Problems on Triangular law of forces and

Parallelogram law of forces.

The two forces act on a bolt at A. Determine their resultant.

SOLUTION:
Trigonometric Solution

Apply the triangle rule.

From the Law of Cosines,

R 2  P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos B
 40N   60N   240N 60N  cos155
2 2

R  97 .73 N

From the Law of Sines,

sin A sin B

Q R
Q
sin A  sin B
R
60 N
 sin 155
97.73N
A  15.04
  20  A
  35 .04 

1 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
Two forces are acting at a point O as shown in the figure.
Determine the resultant in the magnitude and direction.

𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑅 = √502 + 1002 + (2 𝑋 50 𝑋 100 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠 300 )

𝑅 = √2500 + 10000 + (10000 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠 300 )

𝑅 = √2500 + 10000 + (10000 𝑋 0.866)

R = 145.464 N
𝑄 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑃 + 𝑄 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼
100 𝑆𝑖𝑛 300
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
50 + 100 𝐶𝑜𝑠 300

−1
100 𝑆𝑖𝑛 300
𝜃 = tan ( )
50 + 100 𝐶𝑜𝑠 300

50
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
√3
50 + 100 𝑋 2

50
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
50 + 50 𝑋 √3
𝜃 = tan−1 (0.366)
𝜃 = 20.10⁰

2 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
Two forces of 3 N and 4 N are acting at a point such that the angle between them is
60 degrees. Find the resultant force

Answer

Formula: 𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃

Magnitude R of the resultant force is R = √(32 + 42 + 2 x 3 x 4 Cos 60 deg)

= √(9 + 16 + 12) = √(37 = 6.08 N
Direction of R is given by finding the angle q
𝑄 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑃 + 𝑄 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼
tan q = (3 Sin 60 deg)/(4 + 3 Cos 60 deg) = 0.472
q = tan-1 0.472
= 25.3 deg
Thus R is 6.08 N in magnitude and is at an an

What are the steps for solving the problems when more than two coplanar forces are
acting on a rigid body.

The steps are as;

1. Check the Problem for concurrent or Non concurrent

2. Count Total No. of forces acting on the body.
3. First resolved all the forces in horizontal and vertical direction.
4. Make the direction of force away from the body.
5. Take upward forces as positive, down force as negative, Left hand force as
negative, and Right hand force as positive
6. Take sum of all horizontal parts i.e., ∑H
7. Take sum of all vertical parts i.e., ∑V
8. Find the resultant of the force system using, R = √ ((∑V)2 + (∑H))2
9. Find angle of resultant by using tan θ = ∑V/∑H
10. Take care about sign of ∑V and ∑H.

3 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
How do you find the resultant of coplanar concurrent force system?

The resultant force, of a given system of forces may be found out by the method of
resolution as discussed below: Let the forces be P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 acting at ‘o’. Let OX
and OY be the two perpendicular directions. Let the forces make angle a1, a2, a3, a4, and
a5 with Ox respectively. Let R be their resultant and inclined at angle θ. with OX Resolved
part of ‘R’ along OX = Sum of the resolved parts of P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 along OX.

i.e., Resolve all the forces horizontally and find the algebraic sum of all the horizontally
components (i.e., ∑H)

Rcosθ = P1cosα1 + P2cosα2 + P3cosα3 + P4cosα4 + P5cosα5 = X (Let)

Resolve all the forces vertically and find the algebraic sum of all the vertical components
(i.e., ∑V)

Rsinθ = P1sinα1 + P2sinα2 + P3sinα3 + P4sinα4 + P5sinα5 = Y (Let)

The resultant R of the given forces will be given by the equation:

R = √ (∑V)2 + (∑H)2

We get R2(sin2θ + cos2θ) = P12(Sin2α1+ cos2α1) + ---

i.e., R2 = P12 + P22 + P32 + ---

And The resultant force will be inclined at an angle ‘θ’with the horizontal, such that

tanθ = ∑V/∑H

4 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
Problems on Coplanar Forces.
Rectangular components of a vector
To find the component of a vector along a given axis, we drop a perpendicular on the
given axis from the vector

For example OA is the given vector. We have to find its component along the the
horizontal axis. Let us call it x-axis. We drop a perpendicular AB from A onto the x-axis.
The length OB is the component of OA along x-axis. If OA makes angle p with the
horizontal axis, then in triangle OAB, OB/OA = Cos P or OB = OA Cos P.
Remember that component of a vector is a scalar quantity. If the component is along the
negative direction, we put a (-) sign with it.)
Usually we resolve the vector into components along mutually perpendicular
components.

