A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin by John F. Collins (
A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin by John F. Collins (
A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin by John F. Collins (
Ecclesiastical Latin
John F. Collins
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2021 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation
https://archive.org/details/primerofecclesia0000coll
A Primer of
Ecclesiastical Latin
A Primer of
Ecclesiastical Latin
John F. Collins
tury B.C.), but both were men of their own times who wrote to be
understood by their contemporaries. EL and classical Latin share the
same vocabulary, the same forms, the same syntax. But EL has infor-
mal elements—an enduring part of Latin throughout its history—
which were excluded by the literary practitioners of classical Latin.
Some EL may be aggressively slangy (e.g., mandücare 'to gulp down'
in place of edere ‘to eat’). EL, as a form of Latin later by four cen-
turies than the classical, shows expected evolutionary change, ap-
proximating the span between Shakespeare and today. But what es-
pecially marks EL as different from classical Latin is its use as a
language of translation: it borrows or assimilates constructions from
koine Greek; it borrows vocabulary from koine Greek; it adapts
some Latin words to meanings and connotations found in the koine
Greek originals. In some instances the Greek is itself a rendering of
the Hebrew. These calques and loan translations are so frequent—
particularly in the Vulgate—that some critics go so far as to rec-
ognize EL as a separate dialect spoken and understood only by
Christians.
Of the thirty-five units of instruction in this text, perhaps twenty
may be covered in one semester and fifteen in the next; this leaves
approximately three to four weeks for continuous reading of selected
original texts (such as Mark's Gospel). In the exercises actual quota-
tions from the New Testament and major liturgical texts occur mod-
estly at first, but by the middle units about half the exercises already
are direct quotations; some later units even illustrate their points of
syntax and their vocabulary entirely by unadapted citations. The last
fifteen units conclude with extended original passages, carefully
graded to match the students’ growing knowledge of grammar and
supplemented only by the necessary glosses; thus, in the second se-
mester, what begins as a partial devotion of time, after Unit 35, ends
as an entire devotion to reading.
Drills are included for each unit; they are intended for use during
and after each grammar presentation to engage the students imme-
diately in the new material and so make their private study more
efficient. Not all exercises need be assigned for homework; there is
much for the instructor to choose from to suit the needs of the class.
But student recitations of exercises must include translation, pre-
cise syntactical explanations, and frequent transformations (such as
changes from singular to plural, active to passive, imperfect to per-
PREFACE vli
fect, etc.). In addition, students need a quiz each period and frequent
examinations to assure them of their progress.
Vocabulary lists give verbs first, then nouns, then adjectives, then
all others; the conventional listing of vocabulary alphabetically has
been abandoned as artificial and potentially confusing to the stu-
dents. In general, the meanings given are those most often encoun-
tered in EL. With few exceptions, compound verbs are listed under
the primitive (i.e., unprefixed) form; this is intended to give students
a systematic grasp of compounding, and invite them to analyze any
word as far as possible into its constituents.
Also appended to each unit are vocabulary notes of various kinds—
on usage or of morphological interest—and English derivatives from
Latin (in the interest of conserving space obvious derivations, such
as innocence from innocentia, have been omitted).
Finally, students from the first are instructed to learn the correct
quantities of vowels. There are three lasting benefits to be gained
from this practice: students avoid the abuse of anachronism (which
the use of an American form of the Italian pronunciation entails];
they prepare themselves to appreciate the quantitative prosody of an
Ambrosian hymn; they understand the system behind the accent-
marks in Latin missals and breviaries still to be found in some
libraries.
d Lens
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Table of Contents
Unit 1
I. Pronunciation of Ecclesiastical Latin.
a. Vowels.
b . Diphthongs.
C. Consonants.
d . Syllabication.
€. Syllabic Quantity; Accent.
. Nouns: An Overview.
a. Gender.
b . Number.
Cae Gase:
d . The Latin Case System.
1. Nominative Case. 2. Genitive Case. 3. Dative Case.
4. Accusative Case. 5. Ablative Case. 6. Two Minor Cases
(Vocative and Locative).
€. Declension of Nouns.
CE irst Declension Nouns.
TP repositions: An Overview.
a. Governing the Accusative Case.
b . Governing the Ablative Case.
e Ablative of Accompaniment.
Unit 2 13
PS econd Declension Masculine Nouns.
"ED resent Tense of the Copulative Verb sum ‘to be.’
. Kinds of Sentences.
. Direct Statements.
NO
SN
100
GN . Agreement of Subject and Verb.
TO: Genitive of Possession.
x TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 3 2I
Unit 4 27
ro. Adjectives: An Overview.
16. First/Second Declension Adjectives.
py Agreement of Adjective and Noun.
18. Nominal Sentences.
19. How to Answer Syntax Questions (1).
Unit 5 34
20. Verbs: An Overview.
Person.
. Number.
Tense: Time and Aspect.
. Mood.
Voice.
ep Principal Parts.
ish
Ss)
Sass
{st
1. Finite Forms. 2. Infinitives. 3. Participles. 4. Gerunds
and Gerundives.
g. The Four Conjugations.
Date The Present-Stem System: Three Tenses.
DOS Present Indicative Active: First Conjugation.
23^ Word Order.
24. Coordination (Compound Sentences).
o Accusative as Direct Object.
26. Dative as Indirect Object.
DE Ablative of Separation.
28. Compounding of Verbs: Prepositions as Prefixes.
29. Parsing.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
Unit 6 48
30. Present Indicative Active: Second Conjugation.
31. Present Indicative Active: Third Conjugation.
a. ‘0’ Type.
b. *-io' Type.
32. Present Indicative Active: Fourth Conjugation.
33. Direct Questions (1).
34. Ablative of Means.
35. Ablative of Manner.
Unit 7 56
36. Present Indicative Passive: All Four Conjugations.
37. Ablative of Personal Agency.
38. Ablative with Certain Adjectives.
Unit 8 64
39. Imperfect Indicative Active: All Four Conjugations.
40. Imperfect Indicative Passive: All Four Conjugations.
41. Subordination (Complex Sentences).
42. Causal Clauses.
43. Indirect Statements (1): Object Clauses.
44. Ellipsis.
Unit 9 74
45. Future Indicative Active: First and Second Conjugations.
46. Future Indicative Passive: First and Second Conjugations.
47. Future Indicative Active: Third and Fourth Conjugations.
48. Future Indicative Passive: Third and Fourth Conjugations.
49. Infinitive as Subject.
50. Ablative of Respect (Specification).
Unit 10 84
51. The Perfect-Active System: Three Tenses.
52. Perfect Indicative Active: All Four Conjugations.
53. Relative Pronoun/Interrogative Adjective: qui, quae, quod.
xil TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 11 89
$6. Pluperfect Indicative Active: All Four Conjugations.
57. Future-Perfect Indicative Active: All Four Conjugations.
58. Ablative of Cause.
59. Direct Quotations.
a. No change.
b. No change, but introduced by quia or quoniam.
Unit 12 95
60. The Auxiliary Verb possum ‘be able’:
All Six Indicative Tenses.
Gus Complementary Infinitive.
62. Object Infinitive.
63. The Perfect-Passive System: Three Compound Tenses.
64. Perfect Indicative Passive: All Four Conjugations.
65. Uses of the Perfect Passive Participle.
Unit 13 103
66. Pluperfect Indicative Passive: All Four Conjugations.
A Future-Perfect Indicative Passive: All Four Conjugations.
68. Ablative Absolute.
69. Temporal Clauses.
70. Synopsis of a Verb.
Unit 14 III
7: Third Declension Nouns: Masculine or Feminine.
y Third Declension Nouns: Neuter.
Wak Genitive of Description.
74. Ablative of Description.
75. Subjective and Objective Genitive.
76. Dative of Reference: Advantage or Disadvantage.
Yates Apposition.
Tish Concessive Clauses.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xlii
Unit 15 II9
79. Third Declension Nouns: Masculine or Feminine
i-Stems.
80. Third Declension Nouns: Neuter i-Stems.
CST Partitive Genitive.
82. Dative with Certain Adjectives.
83. Predicate Accusative.
84. Cognate Accusative.
Unit 16 125
85. Third Declension Adjectives.
a. Three Endings in the Nominative Singular.
b. Two Endings in the Nominative Singular.
c. One Ending in the Nominative Singular.
86. Present Active Participles.
87. Uses of the Present Active Participle.
a. Adjectival.
b. Adverbial.
c. Ablative Absolute.
88. Fourth Declension Nouns: Masculine (or Feminine].
89. Fourth Declension Nouns: Neuter.
Unit 17 135
go. The Irregular Verb vol6 ‘wish’: All Six Indicative Tenses.
9I. The Irregular Verb e6 ‘go’: All Six Indicative Tenses.
92. Accusative of Place to/into Which.
93. Ablative of Place Where.
94. Ablative of Place from Which/out of Which.
95. Locative Case.
Unit 18 144
96. Future Active Participle.
97. Future Passive Participle.
98. Periphrastic Conjugations.
a. Active Periphrastic.
b. Passive Periphrastic.
99. Dative of Personal Agency with Passive Periphrastics.
100. Review of Participles.
X1V TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 19 152
IOI. Fifth Declension Nouns.
102. Direct Commands (or Requests) (1): Imperative Mood.
a. Present Imperative Active: All Four Conjugations.
b. Present Imperative Passive: All Four Conjugations.
IO3. Vocative Case.
104. Personal Pronouns.
a. First-Person Pronoun.
b. Second-Person Pronoun.
105. Double Accusative.
Unit 20 162
106. Deponent Verbs.
107. Semi-Deponent Verbs.
108. Subjunctive Mood: An Overview.
109. Present Subjunctive: First Conjugation.
a. Active.
b. Passive.
110. Direct Commands (or Requests) (2).
a. Hortatory Subjunctive.
b. Optative Subjunctive.
c. Jussive Future Indicative.
111. How to Answer Syntax Questions (2).
Unit 21 172
112. Present Subjunctive: Second, Third, and Fourth
Conjugations.
a. Active.
b. Passive.
113. Direct Commands (or Requests) (3): Jussive Subjunctive.
114. Direct Questions (2): Deliberative Subjunctive.
115. Conditional Clauses (1).
a. Simple.
b. Future.
1. More Vivid. 2. Less Vivid.
Unit 22 183
116. Imperfect Subjunctive.
a. Active.
b. Passive.
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
Unit 23 194
D2. Present Subjunctives of sum and possum.
I22. Emphatic Demonstrative Pronouns/ Adjectives:
hic and ille.
1253. Unemphatic Demonstrative Pronouns/ Adjectives:
is and iste.
I24. Result Clauses.
a. Adverbial.
b. Relative.
Lxs. Characterizing Relative Clauses.
Unit 24 203
I26. Present Subjunctives of eó and volo.
57 Intensive Pronoun/ Adjective: ipse.
12/8: Conditional Clauses (2): Present Contrafactual.
TOO} Gerundives.
130. Gerunds.
Unit 25 213
IST. Pluperfect Subjunctive.
a. Active.
b. Passive.
Lu» Conditional Clauses (3): Past Contrafactual.
I33. Clauses of Fearing.
134. Unattainable Wishes.
a. Present Time.
b. Past Time.
. Indirect Statements (2): Object Clauses with
Subjunctives.
XVl TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 26 223
136. Perfect Subjunctive.
a. Active.
b. Passive.
137. Direct Questions (3).
a. Affirmative Answer Implied.
b. Negative Answer Implied.
138. Indirect Questions.
a. Introductory Words.
b. Subjunctive.
c. Retained Indicative.
139. Donec and dum Clauses.
140. Interrogative Pronoun: quis, quid.
141. Adverbial Accusative.
Unit 27 232
142. Comparison of Adjectives: Positive, Comparative,
and Superlative.
a. Forms.
b. Uses:
143. Ablative of Comparison.
144. Ablative of Degree of Difference.
Unit 28 243
145. Reflexive Adjective and Pronoun: suus; —, sui.
146. Six Partly Irregular Adjectives.
147. Comparison of Adverbs.
148. Cum Clauses.
Unit 29 254
149. Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives: quis; aliquis;
aliqui, etc.
150. Dative of Purpose; Double Dative Construction.
151. Review of Clauses: Time, Cause, and Concession.
8 Time.
b . Cause.
c. Concession.
d. Ablative Absolute.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xvil
Unit 30 263
p52 Present Infinitives: Active and Passive.
T. Negative Direct Commands (or Requests].
a. Noli/nolite and Infinitive.
b. Ne/non and Present or Perfect Subjunctive.
c. Non and Future Indicative.
I54. Indirect Statements (3): Subject Accusative
and Present Infinitive.
Unit 31 274
E556 Perfect Infinitives: Active and Passive.
156. Indirect Statements (4): Subject Accusative
and Perfect Infinitive.
TE Predicate Genitive.
158. Conditional Relative Clauses.
Unit 32 284
Ty Future Active Infinitive.
160. Indirect Statements (5): Subject Accusative
and Future Infinitive.
I6I. Indirect Reflexives.
162) Summary of Ways to Express Purpose.
Unit 33 293
163. The Irregular Verb fero.
164. Ablative of Time When or Time within Which.
16S. Accusative of Extent of Time or Space.
166. Ablative of Duration of Time.
I67. Summary of Conditional Clauses.
Unit 34 303
168. The Irregular Verb fio.
169. Some Cardinal and Ordinal Numerals.
T7: Impersonal Verbs.
jade Summary of Uses of the Genitive Case.
T7227 Summary of Uses of the Dative Case.
xvili TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 35 317
173. Greek Periphrastic Tenses.
174. Syncopated and Shortened Perfect-Active
System Forms.
175. Historical Present.
176. Cognate Ablative.
177. Summary of Uses of the Accusative Case.
178. Summary of Uses of the Ablative Case.
Morphology:
Verbs 377
Nouns 403
Adjectives 405
Pronouns 406
Verb Synopsis Form 409
Index 447
Unit 1
Notes continued:
forms in quality of sound as well as in quantity. But
when ecclesiastical Latin is sung, the short vowels,
when in open positions, tend to take on the same
quality as the long vowels; since the English speaker’s
ear is not good at detecting the quantity of a vowel,
this in practice goes a long way toward blurring the
distinction between long and short vowels. Close
short vowels, however, tend in song to retain their
own quality. Compare short e in terra and in Deo
when sung: terra, but ‘day-oh.’
3. There are no silent vowels in Latin: e.g., confines
is two syllables in English, but three in Latin
(con/fi/nés).
. The letter y occurs only as a vowel (never as a conso-
nant) in words borrowed from Greek. It came to
be pronounced like the short form of i: mysterium,
hymnus.
. A vowel followed by another vowel, or separated
from it by h, is usually short: scire, but sciat; nihil.
2. Nouns: An Overview
In both English and Latin, a noun is a word which indicates a person,
place, thing, act, or quality. In either language, nouns have the at-
tributes of gender, number, case, aad declension.
4. Accusative Case The case of the direct object, that which re-
ceives the action, is the accusative case: I saw that movie. He broke
his Jeg. Bill has no money. Certain prepositions require the accusa-
tive case.
6. Two Minor Cases (Vocative and Locative) The case of direct ad-
dress is the vocative. Although there are some exclusively vocative
forms, the nominative case is used to express most instances of di-
rect address. The locative case survives in certain restricted uses; it
has largely been absorbed by the ablative case.
Nominative -a -ae
Genitive -ae -arum
Dative -ae -is
Accusative -am -as
Ablative -à -is
8 DPNIDIDCT
4. Prepositions: An Overview
A distinctive feature of ecclesiastical Latin is its more extensive use
of prepositions than that exhibited by its predecessor, classical
Latin. For example, while ecclesiastical Latin still uses the dative
Vocabulary 9
case for the indirect object, it may also use an equivalent preposi-
tional phrase. ]
Prepositions in Latin are always used in phrases, consisting of a
preposition and a substantive (i.e., a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective
used as a noun). Substantives used with prepositions are said to be
governed by them; prepositions govern only two cases, the accusa-
tive or the ablative. Some prepositions may govern either case, de-
pending on the specific use.
Vocabulary
aqua, aquae, f. water ecclesia, ecclesiae, f. church;
cena, cenae, f. supper, dinner assembly
culpa, culpae, f. blame, fault familia, familiae, f. household,
doctrina, doctrinae, f. teach- family
ing, doctrine gloria, gloriae, f. glory
IO WINE
Vocabulary Notes
Doctrina 'teaching, doctrine' is a noun derived from the verb
doceo ‘teach’ (Unit 19).
Ecclesia ‘church; assembly’ has been borrowed from the Greek; it
may be used of either the people or the building.
Gloria ‘glory’ may carry with it the attendant ideas of praise,
honor, thanksgiving, splendor, or magnificence.
The preposition 4 ‘from, away from’ has three forms: à, ab, abs; à is
used before consonants, ab before vowels (or h), abs only before t (if
at all).
Distinguish between 'to,' a translation of the dative case which in-
dicates relationship, and ‘to,’ the translation of the preposition ad,
indicating motion toward.
The prepositions cum ‘with’ and sine ‘without,’ used in the abla-
tive of accompaniment, may also be used more loosely with other,
non-personal, nouns: e.g., sine aqua ‘without water.’
The preposition é has two forms: e or ex. E is used only before con-
sonants; ex may be used before either vowels or consonants (espe-
cially p).
Note that, depending on its use, et may be either a conjunction
Drills TI
Drills
I. PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE
Pater noster, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum; ad-
veniat regnum tuum; fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo et in
terra. Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie; et dimitte
nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nos-
tris; et ne nos indücas in tentationem; sed libera nos a malo.
II. Give the case and number of each; give all possibilities; trans-
late (both case meaning and lexical meaning):
I2 UNITE
III. Complete each phrase with the proper ending in the singular;
translate; change to the plural:
a; sine paps se dede culp=
b.ad-glóri-—- et"ad'ecclesit.-
Ca misse
Exercises
I. 1. coram familia
2. ad missam
3. a missa
4. cum papa
5. pro ecclesia
6. ab ecclesia
7. ad gloriam
8. papae ad gloriam; ad gloriam papae
9. de vita; de familiae vita
IO. natura; in natura
II. €:terris
I2. in ecclesiarum terris
I3. in terras
14. sine familia et ecclesia
IS. et vita et aqua
I6. vita aquaque
I7. Super terram; super terrà
18. cum gloria
I9. sine culpa
20. ecclesiae pro doctrinis
Notes: 1. Since all nouns are listed with the nominative sin-
gular form as well as the genitive singular, there is
never any doubt whether the nominative singular
ending is to be used or not.
2. Although some endings are identically spelled, con-
text will help to distinguish between them.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Notes continued:
cate nominative or adjective: e.g., Michael is the
captain.
3. An overview of the verb will be presented in Sec-
tion 20.
7. Kinds of Sentences
In Latin, as in English, all discourse takes the form of three kinds of
independent clauses, or sentences: statements, questions, and com-
mands (or requests). Further, each of these independent clauses has
an indirect, or dependent, form. Thus there are direct and indirect
statements, direct and indirect questions, and direct and indirect
commands (or requests].
Direct statement: ] visited my brother.
Indirect statement: He said that he had visited his brother.
Direct question: Why is the sky blue?
Indirect question: ‘The child asked why the sky is blue.
Direct command (or request): Get your feet off the sofa!
Indirect command (or request): His mother told him to get his
feet off the sofa.
N.B.: The so-called exclamatory sentence is a special form of the di-
rect statement.
In Latin, as in English, there are seven basic sentence-patterns,
each capable of taking the form of a statement, a question, or a com-
mand (or request). From these basic patterns the more complicated
ones (such as compound and complex sentences) are made:
Mig (Subject) Intransitive Verb
(—] a) Sum.
(I) am.
(—] b) Video.
(I) Sec
pic (Subject) Intransitive Verb — Adverb
(—) a) Sum ibi.
(I) am here.
(—] b) Video bene.
(I) see well.
I6 UNE 2
8. Direct Statements
A direct statement is a sentence which expresses a fact or makes an
assertion. In Latin it makes complete sense by itself if it contains a
finite verb (usually in the indicative mood; see Section 20d).
The forms of sum presented in Section 6 are finite forms in the
indicative mood.
Sum.
T am. “exist.
Pàpa est.
‘A pope is.’ ‘There is a pope.’ ‘He is the pope.’
Papa est minister.
‘The pope is a servant.’
[minister, ministri, m. ‘servant, minister']
Note the three translations of the second example. ‘A pope is’ is a
literal translation, but it is not idiomatic English. ‘There is a pope’
Genitive of Possession 17
entails the use of the expletive ‘there’; this is the English idiom for
expressing a nominative subject and a finite form of the verb ‘to be.’
The third translation, ‘He is a pope,’ construes papa as the predicate
nominative. Either of these last two translations may be correct, de-
pending on the context.
Amy’s school. Amy owns the book; she possesses the locker; she be-
longs to the school. The genitive of possession, as this use is called,
may be translated with of or with the ending of the English pos-
sessive case (-'s, -s!).
Papa est minister Christi.
‘The pope is the minister of Christ.’
‘The pope is Christ's minister.’
[Christus, Christi, m. ‘Anointed One, Messiah, Christ]
Vocabulary
sum, esse, fui, futürus be, exist discipulus, discipuli, m.
ancilla, ancillae, f. maid, (fe- disciple, student
male) servant dominus, domini, m. lord,
Jüdaea, Jüdaeae, f. Judea master
jüstitia, justitiae, f. righ- episcopus, episcopi, m.
teousness, justice overseer, bishop
Maria, Mariae, f. Mary filius, filii, m. son
potentia, potentiae, f. power minister, ministri, m. servant,
ager, agri, m. field; pl., country minister
agnus, agni, m. lamb Petrus, Petri, m. Peter
angelus, angeli, m. messenger, populus, populi, m. people
angel puer, pueri, m. boy, child;
archangelus, archangeli, m. servant
archangel psalmus, psalmi, m. psalm
apostolus, apostoli, m. apostle servus, servi, m. servant, slave
Christus, Christi, m. hodie (adv.) today
Anointed One, Messiah, nam (coord. conj.) for
Christ non (adv.) not
Deus, Dei, m. (nom. pl., dii) trans (prep. + acc.) across
God
Vocabulary Notes
Sum, esse, fui, futürus ‘be, exist’ is somewhat irregular, as the verb
‘to be’ is in most Indo-European languages. The present, the imper-
fect, and the future tenses cannot be reduced to rule: they must be
observed and memorized. The fourth principal part is the future par-
ticiple; since sum does not have a regular fourth principal part (i.e., a
perfect passive participle) it is customary to give in its stead the fu-
ture (active) participle—futürus— which cannot be guessed. When
Vocabulary I9
Drills
I. Second declension masculine nouns. Give the case and number
of each; give all possibilities; translate.
a. agri f. Christi k. filius
b. agnorum g. Deo l. minister
c. angelo h. discipulis m. Petro
d. archangelis i. dominum n. puerum
e. apostolos j. episcopi o. psalmorum
Exercises
I. Aqua est in terra.
"Ecclesia est In terra.
Discipuli Christi sunt in Judaea.
Nam Agnus Dei est.
Et potentia et justitia sunt in terra.
Petrus non est in agris.
Hodie pueri non sunt in ecclesia.
Maria est ancilla Domini.
De terra non sunt angeli archangelique.
H Ministri Dei sumus.
H ON
H
PW
AM
HOS In psalmis; trans agros; ab apostolis; coram servo; de
pueris; ad filium; cum episcopo; sine populo Dei; in gloria
et potentia.
Nominative -um -a
Genitive -i -Orum
Dative -0 -is
Accusative -um -a
Ablative -0 -is
SINGULAR PLURAL
Acc. verbum (‘the word’) verba (‘the words’)
Abl. verbo (‘from/with/in/by X verbis (‘from/with/in/by
the word’} the words’)
Notes continued:
2. Formerly, a distinction was made between 'shall' in
the first person and ‘will’ in the second and third
persons. Since this distinction has largely died out
in American English, even in the most formal con-
texts, this text translates all future forms with the
auxiliary ‘will.’
Vocabulary
regina, reginae, f. queen canticum, cantici, n. song,
chorus, chori, m. choir canticle
hymnus, hymni, m. hymn dónum, doni, n. gift
liber, libri, m. book Evangelium, Evangelii, n.
vir, viri, m. man, husband Good News, Gospel
caelum, caeli, n. (nom. pl., festum, festi, n. feast,
caeli) heaven, sky feast-day
24 UNIT 3
Vocabulary Notes
Chorus, hymnus, Evangelium, and mysterium are derived from
the Greek. The ch- of chorus is pronounced like k- or kh-.
Caelum in the singular is a neuter noun; in the plural, it is a mas-
culine noun. The singular and the plural are used interchangeably,
with no difference in meaning: angelus caeli/caelorum 'angel of
heaven.'
Festum may be used in either number, with no difference in mean-
ing: hodie est festum/sunt festa ‘today is the feast.’
Gaudium means ‘joy’ as an inner feeling rather than as an outward
expression.
Sabbatum 'Sabbath' is derived from Hebrew; the singular or the
plural is used indifferently: hodié est sabbatum /sunt sabbata ‘today
is the Sabbath.’
The prepositional phrase in saecula saeculórum ‘forever and ever’
is used with adverbial force. The use of the genitive of a word to
limit another case of itself is a Hebraic idiom which intensifies the
meaning.
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
regina Regina
chorus chorus, choral
liber library
vir virile
Exercises 25
donum donor
Evangelium evangelist
festum festival
gaudium gaudy, joy
odium odium, odious, annoy
peccatum peccadillo
praemium premium
regnum reign
saeculum secular
verbum verbal, verbose
vinum viniculture, vinyl
vitium vicious
Drills
I. Second declension neuter nouns. Give the case and number of
each; give all possibilities; translate.
caelum " gaudiorum k. praecepta
cantico g. mysterium p sacrificio
dona h. odia m. testamenti
Evangeliis i. caeli n. vinorum
oRoc»
fésti j. sabbatis O. vitiis
Exercises
I. . Potentia et gloria sunt Christo.
Mysterium aquae et vini est.
Regnum Dei erit in saecula saeculorum.
Apostoli erant ministri Christi.
oH
M
udo Erit gaudium in caelis.
26 UNIT 3
crum. This manner of listing makes three things clear: the adjective
type [first/second declension], the form of the nominative masculine
singular [with or without -us], and the spelling of the base [bonus >
bon-; sacra (fem.) > sacr-].
bonus, -a, -um ‘good’; base: bon-
SINGULAR
Masc. Fem. Neuter
Nom. bonus bona bonum
Gen. boni bonae boni
Dat. bono bonae bono
Acc. bonum bonam bonum
Abl. bono bona bono
PLURAL
Masc. Fem. Neuter
Nom. boni bonae bona
Gen. bonorum bondrum bonorum
Dat. bonis bonis bonis
Acc. bonos bonàs bona
Abl. bonis bonis bonis
bonum. Note that agreement does not mean mere duplication of the
ending of the noun: bonum pàpam is correct because the adjective
ending fulfills the three requirements for agreement; likewise, apos-
tolum bonum. The similarity of the endings in this latter phrase is
an accidental feature of agreement, not an essential one. Note, too,
that these two phrases illustrate the fact that a Latin adjective may
either precede or follow its noun (with no difference in meaning).
Petrus erat bonus.
‘Peter was good.’
Petrus erat bonus papa (papa bonus).
‘Peter was a good pope.’
ticular on two tasks: the identification of the case of any given noun
or adjective in a sentence, and the determination of the reason for
the case.
Verba Domini bona.
verba: case? nominative; reason? subject of the sentence.
Domini: case? genitive; reason? genitive of possession.
bona: case? nominative; reason? predicate adjective, agreeing
with the subject of the sentence.
Vocabulary
animus, animi, m. heart, magnus, -a, -um great, large,
mind, spirit big
gladius, gladii, m. sword malus, -a, -um bad, evil,
magister, magistri, m. teacher, wicked
master, rabbi meus, -a, -um my, mine
modus, modi, m. manner, way mortuus, -a, -um dead
mundus, mundi, m. world multus, -a, -um much, many
numerus, numeri, m. number, noster, nostra, nostrum our,
multitude ours
aurum, auri, n. gold novus, -a, -um new, recent
cénaculum, cénaculi, n. pius, -a, -um holy; loving,
dining room, upper room, tender
upstairs room impius, -a, -um wicked,
sacramentum, sacramenti, n. godless
sacrament sacer, sacra, sacrum holy,
aeternus, -a, -um eternal sacred
in aeternum forever tuus, -a, -um your, yours (sing.)
antiquus, -a, -um old, ancient; verus, -a, -um true
subst., pl.: ancients, vivus, -a, -um living, alive
forefathers Sabaoth (Hebrew: indecl. pl.
beatus, -a, -um blessed, happy noun) armies, hosts
bonus, -a, -um good ubi (interrog. adv.) where?
clarus, -a, -um clear, bright;
glorious, famous
Vocabulary Notes
Cénàculum is related to cena (Unit 1); the ‘upstairs room’ is where
‘dinner’ was eaten.
Vocabulary 31
Drills
I. First/second declension adjectives. Translate; give all possibili-
ties; change the number and retranslate.
a. bona aqua e. verum Deum i. discipuli sacri
b. antiquis f. tuae culpae j aeterna
ministris testamenta
c. multus angelus — g. apostolo beato =k. impiarum
vitarum
d. papae novo h. magna gloria l. sacrae reginae
Exercises
I. r. Ubi sunt multi discipuli?
2. Mea ecclesia est tua ecclesia; mea ecclesia tua ecclesia;
mea ecclesia tua.
Beati servi Domini.
Dominus Deus Sabaoth est sacer.
Multum gaudium est sacro populo Dei.
RO Modus
Aan mundi est et bonus et malus; modi mundi sunt
boni et mali.
7. Magnus est numerus angelorum.
8. Novum testamentum est Dei verbum.
9. Christus est Dominus et vivorum et mortuorum.
10. Dei mysteria sunt aeterna.
II. Clarum in terra et in caelo Domini verbum.
12. Deo est pius filius in aeternum.
I3. Animus viri est beatus et bonus.
I4. Christus erat Petri et apostolorum magister.
15. In cénaculo aurum erit puero.
16. Gladius Petri erat impius.
17. Hic est nostrum sacramentum.
18. Nostra natura donum Dei.
19. Cena Domini est nostro populo.
20. Multi in Judaea erant discipuli Christi.
21. De novo testamento; in magnis caelis; sine multis culpis
nostris; coram Deo.
22. Aurum non est apostolo. Acts iii, 6, adapted.
23. Mea doctrina non est mea. Jn. vii, 16.
24. Non est discipulus super magistrum nec (‘nor’) servus
super dominum. Mt. x, 24.
Exercises 33
a. Person A verb-form may have one of three persons: the first per-
son, that of the speaker(s) (J see; we see), the second person, that of
the one(s) spoken to (you see; you [pl.] see], or the third person, that
of the one(s) spoken about (he/she/it sees; they see).
Notes continued:
'completed' (pluperfect is from plüs quam perfectum
‘more than completed’; hence, ‘past completed’).
. The imperfect is likewise aptly named, since imper-
fectum means ‘not completed’; hence, ‘(past) pro-
gressive.’ The progressive aspect also includes re-
peated or habitual action: I used to see, I kept on
seeing.
