LEARNING OUTCOMES:

AT THE END OF THE LESSON, THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

• STATE THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC MOTOR.
• IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS.
• DIFFERENTIATE AC AND DC MOTOR.
• APPRECIATE THE IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRIC MOTORS IN OUR DAILY LIVES.
WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC MOTOR?
AN ELECTRIC MOTOR IS AN ELECTRO-MECHANICAL DEVICE THAT CONVERTS ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO
MECHANICAL ENERGY.
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

ELECTRIC MOTORS WORK ON THE PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETISM. WHEN

CHARGES ARE STILL, THEY CREATE ELECTRIC FIELDS. BUT WHEN CHARGES MOVE, THEY
INSTEAD PRODUCE MAGNETIC FIELDS. A CURRENT IN A WIRE, FOR EXAMPLE, PRODUCES
ITS OWN MAGNETIC FIELD. WHEN A CURRENT IS PASSED THROUGH THE WIRE, THE WIRE
ROTATES AROUND THE MAGNET, SHOWING THAT THE CURRENT GAVE RISE TO A CLOSE
CIRCULAR MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND THE WIRE.
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
AN ELECTRIC MOTOR CONTAINS A COIL OF WIRE THAT CREATES A MAGNETIC
FIELD WHEN ELECTRICITY FLOWS THROUGH IT. THIS IS COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS AN
ELECTROMAGNET. IT TURNS OUT THAT WHEN A CURRENT FLOW THROUGH A MAGNETIC
FIELD, THE CHARGES FEEL A MAGNETIC FORCE ON THEM AT 90 DEGREES TO THE
DIRECTION THEY’RE MOVING. BECAUSE OF THIS, THE WIRE AS A WHOLE FEELS A BIG
FORCE. AND THIS FORCE CAUSES THE LOOP OF WIRE TO MOVE; ELECTRICAL ENERGY HAS
BEEN CHANGED INTO MOVEMENT.
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
THE ELECTRIC MOTOR IS MAINLY CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES. THEY ARE THE AC MOTOR AND THE
DC MOTOR. THE AC MOTOR TAKES ALTERNATING CURRENT AS AN INPUT, WHEREAS THE DC MOTOR TAKES
DIRECT CURRENT. ELECTRIC MOTORS MAY BE CLASSIFIED BY ELECTRIC POWER SOURCE TYPE, INTERNAL
CONSTRUCTION, APPLICATION, TYPE OF MOTION OUTPUT, AND SO ON.
DC MOTOR
DC MOTOR, AS THE NAME SUGGESTS, IS THE ONLY ONE THAT IS DRIVEN BY DIRECT CURRENT. IT’S
THE MOST PRIMITIVE VERSION OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR WHERE ROTATING TORQUE IS PRODUCED DUE TO
FLOW OF CURRENT THROUGH THE CONDUCTOR INSIDE A MAGNETIC FIELD. ITS WORK DEPENDS ON THE
BASIC PRINCIPLE THAT WHEN A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IS PLACED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD, THEN A
FORCE EXERTED ON IT, AND TORQUE DEVELOPS. THE DC MOTOR IS CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES, I.E., THE
SELF-EXCITED MOTOR AND SEPARATELY EXCITED.
TYPES OF DC MOTOR

• SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR: THE MOTOR IN WHICH THE DC WINDING IS EXCITED BY THE SEPARATE DC
SOURCE IS KNOWN AS THE SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR. WITH THE HELP OF A SEPARATE SOURCE,
THE ARMATURE WINDING OF THE MOTOR IS ENERGIZED AND PRODUCES FLUX.
• SELF-EXCITED MOTOR: BY THE CONNECTION OF FIELD WINDING THE SELF-EXCITED DC MOTOR IS
FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO THREE TYPES. THEY ARE THE SERIES, SHUNT AND COMPOUND WOUND DC
MOTOR.
AC MOTOR
AC MOTOR USES AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT, WHICH REVERSES ITS DIRECTION AT REGULAR
INTERVAL. IN ANOTHER TYPE OF AC MOTOR WHERE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD CUTS THE ROTOR
CONDUCTORS, HENCE CIRCULATING CURRENT INDUCED IN THESE SHORT-CIRCUITED ROTOR
CONDUCTORS. DUE TO THE INTERACTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND THESE CIRCULATING CURRENTS THE
ROTOR STARTS ROTATES AND CONTINUES ITS ROTATION.
CLASSIFICATION OF AC MOTOR
• INDUCTION MOTOR: THIS MOTOR USES ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION PHENOMENON FOR
TRANSFORMING THE ELECTRIC POWER INTO MECHANICAL POWER. ACCORDING TO THE CONSTRUCTION
OF ROTOR, THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR. NAMELY SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR AND PHASE WOUND INDUCTION MOTOR.
• SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR: THE MACHINE THAT CHANGES THE ALTERNATING CURRENT INTO MECHANICAL
POWER AT THE DESIRED FREQUENCY IS KNOWN AS THE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. IN THE SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR, THE SPEED OF THE MOTOR IS SYNCHRONIZED WITH THE SUPPLY CURRENT FREQUENCY.

The main advantage of DC motors over AC motors is that speed is more difficult to control for AC motors. To
compensate for this, AC motors can be equipped with variable frequency drives.
END OF CHAPTER 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• 1. DESCRIBE THE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS.
• 2. DESCRIBE THE FIELD STRUCTURE OF A DC MOTOR
• 3. CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF A DC MOTOR.
• 4. IDENTIFY THE SERIES AND SHUNT FIELDS AND THE ARMATURE WINDING WITH AN OHMMETER.
• 5. CONNECT MOTOR LEADS TO FORM A SERIES, SHUNT, OR COMPOUND MOTOR.
• 6. DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DIFFERENTIAL AND A CUMULATIVE COMPOUND MOTOR.
• 7. VALUE THE IMPORTANCE OF DC MOTOR IN THE INDUSTRY AS WELL IN OUR DAILY ACTIVITIES
APPLICATION OF DC MOTORS

DC MOTORS ARE USED IN APPLICATIONS WHERE VARIABLE SPEED AND STRONG TORQUE ARE
REQUIRED. THEY ARE USED FOR CRANES AND HOISTS WHEN LOADS MUST BE STARTED SLOWLY AND
ACCELERATED QUICKLY. DC MOTORS ARE ALSO USED IN PRINTING PRESSES, STEEL MILLS, PIPE FORMING
MILLS, AND MANY OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS WHERE SPEED CONTROL IS IMPORTANT.
SPEED CONTROL

THE SPEED OF A DC MOTOR CAN BE CONTROLLED BY APPLYING VARIABLE VOLTAGE TO THE

ARMATURE OR FIELD. WHEN FULL VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO BOTH THE ARMATURE AND THE FIELD, THE MOTOR
OPERATES AT ITS BASE OR NORMAL SPEED. WHEN FULL VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE FIELD AND REDUCED
VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE ARMATURE, THE MOTOR OPERATES BELOW NORMAL SPEED. WHEN FULL
VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE ARMATURE AND REDUCED VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE FIELD, THE MOTOR
OPERATES ABOVE NORMAL SPEED.
DC MOTOR CONSTRUCTION
THE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A DC MOTOR ARE THE ARMATURE, FIELD WINDINGS, BRUSHES, AND
FRAME. FIGURE 10-01 SHOWS THE PARTS OF DC MOTOR.
ARMATURE
THE ARMATURE IS THE ROTATING PART OF THE MOTOR. IT IS CONSTRUCTED FROM AN IRON
CYLINDER THAT HAS SLOTS CUT INTO IT. WIRE IS WOUND THROUGH THE SLOTS TO FORM THE WINDINGS.
THE ENDS OF THE WINDINGS ARE CONNECTED TO THE COMMUTATOR, WHICH CONSISTS OF INSULATED
COPPER BARS AND IS MOUNTED ON THE SAME SHAFT AS THE WINDINGS.
FIELD WINDINGS
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF FIELD WINDINGS USED IN DC MOTORS: SERIES AND SHUNT. THE SERIES
FIELD IS MADE WITH A FEW TURNS OF LARGE WIRE. IT HAS A LOW RESISTANCE AND IS DESIGNED TO BE
CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE ARMATURE. THE TERMINAL MARKINGS, S1 AND S2, IDENTIFY THE SERIES
FIELD WINDINGS
THE SHUNT FIELD WINDING IS MADE WITH MANY TURNS OF SMALL WIRE. IT HAS A HIGH
RESISTANCE AND IS DESIGNED TO BE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL WITH THE ARMATURE. SINCE THE SHUNT
FIELD IS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL WITH THE ARMATURE, LINE VOLTAGE IS CONNECTED ACROSS IT. THE
CURRENT THROUGH THE SHUNT FIELD IS, THEREFORE, LIMITED BY ITS RESISTANCE. THE TERMINAL
MARKINGS FOR THE SHUNT FIELD ARE F1 AND F2
IDENTIFYING WINDINGS

