e¨v‡Pji Ae GWz‡Kkb

gva¨wgK wkÿv
Secondary Education
EDBN 1401

iPbv g~j¨vqb
cÖ‡dmi W. †gvt †Mvjvg imyj wgqv cÖ‡dmi †gvt Avkivdzj Avjg
cÖ‡dmi W. Gg. G Inve Avãyjøvn Avey Zv‡iK
†gvt Avwid nvmvb †PŠayix wd‡ivRv Bqvmwgb
W. wW. Gg. wd‡ivR kvn&
†kL †gvnv¤§` Avjx
†gv: mv¾v` †nv‡mb Lvb

m¤úv`bv
W. wW. Gg. wd‡ivR kvn&

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

gva¨wgK wkÿv
EDBN 1401
weGW †cÖvMÖvg
cÖavb mgš^qK
†gvt Rwni DwÏb evei
cÖKí cwiPvjK (AwZwi³ mwPe)
wUwPs †KvqvwjwU BgcÖæf‡g›U-2 (wUwKDAvB-2) Bb †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb cÖ‡R±

mgš^qK
ivqnvbv Zmwjg, Dc-cÖKí cwiPvjK (cÖwkÿY), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
W. †i‡nbv LvZzb, mnKvix cÖKí cwiPvjK (cÖwkÿY), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
KvRx mvLvIqvr †nv‡mb, cÖKí Kg©KZ©v (cÖwkÿY), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
wiRIqvbyj nK, cÖKí Kg©KZ©v (cÖwkÿY), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí

mn‡hvwMZvq
cÖ‡dmi †gvt Rvnv½xi †nv‡mb, Dc-cÖKí cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb I A_©), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
W. myavsï iÄb ivq, mnKvix cÖKí cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb I A_©), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
Avey mvC` gRyg`vi, mnKvix cÖKí cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb I A_©), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
iIkb Aviv †eMg, mnKvix cÖKí cwiPvjK (cÖwkÿY), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
gvKmy`v †eMg, cÖKí Kg©KZ©v (cÖkvmb I A_©), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
MvRx †gvnv¤§` bvRgyj †nv‡mb, wnmve iÿY Kg©KZ©v , wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí

MÖš’¯^Z¡
wkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ©„K MÖš’¯^Z¡ msiwÿZ| wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi wjwLZ AbygwZ e¨ZxZ G eB‡qi m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK gy`ªY,
cybtgy`ªY ms‡kvwaZ AvKv‡i cÖKvk I weµq wbwl×| G †ÿ‡Î KwcivBU AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e wkÿv, cÖwkÿY I
M‡elYvg~jK Kvh©µ‡g G eB e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖ_g gy`ªb: wW‡m¤^i 2018

cyb:gy`ªb: gvP© 2020

cÖ”Q`
KvRx mvBdÏxb AveŸvm
cÖKvkbvq
cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyiÑ 1705|
(¯§viK b¤^i: 37.00.0000.082.14.005.18.100 ZvwiL: 31 RyjvB 2019 Bs‡iwR, 16 kÖv eY 1426 evsjv Abyhvqx
Aby‡gv`bµ‡g TQI-II cÖK‡íi AvIZvq cÖYxZ RvZxq weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi cvV¨cy¯ÍK evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K
cyb:gy`ªb Kiv n‡jv|)

ISBN: 978-984-34-0103-8

gy`໠Y:
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 m~wPcÎ
BDwbU 1 : gva¨wgK wkÿvi DrcwË I µgweKvk
µwgK wk‡ivbvg c„ôv
1.1 wkÿvi ¯^i€c, e¨vcK I we„kl A„_© wkÿv 01
1.2 wkÿvi cwimi I aib 04
1.3 Dcgnv„`„k wkÿvi weKvk aviv 10
1.4 GWvg-Gi wi„cvU© (1835) 11
1.5 DW-Gi ƒWmc¨vP (1854) 14
1.6 kixd Kwgkb (1959) I evsjv„`k wkÿv Kwgkb (1974) 18
1.7 RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ (1997) 23
1.8 RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ (2010) 24
BDwbU 2: evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK wkÿvi `vk©wbK wfwË
2.1 fveev` ev Av`k©ev` (Idealism) 31
2.2 ev¯Íeev` (Realism) 36
2.3 cքqvMev` (Pragmitism) 39
2.4 cÖK‚wZev` (Naturalism) 45
BDwbU 3: gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©xi Rxeb weKvk cÖwµqv
3.1 ea©b-weKvk-cwiYgb 52
3.2 eqtmwÜKvj I …`wnK weKvk : wkÿv_©xi kvixwiK cwieZ©b 53
3.3 gvbwmK weKvk: eyw× I e¨w³Z¡-GwiKmb I MvW©bv„ii Z˦ 55
3.4 AvMÖn I g„bv„hvM,K¬vwšÍ I Aemv`, wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK cwieZ©„b wkÿK I cwiev„ii f~wgKv 58
3.5 Av„ewMK weKvk : Av„eM I DwØMœZv, Av„eM IVv-bvgv, wbqš¿Y ƒK‡kj 64
3.6 mvgvwRK weKvk: cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK g~j¨„eva, eÜz I ¯^Rb, eÜz wbe©vPb cÖwµqv 65
3.7 GjGmweB (LSBE-Life Skills Based Education), gv`Kvmw³ HIV, AIDS, SRHR 65
(Sex and Reproductive Health Rights) m¤ú©„K m„PZbZv
BDwbU 4 : gva¨wgK wkÿvµg
4.1 wkÿvµ„gi aviYv, wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP 71
4.2 wkÿvµg cÖbq„Yi ƒh‡w³KZv 73
4.3 wkÿvµg Dbœqb g„Wj 75
4.4 RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012: KvVv„gv, jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨ 80
4.5 wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY I ev¯Íevqb 85
5
 BDwbU 5 : evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv e¨e¯’v
5.1 evsjv„`„ki wkÿv KvVv„gv 90
5.2 evsjv„`„k gva¨wgK wkÿv: ƒg‡wjK Z_¨mg~n 92
5.3 wkÿv gš¿Yvjq (MoE) I gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi (DSHE) 94
5.4 wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`ßi (EED) Ges cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi (DIA) 99
5.5 RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒevW© (NCTB) Ges gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW© 102
(BISE)
5.6 RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯‹cbv GKv„Wwg (NAEM), wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR (TTC) I D”P gva¨wgK 106
wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUuDU (HSTTI)
5.7 evsjv„`k wkÿv cwimsL¨vb ey¨„iv (BANBEIS), RvZxq wkÿK wbeÜxKiY I cÖZ¨qbKvix 113
KZ‚c
© ÿ (NTRCA) I evsjv„`k miKvwi Kg© Kwgkb (BPSC)
5.8 RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj (NTEC) I wkÿv cÖKímg~n 121
BDwbU 6 : we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv
6.1 we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv wewa-weavb 130
6.2 we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwUi f~wgKv I `vwqZ¡ 143
6.3 AwffveK- wkÿK mwgwZ 149
6.4 GKv„WwgK cwiKíbv 153
BDwbU 7 : evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK wkÿvq P¨v‡jÄmg~n
7.1 ƒRÛvi b¨vhZv I mgZv ƒUKmBKiY Ges MÖvgxb I kniv„ji `wi`ª Rb„Mvwô 159
7.2 we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x 164
7.3 c_wkï I ÿy`ª b„Mvôx 169
7.4 S„o cov I ¸YMZwkÿv 174

6
 BDwbU 1 : gva¨wgK wkÿvi DrcwË I µgweKvk
gva¨wgK wkÿv wkÿv¯Í„ii me„P„q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯Íi| cÖv_wgK wkÿvi ƒk„l Ges D”P wkÿvi c~„e© ƒh ¯Íi ZvB gva¨wgK ¯Íi|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 G wkÿv¯Í„ii cybwe©b¨v„mi cÖ¯vÍ e Kiv n„q„Q| cÖ¯vÍ weZ ¯Íi¸„jv n„jv- cÖ_g ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K Aóg
ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ cÖv_wgK ¯Íi, beg ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ gva¨wgK ¯Íi Ges GicieZ©x ¯Íi n„jv D”Pwkÿv| wkÿv¯Í„i
GB ¯ÍiwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© G Kvi„Y ƒh A„b„Ki Rb¨B GUv cÖvwšÍK wkÿv (Terminal Education)| fviZxq Dcgnv„`„ki
wkÿvi DrcwË I µgweKv„ki i„q„Q GK mg× BwZnvm| cÖvPxbKvj ƒ_„K (ƒe‡w×K wkÿv, ƒe‡× wkÿv,gymwjg wkÿv I
wn›`y wkÿv) bvbv weeZ©„bi g„a¨ w`„q Bs„iR Avgj n„q eZ©gvb Ae¯‹vq DcbxZ n„q„Q| GB BDwb„Ui welqe¯Š„K
Z„_¨i Av„jv„K wb„¤œi 7wU cv„V fvM K„i Av„jvPbv Kiv n„q„QÑ
1.1 wkÿvi ¯^i€c, e¨vcK I we„kl A„_© wkÿv
1.2 wkÿvi cwimi I aib
1.3 Dcgnv„`„k wkÿvi weKvk aviv
1.4 GWvg-Gi wi„cvU© (1835)
1.5 DW-Gi ƒWmc¨vP (1854)
1.6 kixd Kwgkb (1959) I evsjv„`k wkÿv Kwgkb (1974)
1.7 RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ (1997) I RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ (2010)

1.1 wkÿvi ¯^iƒc, e¨vcK I we‡kl A‡_© wkÿv

wkÿv(Education)
wkÿv kãwU ms¯ˆ‚Z ÔkvmÕ avZz D™¢Z hvi A_© n„jv kvmb, wb„`©k, AvÁv, wbqš¿Y, wZi¯ˆvi, kvw¯Í`vb BZ¨vw`| wkÿvi Ab¨
GKwU h_v_© kã n„jv Ôwe`¨vÕ| GwU Ôwe`Õ avZz ƒ_„K G„m„Q| Ôwe`Õ ej„Z ÔRvbvÕ Ávb AvniY Kiv„K ƒevSvq| wkÿv
kãwUi Bs„iwR cÖwZkã n„jv Education hv G„m„Q j¨vwUb k㠃_„K| j¨vwUb fvlvq wkÿv msµvšÍ 3wU ƒg‡wjK k„ãi
mÜvb cvIqv hvq| h_v: Educare, Educere I Educatum.Educare k„ãi A_© n„jv jvjb cvjb Kiv (to bring
up), cwiPh©v Kiv (to nourish), cÖwZcvjb Kiv (to rear up)| A_©vr wkky„K Av`i-h„Zœi gva¨„g cwic~Y© Rxeb-
hvc„bi Rb¨ cքqvRbxq Ávb I `ÿZv AR©„b mnvqZv Kiv|
Educere k„ãi A_© n„jv, E- gv„b ga¨ n„Z (out of ev from) Ges Ôducere' gv„b evB„i Avbv, evB„i cwiPvwjZ
Kiv| myZivs Educere k„ãi cwic~Y© A_© n„jv wfZi ƒ_„K evB„i wb„q Avmv (to lead out, to draw out) ev
AšÍwb©wnZ kw³ ev ¸Yvewji weKvk mva„b mnvqZv Kiv| Avi Educatum k„ãi A_© n„jv wkÿK ev wkÿv`vb msµvšÍ
(Teaching). G kã wZbwUi g„a¨ Educare I Educatum kã `ywUi g„a¨ wKQzUv msKxY©Zv i„q„Q| Gw`K w`„q
Educere kãwU ƒewk Zvrch©c~Y©|
cÖK‚Zc„ÿ wkÿvjv„fi Dcvq n„”Q ÁvbvR©b| GB Ávb AR©b AvbyôvwbK wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi gva¨„gB n„Z cv„i, Avevi
AbvbyôvwbKfv„e n„Z cv„i| gvbe R„b¥i ElvjMœ ƒ_„KB Ávb AR©„bi cÖwµqv P„j Avm„Q| cÖv_wgK hy„M gvbyl„K Lv`¨,
evm¯‹vb, `y„h©vM, eb¨cïi Avµg„Yi nvZ ƒ_„K iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨ Zv„`i wewfbœ cÖKvi Kjv„K‡kj, Ávb Ges AwfÁZv
AR©b Ki„Z nZ| wkïiv mvaviYZ eq¯ˆ„`i wbKU ƒ_„K GB mg¯Í Ávb Ges AwfÁZv AR©b KiZ| GB AwR©Z Ávb
Ges AwfÁZv ev¯Íeƒÿ„Î cքqv„Mi gva¨„gB Zviv wb„R„`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK„q ivL„Z mÿg nq| d„j gvbe RvwZ GLbI
wU„K Av„Q| gvby„li GB mg¯Í AwR©Z Ávb Ges AwfÁZvI GK cÖKvi wkÿv| wbiÿi Pvlx Pvlvev` msµvšÍ wel„q
cwic~Y© AwfÁ, wbiÿi ZuvZx my›`ifv„e Zvi Kvco ƒevbvi KvR Pvwj„q hv„”Q, kÖwgK wewfbœ wRwbm …Zwi m¤ú„K©, wkíx
wewfbœ cÖKvi wkí …bcyY¨ m¤ú„K© AwfÁ| GivI GK ai„bi wkwÿZ| cyuw_MZ we`¨v QvovB GB mg¯Í e¨w³eM© …`bw›`b
Rxe„bi cքqvRbxq KvRKg©, e¨emv-evwYR¨ m¤ú„K© eq¯ˆ I mgv„Ri Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³„`i wbKU ƒ_„K wkÿv jvf Ki„Q|
wbiÿi ƒjv„Ki G me Ávb I AwfÁZvB cieZ©x„Z AvbyôvwbK wkÿvq i€c jvf K„i„Q|
wkÿvi eyrcwËMZ A_© (Etymological meaning of Education)
evsjvq ÔwkÿvÕ kãwU G„m„Q ms¯ˆ‚Z kã ÔkvmÕ avZz ƒ_„K| ÔkvmÕ avZzi A_© n„”Q Ôkvmb KivÕ Ôwbqš¿Y KivÕ, Ôwb„`©k
`vb KivÕ, ÔDc„`k `vb KivÕ, BZ¨vw`| Avevi mvaviYfv„e Avgiv wkÿvi mgv_©K kã Ôwe`¨v AR©b ev AvniYÕ kãI
e¨envi K„i _vwK| GB we`¨v kãwU G„m„Q ms¯ˆ‚Z Ôwe`Õ avZz ƒ_„K| Gi A_© n„”Q Rvbv ev Ávb AvniY Kiv|
1
Avevi wkÿv kãwUi Bs„iwR cÖwZkã Education G„m„Q jvwUb k㠃_„K| j¨vwUb fvlvq Education msµvšÍ wel„q
wZbwU ƒg‡wjK k„ãi mÜvb cvIqv hvq-GWz„Kqvi (Educare), GWzwKwi (Educere) Ges GWz„KUvg (Educatum)|
Education msµvšÍ wZbwU k„ãi g„a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© we`¨gvb| G m¤ú„K© wkÿvwe` GwWm„bi (Addison) Dw³wU
we„klfv„e D„jøL„hvM¨| Zuvi g„Z, "Education when it works upon a noble mind, draws out to view every
latent virtue and perfection, which without such help are never able to make appearance"| A_©vr wkÿv
hLb gvby„li g„b KvR K„i ZLb Zvi g„bi AšÍwb©wnZ cք`k ƒ_„K mg¯Í Ae¨³ ¸Yvewj I c~Y©Zv„K ƒei K„i Av„b|
KviY wkÿvi mvnvh¨ Qvov G KvR KLbI m¤¢e bq| G m¤ú„K© ¯^vgx we„eKvb›` e„j„Qb, " Education is the
manifestation of the perfection already in man" A_©vr wkÿv n„”Q gvby„li AšÍwb©wnZ c~Y©Zv¸„jvi cÖKvk|
wkÿvi msKxY© I e¨vcK A_© (Narrow and wide meaning of Education)
R„b¥i ci ƒ_„KB gvby„li wkÿv ïiæ nq Ges AvgZz¨ e¨vcZ _v„K| gvby„li Rxe„b ƒh Awew”Qbœ I AR¯ª AwfÁZv
wµqv-cÖwZwµqv K„i Zv ƒ_„K ƒm B”Qvq-Awb”Qvq wkÿv MÖnY K„i| e¨vcK A„_© wkÿv n„”Q GB eûgyLx AwfÁZvjä
Ávb| wKšŠ eZ©gvb mgv„R cքqvRb Abymv„i wbw`©ó cwiKíbvi gva¨„g AvbyôvwbKfv„e wkÿv`vb Kiv hvq| G n„”Q
wkÿvi msKxY© A_©| wb„¤œi wkÿvq G `ywU A_© m¤ú„K© Av„jvPbv Kiv n„jv-
K. wkÿvi msKxY© A_© (Narrow meaning of Education)
cÖvPxbKv„j gvbyl wb„R„`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv Kivi Rb¨ Ges Rxeb msMÖv„gi Rb¨ ƒh mg¯Í Kjv„K‡kj AvqË Ki„Zv, Zv„KB
wkÿv ejv nq| gvQ aiv, wkKvi Kiv, Pvlevm Kiv, djg~j msMÖn Kiv, cÖvK‚wZK wech©„ qi nvZ ƒ_„K wb„R„`i„K iÿv
Kiv cÖf‚wZ Kjv„K‡kj I AwfÁZv Zviv wcZvgvZv Ges eq¯ˆ„`i KvQ ƒ_„KB AR©b Ki„Zv| mgv„Ri weeZ©„bi d„j
Ges mf¨Zvi D„b¥l I AMÖMwZi mv„_ mv„_ Gme Kjv„K‡kj, AwfÁZv I Ávb`v„bi Rb¨ mwó n„q„Q we`¨vjq|
we`¨vj„qi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xiv wkÿ„Ki wbKU ƒ_„K AvbyôvwbKfv„e wkÿvjvf Ki„Z ïiæ K„i| ƒh mKj e¨w³ we`¨vj„q
ƒKv„bv we„kl wel„q wkÿvjvf K„i, mgv„R Zv„`i„K wkwÿZ e„j MY¨ Kiv nq| Avi hviv we`¨vj„q wkÿv jvf K„i bv,
Zv„`i„K AwkwÿZ e„j MY¨ K„i| msKxY© A„_© wkÿv n„”Q ƒKv„bv we„kl we`¨vq cvi`wk©Zv AR©„bi mgv_©K| e¯ŠZ mf¨
mgv„R wkwÿZ I Awkwÿ„Zi g„a¨ ƒh e¨eavb Kiv nq, Zv wkÿvi G msKxY© e¨vL¨v„KB wfwË Kiv nq|
msKxY© A‡_© wkÿvi •ewkó¨mg~n
1. mvaviY K_vq wkÿv n„”Q we`¨vj„q wba©vwiZ cvV¨welq„K AbymiY Kiv| we`¨vj„q G wkÿvi mvd„j¨i gvcKvwV
wbY©xZ nq cixÿvi gva¨„g| hviv cixÿvq mvd„j¨i mv„_ DËxY© n„q mvwU©wd„KU, wWwMÖ, wW„cøvgv jvf K„i,
Zviv mgv„R wkwÿZ e¨w³ wn„m„e gh©v`v jvf K„i|
2. we`¨vj„q wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi m¤úK© n„”Q `vZv Ges MÖnxZvi| wkÿK we`¨v `vb K„ib, wkÿv_©x Zv MÖnY K„i|
GLv„b wkÿv_©x„K k~b¨ cv„Îi gZ g„b Kiv nq, Zvi wkÿK wbR¯^ ÁvbfvÛvi Øviv wkÿv_©xi k~b¨ cvÎ c~Y© K„i ƒ`b|
3. wkÿvi GB e¨vL¨vq wkÿv_©xi wbR¯^ Pvwn`v I mvg„_©¨i ƒKv„bv g~j¨ ƒbB| mgv„Ri AwffveK ƒkÖwY hv PvB„eb,
ZvB wkÿv_©x„`i MÖnY Ki„Z n„e| wkÿv_©xi wbR¯^ Rb¥MZ ¸Y, we„kl cÖeYZv ev ƒKv„bv wel„qi cÖwZ we„kl
AbyivM G mg¯Í m¤ú„K© wePvi-we„ePbv Kivi cքqvRb nq bv|
4. wkÿvi msKxY© A_© ƒ_„K wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨ m¤ú„K© eûwea aviYvi mwó n„q„Q| ƒhgb-wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„”Q
c~e©cyiæl„`i ms¯ˆ‚wZi mv„_ cwiwPZ nIqv I msiÿY Kiv, Ab¨g„Z, mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj AR©b Kiv, ev PwiÎ
MVb Kiv I …bwZK DbœwZ mvab Kiv BZ¨vw`| G jÿ¨¸„jv cwiKíbvi g~„j i„q„Q wkÿvi ¯^i€c I KvR
m¤ú„K© msKxY© aviYv ƒcvlY Kiv|
L. wkÿvi e¨vcK A_© (Wide meaning of Education)
e¨vcK A„_© wkÿv ej„Z ƒKv„bv bZzb Ávb ev AwfÁZv AR©b Kiv eySvq| ƒig›U (Raymont) Zuvi Principles of
Education Mքš‹ e„j„Qb, Òwkÿv n„”Q gvby„li …kkeKvj ƒ_„K c~Y©eq¯ˆ ¯Íi ch©šÍ wbiwew”Qbœ weKv„ki GKwU cÖwµqv|Ó
G cÖwµqvq gvbyl Zvi me©v½xY weKv„ki mv„_ mv„_ cÖvK‚wZK I mvgvwRK cwi„e„ki mv„_ wb„R„K Lvc LvB„q ƒbq|
wkÿvwe` g¨v„KwÄ (Mackenzie) wkÿvi e¨vcK A„_© e„j„Qb, Òwkÿv n„”Q GKwU Rxebe¨vcx cÖwµqv, Rxe„bi me iKg
AwfÁZvB GB wkÿv`v„bi e¨vcv„i mnvqZv K„i|Ó ƒnvqvBU„n„Wi (Whitehead) g„Z, Òwkÿvi GKwU gvÎ welq Av„Q
Ges ƒmwU n„jv me©„Zvfv„e weKwkZ Rxeb|Ó …`bw›`b Rxe„bi wewfbœ ai„bi mgm¨v, ƒLjvayjv, fve wewbgq,
Av`vbcÖ`vb, mvdj¨, e¨_©Zv, nZvkv cÖf‚wZi gva¨„g gvbyl mZZB wkÿv jvf Ki„Q|
e¨vcK A‡_© wkÿvi •ewkó¨mg~n
1. wkÿv GKwU Rxebe¨vcx cÖwµqv hv wkïi Rb¥ ƒ_„K wkÿv ïiæ nq Ges gZz¨ ch©šÍ Zv e¨vcZ _v„K| Rxe„bi
cÖwZwU gyn~ZB© AwfÁZvgq|

2
 2. wkÿv GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwµqv| KviY wkïi mKj wkÿvB msNwUZ nq mvgvwRK cwi„e„k, mgvR ewnf©Z
cwi„e„k ƒKv„bv wkÿvB m¤¢e bq|
3. mgm¨v mgvav„bi gva¨„g ƒh Ávb ev AwfÁZv AwR©Z nq Zv-B wkÿv| Rxe„bi Pjvi c„_ gvbyl„K wewfbœ
ai„bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n„Z nq| ƒh Ávb ev Kjv„K‡kj cքqvM K„imgm¨vi mgvavbKiv nq Zv-B wkÿv|
4. wkÿv jÿ¨ n„”Q AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b| wkÿv gvby„li cyivZb AvPiY„K cwieZ©b K„i bZzb AvPiY AvqË
Ki„Z mnvqZv K„i|

wkÿv m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ wkÿvwe‡`i gZvgZ

wkÿv kãwU AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK I RwUj| Aí K_vq Gi A_© cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e bq| AvR ch©šÍ wkÿvi Ggb ƒKv„bv
me©Rbm¤§Z msÁv wbY©xZ nqwb, hv Øviv wkÿvi A_© cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e| wewfbœ hy„M, wewfbœ ƒ`„k wkÿvwe` I `vk©wbKiv
Avcb Avcb `wófw½ Abyhvqx wkÿvi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K„i„Qb| wb„¤œ wkÿv m¤ú„K© wewfbœ wkÿvwe`„`i gZvgZ Zz„j aiv
n„jvÑ
 m‡µwU‡mi g‡Z, Òwkÿv n„jv wg_¨vi Ac„bv`b I m„Z¨i Avwe®ˆvi|Ó
 `vk©wbK †cø‡Uvi (Plato) g„Z, wkÿv n„”Q ƒmB kw³, hvi Øviv mwVK mg„q Avb›` I ƒe`bv AbyfwZ„eva
Rb¥vq| GwU wkÿv_©xi ƒ`„n-g„b mKj my›`i I AšÍwb©wnZ kw³„K weKwkZ K„i ƒZv„j (Education is the
capacity to feel pleasure and pain in the right moment. It develops in the body and in the soul
of the pupil all the beauty and all the perfection which he is capable of).
 `vk©wbK Gwi÷U‡ji (Aristotle) g„Z, my¯‹ ƒ`„n my¯‹ gb …Zwi KivB n„”Q wkÿv| wkÿv ƒ`n-g„bi mylg Ges
cwic~Y© weKv„ki gva¨„g e¨w³i Rxe„bi cÖK‚Z gvayh© I cig mZ¨ Dcjwä„Z mnvqZv K„i (Education is the
creation of a sound mind in a sound body. It develops man's faculty specially his mind so that
he may be able to enjoy the contemplation of supreme truth. Goodness and beauty in which
perfect happiness essentially consists).
 †nbwiK †c÷vjrmxi g„Z, Òwkÿv n„”Q gvby„li kw³ I mvg„_©¨i ¯^vfvweK, cÖMwZkxj I wbqgvbyM ea©b I
mvgÄm¨c~Y© weKvk (Education is natural, harmonious and progressive development of man's
innate powers).
 †d«WvwiK nve©vU-Gi g„Z, Òwkÿv n„”Q gvby„li eûgyLx cÖwZfvi I Abyiv„Mi mylg cÖKvk Ges …bwZK PwiÎ MVb|Ó
 gnvZ¥v MvÜx e‡jb, Òwkÿv n„jv wkï I gvby„li ƒ`n, gb I AvZ¥vi me„P„q ƒkÖô ¸Y¸„jvi mymvgÄm¨c~Y©
weKvk (By education I mean an all round drawing out of the best in child and man-body, mind
and spirit)|
 iæ‡kv gšÍe¨ K„ib, ÒAvgiv Afv„ei g„a¨ Amnvq Ae¯‹vq Rb¥MÖnY Kwi| wkÿv Øviv Avgv„`i Afve c~iY nq|
cÖK‚wZ, e¯Š I gvby„li wbKU n„Z Avgiv wkÿv jvf Kwi|Ó
 cvwm©bvb (P.Nunn) e„jb, Òwkÿv n„jv wkïi e¨w³„Z¡i cwic~Y© weKvk hvi mvnv„h¨ ƒm Zvi wb„Ri m„e©vËg
ÿgZv Abyhvqx gvby„li Kj¨v„Y ¯^Kxq Ae`vb ivL„Z cv„i (Education is the complete development of
the individuality of the child, that he can make original contribution to human life according
to the best of his capacity)".
 †d«WvwiK †d«v‡q‡ej (Friedrarich Froebel) Gi g„Z, Òmy›`i, wek¦¯Í I cweÎ Rxeb DcjwäB n„jv wkÿv|Ó
 †nvqvBU‡nW (Whitehead) e„jb, Òwkÿv n„jv Ávb AR©b Ges Zv myôz cքqv„Mi GKwU cwiKíbv I ƒK‡kj
gvÎ (Education is the acquisition of the art of utilization of knowledge).
 iv‡mj (Russel) Gi g„Z, Òwkÿv n„jv KwZcq gvbweK ¸Y h_v: mvnm, D`¨g, AbyfwZkxjZv, eyw×gËv
BZ¨vw`i weKvk mvab|
 iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (Rabendranath Tagore) e„jb, ҃kÖô wkÿv n„jv ZvB hv Avgv„`i ƒKej Z_¨
cwi„ekbB K„i bv,eis wek¦mËvi m„½ mvgÄm¨ ƒi„L Avgv„`i Rxeb„K M„o ƒZv„jÓ (The highest
education is that which does not merely give us information's but makes our life in harmony
with all existence.)
 `vk©wbK BKevj (Iqbal) e„jb, ÒAvZ¥kw³i RvMiYB wkÿvi jÿ¨ (Education aims at developing
innate powers of man)."
 †eMg †iv‡Kqv (Rokeya)- Gi g„Z, ÒcÖK‚Z mywkÿv ZvB hv„Z gw¯Í®ˆ I gb DbœZ nq|Ó
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wkÿvi GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ msÁv
• Education is a process, the chief goal of which is to bring about desirable changes in the
behavior of learner in the form of acquisition of knowledge, proficiency in skills &
development of attitudes. A_©vr wkÿv GKwU cÖwµqv hvi cÖavb jÿ¨ n„”Q wkÿv_©xi AvPi„Yi Kvw•ÿZ
cwieZ©b, hvi gva¨„g Ávb AwR©Z nq, `ÿZvi …bcyY¨ MwVZ nq Ges `wófw½i Dbœqb N„U|
wkÿvi me©vaywbK msÁv GK`j Av„gwiKvb wkÿvwe` KZ‚©K 1945 wLª÷v„ã wbi€wcZ n„q„Q| Zuv„`i g„Z, wkÿv Ggb GK
mymse× Dcvq ev ƒK‡kj hv mvgvwRK Rxe wn„m„e e¨w³i me©wea Kg©ÿgZv, a¨vb-aviYv, iæwP I ¯^fv„ei cwieZ©b mvab
K„i Ges ƒh cwi„e„k , we„kl K„i ƒh ¯ˆzj cwi„e„k ƒm evm K„i Zvi ga¨ n„Z mvgvwRK m„e©v”P ƒhvM¨Zv I e¨w³MZ
DbœwZ Avbqb K„i Zv-B wkÿv|
Kv„RB ejv hvq- wkÿv n„”Q e¨w³i kvixwiK, gvbwmK, …bwZK, mvgvwRK Ava¨vwZ¥K A_©vr me©v½xY weKvk mva„bi
wbiew”Qbœ cÖwµqv|

