Chapter 1.

THE REAL
n
SPACE

MATH 38. Mathematical Analysis III

IMSP, CAS, UPLB

Prepared by: Dr. Jean O. Loyola

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 OUTLINE
1. Cartesian Coordinates
2. Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces
2 3
3. Vectors in and
4. Dot and Cross Product
5. Parametric Representation of Curves in
the Plane
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6. Lines and Planes in
7. Proving Geometric Theorems using
Vectors

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Chapter objectives:
At the end of the chapter, you must be
able to
1. identify and sketch cylinders and quadric
surfaces;
2. perform and interpret vector operations;
3. apply properties of vectors;
4. find equations of planes and parametric
equations of lines in space;
5. prove geometric theorems using vectors.

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1.1 Cartesian Coordinates

Definition 1.1.1 The set of all ordered

n- tuples of real numbers is called the
n-dimensional number space and is
n
denoted by .
Each ordered n-tuple of real numbers
(x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
n
is called a point in .

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Example 1.1.1
1. The set of all ordered pairs of
real numbers is the 2-
dimensional number space
2
denoted by .
Each ordered pair (x,y) of real
2
numbers is called a point in .

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 2. The set of all ordered triples of
real numbers is the 3-dimensional
3
number space denoted by .

Each ordered triple is called a

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point in .

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Oral Exercise. Fill in the blanks.
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1. (1,4,3) is a point in ____.
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2. (9, 0.25, -1,4) is a point in ____.
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3. (3, 2, 5, -2, 0) is a point in ____.
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4. A point in 7 coordinates.
has ___
101 101 coordinates.
5. A point in has ____

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Definition 1.1.2 If P(x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) and
A(a1 , a2 ,..., an ) are points in n
, the distance
between P and A, denoted by
P− A
is given by

P− A = ( x1 − a1 ) + ( x2 − a2 ) + ... + ( xn − an ) .
2 2 2

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Example 1.1.2
1. The distance between P(1,3) and A(-2,7) is

P− A = (1 − (− 2))
2
+ (3 − 7 )
2

= 9 + 16 = 25 = 5.
2. The distance between P(1,2,3) and A(7,-2,1) is

(1 − 7 ) + ( 2 − ( −2) ) + (3 − 1)
2
P− A =
2 2

= 36 + 16 + 4 = 56 = 2 14 .

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 Example 1.1.3 Plot the following
3
points in :

a. A (1, 2, 3 ) b. B ( − 2, 3, − 1 )

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 (To plot A(1,2,3) )
3

z
3
• (1 ,2 ,3 )
2
(1,2 )
y
2 •
y
1 •
(1 ,2 ,0 ) x
x

Figure 1.1.1

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 To plot B(-2,3,-1)

3
z
2
-2
(− 2 ,3 , 0 ) ( − 2 ,3 ) y
• •
y •
3 ( − 2 ,3 , − 1 )
-1 x
x

Figure 1.1.2

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 Theorem 1.1.1
1. A line is parallel to the yz plane if and only if all
points on the line have equal x-coordinates.
2. A line is parallel to the xz plane if and only if all
points on the line have equal y-coordinates.
3. A line is parallel to the xy plane if and only if all
points on the line have equal z-coordinates.

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 Example of a line parallel to the
yz plane

Figure 1.1.3

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 Example of a line parallel to the
xz plane

Figure 1.1.4

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 Example of a line parallel to the
xy plane

Figure 1.1.5

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 Theorem 1.1.2
1. A line is parallel to the x-axis if and
only if all points on the line have equal y
coordinates and equal z coordinates.
2. A line is parallel to the y-axis if and only if all
points on the line have equal x coordinates
and equal z coordinates.
3. A line is parallel to the z-axis if and only if
all points on the line have equal x coordinates
and equal y coordinates.

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 Theorem 1.1.3

1. If A ( x 1 , y , z ) and B ( x 2 , y , z ) are
two points on a line parallel to the x-
axis, the distance between A and B,
denoted by
AB
is given by
A B = x 2 − x1 .

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 2. If C ( x , y 1 , z ) and D ( x , y 2 , z ) are
two points on a line parallel to the y-
axis, the distance between C and D,
denoted by
CD

is given by
C D = y 2 − y1 .

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 3. If E ( x , y , z 1 ) and F ( x , y , z 2 ) are
two points on a line parallel to the z-
axis, the distance between E and F,
denoted by
EF
is given by
E F = z 2 − z1 .

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 Theorem 1.1.4 The midpoint of the
line segment having
P 1 ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and P 2 ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )
as endpoints is
M x , y ,z ( )
where,
x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 z1 + z 2
x= , y= and z= .

2 2 2

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 Example 1.1.4 The midpoint of the line
segment having
P1 ( 1, 2, 3 ) and P2 ( 7 , − 2,1 )
( )
as endpoints is M x , y , z , where
1+ 7 2 + −2 3+1
x= = 4, y= = 0, z = = 2.
2 2 2

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 Definition 1.1.3 The graph of an equation
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in is the set of all points
(x , y ,z)
whose coordinates are real numbers
satisfying the equation.

