled. The scope and coverage of the examination will
be based on the lessons/topics as plotted in the course syllabus.
 0323

Module Overview

Introduction
At the end of this module, it is expected that the learner should be able to define analytical
chemistry, differentiate quantitative and qualitative analyses, determine the key steps in analytical
process, and relate the applicability of analytical chemistry to other fields of science;

This module is designed in a way in which it will provide you minimum information
needed to pass the course, but not necessary contains all of knowledge regarding Chemistry.
Additional information and materials will be given to you during the course to have better
understanding on the fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry.

Table of Contents

Chapter I/Lesson 1: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

Chapter I/Lesson 2: The Analytical Proces
Chapter I/Lesson 3: Chemical Reactions used in Quantitative analysis
Chapter I/Lesson4: Stoichiometry
Chapter II/Lesson 5: Classical Methods
Chapter III/Lesson 6: Gravimetric Analysis
Chapter IV/Lesson 7: Acid-base Titrations
Chapter V/Lesson 8: Complexometric Titrations
Chapter V/Lesson 9: Redox Titrations
Chapter VI/Lesson 10: Introduction to Instrumental Methods
 Analytical Chemistry

Lesson 1

Introduction to Analytical
Chemistry
Lesson 1

Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

Introduction

The discipline of Analytical chemistry is concerned with the chemical characterization of

matter and the answer to two important questions: what is it (qualitative analysis) and how much
is it (quantitative analysis). It consists of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The
former deals with the identification of elements, ions, or compounds present in a sample (we may
be interested in whether only a given substance is present), while the latter deals with the
determination of how much of one or more constituents is present. The sample may be solid, liquid,
gas, or a mixture. The presence of gunpowder residue on a hand generally requires only qualitative
knowledge, not of how much is there, but the price of coal will be determined by the percent of
undesired sulfur impurity present.

Specific Objectives

At the end of this module, it is expected that the learner should be able to:
1. Define analytical chemistry;
2. Differentiate quantitative and qualitative analyses;
3. Determine the key steps in analytical process, and
4. Relate the applicability of analytical chemistry to other fields of science;

Duration

Lesson 1: Introduction to Chemistry = 3 hours

(1.5 hours Discussion, 1.5
hours Activity)
Discussion

Analytical Chemistry is the science of chemical measurement. Its object is the generation,
treatment and evaluation of signals from which information is obtained on the composition and
structure of matter.

Analytical investigations usually concern samples which are temporally and locally
invariant. This kind of analysis is denoted as bulk analysis (average analysis). On the other hand,
analytical investigations can particularly be directed to characterize temporal or local dependences
of the composition or structure of samples. One has to perform dynamic analysis or process
analysis on the one hand and distribution analysis, local analysis, micro analysis, and nano analysis
on the other. According to the demands of the analysis, analytical chemistry can be classified into
analysis of major components (major component analysis, precision analysis, investigation of
stoichiometry), minor components, and trace components (trace analysis, ultra-trace analysis). On
the other hand, analytical problems are differentiated according to the number of analytes involved.
Accordingly, single component and multicomponent analysis are distinguished.

Quantitative Analyses

Determining the mass, volume, concentration intensity of light and electrical charge are
but some of the typical quantitative analyses.
Collectively, gravimetric methods determine the mass of the analyte (the, or some
compound chemically related to it while volumetric methods measure the volume of a solution
containing sufficient reagent to react completely with the analyte. Electroanalytical methods, on
the other hand measure electrical properties such as potential, current, resistance, and quantity of
electrical charge, while spectroscopic methods explore the interaction between electromagnetic
radiation and analyte atoms or molecules or the emission of radiation by analytes.

Other methods of analyses that measure quantities as mass-to-charge ratio of ions by mass
spectrometry, rate of radioactive decay, heat of reaction, rate of reaction, sample thermal
conductivity, optical activity, and refractive index are some other ways to accomplish quantitative
investigations in chemistry.

Qualitative Analyses

Qualitative tests may be performed by selective chemical reactions or with the use of
instrumentation. The formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate in
dilute nitric acid to a dissolved sample indicates the presence of a halide. Certain chemical
reactions will produce colors to indicate the presence of classes of organic compounds, for
example, ketones. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their
functional groups.