1.2 wkÿvi cwimi I aib

wkÿvi cwimi (Scope of Education)
cÖK‚Z A„_© wkÿvi cwiwai ƒKv„bv mywbw`©ó e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb m¤¢e bq| KviY wkÿvi A_© AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| wkÿv„K eY©bv Kiv
n„qQ Rxe„bi mgv_©K i€„c| Gi A_© gvby„li mgMÖ RxebUvB wkÿvi cwiwai AšÍM©Z| AZGe ejvhvq gvby„li Rxe„bi
cwiwa hZ`~i we¯Í‚Z, wkÿvi cwiwaI ZZ`~i we¯Í‚Z| e¨vcK A„_© wkÿvi cwiwai wb¤œwjwLZ …ewk󨸄jv D„jøL Kiv hvq-
1) wkÿvi jÿ¨ wbY©„q I welqe¯Š wbe©vP„b `vk©wbK„`i fwgKv we„klfv„e D„jøL„hvM¨| `vk©wbK gZev„`i wfw˄Z
wkÿvi jÿ¨ I welqe¯Š wbY©xZ n„q _v„K|
2) wkÿv`vb Kv„R ƒKvb c×wZ me„P„q ƒewk Kvh©Ki Zv wba©viY Kiv wkÿvi GKwU cÖavb KvR| wkÿv MÖnY
KZK¸„jv gvbwmK cÖwµqvi Dci wbY©q K„i| wkÿv c×wZi DrKl© I Kvh©KvwiZv wePv„ii Rb¨ g„bvweÁv„bi
mvnvh¨ MÖnY Kiv GKvšÍ cքqvRb| GRb¨ wkïi AvPi„Yi g„bv†eÁvwbK we„kølY n„”Q wkÿvi Ab¨Zg KvR|
3) e¨w³i DbœwZi mv„_ mv„_ mgv„Ri msiÿY I AMÖMwZ mvabI wkÿvi GKwU Ab¨Zg KvR| ZvQvov e¨w³„K
mgv„Ri Dc„hvMx K„i M„o ƒZvjvI wkÿvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D„Ïk¨|
4) wkÿv MÖn„Yi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x„K gvbwmK w`K w`„q cÖ¯ŠZ KivI wkÿvi GKwU KvR| wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK ¯^v¯‹¨
h_vh_fv„e MV„bi Rb¨ cքqvRbxq Dc„`k-wb„`©k `vbI wkÿvi cwiwai AšÍfz©³|
5) wkÿv_©xi AvPiYMZ cwieZ©„b mnvqZv Kiv wkÿvi Av„iKwU KvR| wkÿv_©xi fwel¨Z AvPiY evwÃZ c„_
cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges Kxfv„e ƒmB AvPiY e¨w³ I mgvR Df„qi Rb¨ g½jRbK nq, Zv wba©vi„Yi Rb¨
mycwiPvjbv `v„bi cwiKíbv cÖYqb KivI wkÿv cwiwai AšÍfz©³|
wkÿv cwiwai g~j e³e¨ nj-evwÃZ AvPiY wkÿv_©xi Rxeb„K KZLvwb cÖfvweZ K„i„Q Ges wkÿvi d„j Zvi gvbwmK
msMV„bi KZLvwb cÖZ¨vwkZ cwieZ© N„U„Q Zv wbY©q Kiv|
wkÿvi KvR (Function of Education)
wkÿvi gva¨„g gvbyl AwfÁZv AR©b K„i Ges cքqvRb Abymv„i gvbyl Zvi AwfÁZvi cwieZ©b NUvq| cwi„ek gvby„li
Dci ƒh cÖfve we¯Ívi K„i, wkÿvi mvnv„h¨ gvbyl ƒmB cÖfve„K Zvi Kv„R jvMvq, Zvi AvPiY I `wófw½i cwieZb©
mva„bi ƒPóv K„i| wb¤œ„kÖwYi cÖvYx„`i DciI cwi„e„ki cÖfve wµqvkxj| wKšŠ cÖvYx cwi„e„ki Dci cÖwZwµqv Ki„Z
cv„i bv| weavq Zviv GK ai„bi AvPi„Y Af¨¯Í| KviY Zv„`i AvPiY cwiPvwjZ nq DËivwaKvi m~„Î cÖvß cÖewËi
(Instinct) Øviv Ges ƒm AvPiY hvwš¿K cÖK‚wZi Ges AcwieZ©bxq| d„j bZzb cwieZ©bkxj ev bZzb cwi„e„k wb¤œ„kÖwYi
cÖvYx GKB ai„bi AvPiY K„i, bZzb ƒKv„bv AvPiY AvqË Ki„Z cv„i bv| MZvbyMwZK Ges Af¨¯Í cwi„e„ki evB„i
Zviv nZeyw× n„q hvq, A„bK ƒÿ„Î cÖvY ch©šÍ nvivq|
wkÿvi cÖKvi‡f`/aib (Types of Education)
wkÿv GKwU Rxebe¨vcx cÖwµqv| Rb¥ ƒ_„K gZz¨ ch©šÍ hv wKQz Av„Q meB wkÿv| wkÿv I Rxeb mgv_©K I A½vw½fv„e
RwoZ| R„b¥i ci gvby„li wkÿv ïiæ nq Ges AvgiY Zv Pj„Z _v„K| Rxe„bi wewfbœ ¯Í„i gvbyl wewfbœ cÖKvi AwfÁZv
mÂq K„i| wewfbœ AbyKj cwi„e„k gvbyl A„bK wKQz AR©b K„i Ges cÖwZKj cwi„e„k wb„R„`i„K wUwK„q ivLvi Rb¨
wewfbœ Dcvq, Kjv„K‡kj I AwfÁZv AR©b K„i| g~jZ wkÿv n„”Q G mg¯Í Kjv„K‡kj I AwfÁZvi ev¯Íe cքqvM|
4
Rxeb wbe©vn I RxweKv AR©„bi Rb¨ gvbyl cÖwZwbqZ ƒh msMÖvg Ki„Q Ges Zvi gva¨„g ƒh AwfÁZv AR©b Ki„Q Zvi
aib I cÖK‚wZ GK bq| wkÿv we„klÁ I wkÿv weÁvbxMY wkÿv„K 3wU g~javivq wef³ K„i„Qb| h_v-
1. AvbyôvwbK wkÿv (Formal education)
2. AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv (Informal education)
3. DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv (Non-formal education)

1. AvbyôvwbK ev wbqwgZ wkÿv (Formal education)

ƒh wkÿv wbqgZvwš¿K c×wZ„Z g³e, gv`ivmv, we`¨vjq, gnvwe`¨vjq, wek¦we`¨vjq BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv„b wewae× I
mycÖwZwôZ AvBb-Kvby„bi gva¨„g QvÎ-QvÎxiv MÖnY K„i Zv-B AvbyôvwbK wkÿv| AvbyôvwbK wkÿvq cvV¨cy¯ÍK, wkÿvµg
I cvV¨m~wPi gva¨„g wewfbœ ƒkÖwY„Z wewfbœ welq wkÿv ƒ`Iqv nq| AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi KZ¸„jv ch©vq ev ¯Íi Av„Q|
G¸„jv wb¤œi€c-
1. cÖv_wgK ¯Íi: cÖ_g ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K cÂg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ G ¯Íi AšÍfz©³| G ¯Í„ii wkÿv_©xi eqm mvaviYZt 6-10 eQi|
cÖv_wgK wkÿv wkkyi weKvk I DbœwZi PvweKvwV Ges wfwË cÖwZôvi wkÿv| GB wkÿv hZ gReyZ I djcÖm~ n„e
cieZ©x wkÿv ƒm Abymv„i Kvh©Kix n„e| GLv„b ƒKvgjgwZ wkÿv_©x„`i Avb›` cÖ`v„bi gva¨„g wkÿv ƒ`Iqv n„q
_v„K|
2. wb¤œ gva¨wgK ¯Íi: cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cieZ©x ch©vq ev ¯Íi n„jv wb¤œ gva¨wgK ¯Íi| 6ô ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY GB
¯Í„ii AšÍfz©³| AvbyôvwbK wkÿv GB ¯Í„ii mgq/eqtKvVv„gv mvaviY 11 n„Z 13 eQi|
3. gva¨wgK ¯Íi: wb¤œ gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii cieZ©x ch©vq gva¨wgK ¯Íi| beg I `kg ƒkÖwY GB ¯Í„ii AšÍfz©³| AvbyôvwbK
wkÿvi G ¯Í„ii mgq/eqtKvVv„gv mvaviYZ 14-15 eQi|
4. D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv: gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii cieZ©x ch©vq n„”Q D”P gva¨wgK ¯Íi| GKv`k I Øv`k ƒkÖwYGB ¯Í„ii
AšÍf³ z© | GB ¯Í„ii wkÿvi Kvj/ eqtKvVv„gv mvaviYZ 16 n„Z 17 eQi|
5. D”P wkÿv¯Íi: D”P gva¨wgK wkÿvi cieZ©x ¯Íi n„”Q wkÿv¯Íi| GLv„b `yՄUv w`K i„q„Q- ¯œvZK ch©vq
(Graduation level) I ¯œvZ„KvËi (Post-graduation level)| ¯œvZK ch©v„q Avevi ¯œvZK cvm I ¯œvZK m¤§vb
GB `yB ai„bi wkÿv e¨e¯‹v i„q„Q|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010-G wkÿv KvVv„gv„K c~Y©web¨v„mi cÖ¯vÍ e Kiv n„q„Q| cÖ¯vÍ weZ wkÿv¯Íi n„jv-

cÖv_wgK ¯Íi cÖ_g ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ

gva¨wgK ¯Íi beg ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K Øv`k ch©šÍ
D”P wkÿv¯Íi D”P gva¨wgK wkÿvi cieZ©x ¯Íi n„”Q D”P wkÿv¯Íi
AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cÖfve I ¸iæZ¡ (Influence and Importance of Formal Education)
ivóªweÁv„bi RbK I cÖL¨vZ `vk©wbK A¨vwi÷Uj e„jb, "Man is a social and political animal. A man who is
not a member of society he is either God or a beast." A_©vr gvbyl mvgvwRK I ivR†bwZK Rxe| ƒh mgv„Ri
m`m¨ bq ƒm nq ƒ`eZv bv nq cï| wkky ev wkÿv_©x evwo„Z I cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯‹vq hv ƒ`„L Ges wk„L, wkÿv
cÖwZôvbmg~„n Zvi cwicywó mvwaZ nq| wkÿv_©xi ea©b I e¨w³Z¡ weKv„k AvbyôvwbK wkÿv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fwgKv cvjb
K„i _v„K| wkÿv_©xiv ƒh ƒh wel„q wkÿv jvf K„i Zvi Dci wbf©i K„iB cieZ©x mgq Zvi Rxeb M„o D„V| AvbyôvwbK
wkÿv wkÿv_©x„`i„K mybvMwiK I ƒ`k„cÖwgK wnmv„e M„o DV„Z mvnvh¨ K„i| cwieZ©bkxj mgv„Ri mv„_ mvgÄm¨
weav„bi ƒÿ„Î AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| cieZ©x Rxe„bi ƒckv wbe©vPb ev Rxe„bi cwiKíbv cÖYq„bi ƒÿ„Î
AvbyôvwbK ev wbqwgZ wkÿv w`K wb„`©kbv w`„q _v„K| myZivs Rxeb„K h_v_©fv„e cwiPvjbvi ƒÿ„Î AvbyôvwbK wkÿv
ƒg‡wjK fwgKv cvjb K„i _v„K|
2. AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv (Informal education)
mvaviYZ AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi evB„i ƒh wkÿv e¨vcK A„_© Zv„K AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv e„j| gvbe wkï GK n„Z cuvP-Qq eQi
ch©šÍ wcZv-gvZv, fvB-ƒevb, AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb, cÖwZ„ekx ƒLjvi mv_x„`i wbKU n„Z I Zvi cwi„ek n„Z Ges AvbyôvwbK
mvgvwRK wkÿv ƒk„l MÖvg-MÄ, kni-e›`i, nvU-evRvi, ƒLjvi gvV I Ab¨vb¨ RvqMvq mvgvwRK cÖ_v, AvPvi-Abyôv„bi
gva¨„g cwi„ek n„Z ƒh e¨vcK wkÿv MÖnY K„i _v„K Zv-B AbvbyôvwbK ev AwbqwgZ wkÿv| gvbe Rxe„bi GK weivU
Ask Ry„o i„q„Q AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv| Gi cwiwa I we¯Í‚wZ A„bK m¤úªmvwiZ| AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi ƒP„q AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv
gvbe Rxe„b ƒekx cÖfve we¯Ívi K„i|KviY cÖK‚wZi Nwbô mvnP„h© ƒ_„K gvbyl A„bK wkÿv jvf K„i|
5
AbvbyôvwbK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨vewj
1. kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK I Av„ewMK weKvk mvab|
2. wkÿv_©xi K_v-evZ©v, KvR-Kg©, Pjv„div I AvPvi-AvPi„Yi Dbœqb|
3. wkÿv_©x„K ƒ`Lvi, ƒkvbvi Ges ejvi ¯^vaxbZv`vb hv„Z K„i ƒm wb„Ri B”QvgZ cÖK‚wZ I cwi„ek ƒ_„K wkÿv jvf
Ki„Z cv„i|
4. ƒLjvayjvi iv„R¨ wePi„Yi gva¨„g kvixwiK DrKl©Zv I gvbwmK cwiZ‚wß mvab|
5. my›`i e¨envi, ƒm‡Rb¨ I wkóZv AR©„b mnvqZv Kiv|
6. cÖK‚wZi mv„_ Mfxi mvwbœ„a¨i gva¨„g wewfbœ AwfÁZv AR©b Kiv|
AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK wkÿvi Zzjbv
AvbyôvwbK wkÿv AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv
1. wkÿvi wkÿvjq n„”Q wewfbœ ai„bi wkÿv cÖwZôvb| 1. G wkÿvi wkÿvjq n„”Q cwi„ek I cÖK‚wZ|
2. cvV¨cy¯ÍK, cvV¨µg I cvV¨m~wP AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi 2. wkÿv cvV¨µg I cvV¨m~wPwfwËK bq|
cÖavb DcKiY|
3. wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq wkÿK gyL¨ fwgKv cvjb K„i _v„Kb| 3. wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq wkÿ„Ki ƒZgb ƒKv„bv fwgKv ƒbB|
4. wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq mvaviYZ wba©vwiZ wel„q wkÿv`vb Kiv nq| 4. wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq wkÿvi ƒKvb aiveuvav wbqg ƒbB|
3. DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv (Non-Formal education)
AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi evB„i RxweKv AR©b I ƒckvMZ `ÿZv ew×i Rb¨ ƒh wkÿv Zv„K DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv e„j| G wkÿv
e¨e¯‹vq wba©vwiZ cvV¨µg, cvV¨m~wP mxwgZ I mywbw`©ó | wkÿv_©xi e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK DbœwZi Rb¨ G ai„bi wkÿv
e¨e¯‹v| AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi gZ G wkÿvq AwaK wkÿ„Ki cքqvRb nq bv| G wkÿvq e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv Av„Q| GwU ƒKv„b
eva¨Zvg~jK e¨e¯‹v bq| eZ©gv„b gvby„li Rxeb ƒhgb hvwš¿K I e¨¯Ígq cÖPvxbKv„j ƒZgb wQj bv| cÖvPxbKv„ji
RxebhvÎv wQj mnR, mij, Abvo¤^i I MÖvg„Kw›`ªK| MÖv„g K‚lK, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, ƒavcv-bvwcZ, ZuvZx, ƒMvqvjv, ƒR„j,
wgw¯¿, gywP cÖf‚wZ ƒckvRxex ƒjvK evm KiZ| Zviv ƒKv„bv AvbyôvwbK wkÿvq wkwÿZ bq Ges ƒKv„bv wkÿv cÖwZôv„b
wkÿv jvf K„iwb| Zv„`i DËim~ix„`i KvQ ƒ_„K Ges wewfbœ cwieZ©b I weeZ©„bi gva¨„g DwjøwLZ ƒckvq Zviv `ÿZv
Ges AwfÁZv AR©b K„i„Q|
evsjv„`„k MYwkÿv, mvÿiZv wkÿv, wewfbœ GbwRI KZ‚©K cwiPvwjZ wkÿv DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi AšÍf³ y© |
DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨vewj
 ƒckvMZ `ÿZv ew×Kiv ;
 RxweKv AR©„bi Dchy³ K„i M„o ƒZvjv;
 kքgi gh©v`v m¤ú„K© m„PZb Kiv;
 ciwbf©ikxjZvi cwie„Z© AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n„Z mvnvh¨ Kiv;
 Kg© ms¯‹v„bi e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
 m¤ú„`i myôz e¨envi I Dbœqb;
 RbM„Yi Avq ew× Kiv;
 RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb;
 RvZxq Avq ew× Kiv;
 S„i cov wkÿv_©x„`i wkÿvi my„hvM mwó Kiv Ges wb„Ri cv„q `uvov„Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡
DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv RvZxq Dbœq„b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fwgKv cvjb K„i _v„K| evsjv„`k K‚wlcÖavb nIqvqAwaKvsk ƒjvK K‚wli
Dci cÖZ¨ÿ ev c„ivÿfv„e wbf©ikxj| wKšŠƒ`„k GLbI cy„ivcywi weÁvbm¤§Z DbœZ K‚wl e¨e¯‹v Pvjy nqwb| d„j Lv`¨-
km¨ Drcv`„b ƒ`k ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki„Z cv„iwb| wewfbœ ewËg~jK cÖwkÿY ƒhgb KzwUi wkí ¯‹vcb, gvQ Pvl,
cïcvjb, nuvm-gyiMx cvjb, ƒg‡gvwQ cvjb BZ¨vw` Øviv RbMY„K hw` cÖwkwÿZ Kiv hvq Z„e Zv„`i `ÿZv ew× cv„e,
ƒeKvi mgm¨vi mgvavb, m¤ú„`i myôze¨envi, RvZxq Avq ew× I RvZxq DbœwZ MwZkxj n„e| cw_exi wewfbœ DbœZ Ges
wKQz wKQz Dbœqbkxj ƒ`„k wkÿvi g~j jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨ n„”Q wkÿv_©ƒK …`bw›`b Kvh©vewj m¤úv`„b `ÿ I AwfÁ K„i
ƒZvjv Ges AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n„Z mvnvh¨ Kiv| myZivs G K_v wbtm„›`„n ejv hvq ƒh, Rxeb I RxweKvi Dc„hvMx Ges
AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n„Z mvnvh¨ Kivi ƒÿ„Î DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fwgKv cvjb K„i _v„K|
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wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ (Aims and Objectives of Education)
wkÿvi jÿ¨ (Aims of Education)
ƒKvb Kv„R AMÖmi nIqvi Rb¨ wkÿvi ƒh mvaviY MšÍe¨ ev AwfcÖvq e¨vcKfv„e weeZ _v„K Ges hvi gva¨„g `xN©„gqv`x
dj jvf nq, Zv„K ejv nq wkÿvi jÿ¨|
wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives of Education)
D„Ïk¨ n„jv wkÿv_©xi m¤¢ve¨ K‚wZ„Z¡i ƒmB we›`y ev jÿ¨¯‹j hv wkÿvi jÿ¨vwfgy„L cwiPvwjZ ƒKv„bv c~Y©v½ wkÿv
e¨e¯‹vi mgvwß c„e© AR©b Ki„Z mÿg n„e|
wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©
wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ j„ÿ¨i GKwU Awe„”Q`¨ Ask| jÿ¨ n„jv e¨vcK Avi D„Ïk¨ j„ÿ¨i ƒP„q wKQzUv msKxY© I mywbw`©ó|
wKšŠ jÿ¨ ƒ_„KB D„Ïk¨ Rb¥jvf K„i| we`¨vjq Kg©m~wPi gva¨„g jÿ¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bv n„jI D„Ïk¨ AR©b Kiv
m¤¢e| D„Ï„k¨i Drm n„jv jÿ¨ Avi D„Ïk¨ AR©b Øviv av„c av„c jÿ¨ AwR©Z nq| wewfbœ wel„qi Rb¨ jÿ¨ wewfbœ nq
bv, GKB _v„K wKšŠ wewfbœ wel„qi Rb¨ D„Ïk¨ wewfbœ n„Z cv„i| wb„Pi wP„Îi mvnv„h¨ wkÿvi jÿ¨ D„Ï„k¨i
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ƒ`Lvb n„jv|

we`¨vjq Kg©mw© Pi
D„Ïk¨

ww wkÿvi jÿ¨

wkÿv e¨e¯‹v
..
wkÿv e¨e¯‹v
wPÎ 1 : wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©

 Rb wWDB-i g„Z, Òwkïi e¨w³mËvi mylg I me©v½xY weKvk mvabB wkÿvi jÿ¨Ó|
 †Rgm& wg‡ji g„Z, Òwkÿvi D„Ïk¨ n„”Q wkÿv_©x„K Ggbfv„e M„o ƒZvjv ƒhb Zvi Øviv ƒm wb„Ri Rxeb„K
Avb„›` ficyi K„i Zzj„Z cv„i Ges Ab¨vb¨ mKj„K Zv w`„q cÖfvweZ Ki„Z cv„i|Ó
 evUª©vÛ iv‡mj e„j„Qb, ÒAv`k© Pwi„Îi gvbyl mwó KivB wkÿvi cÖavb jÿ¨Ó|
 iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g„Z, ÒcÖvK‚wZK cwi„e„k ¯^vaxbfv„e kixi PP©v, mvs¯ˆ‚wZK I mvgvwRK Kvh©vewji gva¨„g
e¨w³mËvi mylg I c~Y©v½ weKvk mvabB wkÿvi jÿ¨|Ó
wkÿvi wewfbœ jÿ¨ (Different Aims of Education)
wkÿvi wbw`©ó jÿ¨ wbY©q Kiv ƒhgb m¤¢e bq, ev¯Íe ƒÿ„Î cքqvM KivI ƒZgb m¤¢e| KviY wkÿvi jÿ¨ wewfbœ mgv„Ri
cքqvRb, Pvwn`v I gZv`„k©i wfw˄Z wbY©xZ n„q _v„K| Avevi e¨w³ I mvgvwRK `wófw½ cwieZ©„bi m„½ m„½ wkÿvi
j„ÿ¨iI cwieZ©b N„U| ZeyI mgv„R e¨w³i c~Y© weKv„ki Rb¨ KZK¸„jv wbw`©ó jÿ¨ wbi€cY Kiv cքqvRb| wewfbœ hy„M
wewfbœ gbxlxiv wkÿvi jÿ¨ wn„m„e wewfbœ w`„Ki K_v D„jøL K„i„Qb| wb„¤œ GB jÿ¨¸„jv m¤ú„K© Av„jvPbv Kiv n„jv-
1. wkÿvi e„wËg~jK jÿ¨ (Vocational aims): mgvR e¨e¯‹vq RwUjZv ew× cvIqvi m„½ m„½ RxebhvÎv cÖYvjxI
RwUj AvKvi aviY K„i| d„j wkÿvi j„ÿ¨i cwieZ©b mva„bi cքqvRbxqZv Acwinvh© n„q c„o| GRb¨ wkï„K wbR
RxweKv AR©„bi Rb¨ wkÿvi ewËg~jK j„ÿ¨i Dci AwaKvsk wkÿvwe` Ges AwffveK we„kl ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Ki„Z _v„K|
Zv„`i gZ n„jv, wkÿv ïaygvÎ gvby„li …`wnK cքqvRbB wgUvq bv, wkÿv Zvi Rxe„bi mgMÖ cքqvRb wgUv„Z mvnvh¨
K„i| G cÖm„½ wgëb (Milton) e„j„Qb,"I call a complete and generous education that which-fits man to
perform justly, skilfully and magnanimously all the efforts both public and private of peace and war."
wkÿv„K ewËg~LxKi„Yi d„j Rxe„bi A„bK cքqvRbxq mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e| ƒhgb-
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1) ewËg~jK wkÿv gvby„li ¯^”QjZv Avbq„Yi mnvqK| ¯^”QjZv ew×i m„½ m„½ gvby„li AvZ¥wek¦vm, ¯^vaxbZv, gvbwmK
Z‚wß, …bwZKZv„eva cÖf‚wZ RvMÖn n„e| A_©†bwZK ¯^wbf©iZvi d„j AvZ¥gh©v`vkxj e¨w³ wn„m„e wb„R„K mgv„R cÖwZwôZ
Kivi gva¨„g mgv„Ri AMÖMwZ„Z mvnvh¨ Ki„Z cvi„e Ges mgv„Ri Dbœqbg~jK KvR Z¡ivwš^Z n„e|
2) ewËgyLx wkÿvi jÿ¨ g„bv†eÁvwbK Z„Ë¡i Dci cÖwZwôZ|e¨w³ hw` Zvi Kv„Ri D„Ïk¨ m¤ú„K© m„PZb nq, Zvn„j
Kg©`ÿZv ew× cvq Ges wkÿv cÖwµqv„K A_©c~Y© I D„Ïk¨g~jK K„i ƒZv„j| GB cÖwµqv wkÿv_©x„K Zvi wbR¯^ Pvwn`v,
ÿgZv, cÖeYZv, B”Qv, Awb”Qv, AvMÖn cÖf‚wZ mnKv„i wkL„Z mvnvh¨ K„i|
3)ewËgyLx wkÿv ¯^íeyw×m¤úbœ I kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ LyeB Kvh©Ki| KviY Zv„`i c„ÿ cuyw_MZ we`¨v AR©b
ev¯Íe ƒÿ„Î we„kl ƒKv„bv Kv„R Av„m bv| ewËg~jK wkÿv G ai„bi e¨w³i Rxe„b bZzb Drmvn I Avkv DÏxcbvi mwó
Ki„Z cv„i|
4) Rxeb I RxweKv G `y„qi mgš^„q e¨w³i Rxe„b cwic~Y© mv_©KZv Av„m| e¨wZµg n„j mgvR Rxe„b bvbv mgm¨vi
D™¢e nq| MYZvwš¿K mgv„R wbf©ikxj n„q _vKv GK ai„bi Aciva| ZvB wkÿv Rxeb I RxweKv-G `y„qi g„a¨ mgš^q
mvab K„i e¨w³„K wbR ÿgZv Abyhvqx ewËg~jK Kv„Ri gva¨„g wb„R„K cÖwZwôZ Kivi my„hvM `vb K„i|
2. wkÿvi e¨w³Zvwš¿K jÿ¨ (Individualistic Aims of Education): e¨w³Zvwš¿K aviYv Abyhvqx wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„”Q
e¨w³ Rxe„bi cwic~Y© weKvk mvab| GB gZev` Abyhvqx e¨w³„K GKwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©mËv g„b Kiv nq| cքZ¨K e¨w³i
wbR¯^ cÖewË, Av„eM, cÖeYZv, AbyyivM, AbyfwZ, i„q„Q hv Aci ƒ_„K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| e¨w³i Gme …`wnK I gvbwmK
…ewk󨸄jvi weKvk mva„bi Dci Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbf©i K„i| e¨w³i gh©v`v, ¯^vaxbZv, Pvwn`v, m¤¢vebv BZ¨vw` wkÿvi cÖavb
we„eP¨ welq| e¨w³i weKvk I cwi„e„ki m„½ msMwZ weavbB wkÿvi cÖavb D„Ïk¨| cÖvPxb MÖx„mi ƒmvwd÷iv wQ„jb
e¨w³¯^vZ„š¿¨i mg_©K| e¨w³Zvwš¿K wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„”Q cwi„ek ev mgvR wbi„cÿfv„e e¨w³i …`wnK, gvbwmK, …bwZK I
Ava¨vwZ¥K ¸Yvewji weKvk mva„b mnvqZv Kiv|
3. wkÿvi mgvRZ‡š¿i jÿ¨ (Socialistic Aims of Education): mgvR ev iv„óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Qvov e¨w³„K Kíbv Kiv hvq
bv| mgv„RB gvby„li Rb¥, ew× Ges Zvi Rxe„bi cwimgvwß| mvgvwRK g½j I msnwZi g„a¨ e¨w³i g½j I Aw¯ÍZ¡
m¤¢e| e¨w³ ¯^v„_©i Ic„i mgv„Ri ¯^v_©| mgvR Qvov e¨w³i Rxeb Am¤¢e| e¨w³i Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, bxwZ„eva, ag©, wkÿv,
ms¯ˆ‚wZ meB mvgvwRK Rxeb hvc„bi gva¨„g ev¯Íe i€c jvf K„i Ges mgvRB e¨w³i wbivcËv, kvwšÍ, RxweKvR©b
cÖf‚wZi Pvwn`v wgUv„Z cv„i| ZvB wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ n„e mgvR Kj¨v„Yi c„_ wb„qvwRZ _vKv| mgvRZš¿ev„`i g„Z, wkÿv
Ggb n„e hvi Øviv mgvR DcK‚Z nq| mgvR DcK‚Z n„j e¨w³ Rxe„bI cwic~Y©Zv Avm„e|
4. wkÿvi •bwZK PwiÎ MVbg~jK jÿ¨ (Moral Aims in Education): Rvg©vb wkÿvwe` nve©v„Ui g„Z, Òwkÿvi
GKgvÎ jÿ¨ n„”Q e¨w³i …bwZK PwiÎ MVb (The one and the whole work of education which is a long and
complex training may be summed up in the concept morality.) Ó wkÿvwe` Rb j„Ki g„ZI wkÿvi jÿ¨
n„”Q PwiÎ MVb| ƒcø„Uvi wkÿv wPšÍvi g„a¨I GB aviYv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wZwb e„j„Qb, ҅bwZK ¸Yvewj weKv„ki
cwicw¯‹ ƒKv„bv wKQz wkÿvi g„a¨ _vK„e bv (Nothing should be admitted education which does not conduct
to the promotion of virtue.) Ó
5. wkÿvi c~Y©v½ Rxeb hvc‡bi jÿ¨ (Complete Living Aims): Bs„iwR `vk©wbK nve©vU ƒ¯úÝvi cwic~Y© Rxeb
hvc„bi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z Š KivB wkÿvi GKgvÎ jÿ¨ e„j D„jøL K„i„Qb| e¨w³ Zvi kw³, mvg_©¨ I m¤¢vebv¸„jvi c~Y©
weKv„ki gva¨„g Rxe„bi mv_©KZv jvf Ki„Z cv„i| wZwb cwic~Y© Rxeb hvc„bi Rb¨ cuvPwU wkLbxq wel„qi Dci
we„klfv„e ¸iæZ¡ Av„ivc K„i„Qb| ƒhgb-
 kvixwiK ƒivMe¨vwa n„Z gy³ ƒ_„K AUzU ¯^v„¯‹¨i AwaKvix nIqvi Rb¨ wkÿv,
 wb„Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK„q ivLvi Rb¨ cքqvRbxq wkÿv,
 mšÍvb-mšÍwZ jvjb cvj„bi gva¨„g myLx cvwievwiK Rxeb hvc„bi Rb¨ wkÿv,
 mybvMwiK wn„m„e M„o IVvi Rb¨ cքqvRbxq wkÿv Ges
 Rxeb„K myLx Kivi Rb¨ Aemi we„bv`bg~jK I mwó`k©x mvs¯ˆ‚wZK wµqvKjvc m¤ú„K© wkÿv|
mybvMwiKZ¡ Ges RxweKvR©„bi ƒhvM¨Zv AR©b cքZ¨K e¨w³i c„ÿ GKvšÍ cքqvRb| myLx cvwievwiK Rxebhvcb Ges
Dchy³fv„e Aemi Rxeb hvcb e¨w³Rxeb„K my›`i K„i M„o Zzj„Z mvnvh¨ K„i| wKšŠ ƒ¯úÝv„ii GB gZev` …bwZK I
AvwZ¥K wkÿv m¤ú„K© ƒKvb D„jøL ƒbB| d„j Zuvi e³e¨„K wkÿvi GKgvÎ ev m¤ú~Y© jÿ¨ ejv hvq bv|