THE WINDINGS OF A DC MOTOR CAN BE IDENTIFIED WITH AN OHMMETER. THE SHUNT FIELD
WINDING CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY THE FACT THAT IT HAS A HIGH RESISTANCE AS COMPARED TO THE OTHER
TWO WINDINGS. THE SERIES FIELD AND ARMATURE WINDINGS HAVE A VERY LOW RESISTANCE. THEY CAN
BE IDENTIFIED, HOWEVER, BY TURNING THE MOTOR SHAFT. WHEN THE OHMMETER IS CONNECTED TO THE
SERIES FIELD AND THE MOTOR SHAFT IS TURNED, THE OHMMETER READING WILL NOT BE AFFECTED. WHEN
THE OHMMETER IS CONNECTED TO THE ARMATURE WINDING AND THE MOTOR SHAFT IS TURNED, THE
READING WILL BECOME ERRATIC AS THE BRUSHES MAKE AND BREAK CONTACT WITH DIFFERENT
COMMUTATOR SEGMENTS.
TYPES OF DC MOTORS
THERE ARE THREE BASIC TYPES OF DC MOTORS: THE SERIES, THE SHUNT, AND THE COMPOUND. THE TYPE OF
MOTOR USED IS DETERMINED BY THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE LOAD.
• THE SERIES MOTOR, FOR EXAMPLE, CAN PRODUCE VERY HIGH STARTING TORQUE, BUT ITS SPEED
REGULATION IS POOR. THE ONLY THING THAT LIMITS THE SPEED OF A SERIES MOTOR IS THE AMOUNT OF
LOAD CONNECTED TO IT. A VERY COMMON APPLICATION OF A SERIES MOTOR IS THE STARTER MOTOR
USED ON AUTOMOBILES.
• SHUNT AND COMPOUND MOTORS ARE USED IN APPLICATIONS WHERE SPEED CONTROL IS ESSENTIAL.
TYPES OF DC MOTORS
TYPES OF DC MOTORS
THE COMPOUND MOTOR HAS BOTH SERIES AND SHUNT FIELD WINDINGS. EACH POLE PIECE IN THE
MOTOR WILL HAVE BOTH WINDINGS WOUND ON IT. THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS OF CONNECTING
COMPOUND MOTORS. FOR INSTANCE, A MOTOR CAN BE CONNECTED AS A LONG SHUNT COMPOUND OR AS A
SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND .WHEN A LONG SHUNT CONNECTION IS MADE, THE SHUNT FIELD IS CONNECTED
PARALLEL TO BOTH THE ARMATURE AND THE SERIES FIELD. WHEN A SHORT SHUNT CONNECTION IS MADE,
THE SHUNT FIELD IS CONNECTED PARALLEL TO THE ARMATURE, BUT IN SERIES WITH THE SERIES FIELD.
DIRECTION OF ROTATION

THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF THE ARMATURE IS DETERMINED BY THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE

POLARITY OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE ARMATURE TO THE POLARITY OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE
POLE PIECES.
STANDARD CONNECTION
WHEN DC MOTORS ARE WOUND, THE TERMINAL LEADS ARE MARKED IN A STANDARD MANNER.
THIS PERMITS THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION TO BE DETERMINED WHEN THE MOTOR WINDINGS ARE
CONNECTED. THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION IS DETERMINED BY FACING THE COMMUTATOR END OF THE
MOTOR, WHICH IS GENERALLY LOCATED ON THE REAR OF THE MOTOR, BUT NOT ALWAYS.
END OF CHAPTER 2
OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• IDENTIFY A UNIVERSAL MOTOR.
• DESCRIBE THE FIELD STRUCTURE OF A DC MOTOR
• CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF A DC MOTOR.
• IDENTIFY THE SERIES AND SHUNT FIELDS AND THE ARMATURE WINDING WITH AN OHMMETER.
• CONNECT MOTOR LEADS TO FORM A SERIES, SHUNT, OR COMPOUND MOTOR.
• DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DIFFERENTIAL AND A CUMULATIVE COMPOUND MOTOR.
• VALUE THE IMPORTANCE OF DC MOTOR IN THE INDUSTRY AS WELL IN OUR DAILY ACTIVITIES
WHAT IS A UNIVERSAL MOTOR?
A UNIVERSAL MOTOR IS A SPECIAL TYPE OF MOTOR WHICH IS DESIGNED TO RUN ON EITHER DC OR SINGLE
PHASE AC SUPPLY. THESE MOTORS ARE GENERALLY SERIES WOUND (ARMATURE AND FIELD WINDING ARE IN
SERIES), AND HENCE PRODUCE HIGH STARTING TORQUE.
THAT’S MAKE THE UNIVERSAL MOTORS GENERALLY COMES BUILT INTO THE DEVICE THEY ARE MEANT TO
DRIVE. MOST OF THE UNIVERSAL MOTORS ARE DESIGNED TO OPERATE AT HIGHER SPEEDS, EXCEEDING 3500
RPM. THEY RUN AT LOWER SPEED ON AC SUPPLY THAN THEY RUN ON DC SUPPLY OF SAME VOLTAGE, DUE TO
THE REACTANCE VOLTAGE DROP WHICH IS PRESENT IN AC AND NOT IN DC.
TYPES OF UNIVERSAL MOTORS

THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR: COMPENSATED TYPE WITH CONCENTRATED
POLES AND NON-COMPENSATED TYPE WITH DISTRIBUTED FIELD. THE COMPENSATED TYPE IS PREFERRED
FOR HIGH POWER RATING APPLIANCES AND THE NON-COMPENSATED FOR LOW POWER RATED APPLIANCES.
BOTH THE COMPENSATED AND NON-COMPENSATED HAVE CONSTRUCTION SIMILAR TO THAT OF DC SERIES
MOTOR.
TYPES OF UNIVERSAL MOTORS
A. COMPENSATED TYPE THE COMPENSATED TYPE MOTOR CONSISTS OF DISTRIBUTED FIELD WINDING
AND THE STATOR CORE IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF SPLIT-PHASE MOTOR. WE ALREADY KNOW THAT SPLIT PHASE
MOTORS CONSIST OF AN AUXILIARY WINDING IN ADDITION TO MAIN WINDING. SIMILAR TO THE SPLIT PHASE
MOTORS, THE COMPENSATED TYPE ALSO CONSISTS OF AN ADDITIONAL WINDING. THE COMPENSATING WINDING
HELPS IN REDUCING THE REACTANCE VOLTAGE WHICH IS CAUSED DUE TO ALTERNATING FLUX, WHEN THE MOTOR
RUNS WITH THE AID OF AN AC SUPPLY.
B. NON-COMPENSATED TYPE THE NON-COMPENSATED MOTOR HAS 2 SALIENT POLES AND IT IS
LAMINATED. THE ARMATURE IS OF WOUND TYPE AND THE LAMINATED CORE IS EITHER STRAIGHT OR SKEWED
SLOTS. THE LEADS OF THE ARMATURE WINDING ARE CONNECTED TO THE COMMUTATOR. HIGH RESISTANCE
BRUSHES ARE USED ALONG WITH THIS TYPE OF MOTOR TO HELP BETTER COMMUTATION.
TYPES OF UNIVERSAL MOTORS
CONSTRUCTION OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR
CONSTRUCTION OF A UNIVERSAL MOTOR IS VERY SIMILAR TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DC
MACHINE. IT CONSISTS OF A STATOR ON WHICH FIELD POLES ARE MOUNTED. FIELD COILS ARE WOUND ON
THE FIELD POLES SHOWN IN FIGURE 11-03. HOWEVER, THE WHOLE MAGNETIC PATH (STATOR FIELD CIRCUIT
AND ALSO ARMATURE) IS LAMINATED. LAMINATION IS NECESSARY TO MINIMIZE THE EDDY CURRENTS
WHICH INDUCE WHILE OPERATING ON AC. THE ROTARY ARMATURE IS OF WOUND TYPE HAVING STRAIGHT
OR SKEWED SLOTS AND COMMUTATOR WITH BRUSHES RESTING ON IT. THE COMMUTATION ON AC IS
POORER THAN THAT FOR DC BECAUSE OF THE CURRENT INDUCED IN THE ARMATURE COILS. FOR THAT
REASON BRUSHES USED ARE HAVING HIGH RESISTANCE.
CONSTRUCTION OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR
WORKING OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR
A UNIVERSAL MOTOR WORKS ON EITHER DC OR SINGLE PHASE AC SUPPLY. WHEN THE UNIVERSAL
MOTOR IS FED WITH A DC SUPPLY, IT WORKS AS A DC SERIES MOTOR. WHEN CURRENT FLOWS IN THE FIELD
WINDING, IT PRODUCES AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD. THE SAME CURRENT ALSO FLOWS FROM THE
ARMATURE CONDUCTORS. WHEN A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IS PLACED IN AN ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELD, IT EXPERIENCES A MECHANICAL FORCE. DUE TO THIS MECHANICAL FORCE, OR TORQUE, THE ROTOR
STARTS TO ROTATE. THE DIRECTION OF THIS FORCE IS GIVEN BY FLEMING'S LEFT HAND RULE.
WORKING OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR
WHEN FED WITH AC SUPPLY, IT STILL PRODUCES UNIDIRECTIONAL TORQUE. BECAUSE, ARMATURE
WINDING AND FIELD WINDING ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES, THEY ARE IN SAME PHASE. HENCE, AS POLARITY
OF AC CHANGES PERIODICALLY, THE DIRECTION OF CURRENT IN ARMATURE AND FIELD WINDING REVERSES
AT THE SAME TIME.
THUS, DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE DIRECTION OF ARMATURE CURRENT REVERSES IN
SUCH A WAY THAT THE DIRECTION OF FORCE EXPERIENCED BY ARMATURE CONDUCTORS REMAINS SAME.
THUS, REGARDLESS OF AC OR DC SUPPLY, UNIVERSAL MOTOR WORKS ON THE SAME PRINCIPLE THAT DC
SERIES MOTOR WORKS.
SPEED AND LOAD CHARACTERISTIC
SPEED/LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF A UNIVERSAL MOTOR IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF DC SERIES
MOTOR. THE SPEED OF A UNIVERSAL MOTOR IS LOW AT FULL LOAD AND VERY HIGH AT NO LOAD. USUALLY,
GEARS TRAINS ARE USED TO GET THE REQUIRED SPEED ON REQUIRED LOAD.
APPLICATION OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR
• UNIVERSAL MOTORS FIND THEIR USE IN VARIOUS HOME APPLIANCES LIKE VACUUM CLEANERS, DRINK
AND FOOD MIXERS, DOMESTIC SEWING MACHINE ETC.
• THE HIGHER RATING UNIVERSAL MOTORS ARE USED IN PORTABLE DRILLS, BLENDERS ETC.
EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
• FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE EFFICIENCY OF A MOTOR
 AGE
CAPACITY
SPEED
TYPE
TEMPERATURE
REWINDING
 LOAD