Simple qualitative tests are usually more rapid and less expensive than quantitative
procedures. Qualitative analysis has historically been composed of two fields: inorganic and
organic. The former is usually covered in introductory chemistry courses, whereas the latter is best
left until after the student has had a course in organic chemistry.
The Analytical Process

Determining the problem is one critical step towards a successful analytical process. Once
the problem is defined this will dictate how the sample is to be obtained, how much is needed, how
sensitive the method must be, how accurate and precise it must be, and what separations may be
required to eliminate interferences.

Considerably, the analytical method depends on a number of factors, including the

analyst’s skills and training in different techniques and instruments; the facilities, equipment, and
instrumentation available; the sensitivity and precision required; the cost and the budget available;
and the time for analysis and how soon results are needed. The figure below shows the different
steps involved in an analytical process.

Define a Select Obtain a Representative Prepare the

Problem Method Sample sample for analysis

Calculate the Perform the Perform necessary

results and report measurement chemical separations

Figure 1. The Steps in Analytical process

Some Analytical Process Vocabulary Words

Listed below are some terms encountered and used in the conduct of a scientific study.
Aliquot A portion of a larger whole especially taken as a sample for chemical
analyses and treatment
Analyte A chemical substance that is subject for chemical analysis
Classify Group or organize objects or events in categories based on specific
characteristics.
Compare Identify characteristics of things or events o find out how they are alike
and different.
Constants All other things that should be kept the same throughout the test
(experiment).
Dependent Something that may or may not be affected or changed due to the
Variable independent variable
Dependent Something that may or may not be affected or changed due to the
Variable independent variable
Display Data Make tables, charts, or graphs to display results.
Experiment Design ways to collect data to test hypotheses and controlled conditions.
Gather Data Make observations and use them to make inferences or predictions
Graph A kind of drawing that compares numbers or amounts using lines, bars,
or parts of a circle.
Hypothesize To make a statement about the expected outcome based on observation,
knowledge, and experience.
 In vitro Refers to when a work is done outside the living organism
In vitro Refers to when a work is done outside the living organism
In vivo Refers to when a work is done with or within the entire living organism
Independent Something that the researcher will control or change during your
Variable experiment.
Infer To use logical reasoning to explain events and draw conclusions
based on observations.
interferent Unwanted species in the sample that contributes to the signal
Law A rule that says that things should always happen in a certain way.
Measure Compare an attribute of an object, such as its mass, length, or volume,
to a standard unit such as a gram, a centimeter, or liter
Method is the application of a technique for a specific analyte in a specific
matrix.
Methodology A body of methods, rules and postulates employed by a discipline; a
particular set of procedures
Observe Use the senses to learn about objects and events
Procedure A set of written directions detailing hoew to apply a method to a
particular sample, including information on proper sampling, handling
interferents, and validating results
Qualitative Data Provides information about traits (qualities) of objects and events.
Quantitative States amount (quantities) that describe an object or events.
Data Uses mainly numbers and units.
Plan and Identify and perform the steps necessary to find the answer to a
conduct simple question, using appropriate tools and recording and analyzing the data
investigations collected
Record Data To write down observations
Results What is discovered or learned from an experiment.
Sample represents the bulk system and has the identity or quantity of the analyte
in question
Sampling the process of collecting a small mass of a material whose composition
accurately represents the bulk of the material being sampled
Scientist Someone who is an expert at science
Steps to the 1. Purpose/Ask Question 3. Hypothesis 5. Conclusion
Scientific 2. Gather information 4. Experiment
Method
Stock solution A concentrated solution with known concentration and that could be
diluted for future laboratory use
Technique Any chemical or physical principle that can be used to study an analyte
Theory A statement based on facts, that explains why or how something
happens.
Variables Identify and control factors that affect the outcome of an experiment.