. Present and future tenses (present, future, perfect
completed, future-perfect) are called primary tenses;
past tenses (imperfect, perfect simple, pluperfect)
are called secondary tenses.
d. Mood English and Latin have three moods (or attitudes of ex-
pression): indicative, subjunctive, and imperative. A verb-form in the
indicative mood expresses a fact: it rained yesterday. A verb-form in
the subjunctive mood expresses contingency or hypothetical action:
if only he were here; God bless you: we asked that he leave. A verb-
form in the imperative mood gives a direct command (or request):
pray for us! have mercy on us!
dent. While English has only two participles, the present and the
past,* Latin has four: present active, perfect passive, future active,
future passive. English does not have the equivalent of the future par-
ticiples. The fourth principal part of video, vidére, vidi, visus 'see' is
a participle (visus: perfect passive participle].
* That is, one (always) in -ing, the other (often) in -d, -n, or -t. The terms present
and past are unsatisfactory, since the 'present' participle is used for the past progres-
sive tense (‘I was seeing’) and the ‘past’ participle for the present passive tense (‘I am
seen’). Some grammarians prefer the neutral terms first and second.
Present Indicative Active: First Conjugation 39
Notes continued:
talked; a strong verb alters the spelling of the pres-
ent to form the past and the participle: see, saw,
seen; swim, swam, swum).
consecratus. (Note: Since -cr- does not make for position in prose,
cónsecró is pronounced cónsecro.)
The frequency of compound verbs constitutes a distinctive feature
of ecclesiastical Latin. Often the compound is merely a strengthened
form of the simple verb, and the difference in meaning is negligible.
As a case in point, sacró and cónsecró differ very little in meaning.
29. Parsing
The parsing of a sentence entails a complete analysis of its compo-
nents; this includes identifying the parts of speech, and explaining
in full their forms, functions, and interrelationships.
Populus Deum laudat.
‘The people praise God.’
populus: nominative singular masculine, from the noun popu-
lus, populi, m. ‘people’; subject of laudat.
Deum: accusative singular masculine, from the noun Deus,
Dei, m. ‘God’; direct object of laudat.
laudat: third-person singular, present indicative active, from
the verb laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus ‘praise’;
agrees in number with the subject, populus; third per-
son because it makes a statement about the subject;
present indicative because it states a fact in present
time; active voice because the action passes from the
subject (to the object).
Since the mastery of Latin is a matter of analysis, a student's transla-
tion of a sentence must be the product of analysis, not of guesswork.
Vocabulary
ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, laudo, laudare, laudavi,
ambulatus walk, take a laudatus praise
walk; ‘live’ collaudo, collaudare, col-
cantó, cantare, cantàvi, can- laudavi, collaudatus praise
tatus sing, chant exceedingly; praise
do, dare, dedi, datus give together
dono, donare, donavi, donatus libero, liberare, liberavi,
give, grant; forgive liberatus free
44 UNIT 5
Vocabulary Notes
Ambul6o means ‘to walk,’ but metaphorically it may mean ‘to live,’
as in the expression, ‘to walk in the way of the Lord.’ Ambulo, like
most first conjugation verbs, has the pattern -6, -are, -àvi, -atus.
Do and dono basically mean ‘give’; occasionally, dono means 'for-
give.’ Both take a direct and an indirect object: give something to
someone. D6, although a first conjugation verb, does not have prin-
cipal parts which conform to the predominant pattern; note espe-
cially the short -a- in dare.
Collaudó is compounded of com- and laudo; com-, which here as-
similates to col-, may either intensify the basic meaning (‘com-
pletely’) or add the notion ‘jointly, together.’
Regno is a denominative verb formed from regnum (Unit 3). De-
Vocabulary 45
nominative verbs are most often derived from nouns and adjectives,
and given the form of a first conjugation verb. Other such verbs—
in this unit alone—are dono, laudo, libero, operó, óroó, sacro, servo,
and voco.
Documentum ‘example’ is formed from the root of the verb doceo
‘teach’ (Unit 19) and the suffix -mentum ‘instrument.’
Enim ‘for’ is weaker than nam (Unit 2); it is postpositive, i.e., it
occurs toward the beginning of its clause, but never first. In contrast,
merito ‘rightly, deservedly'—though an adverb—tends to stand at
the beginning of its clause or phrase.
Quoque 'too, also' immediately follows the word it emphasizes.
Drills
I. Present indicative active: first conjugation. Translate; change to
the singular or plural.
a. ambulamus f. regnat
b. cantàs g. conservas
c. donant h. invocamus
d. laudat i. operant
e. adoratis j. collaudatis
Exercises
I. Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus Dominus Deus Sabaoth.
Apostolos Christus vocat.
In Missa populus Dei Dominum laudat.
Malis viris dona non damus.
In via Domini ambulamus.
BW
An
M
H Merito Dominum collaudamus; sanctus enim et
bonus est.
7. Episcopus quoque pro ecclesia Deum invocat.
8. Dominus populum a malo semper liberat.
9. In nostris animis Christus semper regnat.
10. Discipuli cum apostolis operant.
II. Psalmum coram Domino cantamus.
12. Oramus pro mundi vita.
13. Minister ad cenam Domini populum vocat.
14. Stellam in caelo famulus laudat.
15. Verba impiorum numquam justi observamus.
16. Merito enim Christum, filium Dei, collaudas.
17. Clarum Mariae documentum est populo.
18. Nunc benedicti sabbatum consecrant.
I9. Ex agris Petrus pueros evocat.
Exercises 47
SINGULAR PLURAL
I audio (‘I hear’) audimus (‘we hear’)
audis (‘you hear’) auditis (‘you hear’)
3 audit (‘he/she/it hears’) audiunt (‘they hear’)
Vocabulary
do: gratias agere give thanks (to),
reddo, reddere, reddidi, red- thank (+ dat.)
ditus give back, render bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitus drink
trado, tradere, tradidi, tradi- credo, credere, credidi, creditus
tus give over, hand down, believe (in), trust (in)
betray düco, dücere, düxi, ductus lead
fugo, fugare, fugavi, fugatus edüco, edücere, edüxi, educ-
put to flight, chase away tus lead out
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus indüco, indücere, indüxi,
destroy, wipe out inductus lead into, bring
habeo, habére, habui, habitus into
have, hold; consider perdüco, perdücere, perdüxi,
misceó, miscére, miscui, perductus lead through,
mixtus mix, mingle bring to
moneo, monére, monui, sédico, sedücere, sedüxi,
monitus warn, advise; teach seductus deceive
ago, agere, egi, actus do, drive, jungo, jungere, jünxi, jünctus
conduct join, unite
52 UNIT 6
Vocabulary Notes
Reddo and trado (< trans + dó) are compounds of do ‘give.’ Reddo
has the inseparable prefix re(d)- (‘back, again’); see Section 28.1, Note.
Although do is a first conjugation verb, many of its compounds are of
the third conjugation.
Habeo has both a physical meaning, ‘have, hold,’ and a mental one,
‘hold [in mind]: consider.’ Compare ‘we hold these truths . . .’
Moneo may take a personal accusative and an infinitive: monet
puerum operare ‘he advises the boy to work.’
Note that agere means ‘do, drive, conduct,’ but that gratiàs agere is
an idiom meaning ‘give thanks (to), thank’; the person thanked is
put into the dative case.
Créd6 may take a dative (credo puero ‘I trust [in] the boy’) or in +
accusative (credimus in Deum ‘we believe in God’).
Vocabulary 53
Drills
I. Present indicative active: second, third, and fourth conjuga-
tions. Translate; change the number.
a. reddis f. capiunt
b. deletis g. facis
c. habemus h. audimus
d. agit i. advenis
e. credo j educitis
Exercises
I. Pro Hebraeis Dominus Aegyptios fugat.
Deo gratias semper agimus.
Aeternis praeceptis Dominus populum monet.
. Maria natum in templo invenit.
Episcopus populum in ecclesiam inducit.
Petrus cum discipulis ad domum advenit.
Cum gaudio vinum bibimus vitae?
CON
bM
AM
BW
H Quare apostolus Christum malis tradit?
Famulus malus puerum auro séducit.
. In gloria Christus populum conjungit.
. Praeceptis papa ecclesiam ducit.
HHoH
NO. Nunc
NUM minister cum aqua vinum miscet.
Exercises 55
FIRST CONJUGATION:
laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus ‘praise’
present infinitive: laudare
present stem: lauda-
SINGULAR PLURAL
1 laudor (‘I am praised’) laudamur (‘we are praised’)
2 laudaris, laudare (‘you are laudàmini (‘you are praised’)
praised’)
3 laudatur (‘he/she/it is laudantur (‘they are
praised’) praised’)
Present Indicative Passive: All Four Conjugations B
SECOND CONJUGATION:
moneo, monére, monui, monitus ‘warn, advise’
present infinitive: monere
present stem: mone-
SINGULAR PLURAL
y moneor (‘I am warned’) monemur (‘we are warned)
monéris, monere (‘you are monémini (‘you are
warned’} warned’)
3 monétur (‘he/she/it is monentur (‘they are
warned’) warned’)
FOURTH CONJUGATION:
audio, audire, audivi, auditus 'hear'
present infinitive: audire
present stem: audi- (audiu-)
SINGULAR PLURAL
I audior (‘I am heard’) audimur (‘we are heard’)
2 audiris, audire (‘you are audimini (‘you are heard’)
heard’)
auditur (‘he/she/it is audiuntur (‘they are heard’)
heard’)
Note: The stem vowel in the first singular shortens before an-
other vowel.
Vocabulary
celebro, celebrare, celebravi, anima, animae, f. (dat./abl.
celebratus celebrate pl., animabus) soul, life
concelebro, concelebrare, laetitia, laetitiae, f. gladness,
concelebravi, con- joy
celebratus celebrate litürgia, litürgiae, f. (divine)
together service, liturgy
firmo, firmare, firmavi, fir- misericordia, misericordiae, f.
matus strengthen, make mercy, kindness, pity
steady turba, turbae, f. crowd,
affirmo, affirmare, affirm4vi, multitude
affirmàtus prove, assert victoria, victoriae, f. victory
confirmo, confirmare, cón- diaconus, diaconi, m. deacon
firmàvi, confirmatus responsum, responsi, n.
strengthen, uphold answer, response
sano, sanare, sanavi, sanatus votum, vOti, n. VOW; prayer
heal carus, -a, -um (+ dat.) dear,
dico, dicere, dixi, dictus beloved
say, tell pass. also: be called dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)
benedico, benedicere, bene- worthy (of)
dixi, benedictus speak indignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)
well (of), bless unworthy (of)
maledico, maledicere, male- firmus, -a, -um steadíast, firm
dixi, maledictus speak evil infirmus, -a, -um weak, sick
(of), curse
60 UNIETI
Vocabulary Notes
Firmó ‘strengthen, make steady’ is the denominative verb formed
from the adjective firmus ‘steadfast, firm.’
Dico ‘say, tell’ takes either a dative of indirect object or ad + ac-
cusative: dico populo ‘I tell the people,’ dico ad populum ‘I say to the
people.’ When it means ‘tell’ in the sense of ‘give an order (to],' dico
takes a dative + infinitive: dicit puero operare ‘he tells the boy to
work.’ In the passive voice, dicó may mean ‘be called’; as such, it is
the equivalent of a copulative verb and takes a predicate nominative:
Petrus dicitur papa ‘Peter is called pope.’ [Likewise, efficio (Unit 6) in
the passive may function as a copulative: Petrus efficitur papa ‘Peter
is made (becomes) pope.’] The compounds benedico and maledico
may take either a dative or an accusative: benedicit puer6/puerum
‘he blesses the boy.’
Anima has a dative/ablative plural in -abus, to prevent its being
confused with the dative/ablative plural of animus (Unit 4)—ani-
mis. Any first declension noun whose base is identical with that of a
second declension noun may use this alternate ending.
Laetitia means 'gladness, joy' as an outward expression of emo-
tion. Cf. gaudium (Unit 3).
Litürgia, derived from the Greek, literally means ^work of the
people.’
Diaconus ‘deacon’ is taken from the Greek for servant.
Carus ‘dear, beloved’ may have its meaning supplemented by a
dative: carus erat Mariae ‘he was dear to Mary.’
Besides its use with an ablative, dignus (or indignus) may occa-
sionally be used with a genitive (in imitation of the Greek idiom).
Drills 61
An infinitive may also be used with these adjectives: dignus est in-
vocáre Deum ‘he is worthy to call upon God.’
Plenus ‘full of’ takes an ablative, but sometimes a genitive: plena
est gratia/gratiae ‘she is full of grace.’
Universus ‘all, the whole’ is the adjective from which the noun
üniversum (Unit 3) is derived.
Unus ‘one’ is sometimes the virtual equivalent of the indefinite
article “a, an."
Unit 7 adds a new meaning to à (ab, abs): ‘by (the agency of).
Cf. à (ab, abs) in Unit r.
Bene ‘well’ is the adverb derived from the adjective bonus (Unit 4).
The declension of Jésüs is unique; its forms must be specially
memorized.
Male ‘badly, poorly, the adverb from malus (Unit 4), when used
with forms of habeo, yields the idiom ‘to be sick.’
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
confirmó confirmation
sano sane, sanatorium
dico indict, indite, dictum, diction,
dictionary
benedico benediction
maledico malediction
anima animate, animation
laetitia Letitia
misericordia ^ misericord
turba turbid, disturb, turbo-jet,
turbulent
diaconus diaconate, deacon
votum vote, votary, votive
dignus deign, dignity
indignus indignity
plenus plenary, plenty
primus prime
unus union, unity
Drills
I. Present indicative passive. Translate; change the number and
retranslate.
62 UNIT 7
Exercises
L Pleni sunt caeli et terra gloria tua.
Jésus Nazarenus dicitur Christus.
. Pueró praemium à magistro datur.
. Jésus turbam sanat; multi enim male habent.
Hodie Missa à caro episcopo celebratur.
Digni sumus misericordia Dei?
. Puer infirmus votis Petri sanatur.
RwMH
On. Universa Judaea ad domum advenit, et a Jesu peccata
ON
donantur.
. Minister bene orat, et primum responsum à populo
dicitur.
IO. In primis infirmos et maestos sanat Jesus.
deec Liturgia Deus a populo laudatur.
12. Propter Christi victoriam apostoli erant pleni laetitia; et
adhuc cum gaudio populus Domino semper benedicit.
13 Animabus jüstorum semper benedicimus?
14. Una cum populo diaconus dignus ad Deum orat.
a Carus Jesu apostolus Mariam in cenaculum inducit.
16. Et digni et indigni a Deo conservantur.
Ix Una ancilla ad Jesüm in domo venit, et benedicitur.
. Magna laetitia psalmi a discipulis cantantur.
19. Propter Filium Dei nostra natura à peccato liberatur.
20. In nostris animis Dominus regnat; nam delet nostra vitia
et culpas.
P41Ne A familia puer Jesus cum magistris in templo invenitur.
22. Liber a primo diacono recipitur.
Exercises 63
II. . The good people are being led into the church by the new
deacon; there the canticles of the Lord are joyfully sung.
. Today the eternal victory of Christ is being well
celebrated by his people.
. The many gifts of the assembly are being received by the
beloved minister.
. The Lord of power and justice is rightly praised by all
nature.
. The man is not sad, but full of joy, for the sick in Judea are
being healed by the blessed apostles.
Unit 8
SECOND CONJUGATION:
moneo, monére, monui, monitus ‘warn, advise’
present stem: mone-
imperfect base: moné- + -bà- = monéba-
SINGULAR PLURAL
I monébam (‘I was warning’) monébamus (‘we were
warning’)
2 monébás (‘you were moneébatis (‘you were
warning’) warning’)
3 monebat (‘he/she/it was monébant (‘they were
warning/) warning/)
SINGULAR PLURAL
I dücebam (‘I was leading’) dücebamus (‘we were
leading’)
2 J dücébas (‘you were leading’) ducébatis (‘you were
leading’)
dücébat (‘he/she/it was ducébant (‘they were
leading’) leading’)
SINGULAR PLURAL
I capiébam (‘I was taking’) capiébamus (‘we were
taking’)
2 capiébas (‘you were taking’) capiebatis (‘you were
taking’)
capiébat (‘he/she/it was capiébant (‘they were
taking’) taking’)
66 UNIT 8
FOURTH CONJUGATION:
audio, audire, audivi, auditus ‘hear’
present stem: audi- > audié-
imperfect base: audié- + -ba- = audiéba-
SINGULAR PLURAL
Note: The endings -r and -ntur shorten the vowel of the tense-
making suffix. This is the case in the imperfect passive
forms of all other conjugations.
SECOND CONJUGATION:
moneo, monére, monui, monitus ‘warn, advise’
imperfect base: monéba-
Imperfect Indicative Passive: All Four Conjugations 67
SINGULAR PLURAL
1 moneébar (‘I was being monébamur (‘we were being
warned’) warned’)
2 moneébaris, monébare (‘you monébamini (‘you were
were being warned’) being warned’)
3 monébatur (‘he/she/it was monébantur (‘they were
being warned’) being warned’)
THIRD CONJUGATION, '-0' TYPE:
düco, dücere, düxi, ductus ‘lead’
imperfect base: düceba-
SINGULAR PLURAL
I dücebar (‘I was being led’) dücéebamur (‘we were being
led’)
2 dücebaris, ducébare (‘you dücébàmini (‘you were
were being led’) being led’)
3 ducébatur (‘he/she/it was ducébantur (‘they were
being led’) being led’)
THIRD CONJUGATION, ‘-id’ TYPE:
capio, capere, cepi, captus ‘take, receive’
imperfect base: capiéba-
SINGULAR PLURAL
I capiebar (/I was being capiebamur (^we were being
taken’) taken’)
2 capiébaris, capiébare (‘you capiébamini (‘you were
were being taken’) dis taken’)
3 caplepawar (‘he/she/it was capiébantur (‘they were
eing taken’) E taken’)
FOURTH CONJUGATION:
audio, audire, audivi, auditus ‘hear’
imperfect base: audiéba-
SINGULAR PLURAL
I audiébar (‘I was being audiébamur (‘we were being
heard’) heard’)
2 audiébaris, audiébare (‘you audiébamini (‘you were
were being heard’) being heard’)
2 audiebatur (‘he/she/it was audiébantur (‘they were
being heard’) being heard’)
68 UNIT 8
44. Ellipsis
In both English and Latin a word or words needed to complete a
grammatical construction may be omitted when they can be under-
stood from the preceding clauses. This common feature of language
is called ellipsis: she sings as well as Amy [sings]; Dan is taller than
I [am tall]; Iwent for a walk, but Meg didn't [go for a walk].
Boni Deum laudant, sed mali non.
'Good men praise God, but evil men do not.'
[sed (coord. conj.) ‘but, yet]
70 UNIT 8
Vocabulary
-pleo, -plére, -plévi, -plétus mirus, -a, -um wonderful
fill, complete mundus, -a, -um pure, clean
adimpleo, adimplere, immundus, -a, -um impure,
adimplevi, adimplétus unclean
fulfill sacrosanctus, -a, -um most
compleoó, complere, com- holy, venerable
plévi, completus fulfill, salütifer, -a, -um salutary,
accomplish saving
impléo, implére, implévi, supernus, -a, -um heavenly,
impletus fill, accomplish celestial
repleo, replére, replévi, re- terrenus, -a, -um earthly
plétus fill, complete etiam (intensifying adv.) also;
rego, regere, réxi, réctus rule, even
guide, govern iterum (adv.) again
corrig6, corrigere, correxi, jam (adv.) already; now; soon
correctus correct per (prep. + acc.) through
dirigo, dirigere, diréxi, diréc- post (prep. + acc.) after,
tus direct behind
erigo, erigere, erexi, erectus quando (interrog. adv.) when?
raise up, erect
quia (subord. conj.) that;
incensum, incensi, n. incense because
meritum, meriti, n. merit quod (subord. conj.) that;
silentium, silentii, n. silence because
angelicus, -a, -um angelic quoniam (subord. conj.) that;
contritus, -a, -um contrite because
cünctus, -a, -um all sed (coord. conj.) but, yet
gloriosus, -a, -um glorious tunc (adv.) then, at that time
gratus, -a, -um (+ dat.) pleas-
ing, agreeable
Vocabulary Notes
The verb -pleo ‘fill, complete’ occurs only in compound form.
Dirig6 has the inseparable prefix dis- (di-) ‘apart, away.’
Meritum is a noun from which the adverb merito (Unit 5) has
been taken.
Angelicus ‘angelic’ is formed from the base of the noun angelus +
the adjectival suffix -icus, -a, -um ‘pertaining to.’
The adjective gloriosus is compounded of the base of the noun
gloria (Unit 1) + the adjectival suffix -6sus, -a, -um ‘full of.’
Drills 73
Drills
I. Imperfect indicative. Translate; change the voice and re-
translate.
a. cantabatur e. delebar i. perducébaris
b. dabamini f. monébamur j. inveniébamini
c. laudabare g. agebare k. sanabatur
d. liberabantur h. ducébatur l. confirmabar
72 UNIT 8
Exercises
I. Potentia Dei puer érigébatur (erigitur).
A turba angelica caelorum Deus laudabatur.
Per Christi potentiam populus ab apostolis sanabantur.
oH
MBW Domus maesto silentio implebatur, quoniam puer erat
mortuus.
NS gaudio replébantur, quia verbum Domini
adimplebatur.
. Quando puer a magistro corrigebatur? —Non hodie.
. Hebraei gloriosum Dominum psalmis et incenso
laudabant, quod mira etiam pro populo complebantur.
. Diaconus dicit quod Dominus vota contritorum exaudit.
. Contrito animo Deo gratias agebamus, sed mali non.
IO. Cuncti discipuli post Jesüm in domum jam veniebant.
Tt Laetitia est et in supernis et in terrenis, quia Dominus est
bonus et magnus.
I2. Pueri jam inveniébant quod in libro miro sunt et hymni et
cantica.
I3« Malus minister mundum sacrificium non faciebat.
I4. Nostri ministri dicunt quoniam Christus erat et est et erit
Dominus universae naturae.
rs Iterum salutiferis praeceptis Christi monébamur
(monemur).
I6. Apostolus audiebat quod Jesus erat (est) vivus, sed non
credebat.
ae Semper dicébatis quia multi in Judaea erant discipuli
Christi.
I8. Tunc discipuli cum Jesü per agros ambulabant.
I9. Per merita Jesu sanabamur et efficiebamur firmi.
- 20. Beati sumus, quia Deo est filius pius in aeternum.
P» Hodie verba antiquorum coram Judaeis adimplentur.
223 Per sacrosanctum sacramentum efficiebamur Domino
grati.
Exercises 75
Note: The -i- of the suffix is absorbed in the first singular and
changed to -u- in the third plural.
SECOND CONJUGATION:
moneo, monére, monui, monitus ‘warn, advise’
present stem: mone-
future base: moné- + -bi- = monébi-
SINGULAR PLURAL
I monebo (‘I will warn’) monébimus (‘we will warn!)
monébis (‘you will warn’) monébitis (‘you will warn’)
3 monébit (‘he/she/it will monébunt (‘they will warn’)
warn’)
Future Indicative Passive 75
Note: The -i- of the suffix is absorbed in the first singular and
changed to -u- in the third plural.
SECOND CONJUGATION:
moneó, monére, monui, monitus ‘warn, advise’
future base: monébi-
SINGULAR PLURAL
I monébor (‘I will be warned’) monébimur (‘we will be
warned’)
2 monéberis, monébere (‘you monébimini (‘you will be
will be warned’) warned’)
3 monébitur (‘he/she/it will monébuntur (‘they will be
be warned’) warned’)
76 UNIT 9
Notes: 1. Short -a- appears as the tense sign in the first sin-
gular before the alternate ending -m.
2. Long -e- shortens before -t and -nt, as usual.
FOURTH CONJUGATION:
audio, audire, audivi, auditus ‘hear’
present stem: audi-
future base: audié-
SINGULAR PLURAL
I audiam (‘I will hear’) audiemus (‘we will hear’)
2 audies (‘you will hear’) audietis (‘you will hear’)
quiet me she/it will audient (‘they will hear’)
Car:
Notes: 1. Short -a- appears as the tense sign in the first singu-
lar before the alternate ending -m.
2. Long -e- shortens before -t and -nt, as usual.
SINGULAR PLURAL
jn audiar (‘I will be heard’) audiémur (‘we will be
heard’)
2 audieris, audiére (‘you will audiémini (‘you will be
be heard’) heard’)
audiétur (‘he/she/it will be audientur (‘they will be
heard’) heard’)
Vocabulary
adjuvo, adjuvare, adjüvi, intro, intrare, intravi, intratus
adjütus help enter
formo, formare, formavi, forma- satio, satiáre, satiávi, satiatus
tus train, guide; fashion, form nourish, satisfy
Vocabulary 79
Vocabulary Notes
The primitive verb from which adjuvo is formed—juv6, which
also means ‘help’—is not formally presented in this text.
Intro ‘enter’ may take an accusative, with or without a preposition
(in or ad): intrat (in/ad) domum ‘he enters the house.’
It is hardly surprising that video has both a physical and a mental
meaning: 'see; realize.' Cf. 'do you see that?'
The ablative of causa 'purpose, reason' may be used as an improper
preposition—causa ‘for the sake of'—taking either a preceding geni-
tive or an accompanying ablative of a possessive adjective: Petri
causa ‘for the sake of Peter,’ mea causa ‘for my sake.’
Altus indicates distance up or down; hence, ‘high, deep.’
Catholicus is taken from the Greek for ‘universal.’
Autem may be used to continue a narrative (‘and’) or to indicate a
weak adversative idea (‘but’).
Véré ‘truly’ is the adverb formed from the adjective vérus (Unit 4).
80 UNIT 9
Drills
I. Future indicative: first and second conjugations. Translate;
change to the present and retranslate.
a. ambulabis e. liberabimur i. invocabimus
b. cantabuntur f. operabo j. fugabunt
c. dabit g. servabimini k. monébor
d. collaudabitis — h. vocabere l. habéberis
Exercises
I. 1. Animo autem boni à malis separabuntur (séparabantur).
2. Mandata Dei 4 vestro populo scientur (sciuntur).
3. Dominum nostrum semper laudabimus, quoniam
universum certe regit.
4. Pueri animo maesti in agris diligenter operabunt?
Exercises 81
II. . The High God will be praised by the minister and the
people.
. It is good to work in behalf of the kingdom.
. For the sake of the good servant Jesus will enter the house
and heal the child.
In silence we will give thanks to the Lord.
wa
Through the power of Jesus we will be freed from the
evil one.
Unit 10
I -1 -imus
7) -isti -istis
3 -it -érunt
For example:
laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus ‘praise’
perfect stem: laudav-
SINGULAR PLURAL
I laudavi (‘I [have] praised’) laudavimus (‘we [have]
praised’)
Relative Pronoun/Interrogative Adjective 83
SINGULAR PLURAL
2 laudavisti (‘you [have] laudavistis (‘you [have]
praised’) praised’)
3 laudavit ('he/she/it [has] laudavérunt (‘they [have]
praised’) praised’)
Vocabulary
solvo, solvere, solvi, solütus perpetuus, -a, -um everlasting,
set free; break up; pay back perpetual
absolvo, absolvere, absolvi, secundus, -a, -um next, second
absolütus set free (from), ünigenitus, -a, -um only begot-
absolve; finish ten, only
tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus allelüja (Hebrew: interjection)
take away, lift up, take up alleluia (cry of joy and
extollo, extollere, extuli, — praise)
lift up, extol ante (prep. + acc.) before
finio, finire, finivi (finii), ecce (interjection) look! here!
finitus end, finish eléison (Greek: imperative)
Galilaea, Galilaeae, f. Galilee have mercy!
annus, anni, m. year hosanna (Hebrew: interjec-
clérus, cleri, m. clergy tion) hosanna (cry of praise)
debitum, débiti, n. debt Kyrie (Greek: vocative)
desiderium, desiderii, n. want, O Lord!
need, desire perenniter (adv.) constantly,
detrimentum, détrimenti, n. perennially
loss postea (adv.) afterward,
imperium, imperii, n. domin- later on
ion, empire; precept, qui, quae, quod (1. interrog.
command adj.; 2. rel. pron.) 1. which?
ministerium, ministerii, n. what? 2. who, which, that
ministry, service secundum (prep. + acc.)
spatium, spatii, n. space according to
vinculum, vinculi, n. bond, subit6 (adv.) suddenly
chain
excelsus, -a, -um high, lofty,
* exalted
Vocabulary Notes
Clérus ‘clergy’ is taken from the Greek meaning ‘inheritance’; the
only inheritance of the Levites was the Lord.
Ministerium ‘ministry, service’ is an abstract noun formed from
minister (Unit 2) and the abstract-noun-making suffix -ium, -ii.
Secundus literally means ‘following’; hence, ‘next, second.’ From
this adjective the preposition secundum 'according to' has been
derived.
86 UNIT IO
Ante ‘before’ has both a temporal and a spatial meaning: ante an-
num ‘a year before’; ante domum ‘before (in front of) the home.’
When used in nominal sentences, ecce means 'here is': ecce an-
cilla Domini 'here is the servant of the Lord.'
Eleison, despite its long penult, retains its Greek accentuation:
eléison.
Qui, quae, quod has a more general meaning when suffixed by
-cumque: quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque ^whichever, who-
ever, whatever.’ When used with the preposition cum ‘with’ the
ablative precedes and coalesces with it: quócum ‘with whom,’ qui-
buscum ^with whom.' The relative may precede other prepositions,
e.g., quem propter 'on account of which/whom.' A connective rela-
tive even precedes a subordinating conjunction: Qui quoniam ...
‘And because they . . .’
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
solvo solve, solution
absolvo absolution
finio finite, infinitive, definition
annus annals, annual
clerus cleric, clerical, clerk
debitum debit, debt
detrimentum . detriment
imperium empire, imperial
vinculum vinculum (math term)
excelsus excelsior
ante antebellum, anticipate
qui qui vive, quorum, qua,
sine qua non
subito subito (musical term)
Drills
I. Give the principal parts of sum; adoro; compleo; rego; accipio;
venio. Fully conjugate the perfect active indicative of each.
Exercises
I. Gloria in excelsis Deo.
. Minister et servi oraverunt: Kyrie, eléison!
Dominus, qui est bonus, desideria populi semper scivit.
Servus, quem scis, ministro et aquam et vinum dedit.
Verba Christi, quae audimus, apostoli tradiderunt.
H
PY
RU
Qv Qui discipuli in Galilaea sciverunt quod Jesus Nazarenus
erat filius unigenitus Dei?
. Secundum tua verba perenniter operavimus et oravimus.
^4
Oo. Cui servo non carus fuit dominus?
9. Per unigenitum Filium Deus debita nostrorum
peccatorum solvit.
IO. Agnus Dei, qui tollit peccata mundi, à populo semper
laudatur.
11. Hodie Dominus Deus Filium ünigenitum super cünctos in
caelo et in terra extulit. Allelüja!
I2. Per Dei perpetuam misericordiam vincula peccati
tolluntur et solvuntur.
I3. Qui discipuli vitam in Galilaea finiverunt?