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6. wkÿvi mybvMwiKZ¡ AR©bg~jK jÿ¨ (Citizenship Aims): mybvMwiKZ¡ AR©b jÿ¨wU mgvRZvwš¿K wPšÍvavivi
djkÖæwZ| AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ G `yՄqi mgš^„q bvMwiKmyjf ¸Yvewji weKvk jvf K„i| AvaywbK hy„Mi ivóª cwiPvjbvq I
mgvR e¨e¯‹vq bvMwiKMY mwµq fwgKv MÖnY K„i _v„K| ivóª, mgvR I e¨w³ Kj¨vY mva„bi Rb¨ myMvwi„Ki
cքqvRbxqZv me©Kv„j ¯^xK‚Z|
7. wkÿvi Ava¨vwZ¥K jÿ¨ (Spiritual Aims): fveev`x ev Av`k©ev`x„`i g„Z, wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„”Q Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi
weKvk mvab| Zuv„`i g„Z ci„jvKB cig mZ¨, RMr wKQzB bq| cw_ex ÿwY„Ki Rb¨ GKwU mivBLvbv gvÎ| GLv„b
¯‹vqxfv„e ƒKD _v„K bv| K„gwbqvm e„j„Qb, Òwek¦¯ªóvi mwnZ wgwjZ nBqv AbšÍ myL„fvM KivB gvbe Rxe„bi cÖavb
D„Ïk¨| myZivs wkÿv„K GB gnr D„Ïk¨ mva„bi mnvqK nB„Z nB„e|Ó Avevi ƒd«v„q„ejI wkÿvi jÿ¨ m¤ú„K©
Abyi€c gZ e¨³ K„i„Qb| fvi„Zi `vk©wbK I wkÿvwe` ivavK‚„òi g„Z, Òwkÿvi D„Ïk¨ RvZxq Kg©ÿgZv ew× ev
wek¦åvZ‚Z„¡ eva RvMÖZ Kiv bq, wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ n„”Q gvby„li AšÍ„i eyw×i AMg¨ ƒh mË¡v Av„Q Zv„K Dcjwä Kiv
(Making the individual feel that he has within himself something deeper than intellect call it spirit, if
you like.)Ó
8. wkÿvi msMwZweavbg~jK jÿ¨ (Adjustment Aims of Education): ƒh RvwZ cwi„e„ki m„½ h_vh_fv„e
msMwZweav„b mÿg n„q„Q, ƒm RvwZ ZZ ƒewk DbœZ| ZvB wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„e e¨w³„K Rxeb msMÖv„gi Rb¨ Dc„hvMx K„i
ƒZvjv| G m¤ú„K© P¨vcg¨vb Ges KvD›U e„j„Qb, "Education as a social process is nothing more than an
economical method of assisting initially an ill-adapted individual, during the short period of a single
life to cope with the increasing complexities of the world."cwi„ek e¨w³ Rxeb„K bvbvfv„e cÖfvweZ K„i|
cwi„ek„K ƒgvUgywU wZbfv„M fvM Kiv hvq: cÖvK‚wZK cwi„ek, mvgvwRK cwi„ek Ges AšÍi cwi„ek| cÖvK‚wZK cwi„ek
ej„Z mvaviYZ RoRMZ„K eySvq, mgMÖ wek¦cÖK‚wZ Gi AšÍfz©³| mvgvwRK cwi„ek ej„Z gvbyl ƒh mgv„R Rb¥MÖnY
K„i jvwjZ-cvwjZ nq Ges mgv„Ri wewfbœ AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZ-bxwZ cÖf‚wZ mg¯Í wKQz„KB eySvq| gvby„li …`wnK I
Ava¨vwZ¥K Avkv AvKv•ÿv, Pvwn`v, cքqvRb cÖf‚wZ AšÍi cwi„e„ki AšÍf³
z© | GK K_vq ejv hvq, Ro I cÖK‚wZi m„½
mgvR I AšÍi mËvi msMwZ weavbB n„e wkÿvi jÿ¨|
9. my¯’ †`‡n my¯’ gb m„wóg~jK jÿ¨ (Sound mind in a sound body aims): cÖvPxb wMքmi ¯úvU©vi wkÿve¨e¯‹vq
wkïi my¯‹ kixi MV„bi Dci we„kl ƒRvi ƒ`qv n„Zv| kvixwiK e¨vqvg wQj wkÿvi cÖ`vb A½| mgmvgwqK G„_„Ýi
wkÿve¨e¯‹vq kixi MV„bi m„½ m„½ gvbwmK weKvk I ƒm‡›`h© PP©vi Dci we„kl ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n„Zv| ƒgvU K_v
wMքmi wkÿve¨e¯‹vq kvixwiK I gvbwmK DbœwZ mvab KivB wQj wkÿvi jÿ¨| wkï wkÿvi GB j„ÿ¨i ÎæwU ƒ`Lv hvq|
KviY ïaygvÎ kixi I g„bi DbœwZ me©„ZvgyLx weKvk mva„bi GKUv AskgvÎ| G„Z …bwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K weKv„ki jÿ¨
D„cwÿZ n„q„Q|
10. wkÿvi mvgvwRK †hvM¨Zv AR©bg~jK jÿ¨ (Social ability aims): mgv„Ri g„a¨B gvbe Rxe„bi c~Y©Zv AwR©Z
nq| mgv„R emevm Ki„Z n„j mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj AR©b Ges mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvj„b my„hvM¨ e¨w³ mwó KivB
wkÿvi jÿ¨| Av„gwiKvb mgvRweÁvbx e¨vM„j wZbwU cÖavb KZ©„e¨i K_v D„jøL K„i„Qb| G¸„jv n„”Q- Avw_©K
ƒhvM¨Zv AR©b, Ac„ii ƒKvb Kv„R cÖwZeÜKZv mwó bv Kiv, I Zvi mvgvwRK DbœwZ„Z mnvqZv Kiv| wKšŠ wkÿvi GB
jÿ¨wUI Am¤ú~Y©| KviY G„Z e¨w³i wb„Ri w`KwU„K m¤ú~Y© ev` w`„q mvgvwRK `wó„KvY ƒ_„KB wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ wePvi
Kiv n„q„Q|
11. wkÿvi wek¦ åvZ¡Z‡¡ eva RvMiYg~jK jÿ¨ (International understanding aims): weÁv„bi e„`‡j„Z mgMÖ
wek¦mgvR AvR GK cwiev„ii i€cjvf K„i„Q| eZ©gv„b ƒh ƒKv„bv ƒ`„ki GKRb bvMwiK mgMÖ wek¦mgv„Ri GKRb
bvMwiK| GB j„ÿ¨ e¨w³i g„a¨ wek¦åvZ‚Z„¡ eva RvMÖZ Kiv GKvšÍ cքqvRb| ¯^v„_©i msNvZ hv„Z gvby„li g„a¨ we„f`
wek•Ljv mwó Ki„Z bv cv„i, ƒmRb¨ gvby„li g„b ci¯úwiK mg„e`bv I mnvbyfwZkxj g„bvfve MV„bi cքqvRb|
e¨w³i g„a¨ AvšÍRv© wZKZv ev wek¦åvZ‚Z„¡ ev„ai RvMiY NUv„Z n„e wkÿvi gva¨„g| GB D„Ï„k¨ wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„e
gvby„li gb ƒ_„K msKxY©Zv I ¯^v_©ciZv cwinvi K„i wek¦åvZ‚Z¡„eva RvMÖZ Kiv| d„j e¨w³ ƒhgb Zvi gh©v`v cv„e,
ƒZgwb mgvR ev RvwZ Avcb …ewkó¨ eRvq ƒi„L GK Kj¨vYKi cw_ex Movi Aby„cÖiYv cv„e|
12. wkÿvi jÿ¨ AviI wkÿv (More Education) : wkÿvwe` Rb wWBBi g„Z, wkÿvi jÿ¨ nIqv DwPZ AviI wkÿv|
KviY wkÿvi ƒKvb mywbw`©ó jÿ¨ wbi€cY Kiv m¤¢e bq| Zuvi g„Z, wkÿv n„”Q GKwU MwZkxj cÖwµqv| GB cÖwµqvi jÿ¨
n„”Q AviI Pjv| wkïi wkÿv cÖwµqv n„e ÔAviI ew× cvIqvÕ ev ÔAviI ƒkLvÕ| wZwb e„jb, Òwkÿv n„”Q eûgyLx
cÖwµqv| wkÿvi jÿ¨ ej„Z Ggb wKQz wba©viY Kiv DwPZ bq hv GB eûgyLx ew× cÖwµqvi m„½ mvgÄm¨wenxb nq|Ó

9
wkÿvi j‡ÿ¨i Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vbmg~n (Factors influencing Educational objectives)
wkÿv n„jv GKwU D„Ïk¨gyLx m„PZb cքPóv| Gi gva¨„g e¨w³i AvPi„Yi Kvw•ÿZ cwieZ©b N„U| GB cwieZ©„bi
cքPóv wbw`©ó jÿ¨vwfgyLx| GB jÿ¨„K c~e© ƒ_„KB w¯‹i Ki„Z nq, Zv bv n„j wkÿK I wkÿv_©x wkLb-ƒkLv„bv Kvh©µg
ev¯ÍevqbKv„j AvPi„Yi ƒKvb Zvrch© ev A_© Lyu„R cvIqv hv„e bv| wkÿvi jÿ¨„K w¯‹i Kivi mgq bvbvw`„K wkÿv
`vk©wbK I wkÿvwe`„`i jÿ¨ ivL„Z nq| ƒh mKj Dcv`vb wkÿvi jÿ¨„K cÖfvweZ K„i ƒm¸„jv n„jv-
 RvZxq Rxeb `k©b
 RvwZi Pvwn`v
 ƒ`„ki mvgvwRK cwi„ek
 ivR†bwZK KvVv„gv
 mvs¯ˆ‚wZK HwZn¨
 wkïi gb¯ÍvwZ¡K Pvwn`v
1.3 Dcgnv‡`‡k wkÿvi weKvk aviv
1971 mv„ji 16 wW„m¤^i ¯^vaxb-mve©„f‡g evsjv„`„ki Afy¨`q N„U| evsjv„`„k cÖ_g wkÿv Kwgkb 1972 wLª.MwVZ nq
hvi cÖavb wQ„jb W. gynv¤§` Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v| Kwgkb `xN© cwikÖg ƒk„l wZbL„Û 1974 wLª÷v„ãi ƒg gv„m miKv„ii
wbKU wi„cvU© Rgv ƒ`b| G mgq Dcgnv„`„k wkÿv bvbviKgfv„e cÖPwjZ wQj| eY©bvi myweav„_© Dcgnv„`„k wkÿvi
weKvkaviv„K K„qKwU c„e© fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
K. cÖvPxb Avgj
L. gymwjg kvmbKvj (1000-1775)
M. weªwUk kvmbKvj (1757-1947)
N. cvwK¯Ívb kvmbKvj (1947-1971)
O. evsjv„`k kvmbvgj (1971-eZg©vb)
K. cÖvPxb Avg‡ji wkÿv
fviZxq Dcgnv„`„k gymwjg I ewUk kvmb ïiæi c~„e©B wewfbœ ai„bi wkÿv e¨e¯‹v cÖPwjZ wQj| mgv„Ri Pvwn`vbyhvqx
wkÿv e¨e¯‹v M„o D„VwQj| Z„e Zv eZ©gvb mg„qi g„Zv AvbyôvwbK I mywbw`©ó wkÿvµgwfwËK wQj bv| cÖvPxb Avg„ji
wkÿv„K K„qKwU fv„M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
1. Avh© Avg„j wkÿv e¨e¯‹v
2. eªvþY¨ wkÿve¨e¯‹v
3. ƒe‡× wkÿv e¨e¯‹v
L. gymwjg kvmbKvj (1000-1775)
Dcgnv„`„k gymwjg kvmKMY `xN©w`b kvmb cwiPvjbv K„ib| mßg kZ„K wmÜyivR `vwni„K civwRZ K„i gynv¤§` web
Kvwmg Dcgnv„`„k gymjgvb kvm„bi hvÎv ïiæ K„ib| cieZ©x„Z wewfbœ myjZvb I kvmKMY wkÿv we¯Ív„i ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
fwgKv iv„Lb| Gmg„q wkÿv wQj gmwR` I g³ewfwËK| AvbyôvwbK wkÿv e¨e¯‹v I kvmbKvj K„qKwU fv„M fvM Kiv
hvq-
1. MRbxi myjZvbMY (1000-1206)
2. ZzK©x myjZvbMY (1206-1290)
3. wLjRxes„ki myjZvbMY (1290-1451)
4. ƒjv`x es„ki myjZvbMY (1451-1526)
5. evsjvi ¯^vaxb beve/kvnx myjZvbMY (1526-1757)

M. weªwUk kvmbKvj (1757-1947)

1757 mv„ji 23 Ryb cjvkxi cÖvšÍ„i evsjvi beve wmivR-D`-ƒ`‡jvi civR„qi ci B÷ BwÛqv ƒKv¤úvwbi hvÎv ïiæ
nq| Gmg„q Dcgnv„`„k ewUk fveavivi wkÿv cÖPwjZ nq Ges wkÿv welqK bvbv AvBb-wewa, KwgwU I Kwgkb MwVZ
nq| Gi g„a¨ D„jøL„hvM¨ n„jvÑ
1. 1813 wLª÷v„ãi mb` AvBb
2. 1835 wLª÷v„ãi GWvgm& wi„cvU©
3. 1854 wLª÷v„ãi D„Wi ƒWmc¨vP
10
4. 1859 mv„ji ƒWmc¨vP
5. wgkbvix„`i wkÿvg~jK Kg©KvÛ
6. 1882 wLª÷v„ãi nv›Uvi Kwgkb
7. 1904 wLª÷v„ãi jW© KvR©„bi wkÿv ms¯ˆvi
8. 1917 wLª÷v„ãi m¨vWjvi Kwgkb
9. 1944 wLª÷v„ãi mv„R©›U cwiKíbv
weªwUk Avg„ji ƒkl w`„K Dcgnv„`„ki wkÿv A„bKUv AvbyôvwbK i€c jvf K„i| wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ¯‹vqx AeKvVv„gv
…Zwi, wkÿK wb„qvM, wkÿvµg …Zwi BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg P„j|

N. cvwK¯Ívb kvmbKvj (1947-1971)

1947 mv„j ƒ`k wefv„Mi mgq c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ívb wg„j cvwK¯Ívb iv„óªi D™¢e nq| mgq gvÎ 24 ermi n„jI G
mgq ƒek K„qKwU wkÿv Kwgkb MwVZ nq| h_v-
1. AvKivg Luv wkÿv Kwgkb- 1951
2. AvZvDi ingvb Lvb wkÿv Kwgkb- 1957
3. kixd Kwgkb- 1959
O. evsjv‡`k Avg‡ji wkÿv Kwgkb (1971- eZ©gvb)
¯^vaxb evsjv„`„ki Af~¨`„qi gvÎ GK eQ„ii g„a¨B 1972wLª÷v„ãi W. gynv¤§` Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb MwVZ nq
Ges 1974 mv„j Kwgkb 3 L„Û wi„cvU© cÖ`vb K„i| ciZ©x„Z Av„iv K„qKwU KwgwU I Kwgkb MwVZ nq Ges PovšÍfv„e
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 cÖKvwkZ nq|evsjv„`k Avg„ji wkÿv Kwgkb¸„jv n„jv-
1. W. gynv¤§` Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb (1974)
2. gwdR DwÏb wkÿv Kwgkb (1988)
3. kvgmyj nK wkÿv Kwgkb (1998)
4. gwbiæ¾vgvb wgTv wkÿv Kwgkb (2000)
5. evix wkÿv Kwgkb (2002)
6. RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010
Gfv„eB Dcgnv„`„k wkÿvi weKvk aviv P„j|

1.4 DBwjqvg G¨vWvg-Gi wi‡cvU© (1835)

fviZxq Dcgnv„`„k AwZ cÖvPxb Kvj ƒ_„K wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi cÖPjb wQj| G wkÿv ƒ`„ki cÖPwjZ ag©, ixwZ-bxwZ, K‚wó I
ms¯ˆ‚wZ, fvlv, mgvR e¨e¯‹v, AvenvIqv I gvby„li Pvwn`vi Dci wfwË K„i M„o D„VwQj| G„`„ki gvbyl ØvivB G wkÿv
cwiPvwjZ n„Zv| evsjv„`„k AvaywbK wkÿv cÖeZ©„bi c~„e© kZvãxi ci kZvãx a„i ƒ`„ki gvwU„Z ƒ`wk e¨w³eM© Øviv
cÖwZwôZ, cwiPvwjZ I jvwjZ G wkÿv e¨e¯‹v„K ƒ`kxq wkÿv ev Indigenous Education ejv nq| fvi„Zi Z`vbxšÍb
MfY©i ƒRbv„ij jW© DBwjqvg ƒew›UK G„`„ki wkÿvi Dbœqb I cÖmv„ii D„Ï„k¨ ƒ`kxq wkÿv m¤ú„K© aviYv jv„fi Rb¨
1835 wLª÷v„ãi 20 Rvbyqvwi ¯ˆUj¨vÛevmx wgkbvix wkÿvwe` DBwjqvg G¨vWvg„K evsjv I wenvi cք`„ki wkÿv e¨e¯‹v
Rwic K„i wi„cvU© cÖ`v„bi Rb¨ wb„qvM K„ib| DBwjqvg G¨vWvg 1835 ƒ_„K 1838 wLª÷v„ãi g„a¨ evsjv I wenv„ii
wkÿv e¨e¯‹v Rwic K„i wZbwU wi„cvU© ƒck K„ib hv BwZnv„m G¨vWvg wi‡cvU© bv„g L¨vZ|

G¨vWv‡gi cÖ_g wi‡cvU©

wb„qvM cÖvwßi ci G¨vWvg wkÿv msµvšÍ c~e©eZx© `wjjcÎ I wi„cvU©mg~n ch©v„jvPbv K„i 1835 wLª÷v„ãi 1 RyjvB Zuvi
cÖ_g wi„cvU© ƒck K„ib|
11
G¨vWv‡gi wØZxq wi‡cvU©
ivRkvnx ƒRjvi bv„Uvi _vbvi ƒ`kxq wkÿv msµvšÍ Z_¨ wb„q 1835 wLª÷v„ãi 23 wW„m¤^i G¨vWvg Zuvi wØZxq wi„cvU©
cÖYqb K„ib| G¨vWvg ivRkvnx ƒRjvi bv„Uvi _vbv„K Zuvi HwZnvwmK mv„f©i cÖ_g ¯‹vb wnmv„e wbe©vPb K„ib| Z_¨
msMքni c~„e© Z`vbxšÍb mg„qi ƒ`kxq wkÿvi ¯^i€c, Zvi e¨vcKZv, cvV`v„bi welqe¯Š, cvV`vb c×wZ I wkÿK-wkÿv_x©
m¤ú„K© mwVK Z_¨ msMքni Rb¨ wZwb Pvi cÖKv„ii Z_¨ msMÖn dig cÖYqb K„ib| ƒ`kxq wkÿv m¤ú„K© Z_¨ msMքni
Rb¨ G¨vWvg cÖYqbK‚Z Z_¨ msMÖn di„gi bgybv wb„P ƒ`qv n„jv-
Z_¨ msMÖn QK-1
cwievi

Ggb
„`kxq D”P wkÿv
5 eQ„ii bx„P

cÖwZôv„b cvV`vb

14 eQi Da© ƒjvK msL¨v

hviv ƒ`kxq D”P wkÿv
ƒ`kxq cÖv_wgK
ƒ_„K 14
Da©

eqmx

we`¨vjq msL¨v

cÖwZôvb msL¨v

gymwjg ƒjv„Ki msL¨v

cÖwZôv„b cvV`vb K„ib

MÖvg b¤^i I MÖv„gi bvg

wkïi msL¨v
14 eQi

cvwievwiK
RbmsL¨v

RbmsL¨v
MÖv„gi
msL¨v

K„ib
eQi
5
gymwjg

gymwjg

gymwjg
gwnjv

gwnjv

gwnjv
cyiæl

cyiæl

cyiæl
wn›`y

wn›`y

wn›`y

wn›`y
Z_¨ msMÖn QK-2
Z_¨ QK- 1

bvg, eY© I
MÖv„gi msL¨v

Z¨v„Mi eqm

M„ni weeiY

m¤§vbx fvZv
fwZ©i eqm

cvV`v„bi

cvV`v„bi
wkÿv_x©i
wkÿ„Ki

wkÿ„Ki
welqe¯Š
we`¨vjq

we`¨vjq
Abymv„i

msL¨v
eqm

fvlv

wZwb Abyi€c AviI `yÕwU Z_¨ msMÖn QK cÖYqb K„ib| QK cÖYq„bi ci Zv e¨envi K„i bv„Uvi _vbvaxb mKj MÖv„gi
cքZ¨KwU evwo„Z wM„q G¨vWvg wb„RB Z_¨ msMÖn Ki„eb e„j w¯‹i K„ib Ges wZwb cici K„qKw`b K„qKwU MÖv„g Mgb
K„ib| wKšŠ MÖv„gi ƒjvKRb BD„ivcxq ag© hvR„Ki Dcw¯‹wZ ƒ`„L ƒKvb Z_¨ bv w`„q MÖvg ƒ_„K m„i c„ob| KviY
MÖv„gi ƒjvKR„bi aviYv wQj-Ab¨vb¨ ag© hvRK„`i b¨vq wZwbI Zv„`i ag©všÍwiZ Ki„Z cv„ib| Z_¨ msMքn e¨_© n„q
G¨vWvg G Kv„R mn„hvwMZvi Rb¨ gymjgvb ƒg‡jfx I wn›`y cwÛZ wb„qvM K„ib| Gfv„e ¯‹vbxq ƒg‡jfx I wn›`y cwۄZi
mn„hvwMZvq c~Y©vsM Z_¨ msMÖn K„i G¨vWvg ïay bv„Uvi _vbvi ƒ`kxq wkÿv msµvšÍ wel„q Zuvi wØZxq wi„cvU© ƒck
K„ib|
G¨vWv‡gi Z…Zxq wi‡cvU©
bv„Uvi _vbvi Rwic KvR ƒkl K„i G¨vWvg gywk©`vev`, exif~g, ea©gvb, ƒg„`bxcyi, `wÿY wenvi I wÎnvU ƒRjvq Rwic
Kvh© cwiPvjbv K„ib| Gfv„e Z`vbxšÍb evsjv I wenv„ii mvZwU ƒRjvq ƒ`kxq wkÿvi Dci we¯ÍvwiZfv„e RwicKvh©
cwiPvjbv K„i cքqvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn K„ib| Rwic ƒ_„K cÖvß Z_¨ Ges wkÿv msµvšÍ cÖvß bw_cÎ ch©v„jvPbv K„i
1838 wLª÷v„ãi 28GwcÖj G¨vWvg Zuvi Z‚Zxq wi„cvU© cÖYqb K„ib| Gme wi„cv„U© wZwb cÖvß Z_¨ ch©v„jvPbv K„i
ƒ`kxq wkÿvi mvwe©K Ae¯‹v Zy„j a„ib Ges Gi ms¯ˆvi I Dbœq„bi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik ƒck K„ib|
G¨vWv‡gi wi‡cvU© Abymv‡i †`kxq wkÿvi e¨vcKZv I mvwe©K Ae¯’v
G¨vWv„gi wi„cvU© Abyhvqx Z`vbxšÍb evsjv I wenvi cք`„k ƒgvU RbmsL¨v wQj 4 ƒKvwU, MÖv„gi msL¨v wQj 1,50,748
Ges ƒ`kxq wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi msL¨v wQj 1,00,000| G Z_¨ we„kølY Ki„j ƒ`Lv hvq M„o cÖwZ wZbwU MÖv„g 2wU ƒ`kxq
cÖv_wgK wkÿv cÖwZôvb wQj| Avevi 4 ƒKvwU ƒjv„Ki Rb¨ 1,00,000 wU wkÿv cÖwZôvb _vK„j cÖwZ 4,00 Rb ƒjv„Ki
Rb¨ GKwU K„i cÖwZôvb wQj| G¨vWvg 5 ƒ_„K 14 eQi eqmx wkï„`i ¯ˆzj Mg„Yvc„hvMx wkï wnmv„e MY¨ K„i„Qb Ges
cÖwZ 4,00 Rb RbmsL¨vi g„a¨ 5-14 eQi eqmx wkïi msL¨v wQj 63 Rb| A_©vr cÖwZ 63 Rb evjK-evwjKvi Rb¨
GKwU K„i we`¨vjq| wKšŠ Z`vbxšÍb mg„q mvaviYZ ƒg„qiv ¯ˆz„j ƒhZ bv| AZGe, 63 R„bi g„a¨ A„a©K ƒg„q n„j
M„o cÖwZ 32 Rb evj„Ki Rb¨ GKwU we`¨vjq wQj| cÖvß G Z_¨ ƒ_„K cÖvq `yÕkZ eQi c~„e© G ƒ`„k ƒ`kxq wkÿvi
12
e¨vcKZv m¤ú„K© mn„RB Abygvb Kiv hvq| Avgv„`i eZ©gvb mg„qI cÖwZ MÖv„g MÖv„g we`¨vjq A_ev 63 Rb evjK-
evwjKvi Rb¨ GKwU K„i we`¨vjq A_ev cÖwZ 400 ƒjv„Ki Rb¨ GKwU K„i we`¨vjq Gi ƒKvbwUB Avgiv fve„Z
cvwibv|
we`¨vjq ej„Z G¨vWvg hv ƒevSv„Z ƒP„q„Qb we`¨vj„qi eZ©gvb aviYv ƒ_„K Zv Avjv`v| eZ©gv„b we`¨vjq ej„Z
Avgv„`i mvg„b ƒf„m D„V K„qKwU ƒkÖwYKÿ wewkó KuvPv/cvKv Ni, wkÿ„Ki Rb¨ Ni, wkÿv_x©„`i emvi ƒeÂ, ƒPqvi,
ƒUwej, ƒevW©, PK-Wv÷vi BZ¨vw`| wKšŠ ƒ`kxq wkÿv cÖwZôvb ej„Z G¨vWvg ƒevSv„Z ƒP„q„Q ƒhLv„b KwZcq wkÿv_x© I
GKRb wkÿK Dcw¯‹Z n„q cvV`vb I cvVMÖnY Kvh©µg PjZ| MÖv„gi ƒKvb GKwU evwoi GKwU Kÿ, †eVKLvbv, wn›`y„`i
PÛxgÛe ev c~Rv AP©bvi Ni, gmwR„`i eviv›`v Ges Mv„Qi wb„P ¯ˆzj emZ| ƒKvb ƒKvb ƒÿ„Î gy³ AvKv„ki wb„PI ¯ˆzj
emZ|