OB is the x component OB = OA Cos p.

Similarly component along the vertical direction or the y axis is OC
OCAB is a rectangle.
So OC = AB
look at triangle OAB again,
AB/OA = Sin p
=> AB = OA Sin p = OC
Thus y component OC = OA Sin p.
Note that p is the angle with the horizontal axis.

5 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
Problem 1

A force of 500N is acting at a point making an angle of 60° with the horizontal.
Determine the component of this force along X and Y direction.

Solution:

The component of 500N force in the X and Y direction is

∑H = Horizontal Component = 500 cos 60°

∑V = Vertical Component = 500 sin 60°

∑H = 500 cos 60°, ∑V = 500 sin 60°

Problem 2

Find the x and y components of a 25 m displacement at an angle of 210⁰.

6 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
Answer
OA is the displacement vector. The angle with the horizontal axis is 210⁰ - 180⁰ = 30⁰
x component = OB = -25 Cos 30⁰ = -21.7
y component = AB = -25 Sin 30⁰ = -12.5 m
Note that each component is pointing along the negative coordinate direction and thus
we must take it as negative.
Now we will solve a problem using the component method

Problem 3
Find the resultant of the following two displacements: 2 m at 30⁰ and 4 m at 120⁰.
The angles are taken relative to the x axis.

Solution:
x component Rx = 2 Cos 30⁰- 4 Cos 60⁰= - 0.268 m
y component Ry = 2 Sin 30⁰ + 4 Sin 60⁰ = 4.46 m
R = √(Rx2 + Ry2)
= √(-0.2682 + 4.462) = 4.47 m

tan θ = Ry/Rx = 4.46/0.268 = 17.98

=> θ = 86.81⁰

7 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
q = 86.81⁰
p = 180⁰ - 86.6⁰ = 93.4⁰

Four forces act on bolt A as shown.

Determine the resultant of the force on the bolt.
SOLUTION:
• Resolve each force into rectangular components.
• Determine the components of the resultant by adding the corresponding force
components.
• Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant.
Resolve each force into rectangular components.
Force Magnitude x- component Y - component
F1 150 150 Cos 30 = +129.9 150 Sin 30 = +75.0
F2 80 -80 Cos 70 = -27.4 80 Sin 70 = +75.2
F3 110 110 Cos 90 = 0 110 Sin 90 = +110.0
F4 100 100 Cos 15 = +96.6 100 Sin 15 = -25.9
Rx = +199.1 Ry = +14.3

• Determine the components of the resultant by adding the corresponding force

components.
• Calculate the magnitude and direction.

R  199 .12  14.32 R  199 .6 N

14.3 N
tan  
199.1 N

8 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
  4.1

Three wires exert the tensions indicated on the ring in fig. Assuming a concurrent
system, determine the force in a single wire will replace three wires.

Solution:

Single force, which replaces all other forces, is always the resultant of the system, so first
resolved all the forces in horizontal and vertical direction.

∑H = Sum of Horizontal Component

= 60 cos 0° + 20 cos 68° + 40 cos 270° = 67.49 N.......(i)

∑V = Sum of Vertical Component

= 60 sin 0° + 20 sin 68° + 40 sin 270° = –21.46 N ...(ii)

Let R be the resultant of coplanar forces

R = (∑H2 + ∑V2)1/2

= ((67.49)2 + (–21.46)2)1/2

R = 70.81N

9 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
θ = tan–1(RV/RH)

= tan–1(–21.45/67.49)

θ = –17.63°

Angle made by resultant (70.81),–17.63° and lies in forth coordinate.

Four forces act on bolt as shown in fig, Determine the resultant of forces on the bolt.