I4. Postea Christiani detrimento Petri afficiebantur.
IS. Benedictus, qui venit ad cenam Domini. Hosanna in
excelsis!
16. Subito puer imperium Domini vidit. Qui Deo gratias egit.
17. Clerus ministerio populi saepe adjuvatur.
18. Primus discipulus Petrum scivit, sed secundus non.
19. Infirmi in domum intravérunt. Qui à Jésü sanabantur.
20. Per spatium multorum annorum apostoli Jesu Christi in
Galilaea videbantur. Qui enim in Jesum vere crediderunt.
21. Per potentiam Domini Petrus populum peccatis absolvit.
22. Maria nàtum ante magistros vidit (videt).
23. Viri, quibuscum Jesüs trans agros ambulabat, fuerunt
discipuli.
24. Et iterum intravit Capharnaum. Mk. ii, I.
25. Scio quia Messias venit—qui dicitur Christus. Jn. iv, 25.
SINGULAR PLURAL
1 cepero (‘I will have taken’) céperimus (‘we will have
taken’)
2 ceéperis (‘you will have céperitis (‘you will have
taken’) taken’)
céperit (‘he/she/it will have ^ céperint (‘they will have
taken’) taken!)
Note: The -i- of the suffix is dropped before the ending -0.
Vocabulary
-clino, -clinare, -clinavi, ficavi, sanctificatus make
-clinatus bend holy, sanctify
inclino, inclinàre, inclinavi, aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus
inclinatus bow, lean open; explain
forward Adam, Adae, m. Adam
reclino, reclinàre, reclinavi, aula, aulae, f. hall, church
reclinatus lean back, columna, columnae, f. pillar,
recline column
exsulto, exsultare, exsultavi, creatura, creaturae, f. creation,
exsultatus rejoice, exult creature
glorifico, glorificare, glorifi- flamma, flammae, f. flame
cavi, glorificatus glorify hostia, hostiae, f. sacrificial
conglorifico, conglérificare, offering, host
conglorificavi, con- innocentia, innocentiae, f.
glorificatus glorify innocence
(exceedingly) Pascha, Paschae, f. Passover,
grego, gregare, gregavi, gre- Pesach, Pasch; Easter
gatus gather, assemble propheta, prophetae, m.
aggrego, aggregare, aggregavi, prophet
aggregatus add to; join scriptüra, scriptürae, f.
with writing, scripture
congregó, congregare, con- cibus, cibi, m. food
gregavi, congregatus
Paulus, Pauli, m. Paul
gather together, assemble
dolorosus, -a, -um sorrowful
segrego, segregare, segregavi,
laetus, -a, -um joyful
segregatus separate
parvus, -a, -um little, small
paro, parare, paravi, paratus
parvulus, -a, -um little,
provide, prepare
small
praeparo, praeparare,
tertius, -a, -um third
praeparavi, praeparatus
prepare apud (prep. + acc.) in the
presence of, among, at the
resultó, resultàre, resultavi, re-
house of
sultatus resound, rebound
hinc (adv.) from here
sanctifico, sanctificare, sancti-
ob (prep. + acc.) because of
Vocabulary Notes
The verb -clino ‘bend’ is used only in compounds. When used
without a direct object, reclinó occurs in the passive (equivalent to
the Greek middle): reclinabantur 'they were reclining.'
92 UNIT II
Exsultó and resultó are frequentative verbs derived from the primi-
tive verb salió ‘leap.’ For exsultó ‘rejoice,’ compare the expression,
‘jump for joy.’
When facio ‘do, make’ (Unit 6) is compounded with a noun or an
adjective, it changes from the third conjugation to the first: gloria +
facio = glorifico (glorificare, etc.) ‘make glorious, glorify.’ The same
observation may be made about sanctifico.
Grego is a denominative verb derived from the noun grex (Unit 18)
meaning ‘flock.’
The Hebrew nouns Adam and Pascha are declined as first declen-
sion nouns. Adam, in form, may be either nominative or accusative.
Creatüra literally means the ‘act of or the result of the act of cre-
ating’; hence, ‘creation, creature.’ Scriptüra uses the same noun-
making suffix (-üra).
Prophéta is taken from the Greek meaning ‘one who speaks forth.’
Laetus is the adjective from which the noun laetitia (Unit 7) is
formed.
There is little or no difference in meaning between parvus and par-
vulus; they are often used substantively to mean ‘little one,’ hence
‘child.’
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
inclino incline, inclination
exsulto exultation
aggrego aggregate
congrego congregate, congregation
segrego segregation
aperio aperture
aula aulic
cibus ciborium
dolorosus ^ dolorous, doloroso (musical term)
tertius tertiary
Drills
I. Pluperfect and future-perfect active. Translate; change the
number and retranslate.
a. ambulaverat c. donaverimus e. deleverit
b. ‘\dederamus d. laudaverint f. miscueratis
Exercises 93
Exercises
I. r. Quoniam Hebraei columnam flammae viderunt, etiam
hodie Pascham observant.
2. Tunc caeli ante Jesüm aperiébantur.
3. Merito üniversa creatura innocentiam Agni laudaverit
(laudabit).
4. Aula laetitia populi resultaverat.
5. Jam Jesus populo intrare in templum dixerat.
6. Cuncti apostoli in cenaculo congregaverant, et ibi Deum
perenniter conglorificabant.
7. In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et
Deus erat Verbum. Jn. i, 1.
8. Ob Adae culpam primam habemus Christum Dominum.
9. Nam Christus mortuos à vivis separaverit.
IO. Pascha dolorosi efficiuntur laeti.
1I. In Jüdaea apostolus viam Domini praeparaverat.
I2. Qui semper et diligenter operaverint pro Domino,
aeternum praemium habebunt in regno caelorum.
I3. Parvuli, qui ad Jesüm in Petri domo venerant,
benedicebantur.
I4. Sed ante annum Paulus Petrum in Galilaea viderat.
IS. Parvus servus, qui cibum paraverat, scivit cünctos qui
vocabantur.
16. Paulus, magister in Judaea clarus, scripturas bene sciverat.
17. Populus, qui in aula congregaverit, victoria Christi
exsultabit.
18. Discipuli congregavérunt in cenaculo, et Petrus dixit,
Quia hodie est magnum festum Domini.
94 UNIT II
SINGULAR PLURAL
2 monitus, -a, -um es (‘you moniti, -ae, -a estis ('you
were/have been warned’) were/have been warned’)
3 monitus, -a, -um est moniti, -ae, -a sunt (‘they
(‘he/she/it was/has been were/have been warned’)
warned’)
Note that after the basic translation, "having been , the student
may try various translations (depending on the context) which ren-
der the participle in a finite form. A perfect participle, when trans-
lated as a clause, is given a tense prior to that of the main verb. (Oc-
casionally, where sense demands, it may be translated with a tense
contemporaneous with the main verb.)
Vocabulary
clàmo, clamdare, clamavi, relictus leave (behind),
clamatus cry out, shout; abandon
call upon rego:
acclam6, acclamare, ac- surgo, surgere, surréxi, sur-
clamavi, acclamatus cry réctus rise up, arise
out, exclaim insurgo, insurgere, insurréxi,
exclamo, exclamare, ex- insurréctus rise up
clamavi, exclamatus cry resurgo, resurgere, resurréxi,
aloud, exclaim resurréctus rise up again
guberno, gubernare, gubernavi, vivo, vivere, vixi, victus live
gubernatus govern capio:
debeo, débére, débui, debitus concipi6, concipere, concépi,
owe; Ought (+ inf.) conceptus conceive
valeo, valere, valui, — be well, excipio, excipere, excepi, ex-
be strong; be able (+ inf.) ceptus welcome
videor, vidéri, —, visus sum incipio, incipere, incépi, in-
be seen; seem (+ inf.) ceptus begin (+ inf.)
desino, desinere, désii, désitus possum, posse, potui, —
(+ inf.) cease be able, can (+ inf.)
mitt6, mittere, misi, missus collécta, collectae, f. collect;
send; cast; put collection
dimitto, dimittere, dimisi, Eva, Evae, f. Eve
dimissus send away, re-
mensa, mensae, f. table;
lease; forgive; permit banquet
permitto, permittere,
certus, -a, -um fixed, sure,
permisi, permissus allow,
certain
permit (4 dat. and inf.)
maximus, -a, -um greatest,
submitto, submittere,
very great
submisi, submissus lower;
optimus, -a, -um best,
suborn, bribe
very good
relinquo, relinquere, reliqui,
Vocabulary 99
Vocabulary Notes
Débeo originated as a compound of dé- ‘away from’ and habeo
‘have, hold’ (Unit 6): a debtor holds what he owes away from his
creditor.
Note that videor, the passive of video (Unit 9), means ‘seem’ when
used with an infinitive.
Surgó is compounded of sub + rego (subrigo > surrigó > surgó).
Incipió means ‘take upon’ oneself, and so ‘begin’; it takes an object
infinitive.
Certus is the adjective from which the adverb certe (Unit 9) is
formed.
The spelling atque is used before vowels or consonants; ac before
consonants only. Atque (ac) is used sparingly, to indicate that which
the listener could not anticipate from the context.
Postquam ‘after’ takes a perfect where formal English prefers the
pluperfect tense: postquam puerum vidit ‘after he had seen the boy.’
The indefinite adjective (quidam, quaedam, quoddam) and the in-
definite pronoun (quidam, quaedam, quiddam) are identical in de-
clension save for the spelling of the neuter singular nominative/
accusative. Both are formed from the relative pronoun/adjective,
qui, quae, quod (Unit 10) by the addition of the suffix -dam.
Tamen ‘nevertheless’ seldom comes first in its clause.
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
clamo claim; acclaim; exclaim
guberno gubernatorial
debeo debenture (« debentur)
valeo valor, valid, avail, prevail
desino desinence
mitto Mass, missile; permissive
relinquo relinquish, relic, relict
IOO UNIT I2
Drills
I. Complementary infinitive with possum. Translate; change the
number and retranslate.
a. videre potest d. parare potuerunt
b. audire poteramus — e. finire possumus
C. Scire poterunt f. reclinare potuerant
II. Give the principal parts of tollo; finio; aperio; video; erigo;
sano. Fully conjugate the perfect indicative passive of each.
Exercises
I. r. Per Jésu potentiam Petrus valebat populo debita dimittere.
2. Nunc dimittis servum tuum. Lk. ii, 29.
3. Certe Deum laudare non desinemus. Nam Dominus est
in aeternum. Amen.
4. Postquam Paulus aulam reliquit, sub tectum discipuli
venit.
Exercises IOI
I auditus, -a, -um eró (‘I will auditi, -ae, -a erimus (^we
have been heard’) will have been heard’)
IO4 UNIT I3
SINGULAR PLURAL
2 auditus, -a, -um eris BE auditi, -ae, -a eritis (‘you
will have been heard’) will have been heard’)
3 auditus, -a, -um erit auditi, -ae, -a erunt ('they
'he/she/it will have been will have been heard’)
eard’)
Vocabulary
ceno, cenare, cenavi, cenatus subdo, subdere, subdidi, sub-
dine, eat supper ditus put under, put after,
creo, creare, creavi, creatus subject
create pario, parere, peperi, partus
do: beget, produce, bear
addo, addere, addidi, additus specio, specere, spexi, spectus
give to, add look (at)
perdo, perdere, perdidi, per- aspicio, aspicere, aspexi,
ditus lose; destroy aspectus look (at)
incarn6, incarnáare, incarnavi, circumspició, circumspicere,
incarnatus make into flesh, circumspexi, circumspec-
make incarnate tus look around
muto, mutare, mutavi, muta- déspicio, despicere, déspexi,
tus change, exchange déspectus look down on,
immuüto, immutdare, immü- despise
tavi, immutdatus transforn respicio, respicere, respexi,
Sto, stare, steti, status stand respectus look at, regard,
(still) watch
ast0, astare, astiti, — stand baptista, baptistae, m.
by, stand near baptizer, baptist
circumsto, circumstare, cir- dextera, dexterae, f. right hand
cumsteti, — stand around, tuba, tubae, f. trumpet
encircle digitus, digiti, m. finger, toe
instó, instare, institi,— oculus, oculi, m. eye
urge; threaten (+ dat.) brachium, brachii, n. arm
praesto, praestare, praestiti désertus, -a, -um forsaken,
(praestavi), praestatus deserted
(praestitus) bestow; désertum, déserti, n. desert
accomplish Galilaeus, -a, -um Galilaean
restó, restare, restiti, — Jüdaeus, -a, -um Jewish
remain (behind)
Romanus, -a, -um Roman
-do, -dere, -didi, -ditus put
cum (subord. conj.) when,
condo, condere, condidi, after
conditus found; hide
Vocabulary 107
Vocabulary Notes
Ceno, a denominative verb from céna (Unit 1), is intransitive, i.e.,
it does not take an object.
Addo and perdo are compounds of dé ‘give.’
Incarno is formed from the noun caro, carnis, f. ‘flesh’ (Unit 19).
The prefix of immüto (im- = in-) is intensive (not negative or loca-
tive): müto ‘I change’; immuüto ‘I transform.’
St6 ‘stand’ is sometimes the virtual equivalent of sum ‘be’: mén-
sae stant in aula ‘the tables stand (= are) in the hall.’
The verb -do, -dere, -didi, -ditus ‘put’ occurs only in compounds:
e.g., condo ‘found; hide’ and subdo ‘put under.’
While the simple verb speció seldom occurs, it yields four impor-
tant compounds: aspicio, circumspicio, despicio, and respicióo.
Baptista is an agent noun borrowed from Greek.
Brachium ‘arm’ is also spelled with two c’s; when so spelled, the
-a- is short by nature (but now long by position: bracchium).
Galilaeus and Jüdaeus are the adjectives from which the nouns
Galilaea (Unit 10) and Jüdaea (Unit 2) are derived.
Cum ‘with’ (Unit 1) and cum ‘when, after’ are homonyins. Since
their uses are so different, which is meant is always clear: cum puero
‘with the boy’; cum puer videt ‘when the boy sees.’ Cum ‘when,
after’ is quite often used with the future or future-perfect indicative.
Dum, when it means ‘while,’ will often use the present, even if
the main clause has a past tense: dum ambulat, cantavit ‘while he
walked, he sang.’
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
muto mutate, commutor
sto stay, status, state, station, sub-
stance, restive, the rest
addo add, addition
108 UNIT 13
Drills
I. Pluperfect and future-perfect passive. Translate; change the
number and retranslate.
a. cantatus erit g. Sanata eris
b. data erant h. corrécti fueramus
c. laudati fuerint i. erit formatum
d. sacrata erat j. Satiatae erunt
e. eritis vocatae k. visus eram
f. ducti eramus l. missus ero
Exercises
rr T. Hymno dicto, apostoli domum reliquerunt.
2. Antequam puer ad cenam missus est, primum in domini
agro cünctis cum servis operavit.
3. Tunc Galilaei a Romanis saepe despecti sunt, quoniam
deos Romanorum non adorabant.
Cum verba Jesü audita erunt, qui vir non credet?
Dum operat, orabat.
$1 mandata mea à populo observata fuerint, habebunt
vitam aeternam.
. Petrus populo mira Domini dicet, donec Paulus advénerit.
Stella in caelo visa, viri ex agris venerunt atque
adoraverunt natum Jesüm.
. Ut Jesus circumspexit, viri erant maesti et non unum
verbum dixerunt. Sciverunt enim quod Jésus vera dixerat.
IO. Cum viderint oculi mei Dominum, meam vitam finire
potero.
II. Ubi angelus Domini visus erit, tuba victoriae super
universam terram audietur.
I2. Etiam in deserto Judaeae baptista Jesüm scivit. Jesü enim
primum respecto, dixit: Ecce agnus Dei.
13. Etsi est parvulus, puer in domo restat.
T2 Baptista autem tradito, venit Jesus in Galilaeam, ubi
populo Evangelium dicere incepit.
£5. Maria primum natum peperit, et vocatus est Jesus.
T6: Sanctus vir dextera puerum cépit et duxit in domum.
17. Ubi Jüdaei digitum Dei in caelis spexerunt, laeti
potentiam misericordiamque laudaverunt.
18. In principio Deus mundum creavit ac vitae praestitit
donum.
19. Natura immütata est nostra, ut Filius incarnatus est?
20. Natus in brachiis Mariae habitus fuerat.
2l: Postquam vir malus aurum condidit, ad dexteram Petri
in silentio astitit.
22 Vir, qui vitam perdidit, a Jüdaeis laudatus fuerat.
Da Romani qui circumsteterant puero instabant.
24. Nisi mea verba effecta fuerint, beati non eritis.
25: Christianis ubique inventis, Paulus, bene satiatus, in
domo Petri cum gaudio restabat.
26. Mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa.
77 Et traditus est Jésu liber prophétae.
28. Non est hic, sed surréxit. Lk. xxiv, 6.
RETO UNIT I3
Nom. — -es
Gen. -is -um
Dat. -i -ibus
ACC -em -és
Abl. -e -ibus
Notes: 1. Since the dative singular (-i) and the genitive plural
(-um) endings are identical with the spellings used
in other cases in the second declension, the student
is cautioned to identify the declension of a noun be-
fore attempting to determine its case.
. Although some endings in the plural are identically
spelled, context will help to determine the intended
Case
SINGULAR PLURAL
Dat. regi (‘for/to the king’) régibus (‘for/to the kings’)
Acc. régem (‘the king’) régés (‘the kings’)
Abl. rege (‘from/with/in/by regibus (‘from/with/in/by
the king’) the kings’)
mater, matris, f. ‘mother’; base: matr-
Nom. mater (‘the mother’) matrés (‘the mothers’)
Gen. mátris (‘of the mother) ^ matrum (‘of the mothers’)
Dat. matri (‘for/to the maátribus (‘for/to the
mother’) mothers’)
Acc. matrem (‘the mother’) matrés (‘the mothers’)
Abl. mátre (‘from/with/in/ matribus (‘from/with/in/by
by the mother’) the mothers!)
Nom. — -a
Gen. -is -um
Dat. -i -ibus
Acc. — -a
Abl. -e -ibus
corpus, corporis, n. ‘body, corpse’; base: corpor-
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. corpus (‘the body’) corpora (‘the bodies’)
Gen. corporis (‘of the body’) corporum (‘of the bodies’)
Dat. corpori (‘for/to the body’) corporibus (‘for/to the
bodies’)
Acc. corpus (‘the body’) corpora (‘the bodies’)
Abl. corpore (‘from/with/in/ corporibus (‘from/with/
by the body’) in/by the bodies’)
Dative of Reference: Advantage or Disadvantage L13
77. Apposition
A noun may be used to explain another noun; both nouns have the
same case and the same syntactical relationship to the rest of the
sentence.
Deum, nostrum Patrem, laudamus.
‘We praise God, our Father.’
[pater, patris, m. ‘father’]
Here Deum is an accusative, the direct object, and Patrem is an ac-
cusative, in apposition to Deum.
Vocabulary
detergeo, détergére, détersi, scribo, scribere, scripsi,
détersus wipe away, cancel scriptus write
inhaereo, inhaerere, inhaesi, describo, describere,
inhaesus cling to, adhere to descripsi, descriptus
(+ dat.) describe; enroll
lego, legere, legi, lectus capio:
choose, select; read suscipio, suscipere, suscépi,
colligo, colligere, collegi, susceptus take up, pick
collectus gather up, take up; accept
in, collect homo, hominis, m. human
diligo, diligere, dilexi, being, person
dilectus love Joannes, Joannis, m. John
pater, patris, m. father
choose, elect
Vocabulary IIS
Vocabulary Notes
Lego means both ‘choose, select’ and ‘read,’ since to read means to
pick out words on a page— no easy task for the ancients, since the
ideas of punctuation and spaces between words were late in coming.
Note that the compounds diligo and intellego (Unit 31) have -x- (not
-g-) in the third principal part: dilexi; intellexi.
Suscipió means ‘take up (from below). A Roman father acknowl-
edged a newborn child as his own by picking it up; ecclesiastical
Latin often uses this verb of God the Father taking up (and therefore
acknowledging) our earnest prayers.
Joannes ‘John’ may also be spelled with an -h-: Johannes.
Rex ‘king’ is related to rego ‘rule’ (Unit 8).
Déprecatio ‘supplication’ and oratio ‘prayer’ are nouns formed
from perfect participles— from deprecor 'beseech' (Unit 20) and oro
‘pray’ (Unit 5)—and the abstract-noun-making suffix -io, -ionis.
Baptisma, like baptista (Unit 13), is taken from the Greek.
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
detergeo deterge, detergent
inhaereo inherent
lego lesson, lecture, lectern, lection,
lectionary
diligo predilection
IIÓ UNIT I4
Drills
I; Third declension nouns: masculine and feminine. Identify the
case; give all possibilities; translate; change the number and
retranslate.
a. homini f. déprecationés k. voluntatum
b. patre g. matrem l]l patris
c. redemptorum hs oratione m. rex
d. regis i. pacem n. oratio
e. sacerdotibus j virginibus O. Sacerdoti
II. Third declension nouns: neuter. Identify the case; give all pos-
sibilities; translate; change the number and retranslate.
a. baptisma c. generibus
b. corpora d. luminis
Exercises D17
e. münera h. lumini
f. nomine i. baptismatum
g. genera j muneribus
Exercises
I. |1. Quamquam princeps sacerdotum verba Jesü audivit,
inhaesit tamen antiquis modis, et non credidit.
a In templo Jésus a libro prophetae orationem legit.
. Ergo apostoli cibum collegerunt et dedérunt populo.
. Scripto libro, apostolus iterum venit ad terram ubi à Jesü
ante multos annos electus erat.
. Scis quia Joannes dicebatur dilectus discipulus?
. Si nostra deprecatio a Patre suscepta erit, laeti erimus.
. Mater dolorosa corpus Jesu in brachiis suscepit; postea
corpus in terrà conditum est.
oo
Naum
AC . Sanctus Petrus, homo pacis et bonae voluntatis, electus
est princeps cunctorum apostolorum.
NO . Nostra peccata 4 Redemptore, Jesu Christo, detersa sunt.
. Novus discipulus, quamquam unus apostolorum non erat,
hominibus cünctis Evangelium scripsit.
TT. Discipuli Evangelium Jésu Christi per üniversas terras
semper lectum est. Nam in libro vitam Jesu descripsit.
I3: Tunc familia Jesü ad Bethlehem venit et descripta est.
I3. Postquam Joannes traditus est, Jesus ministerium incepit.
TAs Propter regem, hominem malo animo, familia terram
patrum reliquit.
I5: Postquam sacerdos noster orationem legit, subdidimus:
Amen.
16. Maria, et virgo et mater, ab hominibus cünctis laudata.
f7. Sancta familia per multos annos vixit in terra Aegyptia,
dum réx impius in Galilaea regnat.
I8. Nomine Jésü à sacerdote dicto, populus se (refl.) inclinavit.
I9. Ubi lümen est, vita est.
20. Deum dé Deo, lümen dé làmine, Deum vérum de Deo
Vero M
2I. Ideo Patrem invocavimus et magnas Filio egimus gratias.
22. Baptismate Joannis Jüdaei peccatis liberati sunt.
25 Primo Dei Testamento genus Judaeum effectum est
üniverso lamen mundo.
24. Hebraei a Domino per aquam sicco vestigio recti sunt.
118 UNIT 14
either have stems which end in two consonants, e.g., pars, partis,
f. 'part/; stem: part- (but this is not the case if the second is
l or r, e.g., mater, matris, f. ‘mother’; stem: matr-],
or are parisyllabic (i.e., have an equal number of syllables) in the
nominative and genitive singulars.
These nouns will be indicated in the vocabulary lists by the addition
of the genitive plural, the one differing form: pànis, pànis, panium,
m. ‘bread’; pars, partis, partium, f. ‘part.’
Vocabulary
mandücoó, mandicare, man- léctio, lectionis, f. reading
diicavi, mandücaàtus eat méns, mentis, mentium, f.
sono, sonare, sonui, sonitus mind, intention
(make a) sound mors, mortis, mortium, f.
insono, insondare, insonui, — death
resound pars, partis, partium, f. part,
persono, personare, per- some
sonui, personitus pro- resurrectio, resurrectionis, f.
claim; resound rising again, resurrection
ambo, ambonis, m. lectern, salüs, salütis, f. safety, health,
ambo salvation
cantor, cantoris, m. singer, cor, cordis, cordium, n. (abl.
cantor ] sing., corde) heart
cruor, cruoris, m. blood mare, maris, marium, n. sea
[from a wound] aptus, -a, -um (+ dat. or ad +
léctor, lectoris, m. reader, acc.) fitting, suitable, apt
lector hümanus, -a, -um human
pànis, panis, panium, m. proximus, -a, -um nearest
bread, loaf of bread (+ dat.); subst.: neighbor
postis, postis, postium, m. salvus, -a, -um safe, saved;
doorpost sound
sanguis, sanguinis, m. blood prae (prep. + abl.) before, in
[in general] preference to; in comparison
finis, finis, finium, m. & f. with; in consequence of,
end, boundary; pl.: territory, because of
district praeter (prep. + acc.) except;
particeps, participis, m. & f. beyond, past
partaker, sharer satis (1. indecl. noun; 2. in-
caligo, caliginis, f. mist, gloom decl. adj.; 3. adv.) 1. enough
iniquitàs, iniquitatis, f. (of) (+ partitive gen.)
wickedness 2. enough 3. enough,
largitas, largitatis, f. bounty, sufficiently
abundance
Vocabulary Notes
Ambo ‘lectern’ is derived from the Greek.
Cruor specifically means ‘blood’ as it flows from a wound. Cf. En-
glish ‘gore.’ The more general sanguis ‘blood’ is the one more often
used of Jesus and the shedding of his blood.
135 UNIT I$
Drills
I. Additional third declension nouns, including i-stems. Identify
the case; give all possibilities; translate; change the number and
retranslate.
Exercises 134
IH. . We are joyful because Jesus, the only Son of the Father, is a
sharer of our human nature.
. Many of the Galilaeans had not known that God chose
Mary as the mother of Jesus.
. The cantor sang a canticle sufficiently pleasing to the
people.
. Did many of the Jews call God the King of Kings?
Unit 16
SINGULAR PLURAL
Vocabulary
figo, figere, fixi, fixus pierce, crux, crucis, f. cross
fix, fasten passio, passionis, f. suffering,
crucifigo, crucifigere, cruci- passion
fixi, crucifixus fix to a suavitas, suavitatis, f.
cross, crucify sweetness
flecto, flectere, flexi, flexus Pascha, Paschatis, n. Passover,
bend, bow Pesach, Pasch; Easter
genüflecto, genüflectere, pótus, potas, m. drink
genüflexi, genüflexus bend ritus, ritüs, m. ceremony, rite
the knee, genuflect, kneel spiritus, spiritüs, m. breath;
(down) spirit
frango, frangere, fregi, fractus vultus, vultüs, m. face [i.e.,
break countenance]|
confring6, confringere, cón- manus, manis, f. hand
frégi, confractus break in cornü, cornüs, n. horn;
two, break in pieces mountaintop
fundo, fundere, füdi, füsus genü, genüs, n. knee
pour felix (gen., felicis) happy,
confundo, confundere, con- blessed
füdi, confüsus confound, memor (gen., memoris)
confuse; put to shame mindful of (+ gen.)
effundo, effundere, effüdi, omnipotens (gen., omnipoten-
effüsus pour out, shed, tis) all-powerful
spill
omnis, omne every, all
infundo, infundere, infudi,
paschalis, paschale of Easter,
infüsus pour, infuse
Paschal
refundo, refundere, refüdi,
salütaris, salütare saving, of
refüsus pour back, restore,
salvation
pay back
similis, simile (^ dat.) like,
scando, scandere, scandi, scan-
similar (to)
sus climb, mount
dissimilis, dissimile (+ dat.)
ascendo, ascendere, ascendi,
dissimilar, unlike
ascensus go up, come up,
ascend acer, acris, acre sharp, bitter,
ardent
descendo, descendere, de-
scendi, descensus go intra (prep. + acc.) within,
down, come down, descend among
calix, calicis, m. cup, chalice quapropter (coord. conj.)
caritas, caritatis, f. love, wherefore, and therefore
charity
Vocabulary I3I
Vocabulary Notes
In some ancient texts the verb genüflectó is written as two words.
In that event genü is to be construed as the direct object of flecto.
In the passive voice confundo means ‘be ashamed of’ and takes the
accusative case. This use imitates the Greek middle voice, which
may take an accusative, just as the active voice does: Petrus Paulum
confundébatur ‘Peter was ashamed of Paul.’
Besides as terms for ‘coming down from or going up’ to heaven,
ascendo and déscend6 are also used of ‘going to or coming from’ the
big city (on high ground) or ‘getting in or out’ of a boat.
Note that caritas is an abstract noun formed from the base of the
adjective carus (Unit 7) + the noun-making suffix -itás, -itatis. The
early Christians chose this word for ‘love,’ to avoid the unwanted
connotations attaching to others, such as amor.
Pascha, Paschatis, n. and Pascha, Paschae, f. (Unit 11) are identical
in origin and meaning. These words are heteroclites (i.e., words iden-
tical in base which use the endings of two different declensions).
Note that manus is a feminine noun. To remember this, recall that
dextera ‘right hand’ (Unit 13) is feminine: dextera (manus). Most
other non-neuter words of the fourth declension are masculine.
Memor takes the genitive case. In general, words meaning 'forget-
ting or remembering' take this case.
Omnipoténs is a compound of two third-declension adjectives,
omnis and potens (Unit 20).
Note that salütàris is an adjective built on the noun salüs, salütis,
f. (Unit 15). The suffix -àris, -e means ‘pertaining to.’
Similis and dissimilis are two more adjectives which take the
dative case (see Section 82) (occasionally the genitive occurs).
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
figo fixture, fixation
crucifigo crucifix, crucifixion
flecto reflect, flex
frango frangible, fracture, fraction
fundo fusion, fusible
effundo effusive
infundo funnel
refundo refund, refuse
scando scansion
ascendo ascension, ascendant, ascendent
roo UNIT IÓ
Drills
I: Third declension adjectives. Identify the case of each phrase;
translate; change the number.
A. omnis, omne 'every, all'
I. omnis homo omnes papae
js . nominis omnis angelo omni
3 . omnem lectionem omnium apostolorum
4. omnibus baptismatibus omni Missa
5 . omni ecclesiae OoOND
omnia mandata
B. a acer, acris, acre 'bitter'
I. servus acer aS .acri diacono
2. regina acris 5. donum acre
3. acris reginae
C. felix (gen., felicis) ‘happy’
I. felici familiae 4. felix regnum
2. familiae felicis 5. saecula felicia
3. felices discipulos
Exercises £33
Exercises
I. li In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritüs Sancti. Amen.
2. Et sanguis meus verus est potus. Jn. vi, 55.
. Apostoli dederunt panés miros hominibus in terra
reclinatis.
. Corpus vestrum templum est Spiritüs Sancti, qui in
vobis (‘you’) est, quem habetis a Deo, et non estis vestri.
I Cor. vi, 19.
. Tunc Jesus et apostoli intra domum erant, mandücantes
Pascha. Unus autem Dominum jam tradiderat.