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 Example 1.1.5 Determine if each given
point lies on the graph of x 2 + 4 y 2 − z = 10.
a. A ( 2,1, − 2 ) b. B ( − 4, 0,1 )
solution:
a. If x = 2, y = 1 and z = -2,

x + 4 y − z = ( 2 ) + 4 (1 ) − ( − 2 ) = 4 + 4 + 2 = 1 0
2 2 2 2

Thus, A(2,1,-2) lies on the graph of

x + 4 y − z = 10.
2 2

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 b. If x = -4, y = 0 and z = 1,

x + 4 y − z = ( − 4 ) + 4 ( 0 ) − (1 )
2 2 2 2

= 16 + 0 − 1 = 15  10
Thus, B(-4,0,1) does not lie on the graph
of
x + 4 y − z = 10.
2 2

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 Definition 1.1.4 A sphere is the set of
3
all points in equidistant from a fixed
point.
The fixed point is called the
center of the sphere while the
constant distance is called the
radius of the sphere.

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 Theorem 1.1.6 An equation of the sphere
of radius r and centered at (h, k, l) is
given by
(x − h) + ( y − k ) + (z − l) =r .
2 2 2 2

The equation given in Theorem

1.1.6 is called the standard equation of a
sphere.

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 Example 1.1.6 Write the standard
equation of the sphere of radius 4 and
centered at (2,-1,4). Sketch the sphere.
solution:
From Theorem 1.1.6, the standard
equation of the sphere is
2 2 2
𝑥−2 + 𝑦 − −1 + 𝑧−4 = 42 .

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 C ( 2 , − 1 , 4 ), r = 4 z

( 2 ,− 1 , 4 )
•

y
(2 ,− 1,0 ) •

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 Example 1.1.7 Write the standard equation of the
sphere having (1,2,3) and (7,-2,1) as endpoints of
a diameter.
solution:
From Example 1.1.2(2), the distance
between the given points is 2 14 .
Thus, the radius of the sphere is 14.
From Example 1.1.4, the midpoint of the
segment whose endpoints are the given points
is (4,0,2). The standard equation of the sphere
( )
is ( x − 4 ) + ( y − 0 ) + ( z − 2 ) = 14 .
2 2 2 2

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 3
Theorem 1.1.7 The graph in of any
second-degree equation in x, y, and z, of
the form

x + y + z + G x + H y + Iz + J = 0
2 2 2

where G, H, I and J are constants is

either, a sphere, a point, or empty.

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 3
Example 1.1.8 Identify the graph in
of each of the following equations.

a. x + y + z + 2 x − 4 y − 4 z = 0
2 2 2

b. x + y + z − 2 x − 4 z + 5 = 0
2 2 2

c. x + y + z − 2 y + 4 z + 7 = 0
2 2 2

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 solution:
a. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 4 z = 0

( x 2
+ 2 x ) (
+ y 2
− 4 y ) ( − 4z) = 0
+ z 2

( x 2
+ 2 x + 1 − 1 ) (
+ y 2
− 4 y + 4 − 4 ) ( − 4z + 4 − 4) = 0
+ z 2

( x + 1) + ( y − 2 ) + ( z − 2 ) − 9 = 0
2 2 2

( x + 1) + ( y − 2 ) + ( z − 2 ) = 9
2 2 2

( ( ) ) ( ) ( )
2
− − + − + − =
2 2 2
x 1 y 2 z 2 3
The graph is the sphere centered at
(-1,2,2) with radius 3.
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 b. x + y + z − 2 x − 4 z + 5 = 0
2 2 2

(x 2
− 2x) + y + (z − 4z) + 5 = 0
2 2

(x 2
− 2 x + 1 − 1) + y + ( z − 4 z + 4 − 4 ) + 5 = 0
2 2

( x − 1) + ( y − 0 ) + ( z − 2 ) +5−5= 0
2 2 2

( x − 1) + ( y − 0 ) + ( z − 2 ) =0
2 2 2

The graph is the point (1,0,2).

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 c. x + y + z − 2 y + 4 z + 7 = 0
2 2 2

x + ( y − 2y) + (z − 4z) + 7 = 0
2 2 2

x + ( y − 2 y + 1 − 1) + ( z − 4 z + 4 − 4 ) + 7 = 0
2 2 2

x + ( y − 1) + ( z − 2 ) − 5 + 7 = 0
2 2 2

x + ( y − 1) + ( z − 2 ) = − 2
2 2 2

The graph is empty.

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 Exercise. Do as indicated.
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1. Plot the following points in .
A(1,−3, 4) B(0, 5, − 1) C(4,−2,−2) D(− 4, 0, 2)
2. Using the given points in item 1, find the following.
a. 𝐴 − 𝐵

b. 𝐵 − 𝐷

c. The midpoint of the line segment CD

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 3. Derive a general equation of the sphere with the
given center C and point P on the sphere.
a. C(1,−3, 4) , P(− 4, 0, 2)
b. C(0, 5, −1) , P(4,−2,−2)
4. Determine if the given equation describes a sphere,
a point or the empty set.
a. x + y + z − 4 x + 2 z − 4 = 0
2 2 2

b. 4 x + 4 y + 4 z − 8 x + 16 y + 25 = 0
2 2 2

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