†`kxq wkÿvi ¯Íi

Gme we`¨vj„q fwZ©i Rb¨ ƒKvb wba©vwiZ mgq wQjbv| wkï wkÿv_x© eQ„ii ƒh ƒKvb mg„q we`¨vj„q fwZ© n„Z cviZ
Ges eQ„ii ƒh ƒKvb mg„q cvV ƒkl K„i we`¨vjq Z¨vM Ki„Z cviZ| eZ©gvb mg„qi gZ ƒ`kxq wkÿvi Rb¨ ƒKvb
wba©vwiZ cvV¨m~wP ev cvV¨cy¯ÍK wQjbv| wkÿK gy„L gy„L cvV`vb Ki„Zb| eZ©gvb mg„qi gZ ZLbKvi mg„q ƒKvb ƒkÖwY
wfwËK cvV`vb e¨e¯‹v wQjbv|
„jLvi Dci wfwË K„i wkÿv PviwU ¯Í„i web¨¯Í wQj| ¯Íi¸„jv n„jv-
 gvwUi Dci ƒjLv: wkÿK we`¨vj„qi mvg„b gvwU„Z eo eo K„i Aÿi G„K ivL„Zb| ƒKvb bZzb wkÿv_x© we`¨vj„q
G„j Zv„K cÖ_g 10 ƒ_„K 15 w`b ch©šÍ wkÿ„Ki AuvKv Aÿ„ii Dci gvwU„Z nvZ Nyiv„Z n„Zv| G„Z nv„Zi
gvsm„ckx Ggb fv„e wkÿv_x©i Avq„Z¡ AvmZ hv„Z fwel¨„Z Zvi nv„Zi ƒjLv AZ¨šÍ my›`i n„Zv|
 KjvcvZvi Dci ƒjLv: wkÿvi wØZxq ¯Íi wQj KjvcvZvi Dci ƒjLv| wkÿv_x© euv„ki wPKb Kw w`„q Kjg …Zwi
Ki„Zv Ges Kqjv ev nwiZwK cywo„q Kvwj …Zwi K„i Zv w`„q Kjv cvZvi Dci wjLZ|
 ZvjcvZvq ƒjLv: wkÿvi Z‚Zxq ¯Íi wQj ZvjcvZvq ƒjLv|
 KvM„Ri Dci ƒjLv: wkÿvi me©„kl ¯Ši wQj KvM„Ri Dci ƒjLv|

cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ I cvV`vb c×wZ

ƒjLvi mv„_ mv„_ covi DciI ¸iæZ¡ ƒ`qv n„Zv| Z„e Gme we`¨vj„q ƒKvb Qvcv„bv eB wQjbv| GgbwK wkÿK nv„Z
ƒjLv g¨vwbw¯‰ÞI e¨envi Ki„Zb bv| wkÿK gy„L gy„L cvV`vb Ki„Zb| G¨vWvg Zvi eY©bvq e„j„Qb- wkÿv_xiv w`„bi
ƒKvb GK wba©vwiZ mg„q we`¨vj„qi mvg„b mvwie×fv„e `uvov„Zv| GKRb eyw×gvb ƒR¨ô¨ evjK mvg„b `uvwo„q Q„›`i
AvKv„i ¸„Yi bvgZv AvewË Ki„Zv Ges Zv„K AbymiY K„i Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_x©iv Mv„bi AvKv„i Zv GKmv„_
AvewËKi„Zv| Gfv„e 1 ƒ_„K 20 Ni ch©šÍ ¸„Yi bvgZv wkÿv_x©iv Q„›`i AvKv„i gyL¯‹ Ki„Zv| GQvov MÖvgxY K‚lK
cwiev„ii Pvwn`v Abymv„i Rwgi cwigvY mswkøó weNvKvwj, KvVvKvwji bvgZv, IRb mswkøó gY, ƒmi, QUvK, Kov, MÛvi
bvgZv, kÖwg„Ki ƒeZb cwi„kva msµvšÍ w`b Abyhvqx ƒeZb cwi„kv„ai bvgZv BZ¨vw` meB cvV¨m~wPi AšÍfy³© wQj Ges
wkÿv_x© cÖwZw`b Zv Q›` AvKv„i gyL¯‹ Ki„Zv|
†`kxq wkÿvi •ewkó¨
cÖvq `yBkZ eQi c~„e© Avgv„`i G A„j ƒh ƒ`kxq wkÿv cÖPwjZ wQj Zvi e¨vcKZv, cvV`v„bi welqe¯Š, AbymZ
cvV`vb c×wZ, wkÿK I Zvi m¤§vbx eve` cք`q A„_©i cwigvb BZ¨vw` wel„q we¯ÍvwZ weeiY G¨vWvg wi„cv„U©
cwi¯ˆvifv„e dz„U D„V„Q| jÿ¨Yxq ƒh, Gme we`¨vj„q wkÿv_x©„K ƒKvb ƒeZb w`„Z n„Zv bv Ges wkÿKI ƒKvb ƒeZb
MÖnY Ki„Zb bv| Z„e cvV„k„l wkÿv_x© Zvi mvg_©¨ Abymv„i wkÿK„K Dc„X‡KY w`Z Ges wkÿK Zv wb„qB mšŠó
_vK„Zb| Gme we`¨vjq gvÎ GKRb wkÿK Øviv cwiPvwjZ n„Zv| ƒkÖwYi eyw×gvb e„qvt„R¨ô¨ wkÿv_x© wkÿK„K cvV`vb
Kv„R mn„hvwMZv Ki„Zv hv G„`„ki wkÿv„ÿ„Î Ôm`©vi c„ovÕ cÖ_v ev Monitorial System bv„g L¨vZ|
Gme we`¨vj„q wkÿv_x©„K eB, LvZv, KvMR, Kjg BZ¨vw` eve` ƒKvb A_© e¨q Ki„Z n„Zv bv| KviY gvwUi Dci ƒjLv,
KjvcvZv, ZvjcvZvq ƒjLv, wb„R„`i …Zwi Kjg I Kvwj e¨envi K„i ƒjLv,Gi ƒKvbwU„ZB A_© e¨„qi cքqvRb wQjbv|
G wkÿvi Ab¨Zg …ewkó¨ n„jv MÖvgxY K‚lK cwiev„ii Pvwn`vi Dci wfwË K„i cv„Vi welqe¯Š wba©vwiZ n„Zv| ƒ`„ki
gvwU I gvby„li Pvwn`vi mv„_ m½wZ iÿv K„i, ƒ`„ki AvenvIqv, FZz …ewPΨ, mvgvwRK Pvwn`v, ms¯ˆ‚wZ, K‚wó, agx©q
AvPvi AvPiY BZ¨vw`i mv„_ mvgÄm¨ ƒi„L G wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n„Zv| m¤ú~Y© ƒ`kxq e¨w³eM© Øviv cÖwZwôZ I
cwiPvwjZ G wkÿv Kvh©µg ZrKvjxb mgvR I gvby„li Pvwn`v c~i„Y h„_ó mÿg wQj e„j cÖZxqgvb nq|
G¨vWvg Gƒ`„ki ƒ`kxq wkÿvi e¨vcKZv, Zvi …ewkó¨, cvV`vb c×wZ I G„`„k Avwe¯ˆ‚Z Ôm`©vi c„ovÕ c×wZ BZ¨vw`
Mfxifv„e ch©v„jvPbv K„i wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi ms¯ˆvi, Dbœqb I msiÿ„Yi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik K„iwQ„jb| wKšŠ
13
cieZx©Kv„j Zvi mycvwik Kvh©Ki nqwb| ewUk Jcwb„ewkK miKvi fviZxq wkÿv m¤ú„K© me mg„qB AZ¨šÍ …ewi
g„bvfve ƒcvlY Ki„Zb| Zuv„`i g„Z æIndian indigenous education has no potentialities and it should be
replaced by modern western education” A_©vr fvi„Z cÖPwjZ ƒ`kxq wkÿv cÖvYkw³nxb Ges GK A„K„Rv wkÿv|
G wkÿv„K m¤ú~Y©fv„e cÖZ¨vL¨vb K„i Z`¯‹„j AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ wkÿv cÖeZ©b Ki„Z Zviv m„Pó wQ„jb| jW© g¨vKz„j
(Lord Macaulay) KZ©K MnxZ wkÿvq wb¤œMvgx cwikÖeY bxwZ AbymiY, ƒew›U„Ki wkÿv ms¯ˆvi bxwZ, D„Wi ƒWmc¨vP,
g~jZt ZviB cÖwZdjb| Gme bxwZi gva¨„g Jc†b„ewkK miKvi G„`„ki gvwU ƒ_„K ƒ`kxq wkÿv„K gy„Q ƒd„j Z`¯‹„j
m¤ú~Y© wfbœ AvenvIqv, ixwZ-bxwZ I ms¯ˆ‚wZi Dci wfwË K„i M„o IVv Z_vKw_Z cvðvZ¨ wkÿv G„`„ki Dci Pvwc„q
ƒ`q| Avi G ai„bi wm×všÍB G„`„ki mwZ¨Kvi wkÿvi c„_ A„bKUv wecwËi KviY e„j aviYv Kiv nq|

1.5 D‡Wi †Wmc¨vP (1854)

fviZe„l©i wkÿv BwZnv„mi me„P„q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv 1854 wLª÷v„ãi D„Wi wkÿv `wjj (Wood Education
Despatch)| ewUk B÷ BwÛqv ƒKv¤úvbxi miKvi KZ©K G `wjj cÖYq„bi cUf~wg n„jv B÷-BwÛqv ƒKv¤úvbxi PvU©vi
cÖwZ 20 eQi AšÍi ewUk cvj©v„g›U KZ©©K ch©v„jvPbv K„i cքqvRbxq ms„hvRb ev we„qvR„bi gva¨„g Zv bevqb Kiv
n„Zv| 1813 mv„j ƒKv¤úvbxi PvUv©i bevqbKv„j fvi„Zi wkÿvi bxwZ wnmv„e wb¤œMvgx cwi¯ªeY bxwZ ev Downward
Filtration Theory MÖnY Kiv n„q„Q| G bxwZ„Z mvaviY fviZevmxi wkÿv„K D„cÿv K„i AwfRvZ ƒkÖwYi KwZcq
eªvþY I gymjgvb cwiev„ii mšÍvb„`i wkÿvi K_v ejv n„q„Q| 1833 wLªóv„ã ƒKv¤úvbxi PvU©vi bevqbKv„j ƒ`kxq
wkÿv ms¯ˆvi I Dbœq„bi Rb¨ DBwjqvg G¨vWvg ƒ`kxq wkÿvi Dci Rwic K„i wi„cvU© cÖ`vb K„ib hv BwZnv„m G¨vWvg
wi„cvU© wnmv„e L¨vZ| Abyi€cfv„e 1853 wLªóv„ã ƒKv¤úvbxi PvU©vi bevqbKv„j ewUk cvj©v„g›Uvwi KwgwU fviZe„l©i
wkÿvi Dci we¯ÍvwiZfv„e AbymÜvb K„i Committee of the House of Commons-Gi wbKU wi„cvU© ƒck K„ib|
GQvovI fvi„Zi wkÿvi mv„_ mswkøó wgkbvix wkÿvwe` I AwfÁ e¨w³eM©,ƒhgb-Sir Trevelyan, J.C Marshman,
Dr.Alexander Duff, Sir Erskin Perry,C.H.Cameron, H.H. Wilson, Sir Fredric Halliday cÖg~L
Committee of LordsGes Committee of the Commons-Gi wbKU fviZxq wkÿv m¤ú„K© wi„cvU© ƒck K„ib| G
mKj wi„cvU© 1854 wLª÷v„ãi D„Wi wkÿv `wjj iPbvi g~j wfwË wnmv„e KvR K„i| B÷-BwÛqv ƒKv¤úvbxi Z`vbxšÍb
Awdm ƒm„µUvwi John Stuart Mill GB weL¨vZ `wjj iPbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K„ib| Z`vbxšÍb mg„qi B÷-
BwÛqv ƒKv¤úvbxi ƒevW© Ae K„›Uªvj Gi mfvcwZ Sir Charles WoodGi cÖZ¨ÿ ZZ¡veavb I wb„`©kbv Abymv„i G `wjj
cÖYxZ n„qwQj weavq Zuvi bvg Abymv„i G `wj„ji bvgKiY Kiv nq DW GWz‡Kkb †Wmc¨vP (Wood Education
Despatch, 1854)| fviZxq wkÿvi BwZnv„m we„kl ¸iæZ¡ enbKvix 1854 mv„ji DW GWz„Kkb ƒWmc¨vP„K Gi m~`yi
cÖmvix djvd„ji K_v wPšÍv K„i ƒKvb ƒKvb BwZnvmwe` G `wjj„K fviZxq wkÿvi Magna Charta ev gyw³ mb`
wnmv„e AvL¨vwqZ K„i„Qb| G `wjjwU fviZe„l© AvaywbK wkÿvi wfwË iPbv K„i| cÖK‚Zc„ÿ ejv hvq eZ©gvb gva¨wgK
wkÿvi msMVbI m¤úªmvi„Y D„Wi ƒWmc¨vP wQj wfwË ¯^i€c|
fviZxq wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨
D„Wi wkÿv `wj„ji cÖvi„¤¢ fviZe„l© fviZxq„`i wkÿv we¯Ív„ii D„Ïk¨ Kx Zv ¯úófv„e eY©bv Kiv n„q„Q| D„Ïk¨ mg~n wb¤œi€cÑ
(a) æTo confer upon the natives of India those vast and material blessings which flow from the
general diffusion of western knowledge.
(b) æTo produce not only a high degree of intellectual fitness but also to raise the moral
character of those who partake of it.
(c) æTo supply the East-India Company with the reliable and capable public servants.
(d) æTo secure for England a large and more certain supply of many articles, necessary for her
manufactures and extensively consumed by her population as well as an almost
inexhaustible demand for produce of British labour”.
DW ƒWmc¨v„P DwjøwLZ wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ ƒ_„K ¯úófv„e eySv hvq ƒh, fviZe„l© ewUk miKv„ii wkÿv we¯Ív„ii D„Ïk¨
cÖK‚Zc„ÿ fviZevmxi wkÿv cÖ`v„bi D„Ïk¨ wQjbv, eis Jcwb„ewkK miKvi Zv„`i wb„R„`i ¯^v_© nvwm„ji Rb¨B wkÿv
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K„i„Q| fvi„Zi gZ GKwU wekvj Rbeûj ƒ`„ki kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ eûmsL¨K wb¤œ
ƒeZbfzK `ÿ ivR Kg©Pvixii cքqvRb nq hv Bsj¨vÛ ƒ_„K Avbv m¤¢e bq| m¯Ívq wb¤œ ƒeZbfzK ivR Kg©Pvix ƒhgb-
ƒKivbx, wcqb, BZ¨vw`i mieivn wbwðZ Kivi j„ÿ¨ ewUk miKvi fvi„Z wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K„i|
Aóv`k kZvãxi ƒklfv„M BD„iv„ci wewfbœ ƒ`„k wkí wecøe N„UwQj| BD„iv„ci Ab¨vb¨ ƒ`„ki mv„_ cÖwZ„hvwMZv K„i
Bsj¨v„Ûi wU„K _vKv A„bKUv AwbwðZ n„q c„o| Gmg„q Bsj¨v„Ûi wkí KviLvbv Drcvw`Z wkíRvZ `ª„e¨i Pvwn`v
A„bKvs„k n«vm cvq| eva¨ n„q ƒek wKQz wkí KviLvbv eÜ n„q hvq| d„j eû kÖwgK ƒeKvi n„q c„o| ïiæ nq kÖwgK
Am„šÍvl I kÖwgK Av„›`vjb| G Ae¯‹v ƒ_„K D„Ëvi„Yi Rb¨ cքqvRb nq evB„ii evRvi ƒhLv„b mn„R Bsj¨v„Ûi wkí
KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgwMÖ wewµ Kiv hvq| Gi mgvavb wnmv„e ewUk miKvi ƒe„Q ƒbq fviZ„K| fviZ KuvPvgvj
14
mg× GKwU wekvj Rbeûj ƒ`k| fviZ ƒ_„K AwZ mn„R I m¯Ívq KvuPvgvj Bsj¨v„Û wb„q hvIqv Ges G KuvPvgvj
e¨envi K„i wkíRvZ `ªe¨ Drcv`b K„i fvi„Z wewµ Kiv ewUk miKv„ii Ab¨Zg D„Ïk¨ wQj| KuvPvgvj mn„R I m¯Ívq
cwien„bi Rb¨ cքqvRb nq ¯^í wkwÿZ `ÿ kÖwg„Ki Avi GRb¨ ewUk miKvi wkÿv Kvh©µg„K me„P„q Dc„hvMx
e¨e¯‹v wnmv„e ƒe„Q ƒbq| fvi„Zi b¨vq GKwU wekvj Rbeûj ƒ`„ki mvaviY RbmvaviY„K mvgvb¨ wkÿvq wkwÿZ Ki„Z
cvi„j Zv„`i iæwPi cwieZ©b n„e Ges wkí KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z ƒm‡wLb `ªe¨ mvgwMÖ e¨env„ii w`„K Zviv Sz„K co„e|
Gfv„e fviZ Bsj¨v„Ûi wkí KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ mvgwMÖ weµ„qi GKwU cÖavb gv„K©„U cwiYZ n„e- G D„Ïk¨„K
mvg„b ƒi„LB ewUk miKvi fviZevmxi g„a¨ wkÿv we¯Ív„ii Kg©m~wP MÖnY K„i| ƒgvU K_v fviZe„l© ewUk miKv„ii
wkÿv Dbœqb cքPóvi g~jjÿ¨ wQj-
 wb¤œ c„` wb„qv„Mi Rb¨ `ÿ ivR Kg©Pvix mieivn wbwðZ Kiv;
 Bsj¨v„Ûi wkí KviLvbvq e¨env„ii Rb¨ fviZ ƒ_„K mn„R I m¯Ívq KuvPvgvj mieivn wbwðZ Kiv j„ÿ¨ Aí
wkwÿZ `ÿ kÖwgK mwó Kiv;
 wkÿvi gva¨„g fviZxq„`i iæwPi cwieZ©b Kiv ƒhb Zviv Bsj¨v„Ûi wkí KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z ƒm‡wLb wkíRvZ
`ªe¨vw` e¨env„i Af¨¯‹ n„q I„V|
 Gfv„e fviZ„K Bsj¨v„Ûi wkí KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z `ªe¨vw` weµ„qi GKwU wbwðZ gv„K©„U cwiYZ Kiv|
wkÿvi gva¨g
D„Wi ƒWmc¨v„P ¯^xKvi Kiv n„q„Q ƒh ewUk miKvi fvi„Zi ƒ`kxq wkÿv„K wbiærmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ miKvi cwiPvwjZ
wkÿv cÖwZôv„b wkÿvi evnK wnmv„e GKgvÎ Bs„iwR fvlv„KB MÖnY K„iwQj| wKšŠ D„Wi ƒWmc¨v„P mvaviY fviZevmxi
g„a¨ wkÿv Kvh©µg we¯Íi„Yi Rb¨ Bs„iwRi cvkvcvwk ƒ`kxq fvY©vKzjvi j¨vs¸„qR e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv
nq| D„Wi ƒWmc¨v„P ejv nqÑ
æIn any general system education, the English language should be taught where there is a demand for it; but
such instruction should always be combined with a careful attention to the study of the vernacular language of
the district, and with such general instruction as can be conveyed through that language and while English
language continues to be made use of as by far the most perfect medium for the education of those persons who
have acquired a sufficient knowledge of it to receive general instruction through it, the vernacular languages must
be employed to teach the far larger classes who are ignorant of, or imperfectly acquainted with English”
wKšŠ `yf©vM¨ekZ GK_v mZ¨ ƒh, hw`I D„Wi ƒWmc¨v„P Bs„iwRi cvkvcvwk fvY©vKzjvi j¨vs¸„qR„K wkÿvi gva¨g
wnmv„e e¨env„ii K_v D„jøL Kiv n„q„Q, wKšŠ cÖK‚Zc„ÿ eive„ii gZB MYgvby„li fvlv„K wkÿvi gva¨g wnmv„e
e¨env„ii welqwU D„cwÿZ n„q„Q|

DW †Wmc¨v‡P DwjøwLZ cÖwZcv`¨ welqmg~n

1| fviZe‡l© ¯Íi web¨¯Í wkÿv e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b (Establishment of a Network of Graded System of Education all
over India): fviZe„l© GB cÖ_g ¯Íi web¨¯Í wkÿv e¨e¯‹v cÖeZ©„bi Rb¨ DW-„Wmc¨v„P mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q| ¯Íi web¨¯Í
wkÿv e¨e¯‹v ej„Z wkÿv„K wZbwU ¯Í„i web¨¯Í Kiv n„q„Q| wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi m„e©v”P ¯Í„i K„jRI wek¦we`¨vj„qi wkÿv ev
D”P wkÿv, wkÿvi wØZxq ¯Íi gva¨wgK wkÿv hv Bs„iwR I AvaywbK fviZxq fvlvq cwiPvwjZ Ges wkÿvi me©wb¤œ ev cÖ_g
¯Íi nj ƒ`kxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv| DW ƒWmc¨v„P ¯^xKvi Kiv n„q„Q ƒh fviZe„l© mvaviY gvby„li wkÿv„K miKvi A¯^xKvi
K„i mgv„Ri ïaygvÎ DuPz¯Í„ii ƒjv„Ki mšÍvb„`i wkÿvi Av„qvR„b e¨¯Í wQj Ges GRb¨ ƒ`kxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv I
gva¨wgK wkÿv„K Ae„njv K„i D”P wkÿvi Rb¨ K„jR ¯‹vc„b miKvi AwaK g„bv„hvMx wQj| fvi„Zi wkÿvi BwZnv„m
miKvi KZ©K MnxZ wkÿvi G bxwZ wb¤œMvgx cwi¯ªeY bxwZ (Download Filtration Theory)bv„g L¨vZ| ƒWmc¨v„P
GLb ƒ_„K miKvi„K fvi„Zi mvaviY gvby„li wkÿvi Rb¨ AwaK g„bv„hvMx n„Z ejv n„q„Q| mvaviY gvbyl„K wkÿvq
AvK‚ó Kivi Rb¨ wZb ai„bi civgk© ƒ`qv n„q„Q| h_v-
(K) Bs„iwR I AvaywbK fviZxq fvlvq cvV`v„bi Rb¨ AwaK msL¨K gva¨wgK we`¨vjq cÖwZôv Kiv;
(L) MÖv›U-Bb-GBW ev Aby`v„bi gva¨„g ƒ`kxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv„K DrmvwnZ Kiv;
(M) wkÿvi mKj ¯Í„i ƒgavex wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ Scholarship ev ewË cÖ`vb Kiv Ges wZb¯Í„ii wkÿvi g„a¨
ƒhvMm~Î ¯‹vcb Kiv|
2| fvi‡Zi cÖ‡Z¨K cÖ‡`‡k cÖv‡`wkK Rbwkÿv wefvM MVb (Creation of Department of Public Instruction in
India): G `wj„j mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjv AbymiY K„i fviZe„l© ¯Íi web¨¯Í wkÿv e¨e¯‹v cÖeZ©„bi mycvwik Kiv nq| ¯Íi
web¨¯Í wkÿv e¨e¯‹v myôzfv„e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ c~„e©i cÖv„`wkK wkÿv„evW© ev KvDwÝj wejyß K„i Z`¯‹„j fvi„Zi cuvPwU
cք`k ƒe½j, ƒev„¤^, gv`ªvR, cvÄve I DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ cք`„ki cքZ¨KwU„Z cÖv„`wkK Rbwkÿv wefvM
(Department of Public Instruction) MV„bi wb„`©k ƒ`qv n„q„Q| cÖv„`wkK Rbwkÿv wefvM cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKRb
15
Rbwkÿv cwiPvjK ev Director of Public Instruction (DPI) wbhy³ Kivi K_v ejv n„q„Q| Rbwkÿv cwiPvj„Ki
Aax„b h„_ó msL¨K `ÿ ¯ˆzj I K„jR cwi`k©K _vK„e hviv wbqwgZfv„e wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwi`k©b K„i cÖwZôvb
cwiPvjbv, e¨e¯‹vcbv I cvV`vb msµvšÍ wel„q cքqvRbxq civgk© cÖ`vb Ki„eb Ges wkÿvi mvgwMÖK AMÖMwZ m¤ú„K©
miKv„ii wbKU evwl©K cÖwZ„e`b Dc¯‹vcb Ki„eb|
DW-„Wmc¨v„Pi mycvwik Abymv„i 1855-1856 wLª÷v„ãi g„a¨ ƒe½jmn fvi„Zi cuvPwU cք`„k cÖv„`wkK Rbwkÿv
wefvM MwVZ nq| cÖv„`wkK Rbwkÿv wefv„Mi cÖavb `vwqZ¡ wQj-
(a) To advise the provincial Government on all educational matters;
(b) To administer the funds allocated to education by the provinicial and central government;
(c) To supervise and inspect the working of private educational institutions which applied to the
department for æGrants in Aid”;
(d) To compile annual reports on the progress of education within their jurisdiction along with
the necessary statistics and to publish them ; and
(e) To take all such steps as were necessary to improve and expand education”
3| fviZe‡l© wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î MÖv›U-Bb cÖ_v cÖeZ©b (Institution of the system of Grant in Aid in Education):
fviZe„l© wkÿv we¯Ív„ii Rb¨ miKvwi D„`¨v„Mi cvkvcvwk ƒemiKvwi D„`¨vM„K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ DW-„Wmc¨v„P
Grant in Aid System ev Aby`vb cÖ_v cÖeZ©„bi mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q| wkÿv„ÿ„Î Aby`vb cÖ`v„bi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ wQj-
fvi„Z ƒemiKvwi D„`¨v„M cÖwZwôZ wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi msL¨v hLb h„_ó nv„i ew×cv„e Ges GmKj ƒemiKvwi cÖwZôvb
hLb gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv cÖ`v„b mÿg n„e, ZLb µgvš^„q miKvwi D„`¨v„M cÖwZwôZ I cwiPvwjZ wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv
Kvh©µg ƒ_„K miKvi wb„R„`i ¸wU„q ƒb„e Ges wkÿvi m¤ú~Y© `vwqZ¡ ƒemiKvwi e¨e¯‹vcbvq ƒQ„o ƒ`qv n„e| DW-
„Wmc¨v„Pi G D„`¨vM fviZe„l© Av„`‡ Kvh©Ki nqwb Ges miKvi wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯‹vcbv ƒ_„K wb„R„`i
KLbI ¸wU„q ƒbqwb, eis wkÿv„ÿ„Î miKv„ii n¯Í„ÿc µgk ew× ƒc„q„Q|
DW-„Wmc¨vP cieZx© mg„q jÿ¨ Kiv ƒM„Q ƒh, miKvi wkÿv„ÿ„Î ƒemiKvwi D„`¨vM„K wbiærmvwnZ K„i„Q Ges
ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿvi gvb wb„qI mšŠó n„Z cv„iwb| Aby`vb cÖ`v„bi ev¯Íe Ae¯‹v ch©v„jvPbv Ki„j ƒ`Lv
hvq ƒhÑ
K) Aby`vb wnmv„e cք`q A„_©i cwigvb cքqvR„bi Zzjbvq LyeB AcÖZzj wQj;
L) Aby`v„bi A_© mgqgZ Qvo Kiv n„Zv bv;
M) ƒKvb KviY bv ƒ`wL„q nVvr K„iB cÖwZôvb„K Aby`v„bi ZvwjKv ƒ_„K ev` ƒ`qv n„Zv;
N) Aby`vb cÖvwßi Rb¨ KwVb kZ© cvjb Ki„Z n„Zv hv AwaKvsk cÖwZôv„bi Rb¨ cvjb Kiv m¤¢e n„Zv bv;
O) Aby`v„bi kZ©mg~n RwUj wQj hv RbM„Yi Kv„Q ƒevaMg¨ wQjbv;
P) wkÿv cÖwZôvb„K bv Rvwb„q nVvr K„iB Aby`v„bi kZ©mg~n cwieZ©b Kiv n„Zv| d„j wkÿv cÖwZôvb Aby`vb cÖvwß
ƒ_„K ewÂZ n„Zv;
Q) wefvMxq Kg©KZ©vMY ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cÖwZ ƒgv„UI mnvbyf~wZkxj wQ„jb bv;
R) ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿKMY„K cixÿK wnmv„e wbe©vPb Kiv n„Zv bv;
S) miKvi KZ©K cÖ`Ë ewË ïaygvÎ miKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ cքhvR¨ wQj|
Bsj¨v„Ûi AbyKi„Y fviZe„l© wZb ai„Yi Aby`vb cÖ`v„bi cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq| h_v-
 Salary grant system ev wkÿK„`i ƒeZb msµvšÍ Aby`vb: ƒh mg¯Í wkÿv cÖwZôvb gva¨wgK ch©v„qi `kg ƒkÖwY
ch©šÍ cvV`vb Ki„Zv Ges miKvi KZ©K Aby„gvw`Z gvb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n„Zv, ƒm mg¯Í cÖwZôv„bi
wkÿKM„Yi ƒeZ„bi wKq`vsk Aby`vb wnmv„e cÖ`vb Kiv;
 Foundation of Scholarships ev Payment by Result System:wkÿv_x©„`i cixÿvi djvd„ji wfw˄Z ewË
cÖ`vb Kiv;
 Fixed Grant System ev we`¨vjq wbg©v„Yi Rb¨ Aby`vb cÖ`vb Kiv|
Aby`vb cÖvwßi Rb¨ wkÿv cÖwZôvb„K wb¤œi€c welq ƒg„b Pj„Z n„Zv-
(a) Impart of a good secular education;
(b) Adequate local management by private patrons, voluntary subscribers or trustees of
endoments, willing to superintend the school and ensure its permanence for a given time.
(c) Agree to submit to inspection by government officers and to abide by such other conditions
as may be prescribed.
(d) Levy a fee, however small, from the pupil.
16
4| fviZe‡l© wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb (Establishment of Universities in India): DW ƒWmc¨v„P Z`vbxšÍb mg„qi jÛb
wek¦we`¨vj„qi AbyKi„Y KwjKvZv, ƒev„¤^ Ges gv`ªv„R wek¦we`¨vjq ¯‹vc„bi Rb¨ wb„`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv n„q„Q| D„Wi
ƒWmc¨v„P D„jøL Kiv n„q„Q-
æUniversities should be extablished at Calcutta and Bombay and at Madras or any part of India, where a
sufficient number of institutions exist from which properly qualified candidates for degrees could be
supplied. All these universities in India were to be constituted on the model of London University, London
at that date a purely examining body which admitted to its tests only the students trained in affiliated college”.
D„Wi ƒWmc¨v„Pi wm×všÍ Abymv„i 1857 mv„ji 24„k Rvbyqvwi Affiliating University ev Aby„gv`bKvix wek¦we`¨vjq
wnmv„e KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj„qi hvÎv ïiæ nq Ges GKB eQ„i ƒev„¤^ I gv`ªv„RI wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq| evsjvƒ`„ki
eZ©gvb RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq (National University) wkÿv„ÿ„Î ƒh f~wgKv cvjb Ki„Q, AvR ƒ_„K cÖvq ƒ`ok eQi
c~„e© cÖwZwôZ KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjqI Abyi€c f~wgKv cvjZ KiZ|
æThe function of the universities of India was conferring degrees upon the persons, who having entered as
candidates according to the rules fixed in this respect and produced certificates of conduct and the pursuit
of a regular course of study for a given time from the institution affiliated to the university, succeeded in
passing at the university such an examination as might be required. This type of university organisation
that was created by University Act of 1857 is known as the affiliating university.”
KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj„q ƒKvb Teaching faculty, cvV`v„bi Rb¨ ƒKvb ƒkÖwYKÿ, j¨ve„iUwi, jvB„eªwi, AvaywbK
M„elYvi Rb¨ Rvb©vj, g¨vMvwRb, ƒidv„iÝ cy¯ÍKvw` BZ¨vw` ƒKvbwUB wQjbv| Gi g~j `vwqZ¡ wQj ¯ˆzj I K„jR„K ¯^xK‚wZ
cÖ`vb Kiv, ¯^xK‚wZcÖvß wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cvV¨µg I wkÿvm~wP cÖYqb Kiv, ¯^xK‚wZcÖvß cÖwZôv„b Aa¨qbiZ wkÿv_x©„`i
Rb¨ cixÿvi Av„qvRb Kiv Ges cixÿvq DËxY© wkÿv_x©„`i gv„S mb` weZiY Kiv|
1857 ƒ_„K 1906 mvj ch©šÍ KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj„q ƒKvb cvV`v„bi e¨e¯‹v wQjbv| 1906 mv„j cÖ_g GKRb ev½vjx
m¨vi Avï„Zvl gyLvRx© DcvPvh© wnmv„e KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj„qi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K„ib| Zuvi AK¬všÍ cwikքg KwjKvZv
wek¦we`¨vjq µgvš^„q GKwU wkÿY agx© wek¦we`¨vj„q i€cvšÍwiZ nq Ges GKB mv„_ g¨vwUªKz„jkbmn mKj cÖKvi wWwMÖ
cÖ`vbKvix wek¦we`¨vj„qi f~wgKvI cvjb Ki„Z _v„K|
5| wkÿK cÖwkÿY (Training of Teachers) : ¯Íi web¨¯Í wkÿv e¨e¯‹v myôzfv„e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ DW ƒWmc¨v„P wkÿK
cÖwkÿ„Yi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av„ivc Kiv n„q„Q Ges wewfbœ ai„bi wkÿK cÖwkÿY cÖwZôvb ¯‹vc„bi mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q|
Pupil-Teacher c×wZ„Z wkÿK …Zwii Dci ƒRvi ƒ`qv n„q„Q Ges G c×wZ„Z wkÿK …Zwii KvR„K DrmvwnZ Kivi
Rb¨ Pupil Teacher ƒK ewËcÖ`vb Ges µgvš^„q G me wkÿK„K bigvj ¯‹z‡j cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Ges mb` cÖ`v„bi Rb¨
ƒWmc¨v„P mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q|
fviZe„l© ewUk kvmb cÖwZwôZ nIqvi cÖvq GKkZ eQi ci miKvi KZ©K wkÿv ms¯ˆvi I Dbœq„bi j„ÿ¨ cÖYxZ DW
ƒWmc¨v„PB n„jv GKwU c~Y©v½ `wjj| GB `wj„j wkÿvi cÖvq mKj wel„qi Dci Av„jvKcvZ Kiv n„q„Q| evsjvƒ`„k
AvaywbK wkÿv cÖeZ©„bi GUv g~jwfwË Ges eZ©gvb wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi A„bK welqB D„Wi ƒWmc¨v„Pi gva¨„g iwPZ n„q„Q|
¯Íi web¨¯Í, cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv ¯Íi web¨vm, wkÿv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Rbwkÿv wefvM MVb, ¯ˆzj-K„jR cÖwZôvi
Rb¨ wefvMxq Aby„gv`b e¨e¯‹v cÖPjb, Aby„gvw`Z ¯ˆzj-K„j„Ri Kvh©µg Dbœq„bi Rb¨ cwi`k©b e¨e¯‹v cÖeZ©b, wkÿv
Kvh©µg DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ MÖv›U-Bb-GBW Gi cÖeZ©b, fviZe„l© AvaywbK wek¦we`¨vjq ¯‹vcb BZ¨vw` wkÿv msµvšÍ
Kvh©vewj hv jÿ¨ KiwQ, Zvi cÖvq mewKQziB wfwË iwPZ n„qwQj D„Wi ƒWmc¨v„Pi gva¨„g|
GZme fvj Kv„Ri g„a¨I Ecwb„ewkK ewUk miKvi Zv„`i wb„R„`i ¯^v_© wmw×i D„Ï„k¨B fvi„Z wkÿv Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbv K„i„Q| wkÿvi gva¨„g mRbkxj cÖK‚Z wkwÿZ fviZevmx mwói cwie„Z© fvi„Z ewUk kvmb `xN©vwqZ Kivi
jÿ¨ wb„q ƒKivbx I wcqb mwói Dc„hvMx wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K„i„Q hv ƒKvbµ„gB MÖnY„hvM¨ bq| wkÿvi gva¨„g
fviZevmxi iæwPi cwieZ©b K„i ewUk KjKviLvbvq Drcvw`Z `ªe¨vw` weµ„qi GKwU ¯‹vqx gv„K©„U cwiYZ Kivi gvb„m
G„`„k wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n„q„Q| G Ae¯‹vi ƒcÖwÿ„Z D„Wi wkÿv `wjj„K cÖK‚Zc„ÿ fviZevmxi gyw³ mb` ev
Magna Charta wnmv„e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq wKbv Zv GKwU weZ„K©i welq| we.GW cÖwkÿYv_x©MY cÖwkÿYKvjxb mg„q
G wel„q GKwU weZK© cÖwZ„hvwMZvi Av„qvR„bi gva¨„g Gi c„ÿ I wec„ÿ Dchy³ hyw³ Dc¯‹vcb K„i welqwU wb„q
AviI Mfxifv„e Av„jvPbv Ki„Z cv„ib|