. Parvula ancilla, adveniens ad Jesum, cum innocentia dixit:
Scio quia sanare potes male habentes. Non sanabis
matrem meam? Et Jesus domum intravit et matrem
ancillae sanavit.
. a. Dum Jésus autem ambulat ad mare, vidit Petrum.
b. Donec Jesus autem ambulabat ad mare, vidit Petrum.
c. Jésüs autem, ambulans ad mare, vidit Petrum
monentem felicem populum.
. Et vidit omnis populus eum (‘him’) ambulantem et
laudantem Deum. Acts iii, 9.
. Discipuli autem collegerunt confractos panes a populo
relictos.
IO. Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui Sancto.
br: Accépit panem et gratias agens fregit et dixit: "Hoc (‘this’)
est corpus meum." I Cor. xi, 23-24.
I2. ^ Hic (‘this’) calix novum testamentum est in meo
sanguine." | Cor. xi, 25.
ps. Christus Jésüs enim effüdit sanguinem pro mundi vita.
I4. Nos (‘we’) autem non spiritum mundi accepimus, sed
Spiritum, qui ex Deo est. I Cor. ii, 12.
LS; In oratione genüflectentes, semper laudabimus Dominum,
qui passione et morte in cruce et resurréctione mundum
salvum fecit.
134 UNIT 16
II. . Although all had eaten, nevertheless they were not happy.
. When he will have ascended to the Father, Jesus will be
ashamed of the men not hearing the Father's words.
. By his cross and resurrection Jesus has saved the world.
. Taking the sick man by the hand, Peter led (him) into the
house, where he gave the man a drink of wine.
. Mindful of our faults, we praise the mercy of the living
Lord.
Unit 17
PRESENT INDICATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
1r eo(! go! imus (‘we go!)
is (‘you go’) itis (‘you go’)
3 it (‘he/she/it goes’) eunt (‘they go’)
The imperfect indicative is formed from the stem i- (very rarely ié-).
Thus ibam, ibas, ibat, etc. (Compare the formation in a regular fourth
conjugation verb—audiébam, audiébàs, etc.— where -é- is always
added to the present stem.) The future indicative also uses this stem
(1-), but employs the future suffix -bi-, like a first or second conjuga-
tion verb.
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
I ibam (‘I was going’) ibamus (‘we were going’)
2 ibas('you were going’) ibatis (‘you were going’)
3 ibat('he/she/it was going’) ibant (‘they were going’)
FUTURE INDICATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
I ibo (‘I will go’) ibimus (‘we will go’)
2 ~~ ibis (‘you will go’) ibitis (‘you will go’)
3 ibit('he/she/it will go’) ibunt (‘they will go’)
Like any verb, eó has a regular perfect-active system. Either form of
the third principal part—ivi or ii—yields the perfect, pluperfect, and
future-perfect tenses in accordance with the rules. When the shorter
stem is used, the second-person forms of the perfect are contracted:
iisti > isti; iistis > istis.
Athénis.
‘At Athens.’
[Athénae, Athénarum, f. ‘Athens’
Hierosolymis.
‘At Jerusalem.’
Vocabulary
nuntid, nuntidre, nuntiavi, aditus go to, approach
nuntidtus declare, announce circume6, circumire,
annüntió, annuntidre, an- circumivi (circumii),
nuntiavi, annüntiatus circumitus go about
announce exeo, exire, exivi (exii],
pláco, placare, placavi, exitus go out, leave
placatus appease; reconcile ineo, inire, inivi (inii), initus
purgo, purgare, purgavi, pur- go in, enter (upon)
gatus purify, purge intereo, interire, interivi (in-
vivifico, vivificare, vivificavi, terii), interitus perish, die
vivificatus bring to life, introeo, introire, introivi (in-
make live troii), introitus go within,
mitto: enter
admitto, admittere, admisi, obeo, obire, obivi (obii),
admissus join, admit; obitus go to meet; die
allow, permit pereo, perire, perivi (perii),
amitt6, amittere, amisi, peritus perish, die, be lost
amissus send off; lose pertranseo, pertransire, per-
émitt6, emittere, emisi, transivi (pertransii), per-
emissus send out transitus go all about, go
remitto, remittere, remisi, away; pierce
remissus send back; praeeo, praeire, praeivi
forgive (praeii), praeitus go before
eó, ire, ivi (ii), itus go prodeo, prodire, prodivi
abeo, abire, abivi (abii), (prodii), proditus go forth
abitus go away, leave redeo, redire, redivi (redii),
adeo, adire, adivi (adii), reditus go back, return
Vocabulary 139
Vocabulary Notes
When admitto means ‘allow, permit’ it takes an object infinitive.
Amittó may indicate either intentional or accidental action, ‘send
off’ or ‘lose.’
The present participle of e6 is iéns (gen., euntis). The m in cir-
cumeo may be dropped: circueo, circuire, circuivi (circuii), circuitus.
Note that some compounds of eó—intereo; obeó; pereó—are em-
ployed euphemistically to mean ‘die.’ The d in prodeó and redeo is
epenthetical, i.e., inserted to make the words easier to say. Besides
‘to go under’ subeó may also mean ‘climb’ in the sense of ‘to go up
from under.’ (Cf. suscipio, Unit 14.)
140 UNIT I7
Drills
I. The irregular verb volo ‘wish.’
. Voló cum discipulis meis Pascha facere.
. Vis Pascha facere?
Paulus vult domum Petri venire.
Volumus pànem, nón vinum.
Vultis lectionem audire?
Apostoli volunt Paulum relinquere.
Diaconus episcopum videre volebat.
. Voletne diaconus episcopum videre?
. Populus sacerdotem ritum complere volebat (volebant).
Yo
Oo
ANEW
ON
. Quare ad
Lon] mare venire voluisti?
Exercises
I. r. Postquam turbae satis manducavérunt, apostoli ierunt
et omnes panés relictos collegerunt.
2. Qui enim voluerit animam suam (‘his’) salvam facere,
perdet eam (‘it’); qui autem perdiderit animam suam
propter me (‘me’) et evangelium, salvam faciet eam.
Mk. viii, 35.
3. Vere dignum et jüstum est, invisibilem Deum Patrem
omnipotentem Filiumque ünigenitum, Dominum
nostrum Jesüm Christum, personare.
4. a. Jésus in mundum inivit in remissionem peccatorum
nostrorum, et pro omnibus crucifixus est.
b. Jésus, qui in mundum inivit in remissionem
I42 UNIT I7
Note that all stem vowels are short before -nd-. These participles
may be translated with the phrases ‘about to be,’ ‘having to be.’ Fu-
Periphrastic Conjugations 145
ture passive participles often convey the added notion of duty, pro-
priety, or necessity—an action which ‘has to be done’ or ‘should be
done.’
Note that the participle determines only the voice of the compound
verb form; the form of sum determines the person, number, tense,
and mood.
Vocabulary
baptizo, baptizare, baptizavi, extend6, extendere, extendi,
baptizatus immerse, baptize extentus (extensus)
evangelizo, evangelizare, stretch out
evangelizavi, evangelizatus intendo, intendere, intendi,
preach the Gospel intentus (inténsus) aim
cédo, cédere, cessi, cessus (at), look at intently
go; yield ostendo, ostendere, ostendi,
accedo, accedere, accessi, ostentus (osténsus) show;
accessus go to, approach explain
concedo, concedere, con- facio:
cessi, concessus yield; interfició, interficere, inter-
grant feci, interfectus do away
discedo, discedere, discessi, with, kill
discessus depart perficio, perficere, perféci,
incedo, incedere, incessi, perfectus do completely,
incessus go, walk finish, accomplish
praecédo, praecedere, sufficio, sufficere, sufféci,
praecessi, praecessus suffectus be enough,
go before; lead the way be sufficient
procedo, procedere, processi, custódió, custodire, custodivi
processus go forth, (custodii), custoditus
proceed guard, watch over
recédóo, recedere, recessi, venio:
recessus go back, depart pervenio, pervenire, perveni,
claudo, claudere, clausi, perventus arrive; attain
clausus shut, close subvenio, subvenire, sub-
conclüdo, conclüdere, con- veni, subventus (+ dat.)
clüsi, conclüsus shut up; come upon; assist, come
conclude to help
tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus supervenio, supervenire,
(ténsus) stretch, extend superveni, superventus
148 UNIT 18
Vocabulary Notes
The z in baptizo and evangelizo is a rare letter in Latin, occurring
only in words borrowed from Greek. Since it has the value of two
consonants (see Section 1c, Note 4), the z in these words causes the
preceding i to get the accent: baptiz6, evangelízo. When evangelizo
takes a direct object, translate 'announce the good news of.'
The basic meaning of cedo is ‘to go’; when it means ‘yield to’ or
'give in to' it takes the dative. All its many compounds expand on
the idea of ‘to go,’ with the exception of concedo ‘yield; grant.’
When the preposition ob (Unit 11) is used as a prefix, it means ‘out
in front of’; ostendó is a compound of tendo and obs (a by-form of ob)
with the b dropped: 'stretch' (something) 'out in front of' (someone);
hence, ‘show; explain.’ Consequently, ostend6 may take a direct and
an indirect object.
Note that the noun clémentia is built from the base of clemens
(gen., clémentis) (Unit 17) + the abstract-noun-making suffix, -ia.
Tenebrae occurs only in the plural; translate in the singular: ‘dark-
ness, gloom.’
Grex, gregis, m. ‘flock’ is the source of the denominative verb
grego (Unit 11).
Ascénsio is formed from the perfect passive participle of ascend6
(Unit 16): ascéns- + -i6 (-idnis).
Drills I49
Drills
I. Form the future active and passive participles of each verb;
translate:
I. do, dare, dedi, datus
2. deleo, delére, delevi, deletus
3. ago, agere, egi, actus
I5O UNIT 18
Exercises
I. Tt Quicumque facit legem secundum Patris voluntatem ad
aeternam gloriam perventurus est in regno caelorum.
2. Ritü incepto, devoti conveniunt circum festum altare
Domini, arte hümanitatis factum.
Non veni solvere Legem aut Prophétas; non véni solvere,
sed adimplere. Mt. v, 17.
. Pater benignus humanitati panem cotidianum semper dat.
. Post Jéesü ascensionem apostoli Galilaeae astiterunt,
aspicientes in caelos.
. Prima lectione lecta, principium Evangelii secundum
Lucam Lévitae legendum erat. Lectione finita, populus
acclamavit.
Vir autem, Jesum intendens, exclamavit: Quia me (‘me’)
salvum facere potes. Concedes igitur indigno homini
clementiam tuam?
. Sapientia clementiaque Dei omnibus Christianis semper
et ubique laudandae sunt.
. Etsi in tenebris incedentes, tamen Christum, lumen
indeficiens, habemus. Qui enim populo viam semper
ostendit.
IO. Dominus Jésus apostolis saepe ostendébat quod mors ejus
(‘his’) in salütem mundi suffectüra erat.
X XsUbi dé monte descendit et supervenit Jésüs, statim incepit
apostolis venturam mortem ostendere.
I2. Jesus autem non volebat in Jüdaea circuire, quia Jüdaei
dicebant quod interficiendus erat.
I3! Ut apostoli in cenaculo conclusi sunt, Jesüs, vinculis
mortis solutis, accessit et dixit: Ecce adsum.
Exercises ISI
SINGULAR PLURAL
2 lauda! ‘praise!’ _laudate! ‘praise!’
D mone! ‘warn!’ monete! ^warn!'
2 *düce! ‘lead!’ dücite! ‘lead!’
2 cape! take! capite! ‘take!’
2 audi! ‘hear!’ audite! ‘hear!’
SINGULAR PLURAL
laudare! ‘be praised!’ laudamini! ‘be praised!’
monére! ‘be warned" monémini! ‘be warned!’
dücere! ‘be led!’ dücimini! ‘be led!’
capere! ‘be taken!’ capimini! ‘be taken!’
oaudire! ‘be heard!’
M
[D audimini! ‘be heard!’
a. First-Person Pronoun
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. _ ego (‘I’) nos (‘we’)
Gen. mei (‘of me’) nostri , ;
(‘of us’)
nostrum
Dat. mihi (‘for/to me’) nobis (‘for/to us’)
Acc. mé (‘me’) nos (‘us’)
Abl. mé (‘from/with/in/by nobis (‘from/with/in/by
me’) us’)
b. Second-Person Pronoun
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. _ td (‘you’) vos (‘you’)
Gen. tui (‘of you’) vestri | UU
vestrum |
Dat: tibi (‘for/to you’) vobis (‘for/to you’)
Acc. té (‘you’) vos (‘you’)
Abl. té (‘from/with/in/by vobis (‘from/with/in/by
you’) you’) /
156 UNIT I9
Notes: 1i. Here, too, the prepositicn cum, when used, is ap-
pended to the ablative forms: técum ‘with you’;
vobiscum ‘with you.’
. Vestri is used like nostri, vestrum like nostrum: Dei
dilectio vestri ‘God’s love of you’; multi vestrum
‘many of you.’ Note that both forms have -e-; all
other plurals, -6-.
Vocabulary
cüro, cürare, curavi, cüratus caro, carnis, f. flesh
heal, cure; care for mulier, mulieris, f. woman,
desidero, desiderare, de- wife
sideravi, désideratus desire prex, precis, f. entreaty, prayer
vulner6, vulneràre, vulneravi, caput, capitis, n. head
vulneratus wound latus, lateris, n. side
appareo, apparere, apparui, ap- Os, Oris, n. mouth
paritus show forth, appear dies, diei, m. & f. day
doceo, docere, docui, doctus fides, fidei, f. faith,
teach faithfulness
alo, alere, alui, altus nourish res, rei, f. thing
cado, cadere, cecidi, casus spés, spei, f. hope
fall (down)
dilectus, -a, -um beloved
incido, incidere, incidi, —
dulcis, dulce sweet; kind
fall into; happen
fidelis, fidele faithful;
frater, fratris, m. brother
believing
pes, pedis, m. foot
supersubstantialis, super-
auris, auris, aurium, f. (abl. substantiale life-sustaining
sing., àure or auri) ear
Vocabulary I$7
Vocabulary Notes
Like many first conjugation verbs, curd, desidero, and vulneró are
denominatives—from cura (Unit 22), desiderium (Unit 10), and vul-
nus, vulneris, n. ^wound' (not formally presented].
Désider6 may take a direct object or an object infinitive: desidero
pànem ‘I desire bread’; desidero videre Petrum ‘I desire to see Peter.’
Doceo, besides taking a double accusative of person and thing,
may also take a double object of person and infinitive: docebat
puerum legere ‘he was teaching the boy (how) to read.’
Frater ‘brother’ is a code-word for ‘fellow-Christian.’
The verb incarnó (Unit 13) is derived from caro, carnis, f. 'flesh.'
Mulier means ‘woman’ or ‘wife,’ much as vir (Unit 3) means ‘man’
or ‘husband.’
Though usually masculine and thus exceptional in the fifth de-
clension, diés is feminine when a specific day is meant. Note that
since the base ends in a vowel the lengthened genitive and dative
endings are used—diéi and diéi.
Fidés and fidélis both combine the meanings of ‘belief’ and ‘loyalty
to one’s beliefs.’
Rés is nearly as variable in meaning as English ‘thing’; it acquires
its specific meaning from the context. Some of its more frequent sig-
nifications are these: matters, affairs, circumstances, property, real-
ity, the state.
The nominatives ego and tü are emphatic forms, best translated
verbally by tone of voice or in writing by italics: J, you.
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
curo curative, curator
desidero desideratum, desire
vulnero vulnerable
appareo appear, apparent, apparition
doceo docile, doctor
alo alimentary, alimony
cado cadence, cadenza, case
incido incident
frater fraternal, friar
158 UNIT I9
Drills
I. Imperative mood; vocative case. Translate; change the number.
1. ambula, fili! 7. veni!
2. cantate, chori angelorum! 8. adeste (adestote), fideles!
3. observate! 9. dic! fac!*
4. incipite! IO. rege!
5. habemini! II. exaudi, Domine!
6. jungere! I2. Virl, sanamint!
[*Note that the stem vowel is also omitted with dico and facio.]
Exercises 159
Exercises
I. 1. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, dona nobis pacem.
2. Fili, dimittuntur tibi peccata tua. Mk. ii, 5.
3. Deinde dilectus apostolus discipulis dixit rés quae in
secunda die inciderant Hierosolymis.
4. Panis autem, quem ego dabo, caro mea est pro mundi vita.
Jniwb sr.
5. M. Dominus vobiscum. R. Et cum spiritu tuo.
V. Sursum corda. R. Habemus ad Dominum.
6. Curans nos, Jesus in latere vulneratus est et effudit
sanguinem salutis.
7. Benedicta tü inter mulieres. Lk. i, 42.
8. A quibus custddientés vos bene agétis. Acts xv, 29.
9. Tu credis in Filium hominis? Jn. ix, 35.
IO. Effundentes preces nostras, desideramus fideles tuam
salütem nostri, O dulcis Jesu! Veni, Domine Jesu!
II. Justus ex fide vivet. Gal. iii, 11.
I2. Volo autem vos scire quod omnis viri caput Christus est,
caput autem mulieris vir, caput vero (‘but’) Christi Deus.
Ee Ore xt 3.
13. Relinque ibi munus tuum ante altare. Mt. v, 24.
14. Laudo autem vos|, fratrés,]* quod omnia {‘in all respects!)
mei memores estis. I Cor. xi, 2.
15. Cotidie alimur tua dilectione, O Domine: vere tu docuisti
nos tuam salütem.
16. Dicit ei (‘to him’) mulier: Domine, video quia propheta
es. tu: In- 1v, r9.
*Not in the Greek original; traditional in Latin texts, but removed by the Nova
Vulgata editors.
I60 UNIT I9
a. Active All active forms of the subjunctive mood for the first
conjugation are compounded of the present stem in -é- and the active
personal endings; the alternate -m is used in the first-person singular.
SINGULAR PLURAL
I laudem laudémus
laudes laudétis
3 laudet laudent
b. Passive The passive forms use the passive personal endings. The
-é- appears throughout.
SINGULAR PLURAL
I lauder laudémur
laudéris, laudere — laudémini
3 laudetur laudentur
mood, this jussive use of the future indicative occurs only in the sec-
ond person.
Translation formula: ‘You shall . .'
Diligés proximum tuum.
‘You shall love your neighbor.’
Vocabulary
miror, mirari, —, miratus sum sum (+ dat.) trust (in);
wonder (at), be amazed (at) confide (in), hope (in)
admiror, admirari, —, nascor, nasci, —, natus sum
admiratus sum wonder at, be born
be amazed at morior, mori, —, mortuus
pecco, peccare, peccavi, sum die
peccatus sin patior, pati, —, passus sum
precor, precari, —, precatus suffer; allow
sum ask, pray orior, oriri, —, ortus sum
deprecor, deprecari, —, spring up, arise, appear
déprecatus sum beseech lacrima, lacrimae, f. tear
audeo, audere; —, ausus sum memoria, memoriae, f.
dare, have the courage remembrance, memory
gaudeo, gaudere; —, gavisus ignis, ignis, ignium, m. (abl.
sum rejoice, be glad sing., igne or igni) fire
misereor, misereri, —, peccator, peccátóris, m. sinner
misertus sum (+ gen. or arbor, arboris, f. tree
dat.) have pity (on) benedictio, benedictionis, f.
confido, confidere; —, confisus blessing, benediction
Vocabulary 167
Vocabulary Notes
Miror is a denominative verb from the adjective mirus (Unit 8); it
is used both transitively and intransitively.
Peccatum (Unit 3) is a noun made from the perfect passive par-
ticiple of pecco. Peccator is the agent noun formed from peccé.
Precor is a denominative verb formed from prex (Unit r9). It takes
an accusative of the person asked and an infinitive of the action re-
quested: precor Mariam Ordre pró mé ‘I ask Mary to pray for me.’
Déprecor is an intensive form of precor, much as ‘beseech’ is an
intensive form of ‘seek.’
Audeo may take an object, but more commonly it takes an object
infinitive: audémus dicere ‘we dare to say.’ Be careful to distinguish
this verb from audio, audire, audivi, auditus ‘hear.’
Gaudeo is often followed by an ablative of cause (see Section 58).
The noun gaudium (Unit 3) is formed from the same root from
which this verb is made.
Misereor is a second conjugation denominative verb built on miser.
It takes a dative or a genitive: miserere nobis (nostri) ‘have mercy
on us.’
As with many verbs taking the dative, confido may instead be fol-
lowed by a prepositional phrase (such as in Domino ‘in the Lord’).
The future participle active of morior is moriturus, -a, -um; its
perfect participle is the source of the adjective mortuus (Unit 4).
Patior may take an object or an accusative and object infinitive:
168 UNIT 20
Drills
I. Deponent and semi-deponent verbs.
I. Form the four participles; translate.
a. admiror, admirari, —, admiratus sum ‘wonder at’
b. audeo, audére; —, ausus sum ‘dare’
2. Identify the form; translate.
a. admiratur d. audet
b. admirabatur e. audebit
c. admiratus est f. ausus eram
Exercises
I. i8 Filius hominis traditur in manus peccatorum. Mt. xxvi, 45.
. Praeceptis salütaribus moniti, audemus dicere:
. Pater noster, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nómen tuum.
Mt. vi, 9.
. Miseri deprecemur Dominum scelera nostra fugare!
170 UNIT 20
SINGULAR PLURAL
Vocabulary
conor, conari, —, conatus sum collaetor, collaetari, —,
(+ inf.) try, strive collaetatus sum rejoice
exspecto, exspectare, together
exspectavi, exspectatus miseror, miserari, —,
look for, wait for miseratus sum bewail; pity
lacrimor, lacrimari, —, solor, solari, —, solatus sum
lacrimatus sum weep console, comfort
laetor, laetari, —, laetatus sum consOolor, consolari, —,
rejoice, be glad consolatus sum
Vocabulary 177.
Vocabulary Notes
Apart from its prefix, exspecto is a frequentative form of speció,
specere, spexi, spectus ‘look (at)’ (Unit 13). Frequentative verbs de-
note repeated action, and are formed by adding first conjugation end-
ings to the base of a perfect passive participle.
Lacrimor is the denominative verb formed from lacrima (Unit 20).
178 UNIT 2I
Drills
I. Present subjunctive: second, third, and fourth conjugations.
1. Identify the form; change the number.
2. Change to the indicative.
misereatur f. habeamus venies
tradant g. agamus dicatur
tradent h. jungamini . nascamur
tradunt i. sciatis audiant
rp déleatur
ono j. venias op
grrtollas
180 UNIT 21
Exercises
I. ri. Siergo filius vos liberaverit, vere liberi eritis. Jn. viii, 36.
2. Si ego testimonium perhibeo dé meipso (= me),
testimonium meum non est verum. Jn. v, 3r.
3. Benedicat vos omnipotens Deus, Pater et Filius et Spiritus
Sanctus.
4. Nam Deus dixit: "Honoráà (‘honor’) patrem et matrem"
et: “ Qui maledixerit patri vel (= aut) matri, morte
moriatur.” Mt. xv, 4.
5. Sed turba haec (‘this’), quae non novit légem, maledicti
sunt! Jn. vii, 49.
6. Neque me scitis neque Patrem meum. Jn. viii, 19.
. Et extendens manum, tetigit eum (‘him’). Mt. viii, 3.
NI .
Qo Jesus autem plenus Spiritu Sancto regressus est à Jordane
et agebatur in Spiritü in deserto. Lk. iv, 1.
9. Venit enim Joannes neque manducans neque bibens.
Mt. xi, 18.
IO. Quod ergo Deus conjünxit, homo non separet. Mt. xix, 6.
II. Corpus Domini nostri Jesu Christi custodiat animam
tuam in vitam aeternam.
I2. Nos enim spiritü ex fide spem jüstitiae exspectamus.
Gal. v, 5.
I3. Si veritatem (‘truth’) dico, quare vos non creditis mihi?
Jn. viii, 46.
I4. Exsultet jam angelica turba caelorum: exsultent divina
mysteria: et pro tanti (‘so great’) Regis victoria tuba
insonet salutaris.
IS. Fratres, agnoscamus peccata nostra.
16. Misereatur nostri omnipotens Deus, et, dimissis peccatis
nostris, perdücat nos ad vitam aeternam.
ETRE e de resurrectionem mortuorum, et vitam venturi
saeculi.
Readings 181
II. its If Peter returns to Rome, will he find his brothers faithful
to the teachings of Jesus?
. Jesus knew beforehand that he was about to die.
. Let the dead bury the dead!
. Would that all men may get to know the peace of Christ!
. Should we try to console the weeping woman?
MARwW
Readings
1. The Gloria.
Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax hominibus bonae volun-
tatis. Laudamus te, benedicimus te, adoramus te, glorificamus
I82 UNIT 2I
Note that the deponent verb miror, mirari, —, miratus sum forms its
imperfect subjunctive as if it had an active infinitive (* mirare). This
is true of all deponent verbs: e.g., patior, pati, —, passus sum, a verb
of the third conjugation, first reconstructs the hypothetical present
active infinitive (*patere) before adding the passive personal end-
ings— paterer, patereris/-re, pateretur, etc.
Contemp./Subseq. Prior
1. Any primary tense:
Present
Future Present Perfect
Perfect (completed) Subjunctive Subjunctive
Future-Perfect
2. Any secondary tense:
E le] Imperfect Pluperfect
erfect (simple Subjunctive Subjunctive
Pluperfect
Vocabulary
dignor, dignari, —, dignatus postulatus ask (for), pray for;
sum consider worthwhile, require
deign praedico, praedicare,
dédignor, dédignari, —, praedicavi, praedicatus
dedignatus sum preach, proclaim
scorn, disdain rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus
jüdico, judicare, jüdicavi, ask (for), pray, beseech
jüdicatus judge interrogo, interrogare, inter-
dijüdico, dijadicare, rogavi, interrogàtus ask,
dijüdicavi, dijüdicatus inquire
discern, distinguish fateor, fateri, —, fassus sum
memoror, memorari, —, acknowledge, confess
memoratus sum (+ gen. (+ acc.); praise (+ dat.)
or acc.) be mindful of, confiteor, confiteri, —,
remember confessus sum confess
postulo, postulare, postulavi, (+ acc.); praise (+ dat.)
Vocabulary 189
Vocabulary Notes
Dignor (the denominative from dignus, Unit 4) may take an object
infinitive: dignor Romam vidére ‘I consider (it) worthwhile to see
Rome’; or an accusative and ablative: dignor Petrum laude ‘I consider
Peter worthy of praise.’
Several verbs, some already seen, introduce indirect commands.
Postulo, rogo, peto, 6rd (Unit 5), precor (Unit 20), and moneo (Unit 6)
may take either construction: ut + subjunctive or accusative + in-
finitive. Jubeó takes only accusative + infinitive; dico, only ut +
subjunctive. Most verbs of asking also take a double accusative (see
Section 105].
190 UNIT 22
Cura is the noun from which cüró (Unit 19) has been formed. Dis-
tinguish between the English derivative ‘cure’ and the meaning of
cura ‘care, concern.’
Antistes is a compound of ante + st6 ‘stand in front.’
Claritas is compounded of the base of clarus (Unit 4) and the
noun-forming suffix -itas, -itatis, f.; cf. English ‘bright’ + noun-
forming suffix ‘-ness’ = ‘brightness.’
Note that intercessio (from cedo, Unit 18) literally means ‘a going
between.’
Major (‘greater’) is the comparative of magnus (‘great’). It illus-
trates a curious orthographical rule: intervocalic j is written singly
though pronounced doubly (majjor). Thus the preceding vowel is al-
ways long by position.
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
dignor indignation
judico adjudicate
memoror commemoration
postulo postulate
praedico preach, predicament, predicate
rogo rogation days, interrogation
confiteor Confiteor, confess
jubeo jussive subjunctive
respondeo responsorial psalm
loquor locution
peto compete, competition
sequor sequence, consequence, prosecutor
spina spine
cantus cant
major major, majority
Drills
I. Purpose clauses.
I. Vir clamat ut audiatur.
2. Vir clamavit ut audiretur.
3. Vir clamavit ut audiatur.
Exercises I9I
Exercises
I. qu Non enim misit me Christus baptizare sed evangelizare.
IX,0f 71:17
2. Planctus mulierum ad lacrimas et curam Jesum movit.
. Omnis ergo qui confitebitur me coram hominibus,
confitebor et ego eum (‘him’) coram Patre meo, qui est
in caelis. Mt. x, 32.
. Tollat crucem et sequatur me.
. Non véni vocare justos sed peccatores. Mk. ii, 17.
np
. Commüne aut immundum numquam introivit in 6s
meum. Acts xi, 8.
Statimque tunc Paulum dimiserunt fratres, ut iret üsque
ad mare. Acts xvii, 14.
Confiteor tibi, Pater, Domine caeli et terrae. Mt. xi, 25.
Nos autem nón spiritum mundi accepimus, sed Spiritum,
qui ex Deo est, ut sciamus, quae à Deo donata sunt nobis.
Cor i 12.
I92 UNIT 22
Readings
i The Confiteor (old style).
Confiteor Deo omnipotenti, beatae Mariae semper Virgini, beato
Michaeli! Archangelo, beato Joanni Baptistae, sanctis Apostolis
Petro et Paulo, omnibus Sanctis, et vobis, fratrés: quia peccavi
nimis cogitatione,? verbo, et opere; mea culpa, mea culpa, mea
maxima culpa. Ideo precor beatam Mariam semper Virginem,
beatum Michaelem Archangelum, beatum Joannem Baptistam,
sanctos Apostolos Petrum et Paulum, omnes Sanctos, et vos,
fratres, orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum.
! Michael, Michaelis, m. Michael ?cégitatid, cogitationis, f. thought
Note that ille, illa, illud (Section 122) and iste, ista, istud are
declined exactly alike.
Vocabulary
amo, amare, amavi, amatus vitis, vitis, vitium, f. vine,
love grapevine
illümino, illüminare, illümi- sensus, séensüs, m. feeling,
navi, illüàminatus make sense; understanding, mind
shine, illuminate; enlighten qualis, quale (of) what kind (of)
operor, operari, —, operatus quantus, -a, -um how much,
sum work, perform how great
cooperor, cooperari, —, sextus, -a, -um sixth
cooperatus sum work to- talis, tale such, of such a sort
gether, cooperate (with) tantus, -a, -um so much,
sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessus so great
sit (down|, be seated hic, haec, hoc (demon. pron. &
tueor, tuéri, —, tuitus sum adj.) this
watch, protect, uphold ille, illa, illud (demon. pron. &
labor, làbi, —, lapsus sum adj.) that
slide, (slip and) fall is, ea, id (unemphatic demon.
largior, largiri, —, largitus sum pron. & adj.) this, that,
grant, bestow [7 he, she, it]
delicia, deliciae, f. pleasure, iste, ista, istud (unemphatic
delight demon. pron. & adj.)
factor, factoris, m. maker, this, that (of yours)
doer ita (adv.) so, thus, in this way
ordo, ordinis, m. rank, order sic (adv.) so, thus
cogitatio, cogitationis, f. sicut (1. adv.; 2. subord. conj.)
thought I. like 2. (just) as
commemoràtio, commemo- sicut ..et (just) as . . (so) too
rationis, f. remembrance, tam (adv.) so, to such a degree
commemoration
Vocabulary Notes
Amo may take an object infinitive: amat cantare ‘he loves (likes)
to sing.' Because of its connotations, amo is used rather sparingly in
the Vulgate (51 times, whereas diligo [Unit 14] appears 422 times].
