Flood of Assam

Incessant rains since the beginning of May have led to floods, landslides, embankment breaches, and waterlogging in Assam.
Typically, the southwest

monsoon reaches Assam in June or July. This year, however, intense pre-monsoon showers caused an unexpected deluge in the month of May itself.
Experts attribute the changes in the intensity and arrival of rainfall to climate change. What’s even more worrying is that the heavy monsoon rainfall is yet
to arrive. The flood situation of the Barpeta district has become significantly worse as a result of the release of Kurishu Dam water by Bhutan Govt.
The situation has become so disastrous that thousands of people have lost their homes and are living in various camps. The condition of the farmers
has worsened because they have not been able to transport their crops. Drinking water sources are being submersed. Roads are inundated and
disconnected everywhere. Affected communities rush to high ground, hoping for safety. In addition, the animals that have not been lost in the
flooding that sustain the livelihood of families do not have feed, particularly cattle, goats, sheep, and poultry. These animals are also difficult to
transport, but their loss is devastating to familial income.
Most displaced people are living in small, crowded spaces in camps or on makeshift boats, with little food and other supplies. Health and hygiene
have been major concerns for children, who are also victims of malnutrition. Issues of maintaining fires in the continuous wet weather and areas for
excretion, among others, are cropping up. Even finding clean drinking water has been a big issue, as most of the drinking sources are now covered
by the floodwaters.
A volcanic eruption on the Italian island of Stromboli has produced a stunning lava flow, which was captured on film by the country's scientists.Located off the Sicilian coast, it is one of the
most active volcanoes on the planet and has been erupting almost continuously since 1932. Its last serious eruption occurred in 1921.Stromboli's mild to moderate eruptions at intervals
ranging from minutes to hours have given the volcanic pattern a name — Strombolian — and have been observed at other volcanoes around the world.The eruptions are almost always
explosive but Sunday's was atypical given that it created a lava flow, suggesting a period of high volcanic activity.The frequency and visibility of Stromboli's eruptions have led to the island
being nicknamed the Lighthouse of the Mediterranean.Sunday's eruption caused the partial collapse of the crater terrace and a lava flow, which resulted in a three-minute seismic signal.
By India Today Web Desk: A volcano on Italy's Stromboli island erupted on Sunday, leading to a partial collapse of the crater terrace and the lava flow produced a 3-
minute seismic signal recorded by the seismic network. While there has been no damage to life and property, huge plumes of lava and smoke have been seen from
space.
The northernmost island of the Aeolian archipelago, located just off the northern tip of Sicily, Strombolis volcano has been erupting almost continuously for the past 90
years. The stratovolcano is composed of layers of hardened volcanic ash, rocks, and lava flows and is also known as the Lighthouse of the Mediterranean.
According to the results obtained from the analysis of satellite images, all witnesses observed low damages to the urbanized areas. People saw ash accumulation on the roofs, being
afraid of the obstruction of rainwater harvesting cisterns (Appendix B, Appendix C). As reported by the Interviewees n. 10, 18, 19, and 20, some properties suffered damages to
canopies and photovoltaic panels placed on the roofs (Figure 8), following tephra fallout in Ginostra; near Punta Corvi (the south-western edge of the Sciara del Fuoco), the adjacent
area of the photovoltaic power station was completely burnt by fire (Figure 9). Most of the witnesses saw significant damages to the not- urbanized areas, without providing specific
details about the LOn 20 December 2021, an eruption began on Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago in the southern Pacific
Ocean. The eruption reached a very large and powerful climax nearly four weeks later, on 15 January 2022. Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai is 65 km (40 mi) north
of Tongatapu, the country's main island,[5] and is part of the highly active Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New
Zealand north-northeast to Fiji.[6][7] In the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated at least a VEI-5.[1][8]
The eruption caused tsunamis in Tonga, Fiji, American Samoa, Vanuatu, and along the Pacific rim, including damaging tsunamis in New Zealand, Japan, the United
States, the Russian Far East, Chile, and Peru. At least four people were killed, some were injured, and some remain possibly missing in Tonga from tsunami waves up
to 20 m (66 ft) high. Two people drowned in Peru when 2 m (6 ft 7 in) waves struck the coast. It was the largest volcanic eruption since the 1991 eruption of Mount
Pinatubo, and the most powerful eruption since the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa.[9] NASA determined that the eruption was "hundreds of times more powerful" than the
atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.[10] The eruption was the largest explosion recorded in the atmosphere by modern instrumentation, far larger than any 20th
century volcanic event or nuclear bomb test. It is thought that in recent centuries, only the Krakatoa eruption of 1883 rivalled the atmospheric disturbance produced
C and LU typologies that were impacted (Figure 10).
The results of interviews have been summarized in Appendix B and Appendix C. The first event, which mainly affected Ginostra, was perceived particularly violent; the Interviewee n.
20, as well as n. 18, defined the paroxysm “[...] a very different and more devastating explosion” than the previous ones. The second event, which mainly affected Stromboli, was also
described in detail by those who reside there and the perception was of a strong but not destructive event like the first one. The surroundings of Ginostra seems to be the most affected
area by the 3rd July 2019 paroxysm; according to the Interviewees n. 18 and 19, fire has licked up the properties without affecting masonry structures. It was possibly because of the
regular maintenance of private gardens, unlike terraced olive groves that are still abandoned. According to the Interviewees n. 1, 13, 14, and 17, Stromboli was affected also by the
paroxysm of 28th August 2019 and in this case, the fire was far enough from the buildings. All the witnesses mentioned the casualty near Punta Corvi, in consequence of the event of
3rd July 2019; the great deal of media attention certainly enhanced the general perception of damages.

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Incessant rains since the beginning of May have led to floods, landslides, embankment breaches, and waterlogging in Assam.

Typically, the southwest

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