First resolved all the forces in vertical and horizontal directions;

Let ∑H = Sum of Horizontal components

∑V = Sum of Vertical components

∑H = 150 cos 30° + 80 cos 110° + 110 cos 270° + 100 cos 345° = 199.13N..........(i)

∑V = 150 sin 30° + 80 sin 110° + 110 sin 270° + 100 sin 345° = 14.29N........(ii)

R = (∑H2 + ∑V2)1/2

= {(199.13)2 + (14.29)2}1/2

R = 199.6N

Let angle made by resultant is θ

10 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
tanθ = ∑V/∑H

= 14.29/199.13 = 4.11º

Determine the resultant of the force acting on a hook as shown in fig.

First resolved all the forces in vertical and horizontal directions

Let ∑H = Sum of Horizontal components

∑H = 80 cos 25° + 70 cos 50° + 50 cos 315°

= 152.86N ...(i)

∑V = Sum of Vertical components

∑V = 80 sin 25° + 70 sin 50° + 50 sin 315°

= 52.07 N R

= (RH2 + RV2)1/2 = {(152.86)2 + (52.07)2}1/2

R = 161.48N

Let angle made by resultant is θ

tanθ = ∑V/∑H ⇒ = 52.07/152.86

11 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
θ = 18.81°

The resultant of four forces, which are acting at a point, is along Y-axis. The
magnitudes of forces F1, F3, F4 are 10KN, 20KN and 40KN respectively. The angle
made by 10KN, 20KN and 40KN with X-axis are 300, 900 and 1200 respectively.
Find the magnitude and direction of force F2, if resultant is 72KN.

Given that resultant is along Y-axis that means resultant(R) makes an angle of 90° with
the X-axis, i.e., horizontal component of R is zero, and Magnitude of resultant is equal to
vertical component, Let

∑H = Sum of Horizontal components = 0

∑V = Sum of Vertical components

R = (∑H2 + ∑V2)1/2

= (0 + ∑V2)1/2

R = ∑V;

Let unknown force be F2 and makes an angle of Φ with the horizontal X-axis; Now
resolved all the forces in vertical and horizontal directions;

∑H = 10 cos 30° + 20 cos 90° + 40 cos 120° + F2 cosθ

0 = F2 cosθ – 11.34

F2 cosθ = 11.34 ........(i)

72 = 10 sin 30° + 20 sin 90° + 40 sin 120° + F2 sin θ

90° + 40 sin 120° + F2 sin θ 7

12 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
F2 sinθ = 12.36 ...(ii)

Divide equation (ii) by (i), we get

tanθ = 12.36/11.34

θ = 47.460

Putting the value of Φ in equation (i) we get

F2 cos 47.46 = 11.34

⇒ F2 = 16.77KN

13 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
14 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
The forces 20N, 30N, 40N, 50N and 60N are acting on one of the angular points of a
regular hexagon, towards the other five angular points, taken in order. Find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

In regular hexagon each angle is equal to 120°, and if each angular point is joint together,
then each section makes an angle of 30°. First resolved all the forces in vertical and
horizontal directions.

Sum of Horizontal components

∑H = 20 cos 0° + 30 cos 30° + 40 cos 60° + 50 cos 90° + 60 cos 120° = 35.98N .........(i)

Sum of Vertical components

∑V = 20 sin 0° + 30 sin 30° + 40 sin 60° + 50 sin 90° + 60 sin 120° = 151.6 N ...(ii)

R = (∑H2 + ∑V2)1/2

= {(35.98)2 + (151.6)2}- R = 155.81 N

Let angle made by resultant is θ

tan θ = ∑V /∑H

= 151.6/35.98

θ = 76.64°

15 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
Problems on Equilibrium.
Three forces act on a particle ‘O’ as shown in fig. Determine the value of ‘P’ such
that the resultant of these three forces is horizontal. Find the magnitude and
direction of the fourth force which when acting along with the given three forces,
will keep ‘O’ in equilibrium.

