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Theorems On Parallelograms

1) The document defines and provides properties of parallelograms, rectangles, rhombi, squares, trapezoids, and kites. 2) It includes 25 theorems relating to the properties of these shapes, such as diagonals of rectangles and rhombi being congruent/perpendicular, and medians/diagonals of trapezoids and triangles being parallel to bases. 3) Proofs are provided for several theorems about properties of isosceles trapezoids, midsegments of triangles, and medians of trapezoids.

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Jerrald Meyer L. Bayani
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391 views16 pages

Theorems On Parallelograms

1) The document defines and provides properties of parallelograms, rectangles, rhombi, squares, trapezoids, and kites. 2) It includes 25 theorems relating to the properties of these shapes, such as diagonals of rectangles and rhombi being congruent/perpendicular, and medians/diagonals of trapezoids and triangles being parallel to bases. 3) Proofs are provided for several theorems about properties of isosceles trapezoids, midsegments of triangles, and medians of trapezoids.

Uploaded by

Jerrald Meyer L. Bayani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THEOREMS ON PARALLELOGRAMS, TRAPEZOIDS, AND KITES

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.


A rectangle is a parallelogram in which all its angles are right angles.
A rhombus is a parallelogram in which all its sides are congruent.
A square is a rectangle in which all its sides are congruent.

Illustrations:

Rectangle Rhombus Square


From the definitions, rectangles, rhombus, and square are special parallelograms.
The properties of special parallelograms are expressed in the following theorems.
Theorem 3.9
The diagonals of rectangles are congruent.
Theorem 3.10
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.

Given: Rhombus ABCD A B

Prove: !!!! !!!!!


𝐴𝐶 ⊥ 𝐷𝐵

D C
PROOF:
1. ABCD is a rhombus 1. Given
2. AB = AD 2. Definition of Rhombus
3. AO = AO 3. Reflexive Property of Equality

4. BO = OD 4. A rhombus is a parallelogram, a
parallelogram’s diagonals bisect each
other.

5. ∆𝐴𝑂𝐷 ≅ 𝐴𝑂𝐵 5. SSS Postulate

6. ∠𝐴𝑂𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 6. CPCTC

7. !!!! !!!!
𝐴𝐶 ⊥ 𝐷𝐵 7. Linear Pair Perpendicular Theorem - If
two straight lines intersect at a point and
form a linear pair of equal angles, they are
perpendicular.

Theorem 3.11
In a rhombus, each diagonal bisects two of its angles.
Definition:
If a quadrilateral has only one pair of opposite sides parallel, then the quadrilateral is a trapezoid.

A N

E C

The figure shows trapezoid ANCE.


'''' ∥ 𝐶𝐸
𝐴𝑁 '''' , 𝐴𝑁
'''' and ''''
𝐶𝐸 are the bases.
The pair of angles ∠𝐴 and ∠𝑁, and ∠𝐸 and ∠𝐶 are the base angles.
'''' and 𝐶𝑁
The nonparallel sides, 𝐴𝐸 '''' are the legs.

A trapezoid may have congruent legs of a right angle. If the legs of a trapezoid are congruent,
then the trapezoid is isosceles. If a trapezoid has a right angle, then it is right angle trapezoid.
How many right angles are there in a right-angle trapezoid?
The properties of an isosceles trapezoid are stated in the following theorems.
Theorem 3.12
If a quadrilateral (with one set of parallel sides) is an isosceles trapezoid, its legs are congruent.

Theorem 3.13
If a trapezoid has congruent legs, it is an isosceles trapezoid.
Theorem 3.14
If a quadrilateral is an isosceles trapezoid, the diagonals are congruent.

Theorem 3.15
If a trapezoid has congruent diagonals, it is an isosceles trapezoid.
Theorem 3.16
If a quadrilateral is an isosceles trapezoid, the opposite angles are supplementary.
Theorem 3.17
If a trapezoid has its opposite angles supplementary, it is an isosceles trapezoid.
Theorem 3.18
The midsegment of a triangle is parallel to the base of the triangle and its length is half as long as
the base.

''''
Given: ∆𝐵𝐴𝑍, E is the midpoint of 𝐵𝑍
''''
L is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵

Prove: '''' '''', EL = !AZ


𝐸𝐿 ∥ 𝐴𝑍 "

Plan for Proof:


Extend ''''
𝐸𝐿 to R so that ''''
𝐸𝐿 ≅ ''''
𝑅𝐿. ∆𝐵𝐿𝐸 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐿𝑅 by SAS Postulate. By CPCTC, 𝐵𝑍 '''' ≅ ''''
𝐴𝑅.
'''' '''' '''' ''''
Because 𝐵𝐸 ≅ 𝐸𝑍, therefore, 𝐴𝑅 ≅ 𝐸𝑍. By CPCTC, ∠𝐵𝐸𝐿 ≅ ∠𝐴𝑅𝐿. It follows that 𝐸𝑍 ∥ 𝐴𝑅 '''' ''''.
Since 𝐴𝑅'''' and 𝐸𝑍
'''' are both parallel and congruent, quadrilateral RAZE is a parallelogram and
''''.
'''' ∥ 𝐴𝑍
𝐸𝐿
Note: This is also called the Midline Theorem for Triangles

Theorem 3.19
𝟏
The median of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases and its length is equal to 𝟐 of the sum of the
lengths of the bases.
''''
Given: Trapezoid SPOT with median 𝐹𝑌
Prove: '''' '''', 𝐹𝑌
𝐹𝑌 ∥ 𝑃𝑆 ''''
'''' ∥ 𝑂𝑇
!
FY = "(PS + OT)

Plan for Proof:


Draw diagonal ''''
𝑆𝑂. Use the Midline Theorem for Triangles and the Properties of Equality in
arriving at the conclusions.

Definition:
A kite is a quadrilateral whose four sides are drawn such that there are two distinct sets of adjacent,
congruent sides.

Theorem 3.20

If a quadrilateral is a kite, the diagonals are perpendicular.


Theorem 3.21
If a quadrilateral is a kite, it has one pair of opposite angles congruent.
Theorem 3.22

If a quadrilateral is a kite, it has one diagonal forming two isosceles triangles.


Theorem 3.21
If a quadrilateral is a kite, it has one diagonal forming two congruent triangles.
Theorem 3.23
If a quadrilateral is a kite, it has one diagonal that bisects a pair of opposite angles.

Theorem 3.24
If a quadrilateral is a kite, it has one diagonal that bisects the other diagonal.
Theorem 3.25
If one of the diagonals of a quadrilateral is the perpendicular bisector of the other, the quadrilateral
is a kite.

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