Labor ‘slide, (slip and) fall’ may further mean ‘fall away from the
true faith, become apostate.’
Délicia may appear in the plural with a singular meaning (this is
the only classical usage).
The adverbs ita, tam, and sic are not used interchangeably: ita may
modify adverbs, adjectives, and verbs; tam, adverbs and adjectives;
sic, verbs only.
Drills 199
Drills
I. hic, haec, hoc ‘this’; ille, illa, illud ‘that.’ Identify the case;
change the number.
. hujus spinae II. hac corona
. illarum curarum I2. illius patris
. huic puero 13. illud opus
his mulieribus 14. haec scelera
illi regi ps huic memoriae
illi reges I6. haec mater
hunc virum 17. hi caelicolae
. hoc vitium 18. illis arboribus
. illam civitatem 19. ille peccator
0 . hoc modo
M Ov
£P
O
ON
o
HH 20. haec nox
Exercises
I. I. Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto. Sicut erat in prin-
cipio, et nunc, et semper, et in saecula saeculorum.
Amen.
Hoc facite in meam commemorationem. Lk. xxii, 19.
Ww Ille vos docebit omnia. Jn. xiv, 26.
Scimus autem quoniam diligentibus Deum omnia
cooperantur in bonum, his, qui secundum propositum
(‘decree’) vocati sunt. Rom. viii, 28.
wa . Is erat qui Jesum tradere vellet.
Vides quoniam fides cooperabatur operibus illius?
James ii, 22.
Esto fidelis usque ad mortem, et dabo tibi coronam vitae.
Rev. ii, 10.
Et cum Oratis non eritis sicut hypocritae (‘hypocrites’),
qui amant in synagogis (‘synagogues’) et in angulis
platearum (‘street corners’) stantes orare, ut videantur
ab hominibus. Mt. vi, 5.
Ego sum vitis vera. Jn. xv, I.
. Sic transit gloria mundi (spoken during the coronation of
a new pope].
pr. Haec nox est, dé qua scriptum est: Et nox sicut dies
illuminabitur: Et nox illuminatio (‘light’) mea in deliciis
meis.
p Haec nox reddit innocentiam lapsis et maestis laetitiam.
PT Et sanatus est puer in hora illa. Mt. viii, 13.
I4. Ecce faciam illos, ut veniant et adorent ante pedes tuos et
scient quia ego dilexi te. Rev. iii, 9.
i5: Sic enim dilexit Deus mundum, ut Filium suum (‘his’)
Exercises 201
Readings
1. The Nicene Creed.
Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem caeli et
terrae, visibilium omnium et invisibilium. Et in unum Domi-
num Jesum Christum, Filium Dei ünigenitum, et ex Patre natum
ante omnia saecula. Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, Deum
vérum de Deo véro, genitum,' non factum, consubstantialem
Patri: per quem omnia facta sunt. Qui propter nos homines et
propter nostram salütem descendit de caelis. Et incarnatus est
de Spiritu Sancto ex Maria Virgine, et homo factus est. Cruci-
fixus etiam pro nobis sub Pontio Pilato?; passus et sepultus est,
et resurrexit tertia die, secundum Scripturas, et ascendit in
caelum, sedet ad dexteram Patris. Et iterum ventürus est cum
gloria judicare vivos et mortuos, cujus regni non erit finis. Et
in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et vivificantem; qui ex Patre
Filioque procedit. Qui cum Patre et Filio simul? adoratur et con-
glorificatur; qui locütus est per prophetas. Et ünam sanctam,
catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam. Confiteor ünum baptisma
in remissionem peccatorum. Et exspecto resurrectionem mor-
tuorum, et vitam venturi saeculi.
‘geno, genere, genui, genitus cause to live, beget ?Pontius, -i, Pilatus, -i, m.
Pontius Pilatus, ‘Pilate,’ Roman procurator of Judea, A.D. c.26—c.36 ?simul (adv.)
together, at the same time
SINGULAR PLURAL
M. F; N. M. E N.
Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
Abl. ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis
Ego ipse hoc féci.
‘I myself did this (J did this myself).’
Puer ipse hoc fécit.
‘The boy himself did this (the boy did this himself).’
Ipsa hoc fécit.
‘She herself did this (she did this herself).’
Jesüs sanavit mulierés ipsas.
‘Jesus healed the women themselves.’
In ipsum crédimus.
‘We believe in him.’
Note the translation of ipsum: ‘him himself’ is avoided in English in
favor of the simple pronoun said with greater stress (or italicized in
print).
The pronominal suffix -met has an equivalent intensive force
when attached to a pronoun.
Egomet Romam ibo.
‘I myself will go to Rome.’
‘I will go to Rome myself.’
'] will go to Rome.’
Here, egomet is triply emphatic: ego is always emphatic (see Sec-
tion 104); -met intensifies; the first position in a sentence is the
most emphatic.
In the Nova Vulgata ipse, ipsa, ipsum is treated as a suffix after per-
sonal pronouns: e.g., teipsum, vosmetipsos, vobismetipsis, etc.
129. Gerundives
The future passive participle (see Section 97) is sometimes called the
gerundive. This verbal adjective (e.g., laudandus, -a, -um ‘(having] to
be praised’) modifies a noun in any case except the nominative
(which is reserved for the formation of the passive periphrastic con-
jugation [see Section 98b]). The gerundive is a passive construction
where English prefers the active.
Petro erat désiderium Pauli videndi.
[‘To Peter there was the desire of Paul to-be-seen.’]
‘Peter had the desire of seeing Paul.’
Joannes venit ad populum baptizandum.
|'John came for the people to-be-baptized.’]
‘John came to baptize the people.’
Joannes vénit populi baptizandi causa.
(John came for the sake of the people to-be-baptized.’]
'John came to baptize the people.'
Note that in the last two examples ad + gerundive and gerundive +
causa are equivalent to purpose clauses, a construction to which the
future passive participle quite naturally lends itself.
130. Gerunds
A gerund is the neuter singular of a gerundive used substantively
and with an active meaning. Like the gerundive, it may occur in any
case except the nominative. As a noun formed from a verb, it may
take an object.
206 UNIT 24
Vocabulary
illüstro, illustrare, illüstravi, concino, concinere, con-
illüstratus illuminate; cinui, concentus sing
enlighten, explain plango, plangere, plànxi,
porto, portare, portavi, planctus bewail, mourn
portatus carry pono, ponere, posui, positus
accendo, accendere, accendi, put, place, set
accensus kindle, set on fire dépóno, deponere, déposui,
cano, canere, cecini, cantus dépositus set down,
sing; prophesy lay down; remove
Vocabulary 207
Vocabulary Notes
The frequentative form of canó is cantó (Unit 5).
Planctus (Unit 22) is a fourth declension noun formed on the
fourth principal part of plango.
Ponere genü means ‘to kneel.’
Vado replaces monosyllabic forms of eo: vadis for is, vadit for it,
vade! for i!
Praecipio takes the dative with both indirect command construc-
tions—dative with ut + subjunctive, dative with infinitive: praecipio
tibi (ut exeas) (exire) ‘I command you to leave.’
Creator is the agent noun formed from creo (Unit 13).
Véritàs is the noun built from the adjective vérus (Unit 4).
Outside of the masculine nominative singular, dexter, dextera,
dexterum may have syncopated forms: dextra for dextera, dextrum
for dexterum, etc.
208 UNIT 24
Drills
I. Present contrafactual conditional clauses (sentences).
Si pastor malus oves tuérétur, àmitterentur.
Si rex moreretur, familia regrederétur.
Nisi ille esset apostolus, Jesüm non traderet.
Si in Christum crederes, nunc laetareris.
ma
H
M
BW Sacerdos ritü jam fungeretur, si esset hic.
Exercises 209
Exercises
I. r. Beati mites, quoniam ipsi possidebunt (‘will possess’)
terram. Mt. v, 4.
2. Et praecepit turbae sedere super terram.
3. Ut autem sciatis quia potestatem habet Filius hominis
in terra dimittendi peccata . . : Tibi dico: Surge, tolle
grabatum (‘cot’) tuum et vade in domum tuam. Mk. ii,
IO—II.
4. Et hymno dicto, exierunt in montem Oliveti. Mt. xxvi, 30.
5. Illo die in nomine meo petetis, et non dico vobis quia ego
rogabo Patrem de vobis; ipse enim Pater amat vos, quia vos
me amastis et credidistis quia ego a Deo exivi. Exivi à
Patre et veni in mundum; iterum relinquo mundum et
vado ad Patrem. Jn. xvi, 26—28.
6. Videte autem vosmetipsos. Mk. xiii, 9.
. Salvum fac temetipsum descendens de cruce. Mk. xv, 30.
GONO Domine, Creator Spiritus, accende in cordibus nostris
ignem dilectionis tuae.
9. Prophetae ad sensum Dei illustrandum cecinerunt.
IO. Jésu reposito, quinque mulieres plangebant valde.
II. Veré homo hic Filius Dei erat. Mk. xv, 39.
I2. In hoc enim vocati estis, quia et Christus passus est pro
vobis vobis relinquens exemplum, ut sequamini vestigia
ejus. I Pet. ii, 21.
I3. Pauci, id est octo animae, salvae factae sunt per aquam.
I"Pet TIT 20.
14. Sed, quemadmodum [('to the extent that’) communicatis
210 UNIT 24
Readings
1: Preface for the Nativity.
Veré dignum et jüstum est, aequum! et salutare, nos tibi semper,
et ubique gratias agere: Domine sancte, Pater omnipotens,
aeterne Deus: Quia per incarnati Verbi mysterium, nova mentis
nostrae oculis lüx tuae claritatis infulsit?: ut, dum visibiliter?
Deum cognoscimus, per hunc in invisibilium amorem^ rapia-
mur 5 Et ideo cum Angelis et Archangelis, cum Thronis* et
! aequus, -a, -um equal, fair "infulgeo, infulgére, infulsi, — shine on (+ dat.)
3visibiliter: adverb from visibilis, -e ‘amor, amoris, m. love rapio, rapere, rapui,
raptus seize, take up, carry up *thronus, throni, m. throne
212 UNIT 24
Vocabulary
fleo, flere, flevi, fletus weep, posco, poscere, poposci, —
lament ask, beseech
timeo, timere, timui, — fear, déposco, déposcere,
be afraid (of) depoposci, — beseech,
Curró, currere, cucurri, cursus demand
run, hasten fugio, fugere, fügi, fugitus
occurr6, occurrere, occurri, flee (from)
occursus run up to, meet filia, filiae, f. daughter
up with (+ dat.) patria, patriae, f. native land,
succurró, succurrere, suc- country
curri, succursus run to the venia, veniae, f. indulgence,
aid of, aid, succor (+ dat.) kindness
defendo, defendere, defendi, diabolus, diaboli, m. devil
defensus defend dolor, doloris, m. sorrow, pain
dico: honor, honoris, m. honor
addico, addicere, addixi, ad- imperator, imperatoris, m.
dictus adjudge, condemn general, emperor
contradico, contradicere, effüsio, effüsionis, f.
contradixi, contradictus outpouring
dispute, contradict oblatio, oblationis, f. offering
(+ dat.)
Unitas, initatis, f. unity
praedico, praedicere,
necessarius, -a, -um needful,
praedixi, praedictus say
fateful; needed (+ dat.)
earlier, foretell, predict
Vocabulary 217
Vocabulary Notes
Besides a clause of fearing, timeo may take a direct object or an
object infinitive: Petrum timeo ‘I fear Peter’; vir nón timuit Jesüm
alloqui ‘the man was not afraid to address Jesus.’
Note that both curro and posco form the perfect active by re-
duplicating the first two letters of the base: cucurri, poposci.
Whether fugio is used to mean ‘flee’ or ‘flee from,’ it takes the ac-
cusative (not the ablative): Petrus militem fügit ‘Peter fled (from) the
soldier.’
Filia ‘daughter’ and filius ‘son’ share the same base. The dative/
ablative pl. of filia is filiabus. Cf. anima (Unit 7).
Patria is an adjectival form used substantively (from patrius, -a,
-um 'of father, paternal,' from pater 'father' [Unit 14]). It is feminine
because the understood noun is terra ‘land.’
Effüsió is the noun formed from the verb effundo (Unit 16).
The first meaning of solemnis is 'annual/; that which is celebrated
annually is a 'solemn' feast. Hence, when used generally, it means
'customary.'
Avé (pl., avete) and salve (pl., salvéte) are interchangeable words of
greeting and leave-taking. These are imperative forms from verbs
otherwise very little used (i.e., aved and salveo).
Sive (seu) . . sive (seu) introduce alternative conditional clauses,
which may take any logical form. Often the alternatives consist
of just a single word each: sive dives sive pauper, Petrus est felix
‘whether rich or poor, Peter is happy.’
218 UNIT 25
Drills
I. Past contrafactual conditional clauses (sentences).
Si diaconus ad aulam venisset, eum vidissemus.
Si librum legisses, hoc scivisses.
Nisi vir sanatus esset, mortuus esset.
Oves amissae essent, si pastor eas non tuitus esset.
nan
H
NY
PW Si nos adjuvissetis, nunc bene faceremus.
Exercises
I. 1E5 O certe necessarium Adae peccatum, quod Christi morte
deletum est!
2. Per ipsum, et cum ipso, et in ipso, est tibi Deo Patri
omnipotenti, in unitate Spiritus Sancti, omnis honor
et gloria per omnia saecula saeculorum. Amén.
. Et relinquentes eum omnes fugérunt. Mk. xiv, 50.
Bonum erat ei, si natus non fuisset homo ille. Mt. xxvi, 24.
yy Domine, si fuisses hic, non esset mortuus frater meus!
In: xi-35.
Si enim data esset lex, quae posset vivificare, vere ex lege
esset justitia. Gal. iii, 21.
. Non est propheta sine honore nisi in patria et in domo sua
(‘his own’). Mt. xiii, 57.
. Avé, gratia plena, Dominus tecum [benedicta tu in
mulieribus]. Lk. i, 28.
. Respice etiam ad devotum Imperatorem nostrum!
. Judaei timebant ne discipuli Jesu sublatüri essent corpus
ejus.
IS Turba dépoposcérunt ut Jésus ad mortem addiceretur.
iUc Si non esset hic malefactor (‘evil-doer’), non tibi
tradidissemus eum. Jn. xviii, 30.
I3: Respondit Jesus et dixit ei: "Si scires donum Dei et quis
(‘someone’) est, qui dicit tibi: ‘Da mihi bibere, tu forsitan
(‘perhaps’) petisses ab eo et dedisset tibi aquam vivam."
Jn. iv, ro.
14. Tunc discipuli omnes, relicto eo, fugerunt. Mt. xxvi, 56.
i5. Nam et si sunt, qui dicantur dii sive in caelo sive in terra,
siquidem sunt dii multi et domini multi, nobis tamen
unus Deus Pater, ex quo omnia et nos in illum, et ünus
Dominus Jesus Christus, per quem omnia et nos per
ipsum. I Cor. viii, 5—6.
I6. Vos ex patre Diabolo estis et desideria patris vestri vultis
facere. Jn. viii, 44.
Ty Sive enim vivimus, Domino vivimus, sive morimur,
Domino morimur. Sive ergo vivimus, sive morimur,
Domini sumus. Rom. xiv, 8.
18. Si enim cognovissent, numquam Dominum gloriae
crucifixissent. I Cor. ii, 8.
TO: Extrà civitatem filiae Jerusalem, dolore plenae, ad crucem
Jesu flebant.
20. Beati pauperes spiritu, quoniam ipsorum est regnum
caelorum. Mt. v, 3.
220 UNIT 25
II. I. Would that the Roman soldiers had defended the city!
2. Did the deacon beseech the Father that he regard us with
indulgence?
3. Did you fear that the priest was not going to aid the
people?
4. If Peter had not fled from the city, he would have been
handed over to the Romans.
5. The daughter of the poor man would have died if Jesus had
not come to the house and healed her.
6. The boy would still be safe if he had not met up with the
evil men.
Readings
1. The Salve Regina (Hermann Contractus, c. 1054).
Salve, Regina, Mater misericordiae, vita, dulcedo,!' et spes nostra,
salve. Ad te clamamus exsules? filii Hevae. Ad te suspiramus,?
gementes* et flentes in hac lacrimarum valle. Eiaó ergo, ad-
vocata’ nostra, illos tuos misericordes? oculos ad nos converte.?
Et Jesum benedictum fructum ventris'? tui nobis post hoc ex-
silium! ostende. O clemens, O pia, O dulcis Virgo Maria.
X. Ora pro nobis, sancta Dei Genetrix."
R. Ut digni efficiamur promissionibus ? Christi.
' dulcedo, dulcedinis, f. sweetness *exsul, exsulis, m. or f. a banished person,
an exile "suspiro, suspirare, suspiravi, suspiratus breathe deeply, sigh *gemo,
gemere, gemui, gemitus groan, sigh, mourn vallis (valles), vallis, f. valley, vale
*^eia (interjection) come on! ’advocata, advocatae, f. advocate "misericors (gen.,
misericordis) compassionate, merciful ’convert6, convertere, converti, conver-
sus here, turn "venter, ventris, m. belly; womb ''exsilium, exsilii, n. ban-
ishment, exile "genetrix, genetricis, f. mother "promissio, promissionis, f.
promise
Readings DOT
Note that the preposition cum follows quó or quibus and co-
alesces with it: quocum, quibuscum. Cf. Section 104.
226 UNIT 26
Vocabulary
laboro, laborare, laboravi, patronus, patroni, m. defender,
laboratus work, labor advocate
praestolor, praestolari, —, triumphus, triumphi, m.
praestdlatus sum wait for triumph
(+ dat. or-acc.] debitor, debitoris, m. debtor
spiro, spirare, spiravi, spiratus doctor, doctoris, m. teacher
breathe martyr, martyris, m. witness,
exspiro, exspirare, exspiravi, martyr
exspiratus die, expire acquisitio, acquisitionis, f.
nescio, nescire, nescivi purchase, acquisition
(nescii), nescitus not to consuétud6, consuetüdinis, f.
know, be ignorant custom
indulgentia, indulgentiae, f. dogma, dogmatis, n. decision,
forgiveness, pardon, dogma
concession iter, itineris, n. journey
lücifer, lüciferi, m. daystar, peregrinàns (gen., peregrinan-
morning star
Vocabulary 20
Vocabulary Notes
Laboro ‘work’ is unrelated to labor ‘fall’ (Unit 23).
Nesció is the verb sció (Unit 6) with the negative prefix ne-. It has
a shorter perfect active form—nescii— whereas sció only has the
longer form—scivi.
Lücifer 'daystar' literally means ‘light-bearer.’
Debitor is the agent noun from débeo (Unit 12).
Doctor is the agent noun from doceo ‘teach’ (Unit 19).
Spirituàlis, spirituale may also be spelled without the -u-.
When quis, quid ^who? what?' is not used to ask a question and
occurs in a clause introduced by si, nisi, numquid, or ne, it means
'someone, something; anyone, anything.' A related word with these
latter meanings (i.e., aliquis, aliquid) will be presented in Unit 31.
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
Drills
I. Indirect questions.
. Scis si Paulus advenerit?
. Rogavit quare mulieres plangerent.
. Petrus scivit ubi Jesus docuisset.
ToU)
H Discipulus rogabat quando Paulus interfectus est à
Romanis.
S. Audistis si Paulus Petrum videbit?
Exercises
I. Et interrogabat quis esset et quid fecisset. Acts xxi, 33.
Quem vultis dimittam vobis: Barabbam an Jésum, qui
dicitur Christus? Mt. xxvii, 17.
. Numquid Paulus crucifixus est pro vobis, aut in nómine
Pauli baptizati estis? I Cor. i, 13.
. Si terrena dixi vobis, et non creditis, quomodo, si dixero
.VObis caelestia, credetis? Jn. iii, 12.
Exercises 229
II. T3 Do you know when Jesus breathed life into the daughter
of the Roman soldier?
2. While we are working, we are praying.
. In behalf of whom did the first martyrs die?
. The boy is asking his teacher why the martyr was not
buried according to the custom of the Jews.
. a) Did John write this book?
b) John wrote this book, didn't he?
c) John didn't write this book, did he?
Readings
1. The Last Supper, as understood by Paul, I Cor. xi, 23—26.
Ego enim accepi a Domino, quod et tradidi vobis, quoniam Domi-
nus Jésus, in qua nocte! tradebatur, accepit panem et gratias
‘jn quà nocte = in nocte in qua
Readings DI
agens fregit et dixit: "Hoc est corpus meum, quod pro vobis est;
hoc facite in meam commemorationem" similiter? et calicem,
postquam cénatum est, dicens: "Hic calix novum testamentum
est in meo sanguine; hoc facite, quotienscumque? bibétis, in
meam commemoràátionem." Quotienscumque? enim mandüca-
bitis panem hunc et calicem bibétis, mortem Domini annün-
tiatis donec veniat.
*similiter: adv. from similis, -e quotienscumque (adv.) as often as
SINGULAR PLURAL
M./F. N. M./F. N.
beatiori beatiori beatioribus beatioribus
beatiorem beatius beatiores beatiora
beatiore beatiore beatioribus beatioribus
b. Uses In general, these three degrees are used as they are in En-
glish, i.e., when comparison is expressed or implied: beatior vir ‘a
happier man’ (than another), beatissimus vir ‘the happiest man’ (of
all. But when the comparison is more remote, then 'rather' and
‘very’ may be used to translate the comparative and the superlative:
beatior vir ‘a rather happy man,’ beatissimus vir ‘a very happy man.’
When the comparative degree is used to express an explicit com-
parison, the adverb quam ‘than’ may be used; the comparands have
the same case on either side of quam: Petrus erat félicior quam
Joannes ‘Peter was happier than John.’ Note that in both languages
there is ellipsis: Petrus erat felicior quam Joannes [erat felix] ‘Peter
was happier than John [was happy].
Occasionally the comparative degree is employed where English
would prefer the superlative degree: major est caritas ‘the greatest is
charity.'
When the superlative degree is used, it may be strengthened by a
partitive genitive: Petrus erat félicissimus omnium apostolorum
'Peter was the happiest of all the apostles.'
Notes continued:
2. When novus, -a, -um ‘new, recent’ is used in the su-
perlative it often means ‘last, latest’: in novissimo
dié ‘on the last day.’
3. Note that such a phrase as ante/super omnés bonus
‘good before/over all’ is a periphrasis for ‘best of all.’
Vocabulary
lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus (lotus) signum, signi, n. sign; miracle
wash; pass., be washed, labor, laboris, m. work, labor
bathe odor, odóris, m. aroma, odor
fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, — shine, gens, gentis, gentium, f. na-
glow tion; pl., nations, Gentiles
circumfulgeo, circumfulgére, virtüs, virtütis, f. excellence,
circumfulsi, — shine virtue; power, strength;
around pl., miracles
refulgeo, refulgere, refulsi, — vóx, vocis, f. sound, voice
shine brightly, gleam salutare, salütàris, salütarium,
mereó, merére, merui, meritus n. salvation
be worthy, deserve tempus, temporis, n. time
emo, emere, emi, émptus buy facies, faciei, f. face [i.e.,
redimo, redimere, redémi, appearance]
redemptus buy back, genitus, -a, -um begotten,
redeem engendered
pasco, pascere, pavi, pastus suávis, suave sweet
feed ait; aiunt (defective verb)
statuo, statuere, statui, sta- he says; they say
tütus establish, appoint, magis (adv.) more
determine nondum (adv.) not yet
constituo, constituere, cón-
quam (r. adv.; 2. coord. conj.)
stitui, constitütus decree, 1. how, how much; as . . as
ordain possible (with positive or
ira, irae, f. anger, wrath superlative) 2. than (in
synagoga, synagogae, f. comparisons)
congregation, synagogue quo (interrog. & rel. adv.)
Pontius Pilatus, Pontii Pilati, (to) where
m. Pontius Pilatus, Pilate tantum (adv.) only
pretium, pretii, n. price; unde (interrog. & rel. adv.)
ransom from where
Vocabulary Notes
The third principal part of lavo, a first conjugation verb, is lavi (not
* Javavi). Lautus and lotus are alternative spellings of the perfect pas-
sive participle. When used in the passive, lavó may have a reflexive
force (like that of the Greek middle voice): ‘to wash oneself, to bathe.’
Mereo is often followed by an object infinitive: mereo facere ‘I
deserve to do.’ This is the equivalent of merito facio ‘I rightly/
deservedly do.’
Drills 237
Drills
I. Comparative and superlative adjectives.
1. Hic Lévita est omnium fidélissimus.
2. Quis dignior est quam tu?
238 UNIT 27
Exercises
L Ms Et veniens in patriam suam (‘his own’), docebat eos in
synagoga eorum, ita ut mirarentur et dicerent: "Unde huic
sapientia haec et virtutes?" Mt. xiii, 54.
. [Credo in] Deum de Deo, lümen de lümine, Deum verum
de Deo vero, genitum, non factum.
. Gratias agimus Deo semper pro omnibus vobis,
memoriam facientes in orationibus nostris, sine
intermissione ('interruption') memores operis fidei vestrae
et laboris caritatis. I Thess. i, 2— 3.
O inaestimabilis (‘priceless’) dilectio caritatis: ut servum
redimeres, Filium tradidisti!
Ww Et claritas Dei circumfulsit illos. Lk. ii, 9.
Tempus meum nondum adest, tempus autem vestrum
semper est paratum. Jn. vii, 6.
Qui amat patrem aut matrem plus quam me, non est me
dignus. Mt. x, 37.
. Dixit ergo eis Pilatus: "Accipite eum vos et secundum
legem vestram judicate eum!” Jn. xviii, 31.
. Empti enim estis pretio! Glorificate ergo Deum in corpore
vestro. I Cor. vi, 20.
IO. Qui ergo solverit unum de mandatis istis minimis et
docuerit sic homines, minimus vocabitur in régno
caelorum. Mt. v, 19.
TUIS Respondit Pilatus: "Numquid ego Jüdaeus sum?"
Jn. XV 35i
I2. Posui te in lucem gentium. Acts xiii, 47.
Exercises 239
27. Quo hic itürus est, quia nos non inveniemus eum?
Jn. vii, 35.
28. [Et constituisti eum super opera manuum tuarum.]
Heb. ii, 7.
29. Dicit ei Simon Petrus: "Domine, quo vadis?" Respondit
Jesus: "Quo vado, non potes me modo (‘now’) sequi,
sequeris autem postea." Jn. xiii, 36.
30. Eme ea, quae opus sunt nobis ad diem festum. Jn. xiii, 29.
cue Amen dico vobis: Non surréxit inter natos mulierum
major Joanne Baptista; qui autem minor est in regno
caelorum, major est illo. Mt. xi, 11.
3. In illo tempore respondens Jesus dixit: "Confiteor tibi,
Pater, Domine caeli et terrae." Mt. xi, 25.
ad: Baptismum (= baptisma] Joannis unde erat? A caelo an ex
hominibus? Mt. xxi, 25.
34. At (= sed) illi instabant vocibus magnis postulantes, ut
crucifigeretur. Lk. xxiii, 23.
35. Major autem ex his est caritas. I Cor. xiii, 13.
36. Multis passeribus ('sparrows') meliores estis vos. Mt. x, 31.
37. Statuerunt, ut ascenderent Paulus et Barnabas. Acts xv, 2.
. Euntés ergo docete omnes gentes. Mt. xxviii, 19.
39. Viri fratres, vos scitis quoniam ab antiquis diébus in vobis
elegit Deus per 0s meum audire gentes verbum evangelii
et credere. Acts, xv, 7.
40. Qui post me ventürus est, ante me factus est, quia prior
me erat. JD... 15.
41. O felix culpa, quae talem ac tantum meruit habere
Redemptorem!
43; Faciem quidem caeli dijüdicare nostis (= nóvistis), signa
autem temporum non potestis. Mt. xvi, 3.
43. Et exsultavit spiritus meus in Deo salvatore meo. Lk. i, 47.
44. Et in odorem suavitatis acceptus, supernis lüminaribus
(‘lights’) misceatur!
45. Laudate Dominum, omnes gentes; laudate eum, omnes
populi. Ps. cxvii, r.
Readings
1. The Marriage Feast at Cana, Jn. ii, 1— 11.
Et die tertio nuptiae! factae sunt in Cana? Galilaeae, et erat
mater Jesu ibi; vocatus est autem et Jésus et discipuli ejus ad
nuptias. Et deficiente vino, dicit mater Jésü ad eum: "Vinum
non habent." Et dicit ei Jesus: "Quid mihi et tibi, mulier? Non-
dum venit hora mea." Dicit mater ejus ministris: “Quodcumque
dixerit vobis, facite." Erant autem ibi lapideae? hydriae^ sex?
positae secundum pürificationem$ Jüdaeorum, capientés’ sin-
gulae* metretas? binas'? vel ternas." Dicit eis Jesus: "Implete
hydrias* aqua." Et impleverunt eas üsque ad summum." Et
dicit eis: "Haurite? nunc et ferte'* architziclino."!5 Illi autem
tulerunt. Ut autem gustavit" architriclinus ^ aquam vinum
factam et non sciebat unde esset, ministri autem sciebant, qui
haurierant ? aquam, vocat sponsum ? architriclinus ? et dicit ei:
"Omnis homo primum bonum vinum ponit et, cum inébriati
fuerint,? id quod deterius? est; tu servasti bonum vinum üsque
adhüc." Hoc fecit initium?' signorum Jésus in Cana Galilaeae
et manifestavit? gloriam suam,? et crediderunt in eum dis-
cipuli ejus.
'nuptiae, nuptiarum, f. marriage, wedding ?Cana (indecl. noun) Cana, village
4 miles NE of Nazareth ?lapideus, -a, -um (made of) stone *hydria, hydriae,
f. water jar °sex (indecl. adj.) six $pürificatio, purificationis, f. ceremonial wash-
ing ’capientés here, holding (cf. capacity) *singuli, -ae, -a, each one ’metréta,
metrétae, f. a liquid measure (about 9 gallons) "bini, -ae, -a two each '' terni, -ae,
-a three each "summum, summi, n. the top "haurió, haurire, hausi, haustus
draw out "ferte ‘bring’ ^architriclinus, architriclini, m. head waiter "tulerunt
‘they brought’ "gustó, gustare, gustavi, gustatus taste "sponsus, sponsi, m.
bridegroom "'inebrio, inebriare, inébriavi, inébriatus intoxicate, make drunk
{inébriati fuerint = inébriati sint] "deterius (comp. adj.) ‘worse, less good’ ?' ini-
tium, initii, n. beginning ? manifesto, manifestare, manifestavi, manifestatus
make clear, reveal ?suam ‘his own’
Note that in this last example sui, the reflexive adjective used
substantively, is the nominative subject of its own sentence; a
reflexive form has been used because it refers to the subject of
the preceding clause. Eum, the object of cognoverunt, is not a
reflexive because it does not refer to the subject of its sentence.