The Role of Analytical Chemistry

 Analytical Chemistry seeks ever improved means of measuring the chemical composition
of natural and artificial materials. The techniques of this science are used to identify the substances
which may be present in a material and to determine the exact amounts of the identified substance

The applicability of Analytical chemistry is vital in many fields. It is significant in various

industries, medicine, and all other sciences.

The analyses of the level of minerals, concentration of oxygen, and other chemicals in
blood samples play crucial role in the diagnoses of diseases, and deficiencies as well as in the
treatment of illnesses. The determination of water hardness, salinity level, presence of heavy
metals in soils, water and air, on the other hand, show the significance of analytical chemistry in
the fields of agriculture, some environmental studies.

As shown in the following diagram, both quantitative and qualitative analytical

measurements play essential roles in many research areas in chemistry, biochemistry, biology,
geology, physics, and the other sciences.

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning

Figure 2. The connection of analytical chemistry to various fields.

In medicine, analytical chemistry is the basis for clinical laboratory tests which help
physicians diagnose disease and chart progress in recovery. In industry, analytical chemistry
provides the means of testing raw materials and for assuring the quality of finished products whose
chemical composition is critical. Many household products, fuels, paints, pharmaceuticals, etc. are
analyzed by the procedures developed by analytical chemists before being sold to the consumer.
Environmental quality is often evaluated by testing for suspected contaminants using the
techniques of analytical chemistry. The nutritional value of food is determined by chemical
analysis for major components such as protein and carbohydrates and trace components such as
vitamins and minerals. Indeed, even the calories in food are often calculated from its chemical
analysis.

Analytical chemistry plays an important role in nearly in all field such as in agricultural,
clinical, environmental, forensic, manufacturing, metallurgical, and pharmaceutical industries .

Suggested Readings

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Book%3A_Analytical_Chemistry
_2.1(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry

Resources and Additional Resources

Christian, D. Dasgupta P., Schug K. (2014). Analytical Chemsitry, 7th Ed. John Wiley & Sons.

Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch.(2014) Fundamentals of

Analytical Chemistry,9th Ed. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.USA

Kenkel, John. (2003 ). Analytical Chemistry for Technicians,3rd Ed. CRC Press LLC. USA.

Danzer, K. (2007).Analytical Chemistry Theoretical and Metrological Fundamentals. Springer-

Verlag Berlin Heidelberg . Germany
Activity Sheet

Name _____________________________ Year and Section _________ Score_______

Exercises
Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

I. Instruction: Choose from the word bank below the term that best fits the statement in each item.
Write your answer on the space provided.

Word Bank

Data Recording Observation Prediction Sampling

Formulation of Hypothesis Experimentation Classifying Analyzing data
Measurement Display of Data Planning Reporting Results

1. The students have seen formation of turbid solution after _____________________

two clear solutions were combined.
2. The researcher used a graduated cylinder to attain a _____________________
specific volume of alcohol.
3. The thesis student separates the water soluble sample _____________________
form the insoluble samples.
4. The scientist lists down the phenomena that occurred _____________________
during the chemical reaction.
5. The researcher performs laboratory tests to the sample _____________________
to obtain data to support his hypothesis.
6. After results were obtained, pie chart were used _____________________
to represent the data. Display of Data
7. An estimate of the probability of the occurrence _____________________
of the phenomenon is forecasted.
8. A possible explanation is being given prior to _____________________
the actual conduct of scientific investigation.
9. The researcher decides on the procedures and _____________________
apparatus to be used for the investigations.
10. The chemist jots down the readings of the _____________________
volumes and weights in the laboratory notebook.

II. Determine whether the following are QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE

observations or BOTH or NOT APPLICABLE.

1. Clear pink solution was obtained in 250 mL beaker __________________

2. 59.5 mL volume of alcohol was distilled from the solution __________________
3. Soluble precipitates formed in a 5ml test tube __________________
4. Colourful gases were formed after mixing __________________
5. 5.0g gold was isolated from soil after metal content analysis __________________
6. White crystalline substances were formed __________________
on the rim of 250 ml flask
7. The unknown was found to be 10 g nitrogen gas __________________
8. The solution is placed in the 50 mL beaker __________________
9. Burnt odor was produced __________________
10. No reaction was observed __________________
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