17
1.6 kixd Kwgkb (1959) Ges evsjv‡`k wkÿv Kwgkb(1974)
1854 mv„ji DW ƒWmc¨vP ƒ_„K 1959 mv„ji kixd Kwgkb wi„cvU© ch©šÍ cÖvq GKkZ eQi ƒcwi„q ƒM„Q| 1854
ƒ_„K 1947 wLª÷v„ãi c~e© ch©šÍ mg„q ïaygvÎ ewUk kvmb Avg„jB G„`„ki wkÿv ms¯ˆvi I Dbœq„bi Rb¨ Kgc„ÿ
AviI `kwU eo eo wi„cvU© n„q„Q| 1947 wLª÷v㠃_„K 1959 ch©šÍ mg„q cvwK¯Ívb kvmb Avg„j wkÿvi Dci AviI
wZbwU wi„cvU© n„q„Q| evsjvƒ`„ki wkÿv Dbœq„bi wfwË wnmv„e G me wi„cvU© cv„V DØy× Ki„Z wi„cvU©¸„jvi ZvwjKv
ƒ`qv n„jv|
1854 †_‡K 1959 ch©šÍ mg‡q cÖKvwkZ wkÿv msµvšÍ wi‡cvU©
1| fviZxq wkÿv Kwgkb wi„cvU© (nv›Uvi Kwgkb, 1882-83)
2| fviZxq wek¦we`¨vjq wi„cvU©, 1902
3| fviZxq wek¦we`¨vjq G¨v±, 1904
4| fviZxq wkÿvbxwZ, 1904
5| fviZxq wkÿvbxwZ, 1913
6| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq Kwgkb wi„cvU©, 1917 (m¨vWjvi Kwgkb wi„cvU©)
7| nvU©M KwgwU wi„cvU©, 1929
8| A¨veU-DW wi„cvU©, 1937
9| Iqvi`v wkÿv KwgwU wi„cvU© (W. RvwKi ƒnv„mb wi„cvU©), 1937
10| hy„×vËi fvi„Zi wkÿv Dbœqb wi„cvU© (mv„R©›U wi„cvU©), 1946
cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j cÖKvwkZ wi‡cvU©
1| c~e©evsjv cք`„ki wkÿv ms¯ˆvi KwgwU wi„cvU© (AvKivg Lvb wi„cvU©), 1951
2| c~e© cvwK¯Ív„bi wkÿv ms¯ˆvi Kwgkb wi„cvU© (AvZvDi ingvb Lvb Kwgkb wi„cvU©), 1957
3| cvwK¯Ívb RvZxq wkÿv Kwgkb wi„cvU© (kixd Kwgkb), 1959
Gme wi„cv„U© Avgv„`i ƒ`„ki cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿvi Dbœq„bi Rb¨ A„bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q|
Gme mycvwi„ki wfw˄ZB Avgv„`i eZ©gvb wkÿvi fxZ iwPZ n„q„Q|
fviZe„l© 190 eQ„ii ewUk kvm„bi Aemvb N„U 1947 mv„j Ges fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb bv„gi `ywU ¯^vaxb mve©„f‡g iv„óªi
Rb¥ nq| cvwK¯Ívb `ywU As„k wef³ wQj- c~e© cvwK¯Ívb I cwðg cvwK¯Ívb| ¯^vaxbZv jv„fi ci c~e© cvwK¯Ív„bi wkÿv
ms¯ˆvi I Dbœq„bi Rb¨ gvIjvbv AvKivg Luvb KwgwU wi„cvU©, 1951 Ges AvZvDi ingvb Lvb wi„cvU©, 1957-„Z
cÖKvwkZ nq| AvKivg Luvb KwgwUi wi„cv„U©i wfw˄Z 1952 ƒ_„K ƒ`„ki cÖv_wgK wkÿv c~„e©i 4 eQ„ii ¯‹„j 5 eQi
ƒgqv`x Kiv nq| GQvovI c~„e©i wgwWj Bswjk ¯ˆz„ji cwie„Z© 6ô-8g ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ Rywbqi ¯ˆzj cÖeZ©b Kiv nq|
RvZxq wkÿv Kwgkb (kixd Kwgkb) wi‡cvU©, 1959
1958 wLª÷v„ãi 30 wW„m¤^i cvwK¯Ív„bi mvgwiK kvmK wdì gvk©vj ƒgvnv¤§` AvBqye Lvb cvwK¯Ív„bi wkÿv ms¯ˆv„ii
j„ÿ¨ Z`vbxšÍb wkÿv mwPe Gm. Gg. kix„di ƒbZ‚„Z¡ `k m`m¨ wewkó cvwK¯Ívb RvZxq wkÿv Kwgkb MVb K„ib|
1959-i 5 Rvbyqvwi Kwkgb Zuv„`i Kvh©µg ïiæ K„ib| Kwgk„bi ƒPqvig¨vb Gm. Gg. kix„di bvg Abymv„i GwU
kixd Kwgkb wi„cvU© bv„g L¨vZ| GB wi„cvU© D”PZi wkÿv, ƒckvg~jK wkÿv, BwÄwbqvwis wkÿv, K‚wl I cïcvjb, AvBb
wkÿv, evwYwR¨K wkÿv, ƒgwWK¨vj wkÿv, gva¨wgK wkÿv, KvwiMwi I ewËg~jK wkÿv, cÖv_wgK wkÿv, bvix wkÿv, cÖvß
eq¯ˆ„`i wkÿv, kixi PP©v wkÿv I ƒLjvayjv, agx©q wkÿv, wkÿv cÖwZôv„b mvgwiK ƒUªwbs, wkÿvKjv I mvs¯ˆ‚wZK HwZn¨,
PjwP„Îi gva¨„g wkÿv, PwiÎ MV„b wkÿvi f~wgKv, kքgi gh©v`v, weKjv½ ƒQ„j-ƒg„q„`i wkÿv, wkÿK„`i ƒUªwbs I
PvKzwii kZ©vewj, we„klÁ wkÿv I Zuv„`i ƒUªwbs e¨e¯‹v, g³e I gv`ªvmv wkÿv, wkÿvi gva¨g I fvlv wkÿv, cvV¨cy¯ÍK,
wkÿv cwiPvjbv e¨e¯‹v, wkÿv DcKi„Yi mØe¨envi, wkÿv Dbœq„bi Rb¨ A_©ms¯‹vb BZ¨vw` mvZvkwU Aa¨v„q wef³ Ges
wkÿvi cÖwZwU welq wb„q we¯ÍvwiZ Av„jvPbv I mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q|
cÖv_wgK wkÿv
 `ÿ I Kzkjx Rbkw³ Ges eyw×gvb bvMwiK M„o ƒZvjvi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK ¯Í„i eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv Acwinvh©| GRb¨
AšÍZ AvU eQi ƒgqv`x e¨va¨Zvg~jK ¯ˆzj wkÿvi cքqvRb|
 AvMvgx 10 eQ„ii g„a¨ 5 ermi ƒgqv`x eva¨Zvg~jK ¯ˆzj wkÿv Ges me©„gvU 15 eQi mg„qi g„a¨ AvU eQ„ii
eva¨Zvg~jK ¯ˆzj wkÿv cÖeZ©b Ki„Z n„e|
18
 cÖv_wgK ¯Í„i Wªc-AvD„Ui nvi 50% ƒ_„K 75% ch©šÍ| Bnv ƒiva Kivi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK ¯ˆz„j fwZ©K‚Z wkï„`i
gvZv-wcZv„K Zv„`i mšÍvb„`i 5g ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ wkÿv mgvß bv nIqv ch©šÍ we`¨vj„q ivLv eva¨ Ki„Z n„e| 6ô
ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ wkÿv„K µgvš^„q eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n„e|
 wkï„`i GKB ƒkÖwY„Z cybtcybt _vK„Z eva¨Kivi ƒh ixwZ cÖPwjZ Av„Q Zv wkï„`i we`¨vjq Z¨v„Mi GKwU
Ab¨Zg KviY| DbœZ ƒ`k¸wj„Z wkï„`i eq„mi wfw˄Z- evwl©K cixÿvi djvd„ji wfw˄Z bq- Dc„ii
ƒkÖwY„Z DËxY© K„i ƒ`qvi wbqg cÖPwjZ Av„Q| Avgv„`i ƒ`„kI Abyi€c e¨e¯‹v MnxZ bv n„j eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv
Kvh©Ki Kiv KwVb n„e| AZGe, cÖv_wgK ¯Í„i evwl©K cixÿvi djvd„ji wfw˄Z bq, eq„mi wfw˄Z Dc„ii
ƒkÖwY„Z DËxY© K„i ƒ`qvi mycvwik Kiv n„jv| G„Z ¯ˆzj cwiZ¨v„Mi nvi n«vm cv„e Ges eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv cÖeZ©b
ev¯Í„e cwiYZ n„e|
 ¯ˆz„j ƒjLvcovi cÖwZ wkï„`i g„bv„hvM Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ we`¨vjq„K AvKl©Yxq Kiv n„e| DbœZZi wkÿv
c×wZi cքqvM Kiv n„e Ges RvZxq, m¤úª`vqMZ wkïi e¨w³MZ cքqvRb I Pvwn`vi welq¸„jv we„ePbv K„i
cvV¨µg cÖYqb Ki„Z n„e Ges Zv AvKl©Yxq K„i ƒZvjv ƒh„Z cv„i|
 cÖv_wgK we`¨vj„q eQ„i b~¨bZg 200 w`b, 1g I 2q ƒkÖwY„Z mvßvwnK 26 N›Uv Ges 3q ƒ_„K 5g ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ
mßv„n 30 N›Uv K¬vm n„e|
 cÖv_wgK ¯Í„i fwZ©i eqm 5 ermi|
 cÖv_wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv GKwU ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© wkÿv¯Íi wnmv„e MY¨ n„e|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ n„eÑ
K) wkï„`i KvR Pvjv„bi Dc„hvMx AvbyôvwbKfv„e wkwÿZ K„i ƒZvjv;
L) …bwZK, …`wnK I gvbwmK w`Kmn wkïi e¨w³„Z¡i mKj ch©v„qi Dbœqb I DrKl© mvab;
M) wkï„K GKRb e¨w³ I bvMwi„Ki Rb¨ cքqvRbxq ƒg‡wjK Ávb, Kjv-„K‡kj I `ÿZvm¤úbœ K„i ƒZvjv Ges cieZx©
D”P wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ¯yZ
Š Kiv;
N) bvMwi„Ki `vwqZ¡-ƒPZbv, ƒ`„ki cÖwZ ggZ¡„eva Ges ƒ`„ki Dbœq„bi Kv„R Zvi ƒmev ev wbR¯^ f~wgKv MÖn„Yi
g„bvfve RvMÖZ Kiv;
O) kÖgkxjZv, b¨vq-wbôv I ƒK‡Zzn„ji Af¨vm M„o ƒZvjv;
P) kvixwiK KvR I kixi PP©v Ges µxov I ƒLjva~jvi cÖwZ AvMÖn mwó Kiv;
gva¨wgK wkÿv
(1) wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v„qi bx„P Ges cÖv_wgK ch©v„qvËi wkÿv gva¨wgK ch©v„qi wkÿv wnmv„e MY¨ n„e| gva¨wgK
wkÿv„K GKwU ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© wkÿv¯Íi wnmv„e MY¨ Kiv n„e Ges gva¨wgK wkÿv„K wek¦we`¨vj„qi D”P wkÿv n„Z
c_K K„i GKwU ¯^Zš¿ c_K wkÿv¯Íi Ges cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi€„c msMVb Kiv„Z n„e|
(2) GKv`k I Øv`k ƒkÖwY„K wek¦we`¨vj„qi wbqš¿Y ƒ_„K c_K K„i gva¨wgK wkÿvi Awe„”Q`¨ Ask wnmv„e MY¨ Kiv n„e|
(3) gva¨wgK wkÿv ej„Z beg ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ wkÿv„K eySvq| wKšŠ hZw`b bv cÖ_g ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY
ch©šÍ wkÿv eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq ZZw`b 6ô ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ wkÿv„KI gva¨wgK wkÿvi Ask wnmv„e MY¨
Ki„Z n„e| G Kvi„Y eZ©gvb Ae¯‹vq gva¨wgK wkÿv„K wZbwU ¯Í„i fvM Ki„Z n„e| h_v- 6ô ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY
ch©šÍ wb¤œ-gva¨wgK, beg-`kg ƒkÖwY gva¨wgK Ges GKv`k I Øv`k ƒkÖwY D”P gva¨wgK|
gva¨wgK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨
gva¨wgK wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ n„jvÑ
K) GKRb e¨w³, L) GKRb bvMwiK, M) GKRb Kgx© Ges N) GKRb ƒ`k„cÖwgK wnmv„e wkÿv_x©i c~Y©v½ weKvk NUv„bv|
(K) e¨w³ wnmv‡e weKvk
 evjK-evwjKv„`i g„b AbymwÜrmv I ¯^vaxb wPšÍvi g„bvfve Ges ev¯Íe Rxe„bi ƒÿ„Î Zvnv„`i Ávb
cքqv„Mi `ÿZv mwó Kiv|
 me©cÖKvi wkÿv`vb ZiæY„`i cքqvRb I AvMքni mv„_ m¤úwK©Z Kiv|
 wkÿv`vb Ges we`¨vj„qi Kvh©Kjvc m¤ú„K© Ggbfv„e cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv hv„Z ƒbZ‚„Z¡i ¸Yvejxi weKvk N„U|
 evjK-evwjKv„`i g„a¨ ƒm‡›`h©¨„eva Ges mvs¯ˆ‚wZK g~j¨„ev„ai D„b¥l mvab|
 ƒLjvayjv I kixi PP©v wkÿvi gva¨g evjK-evwjKv„`i g„a¨ kixi PP©vi cÖwZ AvKl©Y, ƒm m¤ú„K© `ÿZv Ges
ƒLjvayjvi Avb›` Dc„fv„Mi gvbwmKZv mwó Kiv|
19
(L) bvMwiK wnmv‡e weKvk
 evjK-evwjKv„`i g„a¨ cwikքgi Af¨vm, AvZ¥k•Ljv I mZZv mwó Kiv|
 mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡„eva Ges mvgvwRK w`K ƒ_„K DcKviagx© Kv„R Ask MÖn„Yi Af¨vm mwó Kiv|
 ƒmev I mn„hvwMZvi g„bvfve mwó Kiv|
 ¯‹vbxq cwi„ek I ev¯Íe Rxe„bi cքqvR„bi mwnZ wkÿv`vb„K m¤úwK©Z Kiv|
(M) Kgx© wnmv‡e weKvk
 kքgi gh©v`v m¤ú„K© Mfxi Dcjwä mwó Kiv|
 D”PZi ewËg~jK wkÿvi cÖ¯wŠ Z wnmv„e A_ev Kg©Rxe„bi ƒhvM¨Zv AR©„bi Rb¨ KvwiMwi, …eÁvwbK I
Ab¨vb¨ ew³g~jK wkÿvi c~Y© my„hvM-myweav weavb Kiv|
 wkÿvg~jK I ewËg~jK c_-wb„`©k m¤^wjZ mvnv„h¨i e¨e¯‹v Kiv Ges GKBfv„e wkï„`i me©v„cÿv Dchy³
wkÿvµg I cieZx© Kg©Rxe„bi c„_ cwiPvwjZ Kiv|
(N) †`k†cÖwgK wnmv‡e weKvk
 Ggb ai„Yi wkÿvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv hvi fxZ RvZxq ms¯ˆ‚wZ I BmjvwgK g~j¨„ev„ai g„a¨ wbwnZ iwnqv„Q|
 RvwZi Rb¨ ƒM‡ie„eva, Bnvi BwZnvm I Avkv- AvKv•Lv m¤ú„K© m„PZb Dcjwä Ges RvwZi ƒmev Kivi
mw`”Qv cÖ_g ƒ_„KB jvjb Kiv|
 wek¦ åvZ‚„Z¡i Dcjwä I AvšÍR©vwZK mg„SvZvi g„bvfve mwó Kiv|
wkÿvµg
 gva¨wgK ch©v„qi wkÿvµg„K `yBwU ƒg‡wjK Av`„k©i wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ Kiv nq| cÖ_gZt `ªæZ DbœZkxj
mgv„R Dchy³ I myLx Rxeb hvc„bi Rb¨ cքZ¨K wkÿv_x©i ƒh me wel„q Áv„bi cքqvRb ƒmBme wel„q
ch©vß Ávb `v„bi e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z n„e| Bnv„Z eva¨Zvg~jK welq¸wj _vwK„e hv cքZ¨K wkÿv_x©„K MÖnY Ki„Z
n„e| wØZxqZt KvwjKzjv„g Ggb me AwZwi³ welq I ƒUªwbs-Gi weavb _vK„e hvi gva¨„g we„kl we„kl
ewË I RxweKv wbe©vP„bi cÖ¯ŠwZ Pj„e|
 Avgv„`i D”P we`¨vjq¸wj„K eû D„Ïk¨-mvaK we`¨vjqi€„c DbœxZ Ki„Z n„e| GBme we`¨vj„q ƒg‡wjK
welq¸wj QvovI Ggb KZK¸wj Hw”QK welq, we„kl K„i e¨envwiK I wkí msµvšÍ wel„q wkÿv`v„bi
e¨e¯‹v _vK„e, hv„Z evjK-evwjKvMY Zvnv„`i wkÿK-wkÿwqÎx„`i ZË¡veav„b Zvnv„`i cÖeYZv I AvKv•Lvi
Dc„hvMx Ges Avgv„`i mvgvwRK I RvZxq cքqvR„bi mwnZ AwaKZi m¤úwK©Z KZK¸wj welq ƒe„Q wb„Z
cv„i| eû msL¨K KvwiMwi I ewËg~jK wkÿv cÖwZôvb M„o ƒZvjv n„e| ƒh me evjK evwjKvi Dchy³
cÖeYZv I AvMÖn Av„Q Zv„`i„K Aóg I `kg ƒkÖYxi Aa¨qb mgvwßi ci Gme cÖwZôv„b fwZ© Kiv hv„e|
 KvwiKzjvg msµvšÍ wel„q Aweivgfv„e ch©v„jvPbv I M„elYv Pvjv„bvi Rb¨ `xN© ƒgqv`x wfw˄Z ¯‹vqx
KvwiKzjvg wefvM mwó Kiv n„e|
 we„k¦i mvaviY cÖeYZvi mv„_ Zvj wgwj„q weÁvb, MwYZ I e¨envwiK wkí wkÿv`vb e¨e¯‹v„K kw³kvjx
Ki„Z n„e Ges wkÿv_x©„`i eqm, cÖeYZv I fwel¨r Kg© Rxe„bi mv„_ m¤úwK©Z cš‹vq J mKj welq„K 6ô
ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K `kg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ eva¨Zvg~jK Ki„Z n„e|
 lô ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K `kg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ MwYZ I weÁvb wel„q wkÿv`v„bi e¨vcv„i D„jøL„hvM¨ cwigvY mgq e¨q
Kivi mycvwik Ki„Q| beg I `kg ƒkÖwY„Z MwYZ wel„qi `yBwU ch©vq _vKv `iKvi-mvaviY MwYZ hv mKj
wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ eva¨ZvgyjK Ges D”PZi MwYZ hv weÁv„b we„kl Ávb jv„fi wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ mxwgZ
_vwK„e| Avevi mvaviY weÁvb lô ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K `kg ƒkÖYx ch©šÍ eva¨Zvg~jK|
gva¨wgK wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î kixd Kwgkb wi‡cv‡U©i cÖfve
(1) kixd Kwgkb wi„cv„U© cÖv_wgK wkÿv„K µgvš^„q Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ ewa©Z Kiv Ges Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ wkÿv
eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi Rb¨ ƒRvi mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q| ¯^vaxbZv DËi evsjv„`„ki wewfbœ Kwgkb wi„cv„U©I G
mycvwikwU ƒRviv„jv fv„e cybtcybt e¨³ Kiv n„q„Q|
20
(2) beg ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ wkÿv„K gva¨wgK wkÿv wnmv„e MY¨ K„i Zv cÖeZ©„bi mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q| Z„e Aóg
ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv cÖeZ©b bv nIqv ch©šÍ lô ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©YÍ wkÿv„K gva¨wgK wkÿv wnmv„e MY¨
K„i gva¨wgK wkÿvi wZbwU ¯Íi wnmv„e fvM Kiv n„q„QÑ
6ô - 8g ƒkÖwY: Rywbqi ¯Íi
9g - 10 ƒkÖwY: gva¨wgK ¯Íi
11k - 12 `k: D”P gva¨wgK ¯Íi
(3) c~„e©i Intermediate cixÿv hv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©K wbqwš¿Z I MnxZ n„Zv Zv cwieZ©b Kiv n„q„Q| Z`¯‹„j
GBPGmwm ev HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate) cixÿv cÖeZ©b Kiv n„q„Q Ges G cixÿv gva¨wgK I D”P
gva¨wgK wkÿv„ev„W©i AvIZvq Avbv n„q„Q| Gfv„e ƒev„W©i Kvh©µg m¤úªmviY Kiv n„q„Q Ges ƒev„W©i bvg c~„e©i
gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒev„W©i cwie„Z© gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW© Kiv n„q„Q| ivRkvnx, h„kvi, Kzwgjøv BZ¨vw`
¯‹v„b bZzb gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW© MVb Kiv nq| beg ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ gva¨wgK wkÿvq cքZ¨K
wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ 5 ƒ_„K 6 wU Avewk¨K welq Ges cQ›`bxq wefvM ƒ_„K 3wU …be©vPwbK welq Ges GKwU Hw”QK
welq Aa¨q„bi Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv nq| 9g ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K eûgyLx wkÿvµg cÖeZ©b Kiv n„q„Q| A_¨v©r c~„e©i 9g-10g
ƒkÖwYi mKj wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ ƒh GKgyLx wkÿvµg Pvjy wQj Zv cwieZ©b K„i 9g ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K gvbweK kvLv, weÁvb
kvLv, evwYR¨ kvLv, KvwiMix kvLv BZ¨vw` eûgyLx wkÿvµg cÖeZ©b Kiv nq|
kixd Kwgkb wi„cv„U©i wfw˄Z evsjvƒ`„k eûgyLx wkÿvµ„gi mv„_ mvgÄm¨ ƒi„L GKgyLx we`¨vjq, wØgyLx
gva¨wgK (Bi-lateral) we`¨vjq, eûgyLx (Multi-lateral) we`¨vjq ¯‹vcb Kiv nq| GB wi„cv„U©i wfw˄Z evsjvƒ`„k
ƒfv„Kkbvj ¯ˆzj ¯‹vcb Kiv nq Ges MwYZ I weÁvb wkÿvi Dci we„kl ¸iæZ¡ ƒ`qv n„q„Q| d„j gva¨wgK ¯ˆz„j
9g ƒkwÖY ƒ_„K c_K weÁvb kvLv ƒLvjv nq Ges weÁvb wfbœ Ab¨vb¨ mKj wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ mvaviY weÁvb welqwU
GKwU Avek¨Kxq welq wnmv„e Ges weÁvb kvLvi wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ D”PZi MwYZ, c`v_© weÁvb, imvqb weÁvb I
Rxe weÁvb welq cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| we„klÁ ch©v„qi wkÿK cÖwkÿK …Zwii Rb¨ Education Extension
Centre(eZ©gv„bi bv„qg) ¯‹vcb Kiv nq|
(4) 11k-12k ƒkÖwY„K wek¦we`¨vj„qi AvIZv ƒ_„K c_K K„i gva¨wgK wkÿvi Ask wnmv„e MY¨ Kiv n„q„Q|
(5) c~„e©i g¨vwUªKz„jkb (Matriculation) cixÿvi cwie„Z© GmGmwm (Secondary School Certificate)cixÿv
cÖeZ©b Kiv n„q„Q|
evsjv‡`k wkÿv Kwgkb (Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb, 1974)
evsjv„`„ki RbMY `xN©Kvj civaxbZvi Awfkv„c RR©wiZ nevi ci K„Vvi Z¨vM I msMÖv„gi ga¨ w`„q ¯^vaxbZv AR©b
K„i| GB `xN©Kv„ji civaxbZvi wbcxob I ƒkvl„Yi g„a¨I G„`„ki RbMY KLbI Dbœqb I gnr Rxe„bi ¯^cœ Z¨vM
K„iwb| GK mg×, Avb›`gq Rxeb mwói Rb¨ Zuviv K„Vvi cwikÖg Ges evievi msMÖv„gi c_ ƒe„Q wb„q„Qb| Ae„k„l
¯^vaxbZvi bexb m~„h©i D`q Zuv„`i beRxeb mwói D¾¡j m¤¢vebvi Øvi Db¥y³ K„i„Q|
G beRxeb mwói Ab¨Zg PvweKvwV ƒh wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi g„a¨ wbwnZ, ƒm mZ¨ G„`„ki RbMY `xN©Kvj c~„e©B Dcjwä
K„ib| G Rb¨B wkÿvƒÿ„Î ms¯ˆv„ii `vwe G„`„ki MYZvwš¿K Av„›`vj„b GKwU ƒK›`ªxq f~wgKv cvjb K„i G„m„Q|
Avgv„`i Rbm¤ú` wecyj, cÖvK‚wZK m¤ú`I cÖPzi, cքqvRb GB Rbm¤ú„`i Dchy³ wkÿv Ges wb„R„`i my›`i, mymg×
Kivi Rb¨ cÖvK‚wZK m¤ú` Kv„R jvMvevi h_vh_ `ÿZv AR©„bi e¨e¯‹v Kiv| mv¤ªvR¨ev`x Jcwb„ewkK kw³mg~n Zv„`i
wbôzi ƒkvl„Yi ¯^v„_© G„`„k wkÿv we¯Ív„ii c„_ bvbv cÖwZeÜKZv mwó K„i„Q| RbMY I QvÎmgvR evievi Gme
cÖwZeÜKZvi weiæ„× msMÖvg K„i„Qb| AvR ¯^vaxbZvi bZzb cÖfv„Z GB wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi cybM©Vb ZvB RvwZi m¤§y„L GKwU
ƒg‡wjK `vwqZ¡i€„c ƒ`Lv w`„q„Q|
1972 wLª÷v„ãi 26 RyjvB (1379 e½v„ãi 11 kÖveY) MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv„`k miKvi KZ©K MnxZ GKwU cÖ¯vÍ e Abyhvqx
RvZxq wkÿv Kwgkb MwVZ nq| eZ©gvb wkÿvi bvbvwea Afve I ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ `~ixKiY, wkÿvi gva¨„g myôz RvwZ MV„bi
wb„`©k `vb Ges ƒ`k„K AvaywbK Ávb I Kg©kw³„Z ejxqvb Kivi c_ wb„`©„ki D„Ï„k¨B miKvi Kwgkb wb„qvM K„ib|
wewkó weÁvbx I wkÿvwe` W.gynv¤§` Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v G Kwgk„bi ƒPqvig¨vb wQ„jb| Zuvi bvgvbymv„i GB wi„cvU©
W.gynv¤§` Ky`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb wi„cvU© bv„g cwiwPZ| W.gynv¤§` Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb evsjv„`„ki
gva¨wgK wkÿvi ƒh i€c, aviYv, cwiwa, jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨vewj wba©viY K„i„Q wb„¤œ ƒm m¤ú„K© avivevwnKfv„e weeZ Kiv nj-