Notes: 1. ünus, -a, -um (quite logically) has no plural; the plu-
rals of the other five adjectives are regular, if they
occur.
. These genitive and dative singular forms have al-
ready been encountered in the demonstrative and in-
tensive pronouns (see Sections 122, 123, and 127).
Vocabulary
curvo, curvare, curvavi, Or
curvatus bend; humble veneror, venerari, —, vene-
fundo, fundare, fundavi, fun- rátus sum worship, venerate
datus establish, found ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus burn
magnifico, magnificare, magni- doleo, dolére, dolui, dolitus
ficavi, magnificatus extol, grieve, suffer, feel pain
praise, glorify condole6, condolére, —, —
venero, venerare, veneravi, feel severe pain, suffer
veneratus
Vocabulary 247
Vocabulary Notes
Distinguish between fundo, fundere, füdi, füsus ‘pour’ (Unit 16)
and fundo, fundare, fundavi, fundatus ‘establish, found.’
Magnificó is a multiple-base compound: magnus ‘great’ + a form
of fació ‘make.’ See Vocabulary Notes, Unit 11.
Veneror, a deponent verb, has a collateral form, venero. Context
will reveal whether a passive form is active or passive in meaning:
Dominus veneratus est ‘the Lord was worshiped’; Dominum vene-
ratus est ‘he worshiped the Lord.’
Perhaps the most frequent form of amplus is its comparative ad-
verb amplius ‘any more, more.’
248 UNIT 28
Drills
Ln Reflexives.
Exercises
I. i Cum ergo vénisset in Galilaeam, excépérunt eum
Galilaei, cum omnia vidissent, quae fecerat Hierosolymis
in die festo. ]n- 14V, 45.
. Et cum haec dixisset, positis genibus suis, cum omnibus
illis oravit. Acts xx, 36.
. Unus autem ex illis, ut vidit quia sanatus est, regressus
est cum magna voce magnificans Deum. Lk. xvii, 15.
. Quomodo potest homo nasci, cum senex sit? Jn. iii, 4.
. Cum autem descendisset dé monte, secutae sunt eum
turbae multae. Mt. viii, I.
. Quid hic sic loquitur? Blasphemat! Quis potest dimittere
peccáta nisi solus Deus? Mk. ii, 7.
Alius autem de discipulis ejus ait illi: "Domine, permitte
mé primum ire et sepelire patrem meum." Mt. viii, 21.
Et respondit ad illum Jésus: "Scriptum est: ‘Non in pane
solo vivet homol, sed in omni verbo Dei].'" Lk. iv, 4.
250 UNIT 28
II. | r. Some speak in tongues; others preach the Gospel. For the
gifts of the Holy Spirit are many. [Use alii. . alii.]
2. Since we have heard the words of Jesus, let us love one
another.
3. There is no hope for those who do not call upon their
Father.
4. The deacon prayed most devoutly that God would refresh
our minds and hearts.
Readings
1. The Calling of the First Apostles, Mk. i, 16—20.
Et praeteriens! secus? mare Galilaeae vidit Simonem? et An-
dréam^ fratrem Simonis? mittentes [rétia?] in mare; erant enim
piscatores. Et dixit eis Jesüs: "Venite post me, et faciam vos
fieri! piscatores? hominum." Et protinus,’ relictis retibus,? secüti
sunt eum. Et progressus? pusillum? vidit Jacobum '' Zebedaei '”
et Joannem fratrem ejus, et ipsos in navi ? componentes "^ retia,
et statim vocavit illos. Et, relicto patre suo Zebedaeo in navi?
cum mercennariis,? abierunt eum.
!praeteriens < praeter + eó secus (prep. + acc.) along, beside *Simón, Simónis,
m. Simon [i.e., Peter) Andréas, Andréae, m. Andrew ?réte, rétis, rétium, n. net
*piscátor, piscatoris, m. fisherman’ fieri ‘become’ *prótinus (adv.) right away, on
the spot *prógressus < pro + gradior "pusillum (adv.) a little " Jacobus, Jacobi,
m. James "Zebedaeus, Zebedaei, m. Zebedee "nàvis, nàvis, navium, f. ship,
boat "componentes < com- + pono "mercennàrius, mercenndarii, m. hired
man, paid worker
Readings 3555
Vocabulary
corono, coronare, coronavi, instruo, instruere, instrüxi,
coronatus crown instrüctus instruct
monstro, monstrare, sumo, sumere, sümpsi,
monstravi, monstratus sümptus take, obtain
show; command assumo, assumere,
demonstro, démonstrare, de- assümpsi, assümptus
monstravi, démonstratus take up
show, reveal cüria, cüriae, f. court, curia
supplico, supplicare, figüra, figürae, f. fashion,
supplicavi, supplicatus figure
(humbly) beseech Magdalena, Magdalenae, f.
suscit6, suscitare, suscitavi, Magdalen
suscitatus awaken, raise up psalmista, psalmistae, m.
resuscitó, resuscitare, psalmist
resuscitavi, resuscitatus jüdicium, jüdicii, n. judgment
reawaken, raise up again timor, timoris, m. fear
crésco, crescere, crévi, cretus timorátus, -a, -um God-
grow, increase fearing, devout, reverent
gero, gerere, gessi, gestus hospes, hospitis, m. & f. host;
bear, manage, conduct guest
struo, struere, strüxi, strüctus cautio, cautionis, f. bill, bail
build
conclisi6, conclüsionis, f.
destruo, destruere, déstraxi, conclusion
destrüctus destroy
Vocabulary 257
Vocabulary Notes
Coróno is the denominative verb formed from coróna (Unit 21).
Monstró, as a verb of showing (see Section 26], takes an indirect
and a direct object; the object may be an object infinitive: mónstràvit
nobis viam ‘he showed us the way’; monstravit nobis rare ‘he showed
us (how) to pray.’
Supplicó is the denominative verb formed from the adjective sup-
plex (Unit 17).
The Greek nominative singular ending of Magdaléna also occurs:
Magdalene.
Timor and timoràtus are derived from timeo (Unit 25).
Conclüsió is the abstract noun derived from conclüdó (Unit 18).
The accusative singular of lampas is lampada, a transliteration of
its Greek original.
Sanctificatio is the abstract noun derived from sanctifico (Unit 11).
Pretiosus is compounded of the base of pretium ‘price’ (Unit 27)
and the suffix -osus ‘full of.’
Humilis forms its superlative with the suffix -limus: humillimus.
See Section 142a, Note 2.
Though used as a subordinating conjunction, licet is properly a
verb (to be formally presented in Unit 34).
Priusquam may be spelled as two words; a subordinating conjunc-
tion, it is formed in the same manner as postquam and antequam
(Unit 12).
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
corono coronary, coronation
monstro monster, monstrance
demonstro demonstrative, demonstration
258 UNIT 29
Drills
L Indefinite pronouns and adjectives.
Quodcumque minimis facitis, mihi facitis.
Petrus alicui in via locutus est?
Si quid vides, dic mihi.
Aliqua mulier tibi librum reliquit.
Quicumque aures habent, audiant.
PM
RW
Am
H Tu rogabas aliquid boni?
Quidam ad Jesum accessit.
4
oo Aurum aliquibus militibus datum est.
Exercises
IL 810 bone Jesu, miserere nobis quia tü creasti nos, tü
redemisti nos sanguine tuo pretiosissimo.
2. Jesu, Salvator mundi, tuis famulis subveni, quos pretioso
sanguine redemisti.
3. Et eritis odio omnibus gentibus propter nomen meum.
Mt. xxiv, 9.
4. Osculabantur (‘were kissing’) eum dolentes maxime in
verbo, quod dixerat, quoniam amplius faciem ejus non
essent visurl. Acts xx, 38.
5. Jacob dilexi, Esau autem odio habui. Rom. ix, 13.
6. Nam cum liber essem ex omnibus, omnium me servum
IECI-DCordx T9.
7. Quamquam Jésus non baptizaret sed discipuli ejus. Jn. iv, 2.
8. Quis enim cognovit sensum Domini, qui instruat eum?
Nos autem sensum Christi habemus. I Cor. ii, 16.
9. Legem ergo destruimus per fidem? Absit, sed legem
statuimus. Rom. iii, 3r.
IO. Audivimus enim eum dicentem quoniam Jesus Nazarenus
hic déstruet locum istum et mutabit consuétüdines, quas
tradidit nobis Moyses. Acts vi, 14.
II. Quod si nosmetipsos dijüdicaremus, non utique
jüdicaremur. I Cor. xi, 31.
I2. Gloria et honore coronasti eum|, et constituisti eum super
opera manuum tuarum]. Heb. ii, 7.
I3. Et hoc est testimonium Joannis, quando miserunt ad
eum Judaei ab Hierosolymis sacerdotes et Levitas, ut
interrogarent eum: "Tu quis es?" Jn. i, 19.
I4. Et dixit ei Nathanael: "A Nazareth potest aliquid boni
esse?" Dicit ei Philippus: "Veni et vide." Jn. i, 46.
15. Domine, descende priusquam moriatur puer meus.
Jn. iv, 49. '
I6. Pater enim diligit Filium et omnia demonstrat ei, quae
ipse facit, et majora his demonstrabit ei opera, ut vos
mirémini. Sicut enim Pater suscitat mortuos et vivificat,
sic et Filius, quos vult, vivificat. Jn. v, 20-21.
17. Amén, àmen dico vobis: Venit hora, et nunc est, quando
mortul audient vocem Filii Dei et, qui audierint, vivent.
Sicut enim Pater habet vitam in semetipso, sic dedit et
260 UNIT 29
II. . Although the disciples could not buy much bread, the
whole crowd had something to eat.
. Since Jesus had been sent by the Father, he showed the
apostles how to preach the Gospel.
. When Jesus took the cup, he blessed it and gave it to the
apostles.
. After she was taken up into heaven, Mary was crowned
with glory and honor.
. Before we were redeemed with the precious blood, we had
no hope of salvation.
Readings
1. The Second Sign at Cana, Jn. iv, 46— 54.
Venit ergo iterum in Cana Galilaeae, ubi fecit aquam vinum. Et
erat quidam régius,' cujus filius infirmabatur? Capharnaum; hic
cum audisset quia Jesüs advenerit a Judaea in Galilaeam, abiit ad
eum et rogabat, ut descenderet et sanaret filium ejus; incipiebat
! regius, régii, m. royal official ^infirmo, infirmàre, infirmavi, infirmatus make
weak, enfeeble; pass., be sick
262 UNIT 29
Vocabulary
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, traho, trahere, traxi, tractus
cogitatus think; plan draw, drag; lead
commendo, commendare, attraho, attrahere, attraxi,
commendavi, commendatus attractus draw toward
entrust detraho, détrahere, détraxi,
existimo, existimare, détractus draw from,
existimavi, existimatus take away
think, judge domina, dominae, f. mistress,
liquo, liquare, liquavi, liquatus lady
melt amicus, amici, m. friend
nego, negare, negavi, negatus inimicus, inimici, m.
deny, say. . . not enemy
persevéro, perseverare, somnus, somni, m. sleep
perseveravi, persevératus lignum, ligni, n. wood; tree
continue monumentum, monumenti, n.
puto, putare, putavi, putatus tomb
think, reckon hostis, hostis, hostium, m. &
deputo, deputare, députavi, f. enemy, host
deputatus appoint; reckon, parens, parentis, m. & f.
count parent
socio, socidre, sociavi, sociatus divinitas, divinitatis, f.
share in; ally divinity
veto, vetdare, vetui (vetavi), sedes, sedis, f. place, seat
vetitus (vetatus) forbid
vicinus, -a, -um neighboring
illücesco, illücescere, illüxi, —
vicinus, vicini, m. neighbor
shine (upon), become light
facilis, facile easy
divido, dividere, divisi, divisus
part, divide difficilis, difficile difficult
premo, premere, pressi, pres-
inaestimabilis, inaestimabile
priceless
sus press (upon); oppress
ineffabilis, ineffabile
exprimo, exprimere,
expressi, expressus
inexpressible, ineffable
represent, express némo [nüllius, némini,
néminem, nülló/nülla]
Vocabulary 267
Vocabulary Notes
Cogitó may take an accusative (‘plan something’) or dé + ablative
(‘think about something’).
Nego means ‘deny.’ When used to introduce an indirect statement,
it translates a negative in the quoted statement: negó Petrum esse
hic ‘I say that Peter is not here’ [original statement: ‘Peter is not here’].
Persevéro takes in + ablative: perseverat in fide ‘he continues in
the faith.' In imitation of the Greek idiom, it may take a present sup-
plementary participle (agreeing with the subject): perseverat órans
‘he continues praying.’
Socio, the denominative of socius (Unit 9), takes an accusative + a
dative or ablative: ‘share something with someone,’ or ‘ally some-
thing to something.’ Personal nouns in this construction go into the
accusative: Petrus domo nos sociavit ‘Peter shared his home with us.’
Veto takes either indirect command construction—ut + sub-
junctive or accusative + infinitive (see Section 120). The latter is the
accusative of the person forbidden and the infinitive of the action
forbidden: veto té exire ‘I forbid you to leave.’
Somnus ‘sleep’ means ‘dream’ in the plural.
Lignum means ‘tree’ [Rev. xxii, 2] or ‘(piece of) wood’ (and so a
‘club’ [Mk. xiv, 43, 48]).
Némo < né + homo ‘no man.’ The genitive and ablative forms
néminis and némine are usually supplanted by the equivalent forms
of nüllus (Unit 28).
The imperative forms noli and nolite come from a verb which is
seldom used in ecclesiastical Latin: nolo, nolle, nolui, — ‘be unwill-
ing, wish not’: nolo < né + volo.
Quisquam is an indefinite pronoun, declined like quis, quid (see
Section 140), except that the feminine nominative has its own form:
quaequam (not quisquam). There are no plural forms. It is used with
negatives. For example, nec quisquam (which always replaces et
nemo).
Cogito, existimo, nego, putó, and any similar verbs of saying,
268 UNIT 30
Drills
I. Negative direct commands (or requests).
I. Ne geratis vos in isto modo!
2. Ne calicem indigne sumant!
Exercises 269
. Non interficies!
. Nolite loqui!
. Vade, noli peccare amplius!
. Ne suscitaveris tuum patrem!
. Nolite vestros in calices meum vinum fundere!
C2
4
AM. Ne simus
CON maesti!
Exercises
I. M . Nihil horum timeas, quae passurus es. Rev. ii, 10.
. Haec dicit Sanctus, Verus, qui habet clavem (‘key’) David,
qui aperit et némo claudet, et claudit et némo aperit.
Rev, 7.
. At (= sed) ille negavit coram omnibus dicens: "Nescio
quid dicis." Mt. xxvi, 70.
. Nolite mirari hoc, quia venit hora, in quà omnés, qui in
monumentis sunt, audient vocem ejus et procedent, qui
bona fécerunt, in resurrectionem vitae, qui vero mala
egerunt, in resurrectionem judicii. Jn. v, 28— 29.
. At (= sed) illi, ut viderunt eum ambulantem super mare,
putaverunt phantasma (‘ghost’) esse et exclamaverunt.
Mk. vi, 49.
. Omne gaudium existimate, fratres mei, cum in
tentationibus variis (‘various’) incideritis. James i, 2.
. Et confestim, adhuc eo loquente, venit Judas unus ex
270 UNIT 30
II. 1. When asked, Peter said that he did not know Jesus.
2. Do not try to drag the wood away alone!
3. It is difficult to express our sorrow at the death of a friend.
4. Do not think that you ought not to love your enemies.
5. If you continue serving the Lord, joy and peace will be
yours.
6. Did our friends judge that it was difficult to forbid the
enemy to enter the city?
Readings
1. Lavabo, Ps. xxvi, 6— 12.
Lavabo inter innocentes! manüs meas et circumdabo^? altare
tuum, Domine,
Ut audiam vocem laudis et enarrem? üniversa mirabilia* tua.
Domine, dilexi decorem? domüs* tuae et locum habitationis?
gloriae tuae.
' innocens (gen., innocentis) innocent ?circumdó, circumdare, circumdedi, cir-
cumdatus surround (here, go around) *énarro, énarrare, énarravi, énàrrátus tell,
narrate ‘mirabilis, mirabile wonderful ‘decor, decóris, m. beauty *domüs =
domi "habitatio, habitationis, f. dwelling
Readings 373
Vocabulary
appropinquo, appropinquare, permaneo, permanere,
appropinquavi, appropin- permansi, permansus
quatus draw near, approach remain, continue
(+ dat.) remaneo, remanere,
nárro, narrare, narravi, remansi, remansus be left,
narratus tell, narrate remain
ploro, plorare, ploravi, ploratus paeniteor, paenitéri, —, —
bewail, lament, weep repent
maneo, manére, mansi, man- taceó, tacere, tacui, tacitus
sus remain, wait, stay be silent
Vocabulary 277
Drills
I. Indirect statements: subject accusative and perfect infinitive.
a. Translate.
b. Reconstruct the original statement in Latin and in English.
Diaconus credidit se deputatum esse.
Tu credis Deum pro Hebraeis mare divisisse?
Scimus Luciferum omnibus illuxisse.
Dictum est turbam vetuisse Pilatum Jesüm dimittere.
Hi negant Joannem fuisse Christum.
Maria Magdalena non vidit Jesüm resurrexisse 4 mortuis.
Vir vetitus est dicere sé a Jesü sanatum.
Némini quisquam dicat Paulum baptizavisse.
i Nonne sciunt Mariam amplis expressisse lacrimis talem
Le
tod
ad
pesca
ba
dolorem?
H 9 Eum putavit Jesum in via vidisse.
Exercises
I. 1. Ait autem: “Quid enim mali fecit?" At illi magis clama-
bant dicentes: "Crucifigatur!" Mt. xxvii, 23.
2. Qui credit in Filium, habet vitam aeternam; qui autem
incredulus (‘unbelieving’) est Filio, non videbit vitam, sed
ira Dei manet super eum. Jn. iii, 36.
3. "Putasne intellegis, quae legis?" Qui ait: "Et quomodo
possum, si non aliquis ostenderit mihi?" Acts viii, 30— 31.
4. Et omnis turba quaerébant eum tangere, quia virtus de illo
exibat et sanabat omnes. Lk. vi, 19.
5. Postquam autem traditus est Joannes, venit Jesus in
Galilaeam praedicans evangelium Dei, et dicens:
‘Implétum est tempus, et appropinquavit regnum Dei;
paenitémini et credite evangelio." Mk. i, 14-15.
6. Ille, reversus ab inferis, hümano generi serenus illüxit.
280 UNIT 31
II. 1. Whoever, like the Magi, should follow the star would be
able to find the King of the Jews.
2. When Paul was drawing near to the city, he suddenly
heard a voice from the sky.
3. Whoever remains faithful will not die forever.
4. Having returned to the city, Jesus was sought by the
crowd.
5. Paulsays that it was the mark of a good woman to be
silent in the assemblies.
Readings
1. Easter Sequence (Wipo, 1048).
Victimae Paschali laudes Et gloriam vidi resurgentis:
Immolent? Christiani. Angelicos testes,
Agnus redemit oves: Sudarium’ et vestes.
Christus innocens Patri Surrexit Christus
Reconciliavit? Spes mea:
Peccatores. Praecedet vos
Mors et vita duello* In Galilaeam.
Conflixere? mirando: Scimus Christum surréxisse
Dux? vitae mortuus A mortuis vere:
Regnat vivus. Tu nobis, victor Rex,
Dic nobis, Maria, Miserere.
Quid vidisti in via? Amen. Allelüja.
Sepulcrum Christi viventis,
! victima, victimae, f. victim, sacrifice ^immolo, immolàre, immolavi, immo-
latus sacrifice, offer *reconcilid, reconciliare, reconciliavi, reconciliatus restore,
reunite, reconcile *duellum, duelli, n. war, battle ‘conflig6, confligere, cónflixi,
conflictus (conflixére = conflixérunt) struggle, contend *dux, ducis, m. leader
’sudarium, sudarii, n. shroud
Readings 283
Vocabulary
coadüno, coadünare, teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus
coadünàvi, coadünatus unite hold, keep, possess, arrest
speró, spérare, spéravi, contineo, continére,
spératus hope (for), wait continui, contentus
(for); trust hold together, contain
verbero, verberare, verberavi, sustineo, sustinére, sustinui,
verberatus beat sustentus hold up, uphold,
pendeo, pendere, pependi, — sustain
hang; depend
Vocabulary 287
Vocabulary Notes
Coadüno is a denominative verb compounded of two prefixes and
the base of ünus 'one' (Unit 7).
Spéro (a denominative verb from spes [Unit r9]) takes a present or
a future infinitive, an ut-clause, or a quod-clause.
Verbero is a denominative verb formed from verber (Unit 33).
Occidó is a compound verb: ob + caedó ‘cut.’ (Caedó is not for-
mally presented in this text.) Occid6 must be carefully distinguished
from occido ‘fall into; happen,’ a compound of cado ‘fall (down)
(Unit r9).
Sisto (the reduplicated form of st6 [Unit 13]) is transitive ('[make]
stand’) or intransitive (‘stand, be, become’).
Vincó ‘conquer’ yields victoria (Unit 7) and victor (Unit 31).
288 UNIT 32
spero desperate
verbero reverberation
pendeo pendant, dependent
teneo tenant, lieutenant
contineo continent, content
sustineo sustenance
exsisto exist
cera ceraceous, cerated
flos florist
apis apiary
illüminatio illumination
ratio rational, rationale, ratio
studiorum (a ‘plan’ of studies)
utilitas utility
requies Requiem
Drills
I. Indirect statements: subject accusative and future infinitive.
a. Translate. b. Reconstruct the original statement in Latin and
in English.
I. Scivérunt apostoli Jesüm moriturum esse?
2. Magi non viderunt regem interfecturum pueros.
3
. Intellegunt sé periturds esse in mari.
>
Exercises
I. r. Audiens autem Jesüs, miratus est et sequentibus sé dixit:
"Amen dico vobis: Apud nullum inveni tantam fidem in
Israel." Mt. viii, 10.
2. Vobis primum Deus suscitàns Puerum suum, misit eum
benedicentem vobis in avertendo inumquemque (‘each
one’) 4 nequitiis (‘evil ways’) vestris. Acts iii, 26.
. Et palam verbum loquebatur. Mk. viii, 32.
. Dum oraret, species vultüs mutata est.
. Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine!
QD
4An. Ipse Jesus appropinquans ibat cum illis; oculi autem
iota qu UE ne eum agnoscerent. Lk. xxiv, 15-16.
7. Et cum audissent sui, exierunt tenére eum. Mk. iii, 21.
8. Venit enim Joannes Baptista neque manducans panem
neque bibens vinum, et dicitis: "^Daemonium habet!"
LDk^v1735:
9. At ille intendebat in eos, sperans sé aliquid accepturum
ab eis. Acts iii, 5.
IO. Et volens illum occidere, timuit populum, quia sicut
prophetam eum habebant. Mt. xiv, 5.
11. Mitis sum et humilis corde, et invenietis requiem
animabus vestris. Mt. xi, 29.
I2. Audistis quia dictum est antiquis: "Non occides."
Mitr V, 31.
I3. Spes autem, quae vidétur, non est spes; nam, quod videt
quis, sperat? Rom. viii, 24.
I4. Quod dico vobis in tenebris, dicite in lumine; et quod in
aure auditis, praedicate super tecta. Et nolite timere eos,
qui occidunt corpus, animam autem non possunt
occidere. Mt. x, 26—28.
15. Laudo autem vos quod omnia mei memores estis et sicut
tradidi vobis, traditiones meas tenetis. I Cor. xi, 2.
16. Cotidie sedébam docens in templo, et non me tenuistis.
Mt. xxvi, 55.
290 UNIT 32
Readings
Y. Tantum Ergo, by St. Thomas Aquinas (1225— 1274).
Tantum ergo sacramentum
veneremur cernui; !
et antiquum documentum
novo cedat ritui;
praestet fides supplementum?
sensuum defectui.?
Genitori, genitoque
laus et jübilatio,
salus, honor, virtus quoque
sit et benedictio:
procédenti ab utroque?
compar sit laudatio."
! cernuus, -a, -um bowing ?supplémentum, supplémenti, n. reinforcement ?de-
fectus, defectüs, m. failure, defect ^genitor, genitoris, m. father *jübilatio, jübi-
lationis, f. gladness, festal cry $uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two), both
7Jaudatio, laudationis, f. praise
SINGULAR PLURAL
fer! ferte!
Vocabulary
dito, ditare, ditavi, — enrich expello, expellere, expuli,
mütuor, mutuari, —, mutu- expulsus drive out
atus sum borrow repello, repellere, repuli, re-
significo, significare, pulsus cast off, overcome
significavi, significatus spargo, spargere, sparsi, spar-
signify sus sprinkle
cogo, cógere, coegi, coactus aspergo, aspergere, aspersi,
lead, bring, assemble; force, aspersus sprinkle
compel dispergo, dispergere, dis-
fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus persi, dispersus scatter
deceive fero, ferre, tuli, latus bring,
falsus, -a, -um false bear, carry
pango, pangere, panxi (pégi, aufero, auferre, abstuli,
pepigi), panctus (pactus) ablatus take away
make; compose; sing confero, conferre, contuli,
pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus collatus accompany;
drive out
296 UNIT 33
Vocabulary Notes
As its third and fourth principal parts clearly reveal, c6g6 is a com-
pound of agó (Unit 6). It may take an object accusative + infinitive or
ut + subjunctive (the indirect command).
Pango (the root of which is PAG) shows three types of the third
principal part: 1) panxi (PAG palatalized + -s- = PANGS- = PANX-},
2) pégi (PAG with vowel lengthened = PEG-), 3) pepigi (PAG redupli-
cated = PEPIG-).
Feró forms many compounds; others may be encountered, includ-
ing affero (ad + fero), differo (dis- + fero), suffero (sub + fero], cir-
cumfer6, praefero, superfero, and transfero.
Vocabulary 297
Nàtió and nàtivitàs are nouns formed from the perfect participle of
nascor (Unit 20).
Inquam is a defective verb, used parenthetically after one or more
words in its clause. It means ‘I mean’ as well as ‘I say.’ A third-person
singular form—inquit—may also be found.
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
Drills
I. Ferd and its compounds.
a. Translate. b. Change the number.
I. auferetur 6. perferimini
2. confers 7. proferimus
3. deferris 8. refert
4. efferens 9. offeram
5. inferunt IO. referre
Exercises
I. r. Ave, Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum; benedicta tu in
mulieribus, et benedictus fructus ventris tui (Lk. i, 28, 42),
Jésus. Sancta Maria, Mater Dei, ora pro nobis peccatoribus,
nunc et in hora mortis nostrae. Amen.
2. Si linguis hominum loquar et angelorum, caritatem
autem non habeam, factus sum velut aes (‘gong’) sonans.
LDCor xui r
3. Ad finem lectionis significandum, lector subdit: Verbum
Domini. R. Deo gratias.
4. In Sabbato Sancto diaconus Praeconium Paschale pro
populo cantavit.
5. Pilatus tradidit Jesum ut flagellis verberatum
crucifigerent.
6. Christus rex Israel descendat nunc de cruce, ut videamus
et credamus. Mk. xv, 32.
7. Pange, lingua, gloriosi/ corporis mysterium,
sanguinisque pretiosi,/ quem in mundi pretium
fructus ventris generosi (‘noble’)/ rex effudit gentium.
St. Thomas Aquinas
Exercises 299
. Qui enim habet, dabitur illi; et qui non habet, etiam quod
habet, auferetur ab illo. Mk. iv, 25.
Haec Hostia nostrae reconciliationis proficiat, quaesumus,
Domine, ad totius mundi pacem atque salutem.
IO. Gratia Domini nostri Jesu Christi et caritas Dei et
communicatio Sancti Spiritus cum omnibus vobis.
IL Cor xu 13:
LE, In his autem diebus supervénérunt ab Hierosolymis
prophetae Antiochiam (‘Antioch’); et surgens ünus ex eis
nomine Agabus, significavit per Spiritum famem
(‘famine’) magnam futüram in Universo orbe terrarum.
Acts xi, 27—28.
I2. Afferebant ad eum omnes male habentes et daemonia
habentes. Mk. i, 32.
r3. Omnes filios tuos ubique dispersos tibi, clemens Pater
miseratus conjunge.
I4. Venit Jesus et stetit in medio et dicit eis: "Pax vobis!"
Jn. xx, 19.
IS. Qui licet sit divisus in partes, mütuati tamen lüminis
detrimenta non novit.
I6. Qui non est mecum, adversum me est, et qui non colligit
mecum, dispergit. Lk. xi, 23.
EJ: Et obtulérunt ei omnes male habentes. Mt. iv, 24.
18. Quid hic statis tota die otiosi (‘idle’)? Mt. xx, 6.
I9. In diebus autem illis venit Joannes Baptista, praedicans in
deserto Jüdaeae. Mt. iii, r.
20 Inventis fratribus rogati sumus manere apud eos dies
septem. Acts xxviii, 14.
21. Et veniunt ferentes ad eum paralyticum, qui à quattuor
portabatur. Mk. ii, 3.
22. Amen dico vobis: Ubicumque praedicatum fuerit hoc
evangelium in toto mundo, dicetur et quod haec fecit in
memoriam ejus. Mt. xxvi, 13.
doc Et non admisit quemquam sequi se nisi Petrum et
Jacobum et Joannem fratrem Jacobi. Mk. v, 37.
Sy. Cum autem esset Hierosolymis in Pascha, in die festo,
multi crediderunt in nomine ejus, videntes signa ejus,
quae faciebat. Jn. ii, 23.
25 Tanto tempore vobiscum sum, et non cognovisti me,
Philippe? Qui vidit me, vidit Patrem. Quomodo tü dicis:
"Ostende nobis Patrem"? Jn. xiv, 9.
26. Defüncto autem Herode, ecce apparet angelus Domini in
somnis Joseph in Aegypto. Mt. ii, 19.
27 Mira enim quaedam infers auribus nostris. Acts xvii, 20.
300 UNIT 33
II. . At the time of the offering, the Levite will bring forward the
gifts of the people.
. When Paul was bound by the soldiers, he was forced to
speak before the king.
. To signify the purification of the people, the priest will
sprinkle them with water.
. The sick were brought to Jesus in order that they might be
healed.
. In the us the rich man came to Jesus to ask him about
the kingdom of heaven.
Readings 301
Readings
1. Asperges Me (Ps. li, 9, 3).
Asperges me, Domine, hyssopo' et mundabor:? lavabis me, et su-
per nivem? dealbabor.* Miserere mei, Deus, secundum magnam
misericordiam tuam. Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto.
Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in saecula saeculo-
rum. Amen.
' hyssopum, hyssópi, n. hyssop ?mundó, mundare, mundàvi, mundatus cleanse
*nix, nivis, f. snow *dealbo, dealbare, dealbavi, dealbatus whiten, make white
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT IMPERFECT
fiam fierem
fids fierés
fiat fieret
fiamus fierémus
fiatis fierétis
fiant fierent
Note: The stem vowels -a- and -e-, by rule, shorten before -m,
-t, and -nt.