Since resultant(R) is horizontal so the vertical component of resultant is zero,

i.e., ∑V = 0, ∑H = R

∑V = 200 sin 10° + Psin 50° + 500 sin 150° = 0

On solving, P = –371.68N ...(i)

∑H = 200 cos 10° + P cos 50° + 500 cos 150° = 0

Putting the value of ‘P’, we get

∑H = –474.96 N ...(ii)

Let Unknown force be ‘Q’ and makes an angle of ? with the horizontal X-axis. Additional
force makes the system in equilibrium Now,

∑H = Q cosθ –474.96 N = 0

i.e., Q cosθ = 474.96 N------(3)

Since ∑V already zero, Now on addition of force Q, the body be in equilibrium so again
∑V is zero.

∑V = 200 sin 10° –371.68 sin 50° + 500 sin 150° + Q sin θ = 0

But 200 sin 10° – 371.68 sin 00 + 500 sin 1500 = 0 by equation (1)

So, Q sinθ = 0, that means Q = 0 or sinθ = 0,

Q is not zero so sinθ = 0, θ = 0

Putting θ = 0 in equation (iii),

16 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
Q = 474.96N, θ = 0.

Problems using Lami’s theorem.

An iron block of mass 30 kg is hanging from the two supports A and B as shown in
the diagram. Determine the tensions in both the ropes.

Solution:
Given,
m = 30 kg, W = mg = 30 x 9.8 = 294 N
Let’s draw an FBD i.e. Free Body Diagram for the given condition. C be the point of
suspension from where the iron block is hanging.

17 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
We get required angles to apply Lami’s Theorem as,

Using Lami’s Formula we get,

𝑻𝑨𝑪 𝑻𝑩𝑪 𝟐𝟗𝟒

= =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝑻𝑨𝑪 𝟐𝟗𝟒
=
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝟓

𝟐𝟗𝟒 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟗𝟒 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔

𝑻𝑨𝑪 = = = 𝟐𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝟔 𝑵
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟔
Similarly

𝑻𝑩𝑪 𝟐𝟗𝟒
=
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝟓

𝟐𝟗𝟒 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝟐𝟗𝟒 × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕

𝑻𝑩𝑪 = = = 𝟐𝟏𝟓. 𝟐 𝑵
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟔

Examples using Lami’s theorem

A baby from a doorway jumper is in static equilibrium. Calculate forces x and y.

18 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
19 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
Triangle Law of Vector Addition Derivation
Forces Vector P and Vector Q act at an angle θ. In order to find the resultant of Vector P and
Vector Q, one can apply the head to tail method, to construct the triangle.
In Fig., OA and AB represent Vector P and Vector Q in magnitude and direction. The closing
side OB of the triangle taken in the reversed order represents the resultant Vector R of the
forces Vector P and Vector Q. The magnitude and the direction of Vector R can be found by
using sine and cosine laws of triangles.
The triangle law of forces can also be stated as, if a body is in equilibrium under the action of
three forces acting at a point, then the three forces can be completely represented by the three
sides of a triangle taken in order.
If Vector P , Vector Q and Vector R are the three forces acting at a point and they are
represented by the three sides of a triangle then P/QA =Q/AB =R/ OB.

Parallelogram law of forces:

If two forces acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and
direction by the diagonal passing through the point.
Explanation
Consider two forces Vector P and Vector Q acting at a point O inclined at an angle θ as shown
in Fig..

20 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
The forces Vector P and Vector Q are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides OA
and OB of a parallelogram OACB as shown in Fig.
The resultant Vector R of the forces Vector P and Vector Q is the diagonal OC of the
parallelogram. The magnitude of the resultant is
R = root[ P2 +Q2 + 2PQcos θ ]
The direction of the resultant is α = tan-1[ Qsin θ / P+Qcos θ ]

Magnitude and resultant

The law states that if two vectors acting on a particle at the same time be represented in
magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point
their resultant vector is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram drawn from the same point.

Let us consider two vectors Vec P and Vec Q which are inclined to each other at an angle
θ as shown in Fig. Let the vectors Vec P and Vec Q be represented in magnitude and
direction by the two sides OA and OB of a parallelogram OACB. The diagonal OC passing
through the common tail O, gives the magnitude and direction of the resultant Vec R.