M./F. N.
tres tria
trium trium
tribus tribus
tres tria
tribus ^ tribus
Some Cardinal and Ordinal Numerals 305
The following are impersonal passive forms which focus on the ac-
tion itself and not on the agent:
cenatum est
‘it was dined’ = ‘there was dining,’ ‘people dined’
ventum est
‘it was come’ = ‘there was coming,’ ‘people came’
Vocabulary
erro, errare, erravi, erratus be made, be done; become,
wander, go astray; err happen, be
penetro, penetrare, penetravi, concordia, concordiae, f.
penetratus pierce, penetrate union, peace
rutilo, rutilàre, rutilavi, ruti- oboedentia, oboedentiae, f.
latus glow obedience
noceó, nocere, nocui, nocitus radius, radii, m. ray
hurt, do harm to (+ dat.) sol, solis, m. sun
places, placere, placui, placitus communi6, commünionis, f.
please, be pleasing to(+ dat.) communion
placet (impersonal verb) genetrix, genetricis, f. mother
it is pleasing (+ dat.) humilitas, humilitatis, f. low-
complaceo, complacere, liness, humility
complacui (complacitus institütio, institütionis, f.
sum) please, be acceptable instruction
to (+ dat.) sanctitàs, sanctitatis, f.
cado: holiness
occid6, occidere, occidi, oc- lüminàre, lümináaris, lümi-
casus go down, set [of the narium, n. light, lamp,
sun] heavenly body
occidens (gen., occidentis) pectus, pectoris, n. breast
west occasus, occásüs, m. setting
procid6, procidere, procidi, [of the sun]
— fall forward ortus, ortüs, m. rising
enitor, eniti, —, enisus [of the sun]
(énixus) sum bring forth, lacrimosus, -a, -um tearful
give birth to sincérus, -a, -um sincere
parco, parcere, peperci (parsi), factum est (Hebraic idiom)
parsus spare (+ dat.) it happened (that), it came
oboedio, oboedire, oboedivi to pass (that)
(oboedii), oboeditus obey, jüxtà (prep. + acc.) near, along;
listen to (+ dat.) according to
servio, servire, servivi (servii], licet, licere, licuit (licitum est)
servitus serve, comply with it is permitted (+ dat. and
(+ dat.) inf.)
f10; fieri, —, factus sum
310 UNIT 34
Vocabulary Notes
Although the verbs "harm, please, obey, and serve' in English are
transitive and take a direct object, noce6, placed, complaceo, oboe-
did, and servio are intransitive and take the dative. In the passive,
these verbs are used impersonally and the dative is retained: regi ser-
vimus ‘we serve the king’; regi à nobis servitur [‘it is served the king
by us’] ‘the king is served by us.’
The compound complaceó uses perfect active or passive forms with
no difference in meaning: complacui/complacitus sum ‘I pleased.’
The same is true of licet: licuit/licitum est ‘it was permitted.’
Humilitàs and sanctitas are the abstract nouns formed from hu-
milis (Unit 29) and sanctus (Unit 5).
Occasus and ortus are fourth declension nouns formed from the
last principal part of occidó and orior (Unit 20).
Besides the infinitive construction, licet and necesse est may take
an ut or quod clause.
Derivatives: LATIN ENGLISH
erro errata
penetro penetration
rutilo rutilant
noceo nocent, innocent
placeo placebo, please
complaceo complacent, complaisant
occido Occident, occasion
parco parsimonious
oboedio obedient
servio servant
fio fiat
concordia concord, Concorde
radius radius, radiator
sol solar, solarium
institutio institution
sanctitas sanctity
lüminare luminary
pectus pectoral, expectorate
Exercises ALI
Drills
I. The irregular verb fio.
. Lux fiat!
. Matthias factus est apostolus.
. Vir rogavit ut fieret sanus.
. Nocte facta, in domum reversi sumus.
. Si verbum cOnservaverimus, salvi fiemus.
H . Factum
PWN
Am est, apertum est caelum.
II. Numerals.
Exercises
I. r1. Aut quaero hominibus placere? Si adhüc hominibus
placerem, Christi servus non essem! Gal. i, 10.
2. Deinde post annos tres ascendi Hierosolymam videre
Cepham (= Petrum) et mànsi apud eum diebus
quindecim; alium autem apostolorum non vidi nisi
Jacobum fratrem Domini. Gal. i, 18— 19.
3. Eratis enim sicut oves errantes, sed conversi estis nunc ad
pastorem et episcopum animarum vestrarum. I Pet. ii, 25.
4. Undecim autem discipuli abierunt in Galilaeam, in
montem ubi constituerat illis Jesus. Mt. xxviii, 16.
5. Ascendit ergo Simon Petrus et traxit rete (‘net’) in terram,
plénum magnis piscibus (‘fish’) centum quinquaginta
tribus. Jn. xxi, 11.
6. Quod cum videret Simon Petrus, procidit ad genua Jesu
312 UNIT 34
Readings
1: The Conversion of Saul (I), Acts ix, 1—12.
Saulus! autem, adhüc spirans minarum" et caedis? in discipulos
' Saulus, Sauli, m. Saul, a rabbi (later known as Paul [Acts xiii, 9])? minae, mina-
rum, f. threats *caedés, caedis, f. murder, slaughter
Readings 31'S
Vocabulary
accommodo, accommodare, cónfortoó, cénfortare, —, —
accommodavi, accommoda- strengthen; pass., grow
tus apply, fit; grant strong
355 UNIT 35
accommodo accommodate
conforto comfort
exspolio spoil
irradio irradiate
Orno ornament
adorno adornment
pacifico pacification
revelo revelation
jaceo adjacent
cerno discrete, discreet
disco discipline, disciple
tremo tremor, tremendous
ejicio eject
projicio project
esurio esurient
paenitentia penitence
ruina ruin
hereditas heredity
immolatio immolation
Ops opulent
matutinus Matins, matinee, matutinal
Drills
I. Greek periphrastic tenses.
.Apostoli erant in cenaculo orantes.
.Jesus erat in monte orans.
.Diebus tribus non erat videns.
.Erimus in ecclesia cantantes.
wp
WN
H Sedentes sunt in silentio.
Exercises
I. I. Tunc Herodes, clam (‘secretly’) vocatis Magis, diligenter
didicit ab eis tempus stellae, quae apparuit eis, et mittens
illos in Bethlehem dixit: “Ite et interrogate diligenter
dé puero; et cum inveneritis renüntiate mihi, ut et ego
veniens adorem eum." Mt. ii, 7—8.
. Tunc surréxérunt omnés virgines illae et ornaverunt lam-
padés suas. Mt. xxv, 7.
. Ecce sum vivens in saecula saeculorum. Rev. i, 18.
. Et altera die cum exirent à Bethania, esuriit. Mk. xi, 12.
. Et ait ad Simonem Jésus: "Noli timere; ex hoc jam homi-
uno
nes eris capiens." Lk. v, 10.
. Esurivi enim, et dedistis mihi manducare. Mt. xxv, 35.
. Et iterum coepit docere ad mare. Mk. iv, 1.
ON
CON . Ave, Rex noster, Fili David, Redemptor mundi, quem
prophetae praedixerunt Salvatorem domui Israel esse
venturum.
. Salvum fac populum tuum, Domine, et benedic hereditati
tuae, et rege eos et extolle illos üsque in aeternum.
IO. Placuit Deo . . ut revelaret Filium suum in me. Gal. i,
IS$—16.
Top. Venite, occidamus eum et habebimus hereditatem ejus.
Mt. xxi, 38.
I2. Non potest mundus odisse vos, mé autem Odit, quia ego
testimonium perhibeo de illo quia opera ejus mala sunt.
Jn vi 7.
To Ipse vero, ejectis omnibus, assumit patrem puellae (‘girl’)
et matrem et, qui secum erant, et ingreditur, ubi erat puella
[jacens]. Mk. v, 40.
I4. Herodes autem, viso Jesu, gavisus est valde: erat enim
cupiens (‘desiring’) ex multo tempore videre eum, eo quod
audiret de illo et sperabat signum aliquod videre ab eo
fieri. Lk. xxiii, 8.
I5. Oportet ergo ex his viris, qui nobiscum congregati erant
in omni tempore, quo intravit et exivit inter nos Dominus
Jésus, incipiens a baptismate Joannis Usque in diem, qua
assümptus est à nobis, testem resurrectionis ejus nobis-
cum fieri ünum ex istis. Acts i, 21—22.
16. Laetetur et mater Ecclesia, tanti lüminis adornata
fulgoribus.
I2. Gaudeat et tellüs tantis irradiata fulgoribus: et aeterni
Regis splendore illustrata, totius orbis se sentiat amisisse
caliginem.
Exercises 325
II. r. Jesus was revealing many things to the apostles about the
ruin of Jerusalem.
2. We are strengthened by God's help.
o» . The multitude began to be hungry.
4. The women were exceedingly afraid until the angel spoke
to them.
5. And Jesus told them to sit down in order that they might
eat.
6. The apostles were going around in Galilee, and preaching
the Gospel and casting out evil spirits.
Readings
1. The Conversion of Saul (II), Acts ix, 13-22.
Respondit autem Ananias: "Domine, audivi a multis de viro
hóc, quanta mala sanctis tuis fecerit in Jerusalem; et hic habet
potestatem à principibus sacerdotum alligandi' omnés, qui invo-
cant nomen tuum." Dixit autem ad eum Dominus: "Vade, quo-
niam vas? electionis? est mihi iste, ut portet nomen meum coram
gentibus et regibus et filiis Israel; ego enim ostendam illi quanta
oporteat eum pro nomine meo pati.” Et abiit Ananias et introivit
in domum et imponens ei manus dixit: "Saul frater, Dominus
misit me, Jesus qui apparuit tibi in via, qua veniebas, ut videas et
implearis Spiritu Sancto." Et confestim ceciderunt ab oculis ejus
tamquam^ squamae,° et visum? recepit. Et surgens baptizatus
est et, cum accepisset cibum, confortatus est.
Fuit autem cum discipulis, qui erant Damasci, per dies aliquot’
et continuo? in synagogis praedicabat Jesum, quoniam hic est
Filius Dei. Stupébant® autem omnes, qui audiebant et dicebant:
' alligo, alligare, alligavi, alligatus arrest ^vàs, vasis, n. vessel ?eléctio, eléctiónis,
f. choice *tamquam (adv.) as it were °squama, squamae, f. scale, flake visus,
visüs, m. vision, sight aliquot (indecl. adj.) some *continuo (adv.) at once ?stu-
peo, stupére, stupui, — be stunned
Readings 227
Oremus.
[Et omnes una cum sacerdote per aliquod temporis spatium in silen-
tio orant. Tunc sacerdos, manibus extensis, dicit orationem; qua
finita, populus acclamat:]
R. Amen.
LITURGIA VERBI
LITURGIA EUCHARISTICA
X. Benedictus es, Domine, Deus universi, quia de tua largitate
accepimus panem, quem tibi offerimus, fructum terrae et operis
manuum hominum, ex quo nobis fiet panis vitae.
R. Benedictus Deus in saecula.
X. Per hujus aquae et vini mysterium ejus efficiamur divinitatis
consortes, qui humanitatis nostrae fieri dignatus est particeps.
Benedictus es, Domine, Deus universi, quia de tua largitate
accepimus vinum, quod tibi offerimus, fructum vitis et operis
manuum hominum, ex quo nobis fiet potus spiritualis.
R. Benedictus Deus in saecula.
R. Amen.
Y. Dominus vobiscum.
R. Et cum spiritu tuo.
I. The Ordinary of the Mass 33I
X. Sursum corda.
R. Habemus ad Dominum.
X. Gratias agamus Domino Deo nostro.
R. Dignum et justum est.
Mysterium fidei:
R. Mortem tuam annuntiamus, Domine, et tuam resurrectionem
confitemur, donec venias.
Memores igitur, Domine, ejusdem Filii tui salutiferae passionis
necnon mirabilis resurrectionis et ascensionis in caelum, sed et
praestolantes alterum ejus adventum, offerimus tibi, gratias refe-
rentes, hoc sacrificium vivum et sanctum.
Respice, quaesumus, in oblationem Ecclesiae tuae et, agnoscens
332 FURTHER READINGS
R. Amen.
RITUS COMMUNIONIS
Oremus.
[Et omnes una cum Praeside per aliquod temporis spatium in silen-
tio orant, nisi silentium jam praecesserit. Deinde Praeses, mani-
bus extensis, dicit orationem post Communionem. Populus in fine
acclamat:]
R. Amen.
334 FURTHER READINGS
RITUS CONCLUSIONIS
Y. Dominus vobiscum.
R. Et cum spiritu tuo.
Y. Benedicat vos omnipotens Deus, Pater, et Filius, et Spiritus
Sanctus.
R. Amen.
X. Ite, missa est.
R. Deo gratias.
et exaltavit humiles;
esurientes implevit bonis
et divites dimisit inanes."
Suscepit Israel puerum suum,
recordatus ^ misericordiae,
Sicut locutus est ad patres nostros,
Abraham et semini *? ejus in saecula."
47inanis, -e empty
‘8 recordor, recordari, —, recordatus sum remember (+ gen.)
? semen, seminis, n. seed, offspring
5° quasi (adv.) as if, as it were; about
5! cognati, cognatorum, m. relatives
? congratulor, congratulari, —, congratulatus sum wish joy, congratulate (+ dat.)
5 circumcido, circumcidere, circumcidi, circumcisus circumcise
* nequaquam (adv.) by no means, not at all
5 cognátio, cognationis, f. relatives, family
56pugillarés, pugillarium, m. writing-tablets; here, in sing.
9 1lico (adv.) on the spot, immediately
* divulgo, divulgare, divulgavi, divulgatus make common, talk about
°° etenim (coord. conj.) and indeed, for indeed
© prophéto, prophétare, prophétavi, prophétatus prophesy, foretell
*! visito, visitare, visitavi, visitatus visit
340 FURTHER READINGS
ipso, Deus meus, et ea fame non esuriebam, sed eram sine desiderio
alimentorum ? incorruptibilium,'é non quia plenus eis eram, sed
quo" inanior eo" fastidiosior.'? Et ideo non valebat anima mea et
ulcerosa” projiciebat se foras,?' miserabiliter? scalpi?? avida?* con-
tactu?* sensibilium.?5 Sed si non haberent animam, non utique ama-
rentur. Amare et amari dulce mihi erat magis.
5alimenta, alimentorum, n. food
'5incorruptibilis, incorruptibile imperishable
7quo . . ed ‘the (more). . the (more)’
'8inanis, inane empty
'’ fastididsus, -a, -um full of loathing
? u]cerósus, -a, -um full of sores
? foras (adv.) outdoors, outward
? miserabiliter (adv.) wretchedly
3 scalpo, scalpere, scalpsi, scalptus scrape, scratch
"avidus, -a, -um greatly desiring, greedy
5 contactus, contáctüs, m. contact, touch
?ssensibilis, sensibile that can be perceived by the senses
Dominus, una fides, unum baptisma.' Una nempe? fuit diluvii? tem-
pore arca? Noe, unam Ecclesiam praefigurans,? quae in uno cubito '?
consummata !' unum, Noe videlicet,? gubernatorem ? habuit et rec-
torem, extra quam omnia subsistentia'^ super terram legimus
fuisse deleta.
riter? has vel illas: per quod commisisse^ sibi intelligitur universas.
Sive ergo Graeci? sive alii se dicant Petro ejusque successoribus?!
non esse commissos:?* fateantur necesse est? se de ovibus Christi
non esse, dicente Domino in Joanne, ‘unum ovile," unum et uni-
cum " esse pastorem."
Metrical Notes
The metrical patterns found in the verse readings are either quan-
titative or accentual. In a quantitative measure length of syllable is
counted: vowels are long or short (by nature or by position). Long
vowels and diphthongs are long; short vowels followed by two or
more consonants are long by position; short vowels followed by a
mute and a liquid consonant are short or long, depending on the de-
mand of the meter. In an accentual meter the loud or soft stress on a
syllable is counted, and the quantity is ignored—as it is in English
verse. In quantitative measures two iambs or two trochees count as
one metrum; in accentual measures two iambs or two trochees count
as two metra. For example, in the quantitative line of an Ambrosian
hymn, there are eight syllables, four iambs, two metra: hence, iam-
bic dimeter; in the accentual line of the Verbum Supernum, there are
eight syllables, four iambs, four metra: hence, iambic tetrameter. In
quantitative measures, a final vowel is elided before an initial vowel:
e.g., petra Ecclesiae; thus it is not counted in the meter. A line may
be either catalectic— missing a beginning or ending short or unac-
cented syllable—or acatalectic, i.e., complete.
5) Stabat Mater: accentual.
Six-line stanzas:
trochaic tetrameter acatalectic (lines 1, 2, 4, 5): / -|/»|/»|/»
trochaic tetrameter catalectic (lines 3, 6): /»|/»|/»|/^
Rime scheme: AABCCB, with occasional internal rime.
6) The Cockcrow Hymn: quantitative.
Iambic dimeter: x—v—|x—vx
zw v: c = wk
Aétérné rérüm Conditér
374 FURTHER READINGS
The first nine stanzas have the same metrical and riming pattern as
that of the Stabat Mater. Stanzas 10 and r1 add two more lines;
stanza 12 adds four more lines, all acatalectic. Note the final rime
scheme: AAAABCCCCB.
16) Pange Lingua [Aquinas]: accentual.
The metrical pattern copies accentually the quantitative pattern of
Fortunatus's Pange Lingua. See 9). But Aquinas's poem rimes, as
accentual poems most often do.
17) Verbum Supernum: accentual.
Iambic tetrameter: »/ |-/ |-/|/
An accentual version of the Ambrosian quantitative measure.
See 6). Rime has been added to the form: ABAB.
18) Creator Alme Siderum: quantitative.
Iambic dimeter. See 6).
19) A Solis Ortus: quantitative.
Iambic dimeter. See 6).
"oue As Oo
7 En et 7 "o rae
reer m ou
bvitesiToa "n
L h ' c^ Mg duurmte 7 bs
4 Tt E ‘ i
> ea
“> 4
A =
‘ Bun
Morphology
Regular Verbs
Indicative
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Indicative
ACTIVE PASSIVE
laudat laudatur
laudamus laudamur
laudatis laudamini
laudant laudantur
Imperfect laudabam laudabar
laudabas laudabaris, laudabare
laudabat laudabatur
laudabamus laudabamur
laudabatis laudabamini
laudabant laudabantur
Future laudabo laudabor
laudabis laudaberis, laudabere
laudabit laudabitur
laudabimus laudabimur
laudabitis laudabimini
laudabunt laudabuntur
Perfect laudavi laudatus (-a, -um) sum
laudavisti laudatus (-a, -um) es
laudavit laudatus (-a, -um) est
laudavimus laudati (-ae, -a) sumus
laudavistis laudati (-ae, -a) estis
laudaverunt (-ére) laudati (-ae, -a) sunt
Pluperfect laudaveram laudatus (-a, -um) eram
laudaveras laudatus (-a, -um) eras
laudaverat laudatus (-a, -um) erat
laudaveramus laudati (-ae, -a) eramus
laudaveratis laudati (-ae, -a) eratis
laudaverant laudati (-ae, -a) erant
Future-Perfect laudavero laudatus (-a, -um) ero
laudaveris laudatus (-a, -um) eris
laudaverit laudatus (-a, -um) erit
laudaverimus laudati (-ae, -a) erimus
laudaveritis laudati (-ae, -a) eritis
laudaverint laudati (-ae, -a) erunt
Subjunctive
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present laudem lauder
laudés laudéris, laudére
Regular Verbs 379
Subjunctive
laudet laudetur
laudemus laudémur
laudetis laudeini
laudent laudentur
Imperfect laudarem laudarer
laudares laudaréris, laudarére
laudaret laudarétur
laudarémus laudarémur
laudaretis laudarémini
laudarent laudarentur
Perfect laudaverim laudatus (-a, -um) sim
laudaveris laudatus (-a, -um) sis
laudaverit laudatus (-a, -um) sit
laudaverimus laudati (-ae, -a) simus
laudaveritis laudati (-ae, -a) sitis
laudaverint laudati (-ae, -a) sint
Pluperfect laudavissem laudatus (-a, -um) essem
laudavissés laudatus (-a, -um) esses
laudavisset laudatus (-a, -um) esset
laudavissemus laudati (-ae, -a) essemus
laudavissétis laudati (-ae, -a) essetis
laudavissent laudati (-ae, -a) essent
Participles
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present laudans (gen., laudantis) none
Perfect none laudatus, -a, -um
Future laudaturus, -a, -um laudandus, -a, -um
Infinitives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present laudare laudari
Perfect laudavisse laudatus, -a, -um esse
Imperatives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Singular Plural Singular Plural
lauda laudate laudare laudamini
380 MORPHOLOGY
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Subjunctive
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present moneam monear
moneas monearis, moneare
moneat moneatur
moneamus moneamur
moneatis moneamini
moneant moneantur
Imperfect monerem monérer
moneres monéreris, monérére
moneret moneretur
moneremus monéremur
moneretis monéremini
monerent monéerentur
Perfect monuerim monitus (-a, -um) sim
monueris monitus (-a, -um) sis
monuerit monitus (-a, -um) sit
monuerimus moniti (-ae, -a) simus
monueritis moniti (-ae, -a] sitis
monuerint moniti (-ae, -a) sint
Pluperfect monuissem monitus (-a, -um) essem
monuisses monitus (-a, -um) esses
monuisset monitus (-a, -um) esset
monuissemus moniti (-ae, -a) essemus
monuissétis moniti (-ae, -a) essetis
monuissent moniti (-ae, -a) essent
Participles
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present monens (gen., monentis) none
Perfect none monitus, -a, -um
Future moniturus, -a, -um monendus, -a, -um
Infinitives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present monere moneri
Perfect monuisse monitus, -a, -um esse
Future moniturus, -a, -um esse rare
382 MORPHOLOGY
Imperatives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Indicative
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present duco dücor
ducis düceris, dücere
dücit dücitur
dücimus ducimur
ducitis dücimini
ducunt ducuntur
Imperfect ducebam ducébar
dücebas ducébaris, dücebare
dücebat dacébatur
ducébamus ducébamur
ducébatis dücebamini
dacébant ducébantur
Future ducam dücar
düces dicéris, dücére
ducet dücetur
dücemus dücémur
ducétis dücémini
dücent dücentur
Perfect duxi ductus (-a, -um) sum
düxisti ductus (-a, -um) es
düxit ductus (-a, -um) est
düximus ducti (-ae, -a) sumus
duxistis ducti (-ae, -a) estis
düxerunt (-ére} ducti (-ae, -a] sunt
Pluperfect düxeram ductus (-a, -um) eram
duxeras ductus (-a, -um) eras
düxerat ductus (-a, -um) erat
düxeramus ducti (-ae, -a) eramus
duxeratis ducti (-ae, -a) eratis
duxerant ducti (-ae, -a) erant
Future-Perfect düxero ductus (-a, -um) ero
duxeris ductus (-a, -um) eris
Regular Verbs 383
Indicative
ACTIVE PASSIVE
düxerit ductus (-a, -um) erit
duxerimus ducti (-ae, -a) erimus
duxeritis ducti (-ae, -a) eritis
duxerint ducti (-ae, -a) erunt
Subjunctive
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Participles
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present dicéns (gen., ducentis) none
Perfect none ductus, -a, -um
Future ducturus, -a, -um dücendus, -a, -um
384 MORPHOLOGY
Infinitives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present ducere düci
Perfect duxisse ductus, -a, -um esse
Future ducturus, -a, -um esse rare
Imperatives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Singular Plural Singular Plural
düc* ducite dücere dücimini
Indicative
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present capio capior
capis caperis, capere
capit capitur
capimus capimur
capitis capimini
capiunt capiuntur
Imperfect capiebam capiebar
capiébas capiébaris, capiébare
capiebat capiébatur
capiébamus capiébamur
capiébatis capiébamini
capiébant capiébantur
Future capiam capiar
capies capieris, capiere
capiet capietur
capiemus capiémur
capietis capiemini
capient capientur
Perfect cepi captus (-a, -um) sum
cepisti captus (-a, -um) es
cepit captus (-a, -um) est
cepimus capti (-ae, -a) sumus
cepistis capti (-ae, -a} estis
ceperunt (-ere) capti (-ae, -a) sunt
Regular Verbs 385
Indicative
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Pluperfect ceperam captus (-a, -um) eram
céperas captus (-a, -um) eras
ceperat captus (-a, -um) erat
ceperamus capti (-ae, -a) eramus
ceperatis capti (-ae, -a) eratis
ceperant capti (-ae, -a) erant
Future-Perfect cepero captus (-a, -um) ero
ceperis captus (-a, -um) eris
ceperit captus (-a, -um) erit
ceperimus capti [-ae, -a) erimus
ceperitis capti (-ae, -a) eritis
ceperint capti (-ae, -a) erunt
Subjunctive
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present capiam capiar
capias capiaris, capiare
capiat capiatur
capiamus capiamur
capiatis capiamini
capiant capiantur
Imperfect caperem caperer
caperes capereris, caperere
caperet caperetur
caperemus caperemur
caperetis caperemini
caperent caperentur
Perfect ceperim captus (-a, -um) sim
ceperis captus (-a, -um) sis
ceperit captus (-a, -um) sit
ceperimus capti (-ae, -a) simus
ceperitis capti (-ae, -a} sitis
ceperint capti (-ae, -a) sint
Pluperfect cepissem captus (-a, -um) essem
cepisses captus (-a, -um) esses
cepisset captus (-a, -um) esset
cepissemus capti (-ae, -a) essemus
cepissetis capti (-ae, -a) essetis
cepissent capti (-ae, -a) essent
386 MORPHOLOGY
Participles
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present capiens (gen., capientis) none
Perfect none captus, -a, -um
Future capturus, -a, -um capiendus, -a, -um
Infinitives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present capere capi
Perfect cepisse captus, -a, -um esse
Future capturus, -a, -um esse rare
Imperatives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Indicative
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Indicative
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Perfect audivi auditus (-a, -um) sum
audivisti auditus (-a, -um) es
audivit auditus (-a, -um) est
audivimus auditi (-ae, -a) sumus
audivistis auditi (-ae, -a) estis
audiverunt (-ére) auditi (-ae, -a) sunt
Pluperfect audiveram auditus (-a, -um) eram
audiveras auditus (-a, -um) eras
audiverat auditus (-a, -um) erat
audiveramus auditi (-ae, -a) eramus
audiveratis auditi (-ae, -a) eratis
audiverant auditi (-ae, -a) erant
Future-Perfect audivero auditus (-a, -um) ero
audiveris auditus (-a, -um) eris
audiverit auditus (-a, -um) erit
audiverimus auditi (-ae, -a) erimus
audiveritis auditi (-ae, -a) eritis
audiverint auditi (-ae, -a) erunt
Subjunctive
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present audiam audiar
audias audiaris, audiare
audiat audiatur
audiamus audiamur
audiatis audiamini
audiant audiantur
Imperfect audirem audirer
audires audireris, audirere
audiret audiretur
audiremus audiremur
audiretis audirémini
audirent audirentur
Perfect audiverim auditus (-a, -um) sim
audiveris auditus (-a, -um) sis
audiverit auditus (-a, -um) sit
audiverimus auditi (-ae, -a) simus
audiveritis auditi (-ae, -a) sitis
audiverint auditi (-ae, -a) sint
388 MORPHOLOGY
Subjunctive
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Pluperfect audivissem auditus (-a, -um) essem
audivisses auditus (-a, -um) esses
audivisset auditus (-a, -um) esset
audivissemus auditi (-ae, -a) essemus
audivissetis auditi (-ae, -a) essetis
audivissent auditi (-ae, -a) essent
Participles
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present audiens (gen., audientis) none
Perfect none auditus, -a, -um
Future auditürus, -a, -um audiendus, -a, -um
Infinitives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present audire audiri
Perfect audivisse auditus, -a, -um esse
Future auditürus, -a, -um esse rare
Imperatives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Singular Plural Singular Plural
audi audite audire audimini
Deponent Verbs
Indicative
Present Imperfect
miror mirabar
miraris, mirare mirabaris, mirabare
miratur mirabatur
miramur mirabamur
miramini mirabamini
mirantur mirabantur
Future Perfect
mirabor miratus (-a, -um) sum
miraberis, mirabere miratus (-a, -um) es
Deponent Verbs 389
Indicative
Future Perfect
mirabitur miratus (-a, -um) est
mirabimur miráti (-ae, -a) sumus
mirabimini mirati (-ae, -a) estis
mirabuntur mirati (-ae, -a) sunt
Pluperfect Future-Perfect
miratus (-a, -um) eram miratus (-a, -um) ero
miratus (-a, -um) eras miratus (-a, -um) eris
mirátus (-a, -um) erat miratus (-a, -um) erit
mirati (-ae, -a) eramus mirati (-ae, -a) erimus
mirati (-ae, -a) eratis mirati (-ae, -a] eritis
miráti (-ae, -a) erant mirati (-ae, -a) erunt
Subjunctive
Present Imperfect
mirer mirarer
mireris, mirére mirareris, mirarere
miretur miraretur
miremur miráremur
miremini miraremini
mirentur mirarentur
Perfect Pluperfect
miratus (-a, -um) sim miratus (-a, -um) essem
mirátus (-a, -um) sis miratus (-a, -um) esses
mirátus (-a, -um) sit miratus (-a, -um) esset
mirati (-ae, -a) simus mirati (-ae, -a) essemus
miráti [-ae, -a) sitis mirati (-ae, -a) essetis
mirati (-ae, -a) sint mirati (-ae, -a) essent
Participles
Present Perfect
mirans (gen., mirantis) miratus, -a, -um
Future Active Future Passive
miraturus, -a, -um mirandus, -a, -um
Infinitives
Present Perfect
mirari miratus, -a, -um esse
Future
miraturus, -a, -um esse
390 MORPHOLOGY
Imperatives
Singular Plural
mirare miramini
Indicative
Present Imperfect
misereor miserébar
misereris, miserere miserébaris, miserébare
miseretur miserébatur
miseremur miserébamur
miseremini miserébamini
miserentur miserébantur
Future Perfect
miserébor misertus (-a, -um) sum
miseréberis, miserébere misertus (-a, -um) es
miserébitur misertus (-a, -um) est
miserébimur miserti (-ae, -a) sumus
miserébimini miserti (-ae, -a) estis
miserébuntur miserti (-ae, -a) sunt
Pluperfect Future-Perfect
misertus (-a, -um) eram misertus (-a, -um) ero
misertus (-a, -um) eras misertus (-a, -um) eris
misertus (-a, -um) erat misertus (-a, -um) erit
miserti (-ae, -a) eramus miserti (-ae, -a) erimus
miserti (-ae, -a) eratis miserti (-ae, -a) eritis
miserti (-ae, -a) erant miserti (-ae, -a) erunt
Subjunctive
Present Imperfect
miserear misererer
miserearis, misereare miserereris, misererere
misereatur misereretur
misereamur miseréremur
misereamini misereremini
misereantur misererentur
Perfect Pluperfect
misertus (-a, -um) sim misertus (-a, -um) essem
misertus (-a, -um) sis misertus (-a, -um) essés
misertus (-a, -um) sit misertus (-a, -um) esset
Deponent Verbs 391
Subjunctive
Perfect Pluperfect
miserti (-ae, -a) simus miserti (-ae, -a) essemus
miserti (-ae, -a) sitis miserti (-ae, -a) essetis
miserti (-ae, -a) sint miserti (-ae, -a) essent
Participles
Present Perfect
miserens (gen., miserentis) misertus, -a, -um
Future Active Future Passive
misertürus, -a, -um miserendus, -a, -um
Infinitives
Present Perfect
misereri misertus, -a, -um esse
Future
misertürus, -a, -um esse
Imperatives
Singular Plural
miserere miseremini
Present Imperfect
nascor nascébar
nasceris, nascere nascébaris, nascébare
nascitur nascébatur
nascimur nascébamur
nascimini nascébamini
nascuntur nascébantur
Future Perfect
nascar natus (-a, -um) sum
nascéris, nascere natus (-a, -um) es
nascetur natus (-a, -um) est
nascemur nàti (-ae, -a) sumus
nascemini nati (-ae, -a) estis
nascentur nati (-ae, -a) sunt
392 MORPHOLOGY
Indicative
Pluperfect Future-Perfect
natus (-a, -um) eram natus (-a, -um) ero
natus [-a, -um) eras natus (-a, -um) eris
natus (-a, -um) erat nátus (-a, -um) erit
nati (-ae, -a) eramus nati (-ae, -a) erimus
nati (-ae, -a) eratis nati (-ae, -a) eritis
nati (-ae, -a) erant nati (-ae, -a) erunt
Subjunctive
Present Imperfect
nascar nascerer
nascaris, nascare nascereris, nascerere
nascatur nasceretur
nascamur nasceremur
nascamini nasceremini
nascantur nascerentur
Perfect Pluperfect
natus (-a, -um) sim natus (-a, -um) essem
natus (-a, -um) sis natus (-a, -um) essés
natus (-a, -um) sit natus (-a, -um) esset
nati [-ae, -a) simus nati (-ae, -a) essemus
nati (-ae, -a) sitis nati (-ae, -a) essétis
nati (-ae, -a) sint nati (-ae, -a) essent
Participles
Present Perfect
nascéns (gen., nascentis) natus, -a, -um
Future Active Future Passive
naturus, -a, -um nascendus, -a, -um
Infinitives
Present Perfect
nasci natus, -a, -um esse
Future
naturus, -a, -um esse
Imperatives
Singular Plural
nascere nascimini
Deponent Verbs 393
Subjunctive
Present Imperfect
patiar paterer
patiaris, patiare patereris, paterere
patiatur pateretur
patiamur pateremur
patiamini paterémini
patiantur paterentur
Perfect Pluperfect
passus (-a, -um) sim passus (-a, -um) essem
passus (-a, -um) sis passus (-a, -um) esses
passus (-a, -um) sit passus (-a, -um) esset
passi (-ae, -a) simus passi (-ae, -a) essemus
passi (-ae, -a) sitis passi [-ae, -a) essetis
passi (-ae, -a) sint passi (-ae, -a) essent
394 MORPHOLOGY
Participles
Present Perfect
patiens (gen., patientis) passus, -a, -um
Future Active Future Passive
passurus, -a, -um patiendus, -a, -um
Infinitives
Present Perfect
pati passus, -a, -um esse
Future
passurus, -a, -um esse
Imperatives
Singular Plural
patere patimini
Subjunctive
Present Imperfect
experiar experirer
experiaris, experiare experireris, experirére
experiatur experiretur
experiamur experiréemur
experiamini experiremini
experiantur experirentur
Perfect Pluperfect
expertus (-a, -um) sim expertus (-a, -um) essem
expertus (-a, -um) sis expertus (-a, -um) esses
expertus (-a, -um) sit expertus (-a, -um) esset
experti (-ae, -a) simus experti (-ae, -a) essemus
experti (-ae, -a) sitis experti (-ae, -a) essetis
experti (-ae, -a) sint experti (-ae, -a) essent
Participles
Present Perfect
experiens (gen., experientis) expertus, -a, -um
Future Active Future Passive
experturus, -a, -um experiendus, -a, -um
Infinitives
Present Perfect
experiri expertus, -a, -um esse
Future
experturus, -a, -um esse
Imperatives
Singular Plural
experire experimini
396 MORPHOLOGY
Irregular Verbs
Subjunctive
Present sim possim
SIS possis
sit possit
simus possimus
sitis possitis
sint possint
Imperfect essem possem
esses posses
esset posset
essemus posemus
essetis possetis
essent possent
Perfect fuerim potuerim
fueris poteris
fuerit potuerit
fuerimus potuerimus
fueritis potueritis
fuerint potuerint
Pluperfect fuissem potuissem
fuisses potuisses
fuisset potuisset
fuissemus potuissemus
fuissétis potuissétis
fuissent potuissent
Participles
Present none poténs (gen., potentis)
Perfect none none
Future futürus, -a, -um none
Infinitives
Present esse posse
Perfect fuisse potuisse
Future futürus, -a, -um esse none
Imperatives
Present Singular Plural Singular Plural
es este none none
Future Singular Plural Singular Plural
esto estote none none
398 MORPHOLOGY
Indicative
Subjunctive
Participles
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present iens (gen., euntis) none
Perfect none itum
Future iturus, -a, -um eundum
Infinitives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present ire none
Perfect ivisse (1sse] none
Imperatives
Singular Plural
1 ite
Irregular Verbs 999
Indicative
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present fero feror
fers ferris, ferre
fert fertur
ferimus ferimur
fertis ferimini
ferunt feruntur
Imperfect ferebam ferebar
ferebas ferébaris, ferebare
ferebat ferebatur
ferébamus ferebamur
ferébatis ferébamini
ferébant ferébantur
Future feram ferar
ferés feréris, ferére
feret ferétur
ferémus ferémur
ferétis ferémini
ferent ferentur
Perfect tuli latus (-a, -um) sum
tulisti latus (-a, -um) es
tulit latus (-a, -um) est
tulimus lati (-ae, -a) sumus
tulistis lati (-ae, -a) estis
tulérunt (-ére) lati (-ae, -a) sunt
Pluperfect tuleram latus (-a, -um) eram
tuleras latus (-a, -um) eras
tulerat latus (-a, -um) erat
tuleramus lati (-ae, -a) eramus
tuleratis lati (-ae, -a) eratis
tulerant lati (-ae, -a) erant
Future-Perfect tulero latus (-a, -um) ero
tuleris latus (-a, -um) eris
tulerit latus (-a, -um) erit
tulerimus lati (-ae, -a] erimus
tuleritis lati (-ae, -a) eritis
tulerint lati (-ae, -a) erunt
400 MORPHOLOGY
Subjunctive
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present feram ferar
feras feraris, ferare
ferat feratur
feramus feramur
feratis feramini
ferant ferantur
Imperfect ferrem ferrer
ferres ferréris, ferrére
ferret ferrétur
ferremus ferremur
ferrétis ferrémini
ferrent ferrentur
Perfect tulerim latus (-a, -um) sim
tuleris latus (-a, -um) sis
tulerit latus (-a, -um) sit
tulerimus lati (-ae, -a) simus
tuleritis lati (-ae, -a) sitis
tulerint lati (-ae, -a) sint
Pluperfect tulissem latus (-a, -um) essem
tulissés latus (-a, -um) esses
tulisset latus (-a, -um) esset
tulissemus lati (-ae, -a) essémus
tulissétis lati (-ae, -a) essetis
tulissent lati (-ae, -a) essent
Participles
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present feréns (gen., ferentis) none
Perfect none latus,
-a, -um
Future latürus, -a, -um ferendus, -a, -um
Infinitives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present ferre ferri
Perfect tulisse latus, -a, -um esse
Imperatives
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Singular Plural Singular Plural
fer ferte ferre ferimini
Indicative
Subjunctive
Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect
velim vellem voluerim voluissem
velis vellés volueris voluissés
velit vellet voluerit voluisset
velimus vellémus voluerimus voluissemus
velitis velletis volueritis voluissétis
velint vellent voluerint voluissent
Participles
Present
voléns (gen., volentis)
Infinitives
Present Perfect
velle voluisse
402 MORPHOLOGY
Participles
Perfect Future
factus, -a, -um faciendus, -a, -um
Infinitives
Present Perfect
fieri factus, -a, -um esse
Imperatives
Singular Plural
fi fite
Nouns 403
Nouns
Fourth Fifth
M.(E) N. F. (M.)
SING Nom. -us -ü -es
Gen. -üs -üs -ei (-ei)
Dat. -ui -ü -ei [-ei)
Acc. -um -ü -em
Abl. -ü -ü -é
PLURAL Nom. -üs -ua -es
Gen: -uum -uum -éerum
Dat. -ibus -ibus -ébus
Acc. -us -ua -és
Abl. -ibus -ibus -ébus
404 MORPHOLOGY
First Declension
Second Declension
Singular Plural
M. M. N. M. M. N.
Nom. agnus ager aurum agni agri aura
Gen. agni agri auri agnorum — agrorum X aurorum
Dat. agno agro auro agnis agris auris
Acc. agnum agrum aurum agnos agros aura
Abl. | agno agro auró agnis agris auris
Third Declension
Singular Plural
M. F. N. M. E N.
Nom. calix caritas tempus calices caritates tempora
Gen. calicis caritatis temporis calicum caritatum — temporum
Dat. calici caritati tempori calicibus caritatibus temporibus
Acc. calicem caritatem tempus . calices caritates tempora
Abl calice caritate tempore calicibus caritatibus temporibus
Singular Plural
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nom. mons ars altare montes artes altaria
Gen. montis artis altaris montium artium altarium
Dat. monti arti altari montibus artibus altaribus
Acc. montem artem altare montes artes altaria
Abl. monte arte altari montibus artibus altaribus
Adjectives 405
Fourth Declension
Singular Plural
M. E. N. M. F. N.
Nom. adventus manus genü adventüs manus genua
Gen. adventus manus genus adventuum manuum genuum
Dat. adventui manui gent’ adventibus manibus genibus
Acc. adventum manum genü adventüs manus genua
Abl. adventü manü gent adventibus manibus genibus
Fifth Declension
Singular Plural
F. M.&F FE. M. & F.
Nom. fides dies fides dies
Gen. fidei diei fiderum dierum
Dat. fidei diei fidebus diebus
Acc. fidem diem fides dies
Abl. fide die fidebus diebus
Adjectives
First/Second Declension Adjectives
Singular Plural
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nom. bonus bona bonum boni bonae bona
Gen. boni bonae boni bonorum bonarum .bonorun
Dat. bono bonae bono bonis bonis bonis
Acc. bonum bonam bonum bonos bonas bona
Abl. bono bona bono bonis bonis bonis
ingular Plural
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nom. miser misera miserum miseri miserae misera
Gen. miseri miserae miseri miserorum miserarum miserorum
Dat. misero miserae misero miseris miseris miseris
Acc. miserum miseram miserum miseros miseras misera
Abl. misero misera misero miseris miseris miseris
406 MORPHOLOGY
Singular Plural
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nom. acer acris acre acres acres acria
Gen. àcris acris acris acrium acrium acrium
Dates yeacti acri acri acribus acribus 4Acribus
Acc. acrem" wacrem acre acres acres acria
Abl. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
TWO ENDINGS
Singular Plural
M. & F. N. M. & F. N.
Nom. omnis omne omnes omnia
Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium
Dat. omni omni omnibus omnibus
Acc. omnem omne omnés omnia
Abl. omni omni omnibus omnibus
ONE ENDING
Singular Plural
M.&E N. M.&F. N.
Nom. félix felices — felicia
Gen. felicis felicium
Dat. felici felicibus
Acc. felicem felix felices felicia
Abl. felici felicibus
Pronouns
Emphatic Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives
Singular Plural
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nom. hic haec hoc hi hae haec
Gen. hujus hujus hujus horum harum horum
Dat huic huic huic his his his
Acc. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec
Abl. hoc hac hoc his his his
Pronouns 407
Singular Plural
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nom. ille illa illud ill illae illa
Gen. illius illius illius illorum illarum illorum
Dat. illi illi ill illis illis illis
Acc. illum illam illud illos illas illa
Abl. illo illa illo illis illis illis
Singular Plural
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nom. iste ista istud isti istae ista
Gen. istius istius istius istorum istarum istorum
Dat. isti isti isti Istis istis istis
Acc. istum istam istud istos istas ista
Abl. isto ista isto istis istis istis
Intensive Pronoun/Adjective
Singular Plural
M. B N. M. F. N.
Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa
Gen. ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
Dat. ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
Abl. ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis
408 MORPHOLOGY
Interrogative Pronoun
Singular Plural
M.&F. N. M. F.
Nom. quis quid qui quae quae
Gen. cujus cujus quorum quarum quorum
Dat. cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Acc. quem quid quos quas quae
Abl. quo quo quibus quibus quibus
Verb Synopsis Form 409
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
Present
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future-Perfect
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
PARTICIPLES
Present NONE
Future
Perfect NONE
INFINITIVES
Present
Future RARE
Perfect
IMPERATIVES
Present
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Latin-English Vocabulary
A number in parentheses after an entry indicates the unit in which the word
or phrase was first presented. Words glossed in exercises only (E), except for
names, are here given in full. Compound verbs, where the simple verb has
been formally presented, are listed under the simple verb: e.g., reficio will be
found under facio.
à (ab, abs) (prep. + abl.) from, aes, aeris, n. bronze: gong (E33)
away from (1); by (the agency aestimo, aestimare, aestimavi,
of) (7) aestimatus think, judge (E33)
accendo, accendere, accendi, aetàs, aetatis, f. time of life,
accénsus kindle, set on fire (24) age (E29)
acceptabilis, acceptabile accept- aeternus, -a, -um eternal (4)
able (17) in aeternum forever (4)
accommod6, accommodare, affectus, affectüs, m. devotion,
accommodavi, accommodatus affection; sense (21)
apply, fit; grant (35) ager, agri, m. field; p/., country (2)
accuso, accüsare, accusavi,
agnus, agni, m. lamb (2)
accusatus accuse (E30) ago, agere, égi, actus do, drive,
acer, acris, acre sharp, bitter, conduct (6)
ardent (16) gratias agere = give thanks (to],
acquisitió, acquisitiónis, f. pur- thank (+ dat.) (6)
chase, acquisition (26) ait; aiunt (defective verb) he says;
ad (prep. + acc.) to, toward; they say (27)
for (the purpose of); at (1) albus, -a, -um white (E31)
Adam, Adae, m. Adam (11) aliqui, aliqua, aliquod (indef. pro-
adhüc (adv.) so far, till now, nominal adj.) some, any (29)
still (6) aliquis, aliquid (indef. pron.)
adjuvo, adjuvare, adjüvi, adjütus someone, something; anyone,
help (27) anything (29)
adventus, adventüs, m. coming, alius, alia, aliud other, another
advent (17)
(28)
adversus (adversum) (prep. + acc.) allelüja (Hebrew: interj.) alleluia
against (32) (cry of joy and praise) (10)
Aegyptius, -a, -um Egyptian (6) alo, alere, alui, altus nourish (19)
412 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
autem (postpos. coord. conj.) but, calix, calicis, m. cup, chalice (16)
and (9) canó, canere, cecini, cantus sing;
ave! (imperative; pl., avete) hail! prophesy (24)
farewell! hello! goodbye! greet- concino, concinere, concinui,
ings! (25] concentus sing (24)
baptisma, baptismatis, n. baptism canticum, cantici, n. song,
(14) canticle (3)
Pp am baptismi, m. baptism canto, cantare, cantavi, cantatus
35) sing, chant (5)
baptista, baptistae, m. baptizer, cantor, cantoris, m. singer, cantor
baptist (13) (15)
baptizo, baptizare, baptizavi, bap- cantus, cantüs, m. chant (22)
tizatus immerse, baptize (18) capio, capere, cepi, captus take,
beatus, -a, -um blessed, happy (4) receive; understand (6)
bene (adv.) well (7) accipio, accipere, accépi, accep-
benedictio, benedictionis, f. tus take, get, receive (6)
blessing, benediction (20) concipio, concipere, concépi,
benedictus, -a, -um blessed, conceptus conceive (12)
blest (5) excipio, excipere, excepi, excep-
benignus, -a, -um kindly (18) tus welcome (12)
bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitus drink (6) incipio, incipere, incépi, incep-
blasphémia, blasphemiae, f. tus begin (+ inf.) (12)
blasphemy (E31) praecipio, praecipere, praecepi,
blasphémo, blasphémare, praeceptus command; in-
blasphémavi, blasphématus struct, teach (24)
blaspheme (E28) recipio, recipere, recépi, recep-
bonus, -a, -um good (4) tus take back, receive (6)
brachium, brachii, n. arm (13) suscipio, suscipere, suscépi,
cado, cadere, cecidi, casus fall susceptus take up, pick up;
(down) (19) accept (14)
incido, incidere, incidi, — fall caput, capitis, n. head (19)
into; happen (19) caritas, caritatis, f. love, charity
occido, occidere, occidi, occasus (16)
go down, set [of the sun] pres. caro, carnis, f. flesh (19)
part.: ^west' (34] carus, -a, -um (+ dat.) dear,
procido, procidere, procidi, — beloved (7)
fall forward (34) castus, -a, -um chaste (33)
caelestis, caeleste heavenly, divine catholicus, -a, -um universal,
(24) catholic (9)
caelicola, caelicolae, m. heaven- causa, causae, f. purpose, reason
dweller (21) (9)
caelum, caeli, n. (nom. pl., caeli) causa (improper prep. + gen.)
heaven, sky (3) for the sake of (9)
caligo, caliginis, f. mist, gloom cautid, cautiónis, f. bill, bail (29)
(15] cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus go;
yield (18)
4I4 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
facio, facere, feci, factus do, félix (gen., félicis) happy, blessed
make (6) (16)
afficio, afficere, affeci, affectus fero, ferre, tuli, latus bring, bear,
affect (6) carry (33)
deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus aufero, aufetre, abstuli, ablatus
fail, waste, vanish (6) take away (33)
efficio, efficere, efféci, effectus confero, conferre, contuli, col-
make, effect; pass., become (6) latus accompany; grant;
inficio, inficere, inféci, infectus conferre sé: take oneself (tol,
infect, pollute (28) go (33)
interficio, interficere, interféci, deferó, deferre, detuli, delatus
interfectus do away with, offer, bring (33)
kill (18) effero, efferre, extuli, elatus
perfició, perficere, perféci, per- bring out; bear, lift up (33)
fectus do completely, finish, infero, inferre, intuli, illatus
accomplish (18) bring in (33)
próficio, proficere, profeci, pro- offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus
fectus avail; prevail (28) offer (33)
reficio, reficere, reféci, refectus perfero, perferre, pertuli, per-
refresh; repair (28) latus carry through, carry
suffició, sufficere, sufféci, suffec- up (33)
tus be enough, be sufficient profero, proferre, protuli, pro-
(18) latus bring forth, bring for-
factor, factoris, m. maker, doer ward (33)
(23) refero, referre, rettuli, relatus
factum est (Hebraic idiom] it hap- bring back; yield, render;
pened (that), it came to pass report (33]
(that) (34) festum, festi, n. feast, feast-day (3)
fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus deceive festus, -a, -um festal (18)
(33) fidelis, fidele faithful, believing
falsus, -a, -um false (33) (19)
fama, famae, f. report, news (E28) fidés, fidei, f. faith, faithfulness
familia, familiae, f. household, (19)
family (1) figo, figere, fixi, fixus pierce, fix,
fames, famis, famium, f. hunger, fasten (16)
famine (E33) crucifig6, crucifigere, crucifixi,
famulus, famuli, m. servant (5) crucifixus fix to a cross, cru-
fateor, fateri, —, fassus sum cify (16)
acknowledge, confess (+ acc.]; figüra, figürae, f. fashion, figure
praise (+ dat.) (22) (29]
confiteor, confiteri, —, cón- filia, filiae, f. daughter (25)
fesus sum confess (+ acc.]; filius, filii, m. son (2)
praise (+ dat.) (22) finio, finire, finivi (finii), finitus
profiteor, profiteri, —, professus end, finish (10)
sum profess (22) finis, finis, finium, m. & f. end,
420 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
ille, illa, illud (demon. pron./adj.) inferus, -a, -um of hell, below (31)
that (23) inhaereo, inhaerere, inhaesi,
illücesco, illücescere, illaxi, — inhaesus cling to, adhere to
shine (upon|, become light (30) (+ dat.) (14)
illàminatio, illàminationis, f. iniquitas, iniquitatis, f. wicked-
light (32) ness (15)
illümino, illüminare, illüminàvi, innocéns (gen., innocentis) clean,
illüaminatus make shine, illumi- pure, innocent (20)
nate; enlighten (23) innocentia, innocentiae, f. inno-
illüstro, illüstrare, illüstravi, illüs- cence (11)
tratus illuminate; enlighten, inquam (defective verb) I say (33)
explain (24) institütio, institütionis, f. instruc-
imago, imaginis, f. likeness, tion (34)
image (E24) inter (prep. + acc.) between,
immolàtio, immolatióonis, f. among (9)
offering (35) intercessio, intercessionis, f.
imperator, imperatoris, m. gen- intercession (22)
eral, emperor (25) intermissio, intermissionis, f.
imperium, imperii, n. dominion, interruption (E27)
empire; recept, command (10) intra (prep. + acc.) within, among
in (prep.: 1. + acc.; 2. + abl.) (16)
I. into, onto; against; for (the intro, intrare, intravi, intratus
purpose of) 2. in, on; among; enter (9)
by means of, with (1) introitus, introitüs, m. a going in,
inaestimabilis, inaestimabile introit (22)
priceless (30) invicem (1. adv.; 2. indecl. re-
incarno, incarnáre, incarnavi, ciprocal reflexive pron.) 1. in
incarnatus make into flesh, turn 2. one another (28)
make incarnate (13) invisibilis, invisibile spiritual,
incensum, incensi, n. incense (8) invisible (17)
incréduius, -a, -um unbelieving, ipse, ipsa, ipsum (intensive pron.
disobedient (E31) & adj.) -self, [he, she, it] (24)
increpo, increpare, increpui, ira, irae, f. anger, wrath (27)
increpitus rebuke, chide (E30) irradio, irradiare, irradiavi, irra-
inde (adv.) from there; from then diatus shine, illumine (35)
(18) is, ea, id (unemphatic demon.
indéficiéns (gen., indéficientis) pron./adj.) this, that, [= he, she,
unfailing (18)
it] (23)
indulgentia, indulgentiae, f. for- iste, ista, istud (unemphatic
giveness, pardon, concession demon. pron. & adj.) this, that
(26) (of yours) (23)
ineffabilis, ineffabile inexpres- ita (adv.) so, thus, in this way (23)
sible, ineffable (30) itaque (adv.) therefore, and so (31)
infernus, -a, -um of hell, infernal iter, itineris, n. journey (26)
(31) iterum (adv.) again (8)
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 423
jaceo, jacere, jacui, — lie, be situ- labor, làbi, —, lapsus sum slide,
ated; sleep (35) (slip and) fall (23)
jacio, jacere, jéci, jactus throw labor, laboris, m. work, labor (27)
(35) laboro, laborare, laboravi, labora-
éjicio, ejicere, ejeci, ejectus tus work, labor (26)
throw out (35) lacrima, lacrimae, f. tear (20)
prójició, projicere, projéci, lacrimor, lacrimàri, —, lacrimatus
projectus cast forth, throw sum weep (21)
down (35) lacrimosus, -a, -um tearful (34)
jam (adv.) already; now; soon (8) laetitia, laetitiae, f. gladness,
Jerüsalem (Hebrew: indecl. n.; joy (7)
also, Hierosolyma, Hiero- laetor, laetari, —, laetatus sum
solymae, f., & Hierosolyma, rejoice, be glad (21)
Hiersolymorum, n.) Jerusalem collaetor, collaetari, —, col-
(17) laetatus sum rejoice together
Jesus, Jesu, Jesu, Jesüm, Jesu, m. (21)
(voc., Jésü) Jesus, Joshua (7) laetus, -a, -um joyful (11)
Joannes, Joannis, m. John (14) lampas, lampadis, f. lamp, torch;
jubeo, jubére, jussi, jussus com- flame (29)
mand, ask, bid (22) largior, largiri, —, largitus sum
jucundus, -a, -um pleasing (33) grant, bestow (23)
Jüdaea, Jüdaeae, f. Judea (2) largitas, largitatis, f. bounty, abun-
Jüdaeus, -a, -um Jewish (13) dance (15)
jüdex, jüdicis, m. judge (32) latus, lateris, n. side (19)
jüdicium, jüdicii, n. judgment laudo, laudàre, laudavi, laudatus
(29) praise (5)
jüdico, jüdicare, jadicavi, jüdi- collaudo, collaudare, collaudavi,
catus judge (22) collaudatus praise exceed-
dijüdico, dijüdicare, dijüdicavi, ingly; praise together (5)
dijüdicatus discern, distin- laus, laudis, f. praise (17)
guish (22) lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus (lotus)
jugum, jugi, n. yoke (E27) wash; pass., be washed,
jungo, jungere, jünxi, jünctus bathe (27)
join, unite (6) lectio, léctiónis, f. reading (15)
conjungo, conjungere, conjünxi, lector, léctoris, m. reader, lector
conjünctus join, unite (6) (15)
jüstitia, jüstitiae, f. righteousness, lego, legere, legi, léctus choose,
justice (2) select; read (14)
jüstus, -a, -um righteous, just (5) colligo, colligere, collegi, colléc-
juvenis, juvenis, m. orf. young tus gather up, take in, collect
adult (E33) (14]
jüxtà (prep. + acc.) near, along; diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectus
according to (34) love (14)
Kyrie (Greek: vocative) O Lord!
(10) choose, elect (14)
424 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
par (gen., paris) equal, like (+ pauci, -ae, -a few, a few (24)
dat.) (31) Paulus, Pauli, m. Paul (11)
pariter (adv.) equally, together pauper (gen., pauperis) poor, not
compar (gen., comparis) equal, wealthy (25)
like (31) pax, pacis, f. harmony, peace (14)
dispàr (gen., disparis) unlike, peccator, peccátóris, m. sin-
different (31) ner (20)
parco, parcere, peperci (parsi), peccatum, peccati, n. sin (3)
parsus spare (+ dat.) (34) pecco, peccare, peccavi, peccatus
parens, parentis, m. & f. parent sin (20)
(30) pectus, pectoris, n. breast (34)
pario, parere, peperi, partus beget, pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus drive
produce, bear (13) out (33)
paro, parare, paravi, paratus pro- expelld, expellere, expuli, ex-
vide, prepare (11) pulsus drive out (33)
praeparo, praeparare, praeparavi, repello, repellere, repuli, re-
praeparátus prepare (11) pulsus cast off, overcome (33)
pars, partis, partium, f. part, some pendeo, pendére, pependi, —
(15) hang; depend (32)
particeps, participis, m. & f. penetro, penetrare, penetravi,
partaker, sharer (15) penetratus pierce, penetrate (34)
parvus, -a, -um little, small (11) per (prep. + acc.) through (8)
Gee -a, -um little, small peregrinans (gen., peregrinantis)
Ti traveling; subst., (foreign)
Pascha, Paschae, f. Passover,
traveler, pilgrim (26)
Pesach, Pasch; Easter (11)
perenniter (adv.) constantly,
Pascha, Paschatis, n. Passover,
perennially (10)
Pesach, Pasch; Easter (16)
perennis, perenne eternal (33)
paschalis, paschale of Easter,
Paschal (16) perfectus, -a, -um perfect (28)
pasco, pascere, pavi, pastus perpetuo (adv.) uninterruptedly,
feed (27) perpetually (25)
passer, passeris, m. sparrow (E27) perpetuus, -a, -um everlasting,
passio, passionis, f. suffering, perpetual (10)
passion (16) persevéro, perseverare, perseve-
pastor, pastoris, m. shepherd; ravi, persevératus continue (30)
pastor (18) pés, pedis, m. foot (19)
pater, patris, m. father (14) peto, petere, petivi (petii), petitus
paternus, -a, -um of a father, ask (for), entreat (22)
paternal (20) Petrus, Petri, m. Peter (2)
patior, pati, —, passus sum suffer; phantasma, phantasmatis, n.
allow (20) ghost, phantom (E30)
patria, patriae, f. native land, piaculum, piaculi, n. sin,
country (25) crime (32)
patronus, patroni, m. defender, pietàs, pietatis, f. goodness;
advocate (26) tenderness, pity (17)
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 429
Reading passages are indexed under the headings "Readings" and "Further Readings."
Ablative, 6; absolute, 104, 128; cognate, Aquinas, v, 29I, 361, 363, 364
318— 19; of accompaniment, 9; of Aspect, 34— 36
cause, 90; of comparison, 235; of de- Augustine, v, 366
gree of difference, 235; of description, Auxiliary verbs, 95
113; of duration of time, 293, 294; of
manner, 51; of means, 50; of personal Bonaventure, 315
agency, 58; of place from which/out of Boniface, 368
which, 137; of place where, 137; of
respect (specification), 78; of separa- Cardinal numerals, 304—05
tion, 41; of time when, 293; of time Case, 5-7
within which, 293; summary of uses Causal clauses, 68, 246
of the, 320— 21; with certain adjec- Cause, ablative of, 90
tives, 59 Characterizing relative clauses, 197
Accent, 4 Clauses: adjectival, 68, 84; adverbial, 68,
Accompaniment, ablative of, 9 128, 186, 196; causal, 68, 246; charac-
Accusative, 6; adverbial, 226; antici- terizing relative, 197; concessive, 68,
patory, 69; as direct object, 41; cog- 114, 246; conditional, 68, 174—76,
nate, 120; double, 156; of extent of 184; conditional relative, 276; cum,
time or space, 294; of place to/into 246; donec and dum, 224-25; future
which, 136— 37; predicate, 120; sum- less vivid conditional, 176; future
mary of uses of the, 319-20 more vivid conditional, 175—76; ob-
Adjectival clauses, 68, 84 ject, 68; of fearing, 215; past con-
Adjectives: comparison of, 232— 35; de- trafactual conditional, 214; present
monstrative, I94— 96; first/second de- contrafactual conditional, 204—05;
clension, 27— 28; intensive, 203—04; purpose, 184, 186—87; relative, 84; re-
interrogative, 83—84; overview of, 27; sult, 184, 196—97; review of, 255— 56;
reflexive, 243— 44; six partly irregular, simple conditional, 175; substantive,
244; third declension, 125 68; temporal, 68, 105; temporal-
Adverbial accusative, 226 circumstantial, 246
Adverbial clauses, 68, 128, 186, 196 Cognate: ablative, 318— 19; accusa-
Adverbs, comparison of, 245 tive, I20
Agreement: of adjective and noun, 28— Collateral forms, 247
29; of subject and verb, 17 Comparison: of adjectives, 232— 35; of
Alphabet, 1 adverbs, 245
Alternative conditional clauses, 217 Complementary infinitive, 96
Ambrose, v, 301, 334, 351 Completed aspect, 34— 36
Anticipatory accusative, 69 Complex sentences, 68
Apodosis, 175 Compound sentences, 41
Apposition, 6, 114 Compounding of verbs, 42
448 INDEX