CD is drawn perpendicular to the extended OA, from C. Let COM made by Vec R with Vec P
be α.
From right angled triangle OCM,
OC2 = OM2 + CM2
From the diagram we can understand that OM = OA+AM. Therefore,
OC2= (OA + AM)2 + CM2
Expanding (OA + AM)2 we get
= OA2 + AM2 + 2.OA.AM + CM2 .....(1)

21 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
In Fig. Angle BOA = θ =Angle CAM
From right angled ∆ CAM,
AC2 = AM2 + CM2 ...(2)
Substituting (2) in (1)
OC2 = OA2 + AC2 + 2OA.AM ...(3)
From ∆ACM,
CM = AC sin θ ...(4)
AD = AC cos θ ...(5)
Substituting (5) in (3) OC2 = OA2 + AC2 + 2 OA.AC cos θ
Substituting OC = R, OA = P,
OB = AC = Q in the above equation
R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ
(or)
R = root [P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ ] ...(6)
Direction of Resultant:
Equation (6) gives the magnitude of the resultant. From ∆ OCM,
tan α = CM / OM = CM/( OA +AM )
Substituting (4) and (5) in the above equation,
tan α = ( AC sin θ ) / (OA + AC cos θ )
(or) α = tan-1[Qsin θ / (P+Qcos θ)] ...(7)
Equation (7) gives the direction of the resultant
(i) When two vectors act in the same direction or Vectors are Parallel θ = 0⁰
In this case, the angle between the two vectors θ = 0o, cos 0o = 1, sin 0o = 0
From (6)
R = root [ P2 + Q2 + 2PQ ] = P+Q
From (7)
α = tan-1[Qsin 00 / (P+Qcos 00)]
(i.e) =0
Thus, the resultant vector acts in the same direction as the individual vectors and is equal
to the sum of the magnitude of the two vectors.
In this case, the angle between the two vectors θ = 180o, cos 180o = -1, sin 180o = 0.
From (6)

22 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
R = root [ P2 + Q2 - 2PQ ] = P-Q
From (7)
α = tan-1[Q / (P-Q)]
(i.e) =0
Thus, the resultant vector has a magnitude equal to the difference in magnitude of the
two vectors and acts in the direction of the bigger of the two vectors.
(iii) When two vectors are at right angles to each other or Vectors are Perpendicular θ
= 90⁰
In this case, θ = 900o , cos 90o = 0, sin 90o = 1
From (6) R=root(P2+Q2)
From (7) a=tan-1(Q/P)
The resultant Vector R vector acts at an angle α with Vector P.

Polygon law of forces:

If more than two forces act on a body at once, the law of the polygon of forces is used.
Polygon law of forces is applied for finding the resultant of a number of co-planer forces
acting at a point. It is a graphical method. It is an extension of triangle law of forces for
more than two forces, which states, ‘If a number of forces acting on a point be represented
by the sides of a polygon taken in order then their resultant is obtained by the closing
side of the polygon taken in opposite order’.

Lami’s theorem.

Lami’s theorem relates the magnitudes of coplanar, concurrent and non-collinear forces
that maintain an object in static equilibrium. The theorem is very useful in analyzing most
of the mechanical as well as structural systems.

Lami’s Theorem Statement

Lami’s Theorem states, “When three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, then
each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces”.
Referring to the above diagram, consider three forces A, B, C acting on a particle or rigid
body making angles α, β and γ with each other.
In the mathematical or equation form, it is expressed as,

23 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
When there are three coplanar, concurrent, non-collinear forces acting to keep an object
in static equilibrium, Lami’s theorem may be used. Now, let’s see how the theorem’s
equation is derived.
Let A, B, and C be the forces acting at a point. As per the statement of the theorem, we
take the sum of all forces acting at a given point which will be zero.
i.e. A + B + C = 0

Using geometric properties

Here just I have taken the needed part alone for further proceedings and which is vector
addition B+A+C

24 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET
Applying sine rule we get

But we know

So

25 19PHBC2101 – Physics for Mechanical Sciences - Dr. P.S. Devi Prasadh, Faculty of Physics, MCET