21
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨
(K) cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í„i cÖvß ƒg‡wjK wkÿv„K m¤úªmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kiv,
(L) mymgwš^Z I Kj¨vYagx© RxebhvÎvi Rb¨ m„PZb KZ©e¨„ev„a D×z× mr I cÖMwZkxj Rxeb `wóm¤úbœ e¨w³„Z¡i weKvk
mvab Kiv,
(M) ƒ`„ki A_©†bwZK AMÖMwZi cÖqv„m cքqvRbxq KZ©e¨wbôv I Kg©Kzkj Rbkw³ mieivn Kiv Ges (N) ƒgavm¤úbœ
wkÿv_x©„`i„K Zv„`i ƒgav I cÖeYZv Abyhvqx wkÿvi Dc„hvMx K„i M„o ƒZvjv|
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvi we‡kl D‡Ïk¨
(K) e¨w³i mnRvZ ÿgZv I ¸Yvejxi mRbkxjZv weKv„ki gva¨„gi Zvi …`wnK, gvbwmK, …bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœqb|
(L) cÖwZ ¯Í„ii wkÿv_x©„`i g„b ƒ`„ki Kj¨v„Yi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ I RvZxq g~j¨„ev„ai mwó Kiv Ges b¨vq„eva, KZ©e¨
Ávb, k•Ljv, wkóvPvi„eva Ges ƒ`„ki ¯^v„_©i m„½ GKvZ¥„ev„ai RvMiY|
(M) gvby„l gvby„l …gÎx, ƒm‡nv`¨ I cÖxwZ, gvbevwaKvi Ges cvi¯úwiK mg„SvZvi cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©„bi g„bvfve mwó Kiv|
(N) weÁvb I cÖhyw³we`¨vi mvnv„h¨ ƒ`„ki mvgvwRK Kj¨vY I A_©†bwZK AMÖMwZi Rb¨ my`ÿ I mRbkxj Rbkw³ cÖ¯Z Š
Kiv| Kg©gyLx wkÿvi gva¨„g wkÿv_x©i g„b kքgi gh©v`v„eva mwó Ges RvZxq Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v¸„jv m¤ú„K©
Kvh©Ki fzwgKv MÖn„Yi Rb¨ AbycvÖ wYZ Kiv|
(O) e¨w³„K Zvi ƒgav I cÖeYZv Abymv„i RxweKv AR©„bi D„Ï„k¨ wewkó ƒckvi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z Š Ges †`bw›`b Rxe„b Áv„bi
e¨envwiK cքqv„Mi gva¨„g mgm¨v mgvav„bi Rb¨ wkÿv_x©„K D×z× Kiv|

gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv m¤ú‡K© Kwgk‡bi e³e¨ I mycvwik

m`¨ ¯^vaxbZv cÖvß ƒ`„ki Av`k©, mgKvjxb Rxe„bi Pvwn`v wecyj msL¨K wkwÿZ Rb„Mvôx„K K„g© wb„qvwRZ Ki„Yi
j„ÿ¨ Kwgkb gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Íi„K GKwU ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© ¯Íi wn„m„e g„b ƒi„L Zvi ms¯ˆv„ii ¯^c„ÿ ev¯ÍegyLx hyw³ I Zvi
ev¯Íevq„bi Rb¨ KZK¸„jv Kvh©Ki mycvwik ƒi„L„Qb| ƒm¸„jv nj-
gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í„ii msMV„b Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ cÖv_wgK ¯Íi a„i beg ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K GKv`k/Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ gva¨wgK ch©vq
e„j MY¨ Kiv hvq| beg ƒ_„K GKv`k/Øv`k ƒkÖwYi wkÿvµ„gi ƒhvMm~Î eRvq ivLv I gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿvq mgZv
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ GKB wkÿvqZ„b GB wZb/PviwU ƒkÖwYi wkÿv`v„bi e¨e¯‹v _vKv evÃbxq| mvgwMÖK wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq
gva¨wgK ¯Íi„K GKwU c~Y©v½ I …ewkó¨c~Y© ¯Íi wn„m„e cÖwZwôZ Ki„Z n„j GB ¯Í„ii mg¯Í ƒkÖwYi wkÿv Kvh©µ„gi g„a¨
ƒhvMm~Î mgš^q cքqvRb| GB ¯Í„ii wkÿv_x©„`i eq„mi ƒcÖwÿ„Z GKB wkÿv cwi„e„k wkÿv`v„bi my„hvM mwó wkÿv
g„bvweÁvbm¤§Z eZ©gvb B›UviwgwW„qU K„j¸„jvi, ƒhLv„b GKv`k I Øv`k ƒkÖwY„Z wkÿv ƒ`Iqv, nq ƒmLv„b cwi„ek
wew”Qbœ| GB cwi„ek QvÎ-QvÎxiv GKv`k I Øv`k ƒkÖwYi wkÿv„K GKwU ÿY¯‹vqx e¨e¯‹v e„j g„b K„i| d„j
B›UviwgwW„qU K„jR¸„jvi mv„_ Zv„`i gvbwmK ƒhvMm~Î MfxiZv jvf K„i bv| GB Ae¯‹vi AemvbK„í eZ©gvb
B›UviwgwW„qU K„jR¸„jvi KZ‚©cÿ„K wWMÖx ƒKvm© cÖeZ©b bv K„i beg I `kg ƒkÖwY ƒLvjvi wb„`©k w`„Z n„e| G„Z
c~„e©v³ D„Ïk¨ mvab QvovI gva¨wgK ¯Í„i wecyj msL¨K wkÿv_x©I Pvc wbim„b bZzb gva¨wgK ¯ˆzj ƒLvjvi e¨qfvi
A„bKvs„k jvNe n„e|
evsjvƒ`„ki eZ©gvb Ae¯‹vi K_v we„ePbv K„i wkÿv_x©„`i cwi„ek, RxebhvÎv, ¯‹vbxq A_©bxwZi Kg©aviv I Kg©Rxe„b
cքe„ki fwel¨r Kg©ms¯‹vb mswkøó welqvw`i myôz cÖwZdjb gva¨wgK ch©v„qi cvV¨m~wP„Z evÃbxq| KviY beg ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K
Øv`k ƒkÖwYi g„a¨ (A_©vr eqmmxgv 14 ƒ_„K 17 eQ„ii g„a¨) cÖwZ eQi M„o cÖvq mv„o Pvi j„ÿi gZ QvÎQvÎx bvbv
Kvi„Y ¯ˆz„ji covïbv Z¨vM K„i Ges cy„ivcywifv„e mgvR Rxe„b wd„i Avm„Z eva¨ nq A_P RxweKv AR©„b mnvqK
ƒZgb ƒKvb cÖwkÿY Zviv cvq bv| d„j Zv„`i AwaKvskB e¨_©Zvi Møvwb ƒfvM K„i Ges weÿyä gb wb„q mgv„Ri
Rxebavivq Avcb msKxY© f~wgKv cvjb K„i hvq| ƒh ƒKvb ƒ`„ki c„ÿ G Ae¯‹v AZ¨šÍ ÿwZKi|
gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv AwaKvsk wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ cÖvwšÍK wkÿv I ¯^ímsL¨K wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ D”P wkÿvi cÖ¯wŠ Zce© wn„m„e
we„ewPZ n„e| cÖvwšÍK ewËg~jK wkÿv ƒgvUvgywU GKv`k ƒkÖwY Ges mvaviY wkÿv Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ we¯Í‚Z _vK„e| GB
D„Ï„k¨ beg ƒkÖwY n„Z wkÿv Kvh©µ g~jZ wØav wef³: (K) ewËg~jK wkÿv I (L) mvaviY wkÿv|
gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í„ii DwjøwLZ mvaviY D„Ïk¨vejx cÖ_g `ywU D„Ï„k¨i mv„_ m½wZ ƒi„L beg I `kg ƒkÖwY„Z Dfq avivq
K„qKwU welq Avewk¨K cVbxq wn„m„e wkÿvµ„gi AšÍfy³ © _vK„e| Avewk¨K welq QvovI wkÿv_x©iv ¯^-wbe©vwPZ avivq
we„kl wkÿv MÖnY Ki„e| `kg ƒkÖwYi ƒk„l Dfq avivq wkÿv_x©iv ewntcixÿv MÖnY Ki„e Ges mvwU©wd„KU cv„e| `kg
ƒkÖwYi ci mvaviY wkÿv avivi wkÿv_x©iv GKv`k I Øv`k ƒkÖwYi wba©vwiZ eûgyLx mvaviY wkÿvµgmg~„ni ƒh ƒKvb

22
GKwU„Z wkÿv MÖn„Yi wm×všÍ ƒb„e Ges Øv`k ƒkÖwYi wkÿv mgvcbv„šÍ D”PZi wkÿv cÖwZôv„b/„kÖwYi ci mvaviY wkÿv
avivi wkÿv_x©iv ewntcixÿv MÖnY Ki„e Ges mvwU©wd„KU cv„e| Acic„ÿ ewËg~jK wkÿvavivi wkÿv_©xiv beg I `kg
ƒkÖwYi ewË wkÿv mswkøó wel„q cքqvRbgZ GKv`k ƒkÖwY„Z GK eQi we„kl cÖwkÿY MÖnY K„i Zv„`i ewËg~jK
wkÿvavivi wkÿv_x©iv GKwU ewntcixÿv MÖnY Ki„e Ges mvwU©wd„KU cv„e| ewËg~jK `kg ƒkÖwYi wkÿv mgvcbv„šÍ hviv
wkí KviLvbvq `ÿ kÖwgK wn„m„e cքek Ki„Z B”QzK Zv„`i Rb¨ wk„í wkÿvbwek Kvh©µ„gi e¨e¯‹v _vK„Z n„e|
cÖvwšÍK wkÿvcÖvß Gme wkÿv_x© Kg©K~kj, `ÿ I KZ©e¨wbô Rbkw³ wn„m„e Kg©Rxe„b cքek K„i e¨w³Rxe„b cÖwZôv
jv„f m„Pó n„Z Ges ƒ`„ki A_©†bwZK Dbœqb Kvh©µ„g mwµq f~wgKv cvjb Ki„Z cvi„e| wKšŠ ƒKvb wkÿv_x© hw` `kg
ƒkÖwY wKsev GKv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ ewËg~jK wkÿvjv„fi ci mswkøó ew˄Z D”P wkÿv jv„f AvMÖnx nq, Z„e ƒh we„kl
we„kl wkÿv cÖwZôv„b ƒmB my„hvM cv„e| ewËg~jK wkÿvcÖvß wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ D”PZi mvaviY wkÿv jv„fi c_I Db¥y³
_vK„e| GKv`k I Øv`k ƒkÖwYi eûgyLx mvaviY wkÿvµ„gi ƒh wefvM ewËg~jK wkÿv_x©i wkÿvi mv„_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©
wkÿv_x© ƒmB wefv„M GKv`k ƒkÖwY„Z cքek Ki„Z cvi„e| wkÿv_x© hw` GKv`k ƒkÖwYi cÖwkÿY jv„fi ci mvaviY
wkÿvµ„g cքek K„i Zvn„j wkÿv_x©i GKv`k ƒkÖwYi cÖwkÿY AwZwi³ wkÿvq ch©ewmZ n„e| cÖ_g cÂ-evwl©Kx
cwiKíbvKv„j Avgv„`i jÿ¨ n„e Aóg ƒkÖwY DËxY© wkÿv_x©„`i kZKiv wek fvM„K cÖ¯vÍ weZ ewËg~jK wkÿvµ„g wb„q
Avmv| cieZx© cwiKíbvq G nvi„K AšÍZ kZKiv cÂvk fv„M DbœxZ Ki„Z n„e|

1.7 RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ (1997) Ges RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ (2010)

RvZxq wkÿvbxwZwi‡cvU©, 1997
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv„`„ki ivóªxq msweav„b mgv„Ri cքqvR„b m„½ wkÿv„K m½wZc~Y© K„i GKwU MYgyLx I me©Rbxb
wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi K_v ejv n„q„Q- hv„Z RbM„Yi Avkv-AvKvsLv ƒ`„ki BwZnvm, ms¯ˆ‚wZ, g~j¨„eva, ag©xq wek¦vm, ¯^vaxbZv
I gyw³hy„×I ƒPZbvi cÖwZdjb N„U| ivóªxq cքqvRb I RbMY„K cÖZ¨vkvi m„½ mgKvjxb we„k¦i Pvwn`v, cw_ex„Z
Áv„bi we„ùviY Ges cÖwZ„ekx ivóªmg~„ni wkÿvi AMÖMwZi mv„_ Zvj wgwj„q ƒ`„ki wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi g„a¨ ƒg‡wjK I
¸YMZ cybwe©b¨vm cքqvRb| ƒmw`„K jÿ¨ ƒi„L miKvi wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq„bi welqwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ„Z¡i m„½ MÖnY K„i Ges
W. Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgk„bi wi„cv„U©i Av„jv„K hy„Mvc„hvMx I MÖnY„hvM¨ GKwU wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq„bi Rb¨ wewkó
wkÿvwe` cքdmi kvgmyj n„Ki ƒbZ‚„Z¡ 56 m`„m¨i GKwU KwgwU MVb K„i| W. gynv¤§` Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgk„bi
mycvwik G wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqbKv„j ¸iæ„Z¡i m„½ we„ewPZ n„q„Q| 1979 wLª÷v„ãi AšÍeZx©Kvjxb wkÿvbxwZ I 1988
wLª÷v„ãi gwdR DwÏb wkÿv Kwgk„bi mycvwikI KwgwU ch©v„jvPbv K„i„Q|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwUi Av‡jv‡K wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ wb¤œiƒc-
1. e¨w³ I RvZxq Rxe„b …bwZK, gvbweK, agx©q, mvs¯ˆ‚wZK I mvgvwRK g~j¨„eva cÖwZôvK„í wkÿv_x©„`i gb„b, K„g©
I e¨envwiK Rxe„b DÏxcbv mwó Kiv;
2. evsjv„`„ki ¯^vaxbZv, mve©„f‡gZ¡ I ALÛZv iÿvi cÖwZ wkÿv_x©„K m„PZb Kiv;
3. gyw³hy„×i ƒPZbvq wkÿv_x©„`i AbycÖvwYZ K„i ƒZvjv Ges Zv„`i wPšÍv ƒPZbvq ƒ`kvZ¥„eva, RvZxqZv„eva Ges
Pwi„Î mybvMwi„Ki ¸Yvejxi weKvk NUv„bv;
4. „`„ki A_©†bwZK I mvgvwRK Ae¯‹vq cwieZ©b Avbvi Rb¨ wkÿv„K cքqvMgyLx, Drcv`bÿg, mRbkxj K„i ƒZvjv
Ges wkÿv_x©„`i …eÁvwbK `wófw½ m¤úbœ `vwqZ¡evb I KZ©e¨civqY Rbkw³ wn„m„e M„o ƒZvjv;
5. KvwqK kքgi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj I AvMÖnx K„i ƒZvjv Ges wkÿvi ¯Íi wbwe©„k„l AvZ¥Kg©ms¯‹v„b wb„qvwRZ nIqvi Rb¨
ewËg~jK wkÿvi `ÿZv AR©„b mg_© Kiv;
6. wek¦åvZ‚Z¡, Am¤úª`vwqKZv, ƒm‡nv`© ¨ I gvby„l gvby„l mngwg©Zv„eva mwó Ges gvbevwaKv„ii cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj K„i ƒZvjv;
7. MYZvwš¿K ƒPZbv„ev„ai weKv„ki Rb¨ cvi¯úwiK gZv`„k©i cÖwZ mnbkxj nIqv Ges RxebgyLx, e¯Šwbô I
BwZevPK `wófw½i weKv„k mnvqZv Kiv;
8. wkÿvi cքZ¨K ¯Í„i c~e©eZx© ¯Í„i AwR©Z Ávb, `ÿZv I `wófw½i wfZ `p I G¸„jv m¤úªmvi„Y mnvqZv Ges beZg
Ávb I `ÿZv AR©„b wkÿv_x©„`i mg_© Kiv;
9. RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯ˆ‚wZi aviv I …bwZK g~j¨„eva weKwkZ K„i esk ci¤úivq n¯ÍvšÍ„ii e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
10. ƒ`„ki Rb„Mvôx„K wbiÿiZvi Awfkvc ƒ_„K gy³ Kiv;
11. …elg¨nxb mgvR mwói j„ÿ¨ ƒgav I cÖeYZv Abyhvqx wkÿv jv„fi mgvb my„hvM myweav AevwiZ Kiv;
12. wkÿvq RvwZ, ag©, ƒMvÎ wbwe©„k„l bvix cyiæl …elg¨ `~i Kiv;
13. wkÿvi me©¯„Í i mvsweavwbK wbðqZvi cÖwZdjb NUv„bv;
14. cwi„ek m„PZbZv mwó Kiv|

23
gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
evsjv„`„ki wkÿv KvVv„gvi g„a¨ beg ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ AskwU gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Íi wn„m„e we„ewPZ n„e| Aóg
ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ Awfbœ avivq cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cieZx© Ges wWMÖx ch©v„qi wkÿvi c~e©eZx ¯Íi gva¨wgK wkÿv bv„g wPwýZ| wkÿv
e¨e¯‹vq wkÿvi G ¯ÍiwU we„kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY G ¯Í„i wkÿv_x©iv Zv„`i ƒgav I m¤¢vebvi cwic~Y© weKvk mvab,
Kg©RM„Zi Rb¨ Dc„hvMx I D”P wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z Š K„i ƒhb ƒgav I cÖeYZv Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©„`i evQvB Kivi ci D”P
wkÿvi wewfbœ avivq cքe„ki my„hvM N„U| D”Pwkÿv MÖn„Y hviv Amg_© A_ev Abychy³ Zviv ewËg~jK wkÿv MÖnY K„i
`ÿZvi mv„_ h_v_© RxweKv Aej¤^b Ki„Z cv„i| gva¨wgK wkÿv ¯Í„i wZbwU aviv _vK„e|
D‡Ïk¨I jÿ¨
wkÿv_x©„`i `ÿZvi Dbœqb, AvšÍRv© wZK gvbm¤úbœ Ávb jvf Ges weÁvb I cÖhyw³i ƒÿ„Î ƒhvM¨Zv AR©„bi Rb¨ gva¨wgK
¯Í„ii wkÿvi f~wgKv Zvrch©c~Y©| ZvB gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„e-
1. wkÿv_x©i AšÍwb©wnZ ƒgav I m¤¢vebvi cwic~Y© weKv„k mvnvh¨ Kiv;
2. Kg©RM„Z Ask MÖn„Yi Rb¨ we„kl K„i ƒ`„ki A_©†bwZK ƒÿ„Î cքqvRbxq `ÿZvm¤úbœ e¨w³i€„c wkÿv_x©„`i …Zwi Kiv;
3. D”P wkÿvi Rb¨ wkÿv_x©„K cÖ¯ŠZ Kiv;
4. wkÿv_x©i cÖv_wgK ¯Í„i cÖvß ƒg‡wjK Ávb m¤úªmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kiv;
5. wkÿv_x©„K ƒg‡wjK wel„q AwaKZi Ávb`vb|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ (2010)
GKUv DbœZ AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K ivóª MV„bi Rb¨ mylg my¯‹-cwi”Qbœ gvbweK mgvR M„o Zzj„Z n„j PvB me©Rbxb wkÿvi
Mfxi I e¨vcK Av„qvRb| cw_exi Dbœqb-AMÖMwZ-cÖMwZi BwZnvm e¨vcK MYgvbyl„K wbiÿi ƒi„L, AÁvbZv-Awkÿv-
Kzwkÿvi AÜKv„i ƒi„L, ƒKv„bv RvwZ, ƒ`k, ivóª mvg„b G¸„Z cv„iwb| GB aªæe mZ¨„K we„ePbvq ƒi„L ¯^vaxbZvi
Elvj„Mœ bZzb iv„óªi c„ÿ mevi Rb¨ GKUv mylg, MYZvwš¿K Dchy³ gvbm¤§Z me©Rbxb wkÿvi k³ wfwË iPbv Ges
wkÿvi Ab¨vb¨ ¯Íi¸„jvi DcwiKvVv„gv …Zwii KvRwUI mgvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we„ePbvq wb„q evsjv„`„ki Rb¨ GKwU Dchy³
wkÿvbxwZ mycvwik Kivi Rb¨ evOvwji gnvb ƒbZv, evsjv„`„ki ¯‹cwZ, RvwZi RbK, e½eÜz ƒkL gywReyi ingv„bi
wb„`©„k 1972 wLª÷v„ã cÖL¨vZ weÁvbx W.Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v-ƒK cÖavb K„i evsjv„`„ki cÖ_g wkÿv Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq|
D³ Kwgkb 1974 m„b e½eÜz ƒkL gywReyi ingv„bi Kv„Q cÖwZ„e`b Rgv ƒ`q| wKšŠ 1975 wLª÷v„ãi15B AvM÷
e½eÜz ƒkL gywReyi ingvbmn Zuvi cwiev„ii AwaKvsk m`m¨„K wbg©gfv„e nZ¨vi ci Zv Avi ev¯Íevqb Kiv nqwb|
2009 wLª÷v„ãic~„e© QqwU wkÿv Kwgkb/KwgwU MwVZ n„qwQj Ges cÖwZ„e`b …Zwi n„qwQj| Z„e RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ
2010 Qvov evsjv„`„k ƒKv„bv RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖewZ©Z nqwb| 2001 wLª÷v„ã miKvi cwieZ©„bi ci wkÿvbxwZ 2000
ev¯Íevqb bv K„i 2002 wLª÷v„ã GKwU wkÿv ms¯ˆvi KwgwU Ges 2003 wLª÷v„ã GKwU wkÿv Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq|
IB KwgwU Ges KwgkbI cÖwZ„e`b Rgv ƒ`q| Z„e GwU„KI ƒKv„bv wkÿvbxwZ AvKv„i i€c ƒ`Iqv nqwb|
eZ©gvb miKvi 2009 wLª÷v„ã ivóªxq `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kivi K„qK gv„mi g„a¨B 6 GwcÖj 2009 RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ
hy„Mvc„hvMx Kivi `vwqZ¡ w`„q RvZxq Aa¨vcK Kexi ƒP‡ayix„K ƒPqvig¨vb I W. KvRx LwjKz¾vgvb Avng`„K ƒKv-
„Pqvig¨vb K„i 18 m`m¨ wewkó RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwU-2009 MVb K„i| D³ KwgwU KZ©K cÖYxZ wkÿvbxwZ
eZ©gv„b RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ- 2010, ƒhwU GLb ch©vqµ„g ev¯Íevqb n„”Q|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 cÖYqb cÖwµqv
GKw`„K mybvMwiK mwói ZvwM` Ges Ab¨w`„K we`¨gvb KwVb Av_©-mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZv I cքqvRb„K mvg„b ƒi„LB KwgwU
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 cÖYq„bi Kv„R nvZ ƒ`q|D³ KwgwU c~„e©i me¸„jv cÖwZ„e`b I RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ- 2000
ch©v„jvPbv K„i| W. Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v (1974), Aa¨vcK kvgmyj nK (1997) KwgwUi cÖwZ„e`b Ges RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ
2000 we„klfv„e we„ePbvq wb„q RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 cÖYqb K„i|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 cÖYq„b e¨vcK gZvgZ MªnYwfwËK Kivi D„Ï„k¨ wewfbœ ch©v„qi wkÿvi m„½ mswkó 56wU ms¯‹v
I msMV„bi cÖwZwbwa„`i m„½ Avjv`v Avjv`v we¯ÍvwiZ gZ wewbgq Kiv nq Ges mKj gZvgZ we„ePbvq ƒbqv nq| 2
ƒm„Þ¤^i 2009 Zvwi„L Gi KvR m¤cbœ K„i RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2009 (PzovšÍ Lmov) gvbbxq wkÿvgš¿xi Kv„Q n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq|

RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 cÖYq‡b Rbm¤ú„³Zv

 gvbbxq wkÿvgš¿x, RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2009 (P~ovšÍ Lmov) gvbbxq cÖavbgš¿xi Kv„Q n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi mv„_ mv„_
Zuvi wb„`©„k RbM„Yi gZvgZ MÖn„Yi Rb¨ wkÿv gš¿bvj„qi I„qemvBU Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖPvi gva¨„g cÖPvi Kiv
n„j mKj gn„ji wecyj mvov cvIqv hvq|
 cÖPvi gva¨„g e¨vcK Av„jvPbv ch©v„jvPbv Kiv nq|
24
  wewfbœ ƒmwgbvi I Av„jvPbv mfv K„i gZvgZ ƒbIqv nq|
 wkÿvwe`, wkÿK, wkÿv_©x, AwffveK, ivRbxwZK, Av„jg Ijvgv, e¨emvqx, wewb„qvMKvix, ƒckvRxwemn
mgv„Ri mKj ¯Í„ii gvby„li gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv nq|
 AvšÍtgš¿Yvjq mfvi gva¨„g gš¿Yvjqmgy„ni gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv nq Ges Zv„`i wjwLZ gZvgZI ƒbIqv nq|
cÖvß mKj civgk© I gZvgZ we„ePbv K„i Lmov wkÿvbxwZ„K AviI ms„kvab-ms„hvRb K„i P~ovšÍ AvKv„i cÖYqb Kiv
nq Ges gwš¿cwil` KZ©K 27ƒg, 2010 ZvwiL wkÿvbxwZ-2010 bv„g Aby„gvw`Z nq| cieZ©x„Z wW„m¤^i 2010-G
RvZxq msm„` me©m¤gwZµ„g P~ovšÍ Aby„gv`b jvf K„i| wkÿvbxwZ 2010, wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ I jÿ¨, cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I
cÖv_wgK wkÿv, eq¯ˆ I DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv, gva¨wgK wkÿv BZ¨vw`mn AvVvkwU Aa¨v„q wef³|
wkÿvbxwZi D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨mg~n
wkÿvbxwZi g~j D„Ïk¨ gvbeZvi weKvk Ges RbgyLx Dbœqb I cÖMwZ„Z ƒbZ‚Z¡`v„bi Dc„hvMx gbbkxj, hyw³ev`x,
bxwZevb, wb„Ri Ges Ab¨vb¨ a„g©i cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj, Kzms¯ˆvigy³, cigZmwnòz, Amv¤úª`vwqK, ƒ`k„cÖwgK Ges Kg©Kzkj
bvMwiK M„o ƒZvjv| cvkvcvwk wkÿvi gva¨„gB RvwZ„K `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj we„k¦i m„½ Zvj wgwj„q Pjvi …ewkó¨ I
`ÿZv AR©b Ki„Z n„e| GB wkÿvbxwZ msweav„bi wb„`©kbv Abyhvqx ƒ`„k MYgyLx, myjf, mylg, me©Rbxb, mycwiKwíZ,
weÁvb gb¯ˆ Ges gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv`v„b mÿg wkÿve¨e¯‹v M„o ƒZvjvi wfwË I iY„K‡kj wn„m„e KvR Ki„e|
wkÿvbxwZ„Z DwjøwLZ wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ I jÿ¨mg~n wb¤œi€cÑ
1. wkÿvi me©¯„Í i mvsweavwbK wbðqZvi cÖwZdjb NUv„bv Ges evsjv„`„ki ¯^vaxbZv, mve©„f‡gZ¡ I ALÛZv iÿvi
cÖwZ wkÿv_x©„`i m„PZb Kiv;
2. e¨w³ I RvZxq Rxe„b …bwZK, gvbweK, mvs¯ˆ‚wZK, weÁvbwfwËK I mvgvwRK g~j¨„eva cÖwZôvK„í wkÿv_x©„`i
gb„b, K„g© I e¨envwiK Rxe„b DÏxcbv mwó Kiv;
3. gyw³hy„×i ƒPZbvq wkÿv_x©„`i AbycÖvwYZ K„i ƒZvjv I Zv„`i wPšÍv-„PZbvq ƒ`kvZ¥„eva, RvZxqZv„eva,
KZ©e¨„eva Ges Zv„`i Pwi„Î mybvMwi„Ki ¸Yvejxi (ƒhgb-b¨vq„eva, Amv¤úª`vwqK ƒPZbv„eva, KZ©e¨„eva,
gvbevwaKvi m„PZbZv, gy³eyw×i PP©v, k•Ljv, mrRxebhvc„bi gvbwmKZv, ƒm‡nv`¨©, Aa¨emvq BZ¨vw`) weKvk NUv„bv;
4. RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨, mvs¯ˆ‚wZK aviv weKwkZ K„i cÖRb¥ ci¤úivq mÂvj„bi e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
5. ƒ`kR Aven I Dcv`vb m¤ú³Zvi gva¨„g wkÿv„K wkÿv_x©i wPšÍv-ƒPZbv I mRbkxjZvi D¾xeb Ges Zvi
Rxeb-Nwbô Ávb weKv„k mnvqZv Kiv;
6. ƒ`„ki A_©†bwZK I mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ mva„bi Rb¨ wkÿv„K mRbagx©, cքqvMgyLx I Drcv`b mnvqK K„i ƒZvjv,
wkÿv_x©„`i„K …eÁvwbK `wóm¤úbœ e¨w³Z¡ wn„m„e M„o ƒZvjv Ges Zv„`i g„a¨ ƒbZ‚„Z¡i ¸Yvejx weKv„k mnvqZv
cÖ`vb Kiv;
7. RvwZ, ag©, ƒMvÎ wbwe©„k„l Av_©-mvgvwRK ƒkÖwY-†elg¨ I bvix-cyiæl …elg¨ `~i Kiv, Amv¤úª`vwqKZv, wek¦-åvZ‚Z¡,
ƒm‡nv`©¨ I gvby„l gvby„l mngwg©Zv„eva M„o ƒZvjv Ges gvbevwaKv„ii cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj K„i ƒZvjv;
8. …elg¨nxb mgvR mwó Kivi j„ÿ¨ ƒgav I cÖeYZv Abyhvqx ¯‹vwbK, mvgvwRK I A_©†bwZK Ae¯‹vb wbwe©„k„l
mK„ji Rb¨ wkÿvjv„fi mgvb my„hvM-myweav AevwiZ Kiv| wkÿv„K gybvdv AR©„bi j„ÿ¨ cY¨ wn„m„e e¨envi bv Kiv;
9. MYZvwš¿K ƒPZbv„eva weKv„ki Rb¨ cvi¯úwiK gZv`„k©i cÖwZ mnbkxj nIqv Ges RxebgyLx, e¯Šwbô I
BwZevPK `wófw½ weKv„k mnvqZv Kiv;
10. gyL¯‹ we`¨vi cwie„Z© weKwkZ wPšÍvkw³, Kíbvkw³ Ges AbymwÜrmy gb„bi AwaKvix n„q wkÿv_xiv hv„Z
cÖwZ¯Í„i gvbm¤úbœ cÖvwšÍK ƒhvM¨Zv AR©b Ki„Z cv„i Zv wbwðZ Kiv;
11. wek¦cwigۄj wewfbœ ƒÿ„Î mdj AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi j„ÿ¨ wkÿvi wewfbœ ch©v„q I wel„q D”Pgv„bi `ÿZv
mwó Kiv;
12. ÁvbwfwËK Z_¨cÖhyw³ wbf©i (wWwRUvj) evsjv„`k Movi j„ÿ¨ Z_¨cÖhyw³ ( ICT) Ges mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ (MwYZ,
weÁvb I Bs„iwR) wkÿv„K h_vh_ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv;
13. wkÿv„K e¨vcKwfwËK Kivi j„ÿ¨ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿvi Dci ƒRvi ƒ`Iqv, kքgi cÖwZ wkÿv_x©„`i„K
kÖ×vkxj I AvMÖnx K„i ƒZvjv Ges wkÿvi ¯Íi wbwe©„k„l AvZ¥Kg©ms¯‹v„b wb„qvwRZ nIqvi Rb¨ ewËg~jK wkÿvq
`ÿZv AR©„b mg_© Kiv;
14. mKj wkÿv_x©i g„a¨ mg-„g‡wjK wPšÍvfvebv M„o ƒZvjv Ges RvwZi Rb¨ mg-bvMwiK wfwË mwói j„ÿ¨ me avivi
wkÿvi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj„q K„qKwU ƒg‡wjK wel„q GK I Awfbœ wkÿvµg, cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨eB eva¨Zvg~jKfv„e
AbymiY| GKB D„Ï„k¨ gva¨wgK ¯Í„iI GKBfv„e K„qKwU ƒg‡wjK wel„q cvV`vb;
15. cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK chv©„q wkïi/wkÿv_x©i myiÿv I h_vh_ weKv„ki AbyK~j Avb›`gq I mRbkxj cwi„ek M„o
ƒZvjv Ges ƒmwU Ae¨vnZ ivLv;
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16. cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í„i wkÿv_x©„`i wbR wbR ag© I …bwZKwkÿvi gva¨„g DbœZ PwiÎ MV„b mnvqZv Kiv;
17. wkÿvi cքZ¨K ¯Í„i h_vh_ gvb wbwðZ Kiv Ges c~e©eZx© ¯Í„i AwR©Z Ávb I `ÿZvi wfZ `p K„i cieZx© ¯Í„ii
mv„_ mgš^q Kiv| G¸„jv m¤úªmvi„Y mnvqZv Kiv Ges beZi Ávb I `ÿZv AR©„b wkÿv_©x„`i mg_© Kiv| GB
j„ÿ¨ wkÿv cÖwµqvq, we„kl K„i cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I ewËg~jK wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î h_vh_ Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨
RbMY„K DrmvwnZ Kiv;
18. wkÿv_x©„`i g„a¨ Rjevqy cwieZ©bmn cÖvK‚wZK I mvgvwRK cwi„ek-m„PZbZv Ges GZ`msµvšÍ wel„q `ÿ
Rbkw³ mwó Kiv;
19. me©„ÿ„Î gvb-m¤úbœ D”Pwkÿv wbwðZ Kiv Ges wkÿv_x©„`i M„elYvq Drmvnx Kiv Ges ƒg‡wjK Ávb-weÁv„bi
M„elYvi mv„_ mv„_ ƒ`„ki Rb¨ cքqvRbxq M„elYvi Dchy³ cwi„ek M„o ƒZvjv;
20. D”Pwkÿvi ƒÿ„Î wkÿv PP©v Ges wkÿv-mswkøó mKj Kvh©µg hv„Z myôzfv„e cwiPvwjZ n„Z cv„i ƒmj„ÿ¨ h_vh_
Aven I cvwicvwk©¦KZv wbwðZ Kiv;
21. wkÿvi cքZ¨K ¯Í„i wkÿv`v„bi DcKiY wn„m„e Z_¨ I ƒhvMv„hvM cÖhyw³i e¨envi ew× Kiv;
22. c_wkïmn Av_©-mvgvwRKfv„e ewÂZ mKj ƒQ„j-ƒg„q„K wkÿvi AvIZvq wb„q Avmv;
23. ƒ`„ki Avw`evmxmn mKj ÿz`ªRvwZmËvi ms¯ˆ‚wZ I fvlvi weKvk NUv„bv;
24. me ai„bi cÖwZeÜxi wkÿvi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv;
25. ƒ`„ki Rb„Mvôx„K wbiÿiZvi Awfkvc ƒ_„K gy³ Kiv;
26. wkÿv„ÿ„Î Zzjbvg~jKfv„e wcwQ„q cov GjvKv¸„jv„Z wkÿv Dbœq„b we„kl e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Kiv;
27. evsjvfvlv ï× I fvjfv„e wkÿv ƒ`Iqv wbwðZ Kiv;
28. wkÿv_x©„`i kvixwiK gvbwmK weKv„ki cwi„ek M„o ƒZvjvi j„ÿ¨ mKj wkÿv cÖwZôv„b ƒLjvi gvV, µxov,
ƒLjvayjv I kixi PP©vi cքqvRbxq e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
29. wkÿv_x©„`i ¯^v¯‹¨ m„PZbZv ew×i j„ÿ¨ wewfbœ e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Kiv;
30. gv`K RvZxq ƒbkv `ª„e¨i wec` m¤ú„K© wkÿv_x©„`i mZK© I m„PZb Kiv|

cÖv_wgK wkÿv
D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨
RvZxq Rxe„b cÖv_wgK wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ AZ¨vwaK| ƒ`„ki me gvby„li wkÿvi Av„qvRb Ges RbmsL¨v„K `ÿ K„i ƒZvjvi
wfwËg~j cÖv_wgK wkÿv| ZvB gvbm¤úbœ cÖv_wgK wkÿvMÖn„Yi Rb¨ RvwZmËv, Av_©-mvgvwRK, kvixwiK-gvbwmK mxgve×Zv
Ges ƒf‡„MvwjK Ae¯‹vb wbwe©„k„l ƒ`„ki mKj wkïi Rb¨ mgvb my„hvM mwó Kiv n„e| GKvR Kiv iv„óªi mvsweavwbK
`vwqZ¡| wkÿvi GB ¯Íi cieZx© mKj ¯Í„ii wfwË mwó K„i e„j h_vh_ gvbm¤úbœ Dchy³ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv
Acwinvh©| cÖv_wgK wkÿvi ci A„b„K Kg©Rxeb Avi¤¢ K„i e„j gvbm¤úbœ cÖv_wgK wkÿv Zv„`i h„_ó mnvqK n„Z
cv„i| cÖv_wgK wkÿv„ÿ„Î ¯‹vb I we`¨vjq ƒf„` my„hvM-myweavi cÖKU …elg¨, AeKvVv„gvMZ mgm¨v, wkÿK-¯^íZv I
cÖwkÿ„Yi `~e©jZvmn weivRgvb mgm¨vmg~n `~i K„i RvwZi mvwe©K wkÿvi wfZ k³ Kiv n„e| cÖv_wgK wkÿv n„e
me©Rbxb, eva¨Zvg~jK, A†eZwbK Ges mK„ji Rb¨ GKB gv„bi| A_©†bwZK, AvÂwjK Ges ƒf‡„MvwjK Kvi„Y eZ©gv„b
kZfvM wkï„`i cÖv_wgK ¯ˆz„ji AvIZvq Avbv m¤¢e n„”Q bv, 2010-11 mv„ji g„a¨ cÖv_wgK ¯ˆz„j fwZ© 100 kZvs„k
DbœxZ Kiv n„e| ƒh mg¯Í MÖv„g cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq ƒbB ƒm mKj MÖv„g b~¨bc„ÿ GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq `ªæZ cÖwZôv Kiv
n„e|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ wb¤œiƒcÑ
 gvbweK g~j¨„ev„ai weKvk Ges ƒ`kR Aven I Dcv`b wfwËK wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK AbymiY Kiv| we`¨vj„q
Avb›`gq AbyK~j cwi„ek …Zwi K„i wkï„`i kixwiK I gvbwmK weKv„ki e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
 wkïi g„b b¨vq„eva, KZ©e¨„eva, k•Ljv, wkóvPvi„eva, Amv¤úª`vwqK `wófw½, gvbevwaKvi, mn-Rxebhvc„bi
gvbwmKZv, ƒK‡Z~nj, cÖxwZ, ƒm‡nv`©¨, Aa¨emvq BZ¨vw` …bwZK I AvwZ¥K ¸Yvewj AR©„b mnvqZv Kiv Ges Zv„K
weÁvb I ms¯ˆ‚wZgb¯ˆ Kiv Ges Kzms¯ˆvigy³ gvbyl wn„m„e M„o DV„Z DrmvwnZ Kiv;
 gyw³hy„×iƒPZbvq DÏxß Kivi gva¨„g wkÿv_x©i ƒ`kvZ¥„ev„ai weKvk I ƒ`kMVbg~jK Kv„R Zv„K DØy× Kiv;
 wkÿv_x©i wbR ¯Í„ii h_vh_ gvbm¤úbœ cÖvwšÍK `ÿZv wbwðZ K„i Zv„K D”PZi av„ci wkÿv MÖn„Y Drmvnx Ges
Dc„hvMx K„i ƒZvjv| GB j„ÿ¨ cքqvRbxq msL¨K Dchy³ wkÿ„Ki e¨e¯‹v Kiv| GQvov ƒf‡Z AeKvVv„gv,
mvgvwRK cvwicvwk¦©KZv, wkÿv`vb I wkÿv MÖnY c×wZ, wkÿK-wkÿv_x© m¤úK© AvKl©Yxq K„i ƒZvjv Ges ƒg„q„`i
gh©v`v mgybœZ ivLv|
26
 wkÿv_x©„K Rxebhvc„bi Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq Ávb, welqwfwËK `ÿZv, Rxeb-`ÿZv, `wóf½x, g~j¨„eva, mvgvwRK
m„PZbZv AR©„bi gva¨„g ƒg‡wjK wkLb Pvwn`v c~i„Y mg_© Kiv Ges cieZx© ¯Í„ii wkÿvjv„fi Dc„hvMx K„i M„o
ƒZvjvi h_vh_ e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Kiv;
 wkÿv_x©„`i g„a¨ KvwqK kքgi cÖwZ AvMÖn I gh©v`v„eva Ges ewËg~jK wkÿv m¤^„Ü cÖv_wgK aviYv mwói j„ÿ¨ lô
ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY„Z cÖvK-ewËg~jK wkÿvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi †gqv` I ev¯Íevqb
1. cÖv_wgK wkÿvi ƒgqv` cuvP eQi ƒ_„K ew× K„i AvU eQi A_©vr Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ m¤úªmviY Kiv n„e| GwU
ev¯Íevq„b `yÕwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n„jv AeKvVv„gvMZ Avek¨KZv ƒgUv„bv Ges cքqvRbxqmsL¨K Dchy³ wkÿ„Ki
e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
2011-12 A_© eQi ƒ_„K cÖv_wgK wkÿvq lô ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ AbwZwej„¤^ wb¤œwjwLZ
c`„ÿc MÖnY Kiv n„eÑ
 cÖ_g ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi bZzb wkÿvµg, cvV¨cy¯ÍK Ges wkÿK wb„`©wkKv cÖYqb Kiv;
 cÖv_wgK ch©v„qi mKj wkÿ„Ki Rb¨ wkÿvµg we¯Ívimn wkLb-ƒkLv„bv Kvh©µ„gi Ici djcÖm~ cÖwkÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
 wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvi cքqvRbxq cybwe©b¨vm Kiv|
cÖv_wgK wkÿv GB cybwe©b¨v„mi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK ch©v„qi mKj we`¨vj„qi ƒf‡Z my„hvM-myweav ew× Ges wkÿ„Ki msL¨v
evov„bv n„e| h_vh_ c×wZ AbymiY K„i AvU eQie¨vcx cÖv_wgK wkÿv ev¯Íevqb 2018-Gi g„a¨ ƒQ„j-ƒg„q, Av_©-
mvgvwRK Ae¯‹v Ges RvwZmËv wbwe©„k„l ch©vqµ„g mviv ƒ`„ki mKj wkïi Rb¨ wbwðZ Kiv n„e|
wewfbœ avivi mgš^q
2. GKB c×wZi ƒg‡wjK wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi A½xKvi evsjv„`„ki msweav„b e¨³ Kiv n„q„Q| mvsweavwbK ZvwM„`
…elg¨nxb wkÿv e¨e¯‹v Pvjy Kivi j„ÿ¨ mgMÖ ƒ`„k cÖv_wgK ¯Í„ii mKj wkÿv cÖwZôv„b wba©vwiZ welqmg~„n GK I
Awfbœ wkÿvµg I cvVm~wP cÖeZ©b Kiv n„e|
wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP
3. cÖv_wgK ¯Í„i wkÿvi aviv wbwe©„k„l mKj wkÿv_x©„K wbw`©ó ƒkÖYxi cvV¨m~wP Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ welqmg~n A_©vr evsjv,
Bs„iwR, …bwZK wkÿv, evsjv„`k ÷vwWR, MwYZ, mvgvwRK cwi„ek I Rjevqy cwieZ©„bi aviYvmn cÖvK‚wZK
cwi„ek cwiwPwZ Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³ I weÁvb eva¨Zvg~jKfv„e co„Z n„e|
fwZ©i eqm
4. eZ©gv„b Pvjy 6+ eQi eq„m cÖ_g ƒkÖwY„Z fwZ©i wbqg eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n„e|
5. cÖv_wgK wkÿvq wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i AbycvZ n„e 1:30| G jÿ¨ ch©vqµ„g 2018 mv„ji g„a¨ AR©b Kiv n„e|
S‡o cov mgm¨vi mgvavb
6. `wi`ª ƒQ„q„g„q„`i Rb¨ DcewË m¤úªmviY Kiv n„e;
7. ¯ˆz„ji cwi„ek AvKl©Yxq I Avb›`gq K„i ƒZvjv n„e| GB j„ÿ¨ wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ ƒLjvayjvi mye¨e¯‹v, mvs¯ˆ‚wZK
Kg©KvÛ, wkÿv_x©„`i cÖwZ wkÿK„`i AvMÖn, ggZ¡„eva I mnvbyf~wZkxj AvPiY Ges cwi”Qbœ ƒf‡Z cwi„ekmn
D„jøL„hvM¨ DcKi„Yi Dbœqb NUv„bv n„e| ƒQ„j-„g„q wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ gvbm¤úbœ c_K Uq„j„Ui e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„e|
kvixwiK kvw¯Í m¤ú~Y©i€„c wejyß Kiv n„e|
8. `ycy„ii Lvevi e¨e¯‹v Kiv Riæwi| wcwQ„q cov GjvKvmn MÖvgxY mKj we`¨vj„q `ycy„ii Lvevi e¨e¯‹v ch©vqµ„g Pvjy
Kiv n„e|

gva¨wgK wkÿv
D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨
bZzb wkÿv KvVv„gvq beg ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ gva¨wgK wkÿv ¯Íi wn„m„e we„ewPZ n„e| GB ¯Í„ii wkÿv„k„l
wkÿv_x©iv mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx D”Pwkÿvi wewfbœ avivq hv„e, bq„Zv AwR©Z ewËg~jK wkÿvi wfw˄Z ev Av„iv ewËg~jK
wkÿvi gva¨„g RxweKvR©„bi c„_ hv„e| gva¨wgK wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ wb¤œi€c-
 wkÿv_©xi AšÍwb©wnZ ƒgav I m¤¢vebvi cwic~Y© weKv„k mvnvh¨ Kiv;
 Kg©RM„Z AskMÖn„Yi Rb¨, we„kl K„i ƒ`„ki A_©†bwZK ƒÿ„Î, GKwU ch©v„q cքqvRbxq `ÿZvm¤úbœ e¨w³i€„c
wkÿv_x©„K …Zwi Kiv;
 gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv`vb K„i cÖv_wgK ¯Í„i cÖvß ƒg‡wjK Ávb m¤úªmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kiv| Gi d„j wkÿv_x©„`i g„a¨
gvbm¤úbœ D”Pwkÿvi wfZ k³ n„e;
27
 wewfbœiK„gi gva¨wgK wkÿvcÖwZôvb I wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK, bZvwË¡K I Ab¨vb¨ wcwQ„q cov ƒMvôxi g„a¨ …elg¨
`~i Kivi j„ÿ¨ cքPóv Pvjv„bv| wcwQ„q cov AÂj¸„jvi Rb¨I hZw`b cքqvRb we„kl c`„ÿ„ci gva¨„g wkÿvi
AMÖMwZ mg_©b Kiv;
 wba©vwiZ wel„q mKj avivq Awfbœ wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYqb Ges ev¯Íevqb Kiv|
†K․kj
wkÿvi gva¨g
1. GB ch©v„q wkÿvi gva¨g n„e g~jZ evsjv Z„e wkÿvcÖwZôv„bi mvg_¨©-Abyhvqx wbw`©ó cvV¨m~wP Bs„iwR gva¨„gI
wkÿv ƒ`Iqv hv„e| we„`kx„`i Rb¨ mnR evsjv wkÿv ƒ`qvi e¨e¯‹v _vK„e|

wkÿvµg, cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯ÍK

2. gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í„i wZbwU aviv _vK„e mvaviY, gv`ªvmv I KvwiMwi wkÿvaviv Ges cքZ¨K aviv K„qKwU kvLvq wef³
_vK„e| me aviv„ZB Rb-mgZvwfwË mwói j„ÿ¨ K„qKwU ƒg‡wjK wel„q h_v-evsjv, Bs„iwR, evsjv„`k ÷vwWR,
mvaviY MwYZ I Z_¨cÖhyw³ wkÿvq Awfbœ wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP eva¨Zvg~jK _vK„e| cքZ¨K avivq GmKj Awfbœ
cÖkœc„Î cixÿvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„e| Aek¨ cքZ¨K avivq ƒmB aviv-mswkøó Avewk¨K I Hw”QK wewfbœ welq _vK„e|
AeKvVv‡gv Ges wkÿK I ÷vd
3. eZ©gvb D”P we`¨vjq¸„jv„Z GKv`k I Øv`k ƒkÖwY ms„hvRb Kiv n„e Ges D”P gva¨wgK K„jR¸„jv„Z beg I
`kg ƒkÖwY ƒLvjvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„e| GB j„ÿ¨ we`¨vjq¸„jv„Z ƒkÖwYKÿ I wewfbœ AvmevecÎ I wkÿv-miÄvg ew×
Kiv n„e| D”P we`¨vjq¸„jv„Z D”PZi ƒkÖwYmg~„n cvV`v„bi Rb¨ Bs„iwRmn cքqvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ welqwfwËK wkÿK
wb„qvM Kiv n„e| c`„ÿc¸wji ev¯Íevq„b A„_©i ƒRvMv„bi w`„K we„kl bRi ƒ`Iqv n„e|
A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÛ I cÖhyw³i Dbœqb
4. A_©†bwZK Kg©KvÛ I cÖhyw³i Dbœq„bi m„½ AwaK m¤úwK©Z mvgvwRK weÁvb I e¨emvq wkÿv kvLvi welqmg~n
KvwiMwi wkÿv, Z_¨chyw³ Kw¤úDUvi Ges weÁv„bi wewfbœ wel„qi ƒÿ„Î we`¨vjq¸„jv„K AMÖvwaKvi wfw˄Z `ªæZ
miKvwi mnqZv cÖ`v„bi e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„e|
wkÿK-wkÿv_x© AbycvZ
5. wkÿK-wkÿv_x© AbycvZ ch©vqµ„g 2018 mv„ji g„a¨ 1:30 G DbœxZ Kiv n„e|
wkÿK wb‡qvM
6. miKvwi Kg©Kwgk„bi Abyi€c cÖ¯vÍ weZ ƒemiKvwi wkÿK wbe©vPb Kwgkb cÖwZ eQi h_vh_ wjwLZ I ƒg‡wLK cixÿvi
gva¨„g wewfbœ avivi Rb¨ cքqvRbxqmsL¨K welqwfwËK wkÿK wbe©vPb Ki„e Ges Zuv„`i ga¨ ƒ_„K h_vh_ KZ©cÿ
wewfbœ cÖwZôv„b wkÿK wb„qvM Ki„e|
wkÿK cÖwkÿY
7. mKj wel„qi wkÿK„`i cÖwkÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„e| cÖwkÿYwenxb wkÿKMY„K AbwZwej„¤^ cÖwkÿY MÖnY Ki„Z
n„e| bZzb wb„qvMcÖvß wkÿK„`b Rb¨ Kv„R ƒhvM`v„bi Av„M ƒg‡wjK wkÿKZv-cÖwkÿY ƒ`Iqvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„e|
k~b¨c` c~i„Yi mg„q cÖwkÿYcÖvß cÖv_x©„`i AMÖvwaKvi ƒ`Iqv n„e|

wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`Kmg~n

 5+ eQi eq¯ˆ wkï„`i Rb¨ cÖv_wgKfv„e GK eQi ƒgqvw` cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿv Pvjy Kiv n„e| cieZ©xKv„j Zv 4+
eQi eq¯ˆ wkï ch©šÍ m¤úÖmvwiZ Kiv n„e|
 bZzb wkÿv KvVv„gvq 1g ƒkªwY ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkªwY ch©šÍ cÖv_wgK Ges
 beg ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkªwY ch©šÍ gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Íi wn„m„e we„ewPZ n„e|
 2010-11 mv„ji g„a¨ cÖv_wgK ¯ˆz„j fwZ© 100 kZvs„k DbœxZ Kiv n„e|
 2014 mv„ji g„a¨ cÖvß eq¯ˆ mKj bvMwiK„K mvÿi K„i ƒZvjv n„e |
 cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í„i wkÿvi aviv wbwe©„k„l mKj wkÿv_x©„K wbw`©ó ƒkÖwYi cvV¨m~wP Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ
welqmg~n eva¨Zvg~jKfv„e co„Z n„e|
28
  cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í„ii eva¨Zvg~jK welqmg~n n„e: evsjv, Bs„iwR, …bwZK wkÿv, evsjv„`k ÷vwWR, MwYZ,
mvgvwRK cwi„ek I Rjevqy cwieZ©„bi aviYvmn cÖvK‚wZK cwi„ek cwiwPwZ Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³ I weÁvb
 gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í„ii eva¨Zvg~jK welqmg~n n„e: evsjv, Bs„iwR, evsjv„`k ÷vwWR, mvaviY MwYZ I Z_¨cÖhyw³ wkÿv |
 cքZ¨K avivq GmKj wel„q Awfbœ cÖkc œ „Î cixÿvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„e|
 cÖv_wgK ¯Íi ƒ_„K wbR wbR ag© I …bwZK wkÿv eva¨ZvgyjK Kiv n„e
 mKj ¯Í„ii cvV¨cy¯Í„K Dchy³ ƒÿÎmg~„n fvlv Av„›`vjb, ¯^vaxbZv I gyw³hy„×i ƒcÖÿvcU I ƒPZbvi mwVK
BwZnvm Ges exi gyw³„hv×vM„Yi exiZ¡ Kvwnbx h_v_© Dcv„q AšÍfz©³ Kiv n„e|
 cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii cvV¨m~wP cÖYq„bi Rb¨ we„klÁ KwgwU MVb Kiv n„e| D³ KwgwU mKj avivi Rb¨
wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYq„bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki„eb|
 Pvi eQi ƒgqvw` ¯œvZK m¤§vb wWwMÖ-ƒK cÖvwšÍK wWwMÖ wnmv„e MY¨ Kiv

wkÿbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖavb P¨v‡jÄmg~n

1. wba©vwiZ mg„qi g„a¨ 100 fvM fwZ© wbwðZKiY;
2. wba©vwiZ mg„qi g„a 100 fvM mvÿiZv AR©b;
3. wbw`©ó mg„qi g„a¨ gvbm¤úbœ cy¯ÍK cÖYqb;
4. mKj avivi Rb¨ K„qKwU ƒg‡wjK welq eva¨Zvg~jKKiY Ges Awfbœ cÖkc œ Î cÖYqb;
5. mRbkxj cÖkc œ Î cÖeZ©„bi gva¨„g cixÿv MÖnYGes h_vh_ g~j¨vqb;
6. cVb-cvV„bi Rb¨ `ÿ wkÿK wbwðZKiY;
7. mKj wkÿ„Ki Rb¨ cÖwkÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹vKiY;
8. AeKvVv„gvMZ myweav wbwðZKiY;
9. gvbm¤úbœ D”P wkÿv wbwðZKiY|
eZ©gvb wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq wewfbœ ai„bi AmsMwZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| eZ©gvb wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq mK„ji Rb¨ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv wbwðZ
Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB wkÿvbxwZ„Z KZKM~„jv AvBbMZ ms¯‹v MV„bi K_v D„jøL Kiv n„q„Q| wb„P DwjøwLZ AvBb cÖYqb
/ms¯‹v GLbB MVb Kiv cքqvRb-
mgwš^Z wkÿvAvBb cÖYqb: wkÿv msµvšÍ mKj AvBb,wewa-weavb I Av„`kvewj GKwÎZ K„i G wkÿvbxwZi Av„jv„K
Ges Gi h_vh_ ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ Kivi j„ÿ¨ mgwš^Z wkÿvAvBb cÖeZ©„bi c`„ÿc MÖnY Ki„Z n„e|
¯’vqx RvZxq wkÿv Kwgkb MVb: mg„qi cքqvR„b `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj …ewk¦K I RvZxq ƒcÖÿvc„U wkÿvbxwZi cwigvR©b I
cքqvR„b cwieZ©„bi cÖwµqv Pjgvb _vK„e| wkÿv msµvšÍ mKj Z_¨-DcvË, Z_¨cÖhyw³ msiÿY I e¨envi Kivi
cքqvRbxq c`„ÿc wb„Z n„e|
†emiKvwi wkÿK wbe©vPb Kwgkb MVb: miKvwi Aby„gv`b I Avw_©K mnvqZvcÖvß ƒemiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq I
Be„Z`vwq gv`ivmv, gva¨wgK we`¨vjq, gv`ivmv I K„j„Ri Rb¨ ƒgavwfwËK I Dchy³ wkÿK wbe©vP„bi j„ÿ¨ miKvwi
Kg©Kwgk„bi Abyi€c GKwU ƒemiKvwi wkÿK wbe©vPb Kwgkb MVb Kiv n„e|
A¨v‡µwW‡Ukb KvDwÝj MVb: gvbm¤úbœ D”P wkÿv wbwðZKi„Yi j„ÿ¨ ƒ`„ki mKj ƒemiKvwi wek¦we`¨vjq Ges Ab¨vb¨
D”Pwkÿv cÖwZôvb (mœvZK I cieZx©) gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv I M„elYv cwiPvjYvq mÿg wK-bv Ges wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ wba©vwiZ
e¨q ƒh‡w³K wK-bv, weÁvb I cÖhyw³ covevi h_vh_ e¨e¯‹v Av„Q wK-bv ƒm m¤ú„K© h_vh_ KZ©c„ÿi cÖZ¨vqb Riæwi|
¯^v¯‹¨, cքK‡kj Ges K‚wlwkÿv cÖ`vbKvix ƒemiKvwi cÖwZôvbmg~„ni ƒÿ„Î I GKB K_v cքhvR¨|Aci w`„K cvewjK
wek¦we`¨vjq, mœvZK I mœvZ„KvËi ch©v„q wkÿv cÖ`vbKvix miKvwi D”Pwkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„ni gvb-wbY©q Ges ƒmB wfw˄Z
cÖwZeQi G¸„jvi i¨vswKs wba©viY Kiv I Dbœq„bi civgk© `vb Ki„Z n„e| Dchy©³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kivi Rb¨ h_vh_
ÿgZv I `ÿZv m¤úbœ GKwU A¨v„µwW„Ukb KvDwÝjcÖwZôv Ki„Z n„e|
cÖavb wkÿv cwi`k©K-Gi Awdm ¯’vcb: gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n Kvw•LZ gv„bi wkÿv cÖ`vb wbwðZ Ki„Q wKbv
Zv bRi`vwii Rb¨ KZK¸„jv cÖwZôvb we`¨gvb i„q„Q| wKšŠ cÖwZôvbmg~n Zv„`i Dci Awc©Z eûgyLx `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki„Z wM„q bRi`vwii KvRwU myózfv„e m¤úv`b Ki„Z cvi„Qbv|ƒ`„ki gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n gvbm¤úbœ
wkÿv cÖ`v„b mÿg wK-bv Ges wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ wba©vwiZ e¨q ƒh‡w³K wK-bv ƒm m¤ú„K© h_vh_ KZ©c„ÿi cÖZ¨qb
Riæwi| G ch©v„q ¯^v¯‹¨, K‚wl Ges KvwiMwi wkÿv cÖ`vbKvix miKvwi-ƒemiKvwi cÖwZôvb mg~„ni ƒÿ„Î I GKB K_v
cքhvR¨| gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n cwi`k©b K„i cÖwZôvbmg~„ni GKv„WwgK gvb wbY©qc~e©K cÖwZeQi G¸„jvi
i¨vswKs wba©viY Kiv I Dbœq„bi civgk© `vb Ki„Z n„e| Dchy©³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kivi Rb¨ h_vh_ ÿgZv I `ÿZv m¤úbœ
GKwU cÖavb wkÿv cwi`k©K Gi Awdm ¯‹vcbKiv AZ¨šÍ Riæix|
29
 cÖkgœ vjv

mswÿß cÖkœ
1. wkÿv ej„Z Kx ƒevSvq?
2. we„kl A„_© wkÿvi cvuPwU …ewkó¨ wjLyb|
3. DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi `yÕwU D`vniY w`b|
4. AbvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cvuPwU D`vniY w`b|
5. ƒ`kxq wkÿv Kv„K e„j?
6. Ôbg©vj ¯ˆzjÕ ƒKvb ai„Yi wkÿv cÖwZôvb wQj?
7. Grant-in-aid Pvjy Kivi mycvwik ƒKvb wi„cv„U© ƒK K„iwQ„jb?
8. RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010-G ewY©Z wkÿv KvVv„gv D„jøL Kiæb|
9. AbvbyôvwbK wkÿvi PviwU …ewkó¨ wjLyb|
10. RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010-G ewY©Z 5wU D„Ïk¨ wjLyb|
11. RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010-G ewY©Z wkÿK-wkÿv_©x AbycvZ KZ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wkÿvi Zvrch© D„jøLK„i e¨vcK A„_© wkÿvi …ewkó¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. gva¨wgK wkÿv Kx? Gi jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
3. Dcgnv„`„k wkÿvi weKvk aviv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. ƒ`kxq wkÿv ej„Z Kx ƒevSvq? DBwjqvg G¨vWv„gi wi„cvU© Abymv„i ƒ`kxq wkÿvi e¨vcKZv I mvwe©K Ae¯‹vi
weeiY w`b|
5. cvðvZ¨ wkÿv cÖeZ©„bi c~„e© Avgv„`i ƒ`„k cÖPwjZ ƒ`kxq wkÿv ÒcÖvY kw³nxb A„K„Rv wkÿv wQjÓ- Avcbvi
gZvg„Zi ¯^c„ÿ hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiæb|
6. ƒ`kxq wkÿv cÖm„½ DBwjqvg G¨vWv„gi wi„cvU© ch©v„jvPbv Kiæb|
7. D„Wi wkÿv `wjj cÖYq„bi cքqvRbxqZv we„kølY Kiæb|
8. ÒfviZe„l© ewUk miKv„ii wkÿv we¯Ív„ii D„Ïk¨ cÖK‚Zc„ÿ fviZevmxi wkÿv cÖ`v„bi D„Ïk¨ wQjbv, eis
Jcwb„ewkK miKvi Zv„`i wb„R„`i ¯^v_© nvwm„ji Rb¨B wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K„i„QÓ- e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
9. DW ƒWmc¨vP„K fviZxq wkÿvi g¨vMbv KvU©v (Magna Charta) wnmv„e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hv wKbv- Dchy³ hyyw³
cÖ`k©b Kiæb|
10. gva¨wgK wkÿv ms¯ˆv„i kixd Kwgkb wi„cv„U©i cÖfve we„kølY Kiæb|
11. cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿv ms¯ˆvi I Dbœq„b kixd Kwgkb wi„cv„U©i cÖavb cÖavb mycvwik¸„jv D„jøL Kiæb|
12. evsjv„`k wkÿv Kwgkb wi„cvU©, 1974 Gi Av„jv„K gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨mg~n wjLyb|
13. gva¨wgK wkÿv ms¯ˆvi I Dbœq„bi Rb¨ evsjv„`k wkÿv Kwgkb wi„cvU©, 1974 Gi mycvwikmg~n ch©v„jvPbv
Kiæb|
14. RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ, 2010 ev¯Íevq„bi g~j P¨v„jÄmg~n Kx Kx| wkÿvbxwZ ev¯Íevq„bi P¨v„jÄ Kxfv„e
ƒgvKv„ejv Kiv hvq, ƒm m¤ú„K© Avcbvi gZvgZ Zz„j aiæb|

30
 BDwbU 2 : evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK wkÿvi `vk©wbK wfwË
ƒh ƒKvb ƒ`„ki wkÿvbxwZi Ici wkÿv `k©„bi cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| we„k¦i G„KK ƒ`k G„KK ai„bi `vk©wbK wPšÍv-
fvebv MÖnY K„i wkÿvq cքqvM K„i _v„K| wkÿv„ÿ„Î gva¨wgK wkÿv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖv_wgK I D”P wkÿvi ƒmZzeÜb
nIqvq gva¨wgK wkÿvi wfwËi DciB M„o I„V D”P wkÿv| wkÿv„K cÖfvweZ K„i `k©b Ges wewfbœ `vk©wbK gZev`|
gvby„li …`bw›`b RxebvPviB n„jv gvby„li me„P„q eo `k©b| ZvwË¡Kfv„e `k©b n„jv mKj Áv„bi Avavi| `k©„bi g~j
K_v n„jv m„Z¨i AbymÜvb| wkÿvI gvbyl„K m„Z¨i mÜvb ƒ`q, gvbyl„K Av„jvwKZ K„i| G Aa¨v„qi cÖvi„¤¢ ZvB `k©b,
wkÿv `k©b I `k©„bi Av„jvPbv ƒk„l g~j welqe¯Š„K 4wU cv„V wef³ K„i Dc¯‹vcb Kiv n„q„Q|
2.1 fveev` ev Av`k©ev` (Idealism)
2.2 ev¯Íeev` (Realism)
2.3 cքqvMev` (Pragmitism)
2.4 cÖK‚wZev` (Naturalism)
`k©b I wkÿv `k©b (Philosophy & Educational Philosophy)
`k©b (Philosophy): `k©b kãwU ms¯ˆ‚wZ Ô`kÕ avZz Ges ÔAbU&Õ cÖZ¨q ƒhv„M mwó n„q„Q| mvaviY A„_© `k©b ej„Z
ԃPv„Li ƒ`Lv„KÕ ƒevSvq| wKšŠ `k©„bi cÖK‚Z A_© AviI e¨vcK| ƒm ƒÿ„Î RMr I Rxe„bi ¯^i€c DcjwäB `k©b|
Avevi m„Z¨i cÖZ¨ÿ Dcjwä ev mvÿvrKviB `k©b| ZvB ƒh ƒKv„bv mZ¨ ev ZË¡ mÜvbx …eÁvwbK wkÿv„K `k©b ejv
ƒh„Z cv„i|
`k©„bi Bs„iwR cÖwZkã Philosophy, hv G„m„Q `y„Uv wMÖK kã 'Philos',A_©vrLoving ev Lovegv„b ÔAbyivMÕ Ges
ÔSophiaÕ A_©vr ÔKnowledgeÕ ev ÔWisdomÕ gv„b Ávb ƒ_„K| myZivsPhilosophyk„ãi DrcwËMZ A_© n„”Q ÔÁv„bi
cÖwZ AbyivM ev ÁvbcÖxwZÕ|
`k©„bi e¨vcv„i `vk©wbK I we„klÁMY bvbv AwfgZ ev msÁv cÖ`vb K„i„Qb| h_v-
gnvb `vk©wbK m‡µwU‡mi g„Z-Ôm„Z¨i AbymÜv„b ev wRÁvmvi D˄i wb„R„K wb„qvwRZ ivLv„K `k©b e„jÕ|
†cø‡Uvi g„Z-Ôm„Z¨i Ges e¯Ši ¯^i€„ci Ávb jvf KivB `k©„bi KvRÕ|
Gwi÷Uje„jb-Ô`k©b weÁv„bi cy•Lvbycy•Lfv„e we„kølY K„i cÖK‚wZ„K eyS„Z mvnv„h¨ K„i Ges cÖK‚wZi Ae`vb we„kølY
K„iÕ|
divmx `vk©wbK †Kuv‡Z (Coete)-Gi g„Z, Ô`k©b n„jv weÁv„bi weÁvb| GUv mKj weÁv„bi wm×všÍmg~n mgš^„qi cքPóv
ƒbqÕ|
Rvg©vb `vk©wbK Bgvby‡qj Kv›U (Immanuel Kant)e„jb, Ô`k©b n„jv Ávb m¤úK©xq weÁvb Ges Zvi mgv„jvPbvÕ|

wkÿv `k©b (Educational Philosophy)

g~j `k©„bi GKwU kvLv wkÿv `k©b| A_©vr `k©b n„ZB wkÿv `k©„bi mwó| `k©„bi KvR cÖavbZ weÁvbwfwËK| Avi wkÿv
`k©b Ggb GKwU welq hv Áv„bi wewfbœ w`K, wewfbœ kvLv-cÖkvLv, hv wkÿvi mv„_ RwoZ Zv wb„q Av„jvPbv
K„i|AvaywbK ev¯Íeev`x I cքqvMev`x `vk©wbK Rb wWDB e„jb, 'A philosophy of education is based upon a
philosophy of experience.' A_©vr wkÿv `k©„bi wfwË n„”Q AwfÁZvi `k©b| wkÿvi ¯^i€c, ÁvbMZ welq wn„m„e
wkÿvi cÖK‚wZ wba©viY, wkÿvi jÿ¨ wba©viY Ges wkÿvi mgm¨vmg~n wbim„bi ƒh‡w³K KvVv„gv msµvšÍ we`¨vB wkÿv
`k©b|
2.1 fveev` (Idealism)
fveev` kãwUi Bs„iwR cÖwZkã Idealism| Bs„iwR Idea ƒ_„K Idealism kãwUi DrcwË n„q„Q| `vk©wbK
gZev`¸„jvi g„a¨ GwU cÖvPxbZg| fveev„`i cÖavb cô„cvlK n„jb ƒcø„Uv, wdK„U, ƒn„Mj, Kv›U, w¯ú„bvRv, d«„q„ej,
ƒc¯Ívjrwm cÖgyL e¨w³|fveev`x `vk©wbKMY gvbyl I wek¦ eªþvЄK GK fveg~jK mËvi Ask wn„m„e we„ePbv K„i„Qb|
Zviv g„b K„ib, gvbyl GKUv Ava¨vwZ¥K mËv wb„q Rb¥vq| wkÿvi g„a¨ w`„qB n„e Zvi cÖK‚Z Av„Z¥vcjwä|
fveev` `k©‡bi g~j e³e¨
fveev`x„`i g~j e³e¨ nj hveZxq Roe¯Ši g~„j ƒKvb bv ƒKvb gvbwmK ev weg~Z© aviYv i„q„Q| G weg~Z©Ava¨vwZ¥K
aviYv n„”Q gb| Zv„`i g„Z, Ggb n„”Q cÖK‚Z mZ¨, wPi¯‹vqx Ges Awebk^i| gvbe gb ƒm Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³i Øviv …Zwi|
Zviv AviI e„jb ƒh, Ro RM„Zi AwbZ¨Zv, Aev¯ÍeZv Dcjwä K„i gb cigvZ¥vi mv„_ GKvZ¥Zv„eva K„i| myZivs,
gb n„”Q cÖK‚Z mZ¨|
31
fveev‡`i g~jbxwZ
fveev„`i cÖavb m~Î ev g~jbxwZ¸„jv n„jv-
1. `k¨gvb RoRMr Qvov AviI GKwU RMr Av„Q Zv n„jv Ava¨vwZ¥K RMr| Ava¨vwZ¥K RMr, RoRMr A„cÿv AwaKZi
mZ¨|
2. gvbwmK AwfÁZvq GB Aa¨vwZ¥K RMr mZ¨I Awebk^i| g„bvgq RMrwUi Aaxk^i n„jb cig KiæYvgq mwóKZ©v ev
cigvZ¥v| e¨w³ hLb GB cigvZ¥vi m„½ GKvZ¥Zv Dcjwä Ki„Z mÿg nb ZLbB Zvi ƒgvÿ jvf nq|
3. e¨w³ cigvZ¥viB Ask| myZivs gbyl¨Rxeb gnvg~j¨evb I gwngvgq| gvbylB Ava¨vwZ¥K Rxe„bi AwaKvix, ZvB
gvby„li g„a¨B ƒKej ag©, bxwZ I Ava¨vwZ¥KZv ƒ`Lv hvq|
4. cig mZ¨ I my›`iƒK jvf KivB gvbe Rxe„bi Pig jÿ¨|
5. …bwZK I K‚wóMZ welq jvfB me©v„cÿv ƒkÖq|
6. ƒKvb Av`k©B mwó Kiv hvq bv, cw_ex„Z Zv c~e© ƒ_„KB we`¨gvb| gvbyl Zvi cybivewË K„i gvÎ|
7. gvbyl Zvi …bwZK I Ava¨wZ¥K m¤ú„K©i Øviv Zvi cÖvK‚wZK cwi„ek„K wbqš¿Y Ki„e|

fveev‡`i cÖKvi‡f`
fveev` wZb cÖKvi-
1. e¨w³K fveev` (Subjective idealism)
2. g~Z©vwqZ fveev` (Phenomenalistic idealism)
3. …be©¨w³K fveev` (Objective idealism)
fveev` `k©‡b wkÿvi jÿ¨
fveev`x wkÿvi jÿ¨ nj Av„Z¥vcjwä, AvZ¥vweKvk, AvZ¥Ávb jvf I cig mZ¨„K Rvbv| eûi g„a¨ Rvbv, wb„R„K Rvbv
(know thyself)| wb„Ri gv„S ƒh cig mZ¨ jywK„q Av„Q Zv„K Rvbv| mevi Dc„i gvbyl mZ¨, ZvB gvby„li e¨w³Z¡ I
me©vZ¥K Kj¨vY mvab I weKvkB wkÿvi jÿ¨|d«„q„e„ji g„Z, Ôwkïi AweKwkZ m¤v¢ebvi c~Y© weKvk mvab KivB
wkÿvi jÿ¨|Õ
fveev`x `k©b wkÿvi ZvwË¡K I cքqvM Dfq w`„Ki DciB cÖfve we¯Ívi K„i„Q| wkÿvi jÿ¨ wbY©„q fveev„`i ¸iyZ¡
wb¤œiæc-
1. Av‡Z¥vcjwä: ï× Ávb, fw³ I K„g©i Øviv GB Av„Z¥vcjwä n„q _v„K|
2. e¨w³‡Z¡i DbœwZ mvab: gbyl¨ Rxeb `yj©f I g~j¨evb, ZvB e¨w³i AvZ¥weKvk mvab nj cÖavb KZ©e¨|
3. me©Rbxb wkÿv: Av„Z¥vcjwä ïay gywó„gq gvby„li Rb¨ bq| mK„ji Rb¨ wkÿv PvB|
4. m„Rbx kw³i weKvk: BZi cÖvYxi gZ gvbyl Zvi cwi„ek„K wbw®‰qfv„e MÖnY K„i bv| cքqvRb„ev„a ƒm Zvi
cwi„ek„K wb„Ri mRb kw³ w`„q cwiewZ©Z Ki„Z cv„i| ZvB fveev`x `k©„b Avwe®ˆvi I mRbx kw³i weKvk n„jv
wkÿvi cÖavb jÿ¨|
5. K…wói DbœwZ: gvbyl DbœZ K‚wói ¯ªóv| GwUi DbœwZ mvab Ges fwel¨r eskai„`i g„a¨ Gi mÂvjb wkÿvi ØvivB
m¤¢e| ƒmB K‚wói DbœwZ mvab Kiv wkÿvi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨|
6. •bwZKZv‡ev‡ai D‡b¥l: …bwZK„eva Avgv„`i fvj-g›` wePvi Ki„Z wkLvq| wkïi g„a¨ GB …bwZK ƒPZbvi mwó
wkÿvi gva¨„g Kiv m¤¢e|
fveev` `k©‡b wkÿvµg
fveev`x„`i g„Z- wPšÍv, Ro, gb, cigvZ¥v, kvixwiK-gvbwmK I AvwZ¥K kixi wel„q Ávb-eyw×i Abykxj„bi Rb¨ fvlv,
MwYZkv¯¿, weÁvb, Kve¨Kjv, wkí, …bwZK I mgvR„mevg~jK KvR gvby„li Aa¨vZ¥ mvabv Ava¨vZ¥„ev„ai ƒh BwZnvm
i„q„Q ƒm¸„jv cvV¨cy¯Í„K AšÍfz©³ _vK„e|fveev` g~jZ Kíbvq wek^vmx| weÁvb A„cÿv gvbweK we„ePbv KivB
fveev„`i g~j jÿ¨| weÁvb mZ¨jä Ávb, hv cw_ex„Z AviI ev„mvc„hvMx; AviI wbKUZg K„i Zz„j„Q, ewncÖK‚wZi
kw³„K gvby„li Kj¨v„Y e¨envi Kiv n„”Q| gvbyl ƒh …eÁvwbK wPšÍvavivq cÖMwZi w`„K wb„R„K GwM„q wb„q hv„”Q Zvi
g„a¨ fveev`x `vk©wbK„`i ƒZgb ƒKvb Ae`vb ƒbB ej„jB P„j| Kv„RB G RM„Z„K, RM„Zi mZ¨„K ev` w`„q
cigvZ¥v„K Rvbvi cÖqvm ev¯ÍevwqZ n„Z cv„i bv|myZivs, fveev`x wkÿv m¤ú„K© GUzKz ejv ƒh„Z cv„i ƒh, gvby„li ¸Y
ƒKej cwieZ©bcÖeY n„Z cv„i bv| gvbyl„K Aek¨B ƒmme mZ¨„K ü`„q aviY K„i ivL„Z n„e hv ev¯Íe| Z„eB gvbyl
kvwšÍ cv„e|fveev`xiv gvbyl„K mewKQyi ƒK›`ª e„j g„b K„ib| gvby„li ag©xq, …bwZK, ƒe‡w×K I bv›`wbK weKvk
mvab„KB wkÿvi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ e„j g„b K„ib| ZvB cÖvK‚wZK weÁvb A„cÿv gvbe m¤úwK©Z wkÿvµ„gi Ici Zviv
AwaK ¸iæZ¡ Av„ivc K„i _v„Kb|

32
fveev`x„`i g„Z e¨w³„Z¡i mylg weKv„ki Rb¨ wkÿvµ„gi g„a¨ wb¤œwjwLZ welq¸„jv AšÍfy©³ n„e-
1. my¯’ †`‡n my¯’ gb: wkÿv_©x„`i my¯^v„¯‹¨i Rb¨ wkÿvµ„g _vK„e kixi weÁvb, ¯^v¯‹¨ weÁvb, e¨vqvg, kixi PP©v BZ¨vw`|
2. †e․w×K DbœwZ: mvwnZ¨, weÁvb, MwYZ, BwZnvm, f„Mvj BZ¨vw` welq ƒe‡w×K DbœwZi Rb¨ AšÍfy©³ n„e|
3. •bwZK I ag©xq DbœwZ: wkÿv_©xi …bwZK I ag©xq DbœwZi Rb¨ ag©kvš¿ I bxwZkv¯¿ wkÿvµ„g AšÍf©³ y _vK„e|
4. bv›`wbK †ev‡ai D‡b¥l: wkÿv_x©i bv›`wbK ƒev„ai D„b¥„li Rb¨ PviæKjv, m½xZ, AsKb cÖf‚wZ welq AšÍf©y³ _vK„e|
wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ wbY©‡q fveev`
fveev` Abyhvqx wkÿv`vb c×wZ Ggb n„e hvi mnvqZvq wkïi AweKwkZ m¤¢ebvgq w`K¸„jvi ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e nq| G
c×wZ„Z mvaviYfv„e Av„jvPbvi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xi wPšÍv-kw³i DrKl© mvab Kivi ƒPóv Kiv nq| ¸iæMnevm, kÖeY, gbb
I a¨vb n„e wkÿv`vb c×wZ| wkïi g„a¨ ƒh myß mËv we`¨gvb, wkÿvi gva¨„g Zvi weKvk NUv„bvB fveev`x wkÿ„Ki
cÖavb KvR| wkÿv_©x Zvi Av`k©evb ¸iæi Rxeb AbyKiY K„i Pj„jB Zvi Av„Z¥vcjwä NU„e|
cÖvPxb fveev`x wkÿK„`i wkÿY c×wZ wQj-
1) cÖkœ (Question)
2) Av„jvPbv (Discussion)
3) e³‚Zv (Lecture)
4) AbyKiY (Imitation)
wKšŠ AvaywbK cÖMwZkxj fveev`x ƒhgb ƒc¯Ívjrmx, d«„q„ej cÖgyL wkÿKMY wkïi AvZ¥mwµqZvi Dci we„kl ¸iæZ¡
w`„q„Qb| ƒc¯Ívjrmx ƒP„qwQ„jb wkÿvi c×wZ„K gb¯ÍvwË¡K wfwËi Dci `vuo Kiv„Z| ZvB wZwb ƒLjvwfwËK c×wZ„Z
mg_©b Ki„Zb| Zvi g„Z wk„ÿvcKiY wb„RivB bvovPvov K„i ƒLjvi ga¨ w`„q wkïiv wkL„e| d«„q„e„ji wKÐviMv„U©„b
wkï„`i ƒLjvi gva¨„g wkÿvi my„hvM ƒ`Iqv n„qwQj|
fveev` `k©‡b wkÿv_©xi •ewkó¨
1. wkÿv_©xi g„a¨ Amxg cig mËv AweKwkZfv„e i„q„Q|
2. wkÿv_©x cigvZ¥viB Ask|
3. Zvi g„a¨ bZzb ƒKvb Av`k© mwó Kiv hvq bv, wkÿv_©xi g„a¨ Rb¥ ƒ_„KB Zv we`¨gvb|
4. wkÿv_©x Zvi Av`k©evb ¸iæi Rxeb AbyKiY Ki„e|
5. wkÿv_©xiv n„e AvZ¥-mwµq (Self-active)|
6. AvZ¥Ávb jv„fi Rb¨ wkÿv_©xiv K„Vvi k•Ljv ƒg„b Pj„e|
7. wkÿv_©xiv ¯^vaxbfv„e wPšÍv Ki„e Ges Aa¨qbB n„e Zv„`i GKgvÎ Zcm¨v|
8. wkÿv_©xiv n„e kÖ×vkxj I mshgx|
fveev` `k©‡b wkÿK
AvaywbK fveev`x„`i g„Z, wkÿv_©xi mycwiKwíZ wkÿvq wkÿ„Ki fwgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wkÿK„K n„Z n„e e¨w³Z¡kxj,
wbôvevb I AvšÍwiK| wkÿ„Ki KvR n„e gvjxi Kv„Ri gZ| gvjx ƒhgb ƒQvU GKwU PvivMvQ„K cvwb w`„q ch©vß
cwiPh©vi gva¨„g eo K„i ƒZv„j Ges GK mgq Zv dz„j d„j fwi„q ƒZv„j, ƒZgwb wkÿKI wkÿv_©x„K ch©vß h„Zœi
gva¨„g wkÿv-`xÿvq, Av`e-Kvq`vq, ixwZ-bxwZ„Z fwi„q Zzj„eb| G QvovI-
1. fveev`x wkÿK n„eb Av`k©civqY I e¨w³Z¡ m¤úbœ, wkÿv_©x Zvui Rxebv`k© AbymiY Ki„e|
2. wkÿ„Ki fwgKv n„e cwiPvj„Ki gZ, Zvi civgk© I wb„`©kµ„g wkÿv_©xiv KvR Ki„e|
3. wkÿv_©xi g„a¨ ƒh myß cigmËv i„q„Q Zv„K weKwkZ KivB wkÿ„Ki KvR|
4. wkÿK Ggb n„eb ƒh Zvui PvwiwÎK cÖfv„e, hZœ I civg„k© wkÿv_©xi e¨w³„Z¡i weKvk NU„e|
5. wkÿv_©x„`i Av„Z¥vcjwä„Z wkÿK mvnvh¨ Ki„eb I civgk© ƒ`„eb|
6. fveev`x wkÿK wkïi mg¯Í ¯^vaxbZv niY Ki„eb bv, wkÿv_©x„K ¯^wbf©i, ¯^vaxb I wPšÍvkxj e¨w³„Z¡ cwiYZ Ki„Z
m„Pó n„eb|
7. wkÿv_©xi AvZœÁvb jv„fi Rb¨ wZwb cքqvRb„ev„a K„Vvi n„eb|
fveev` wkÿv ƒKej ZvwË¡K w`„Ki Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`„q„Q Zv bq, Zvi cքqv„Mi w`KwUI D„cÿv K„iwb| cÖMwZkxj
fveev`xiv wkÿvi jÿ¨, wkÿvi c×wZ, wkÿvµg BZ¨vw` welq„K Zv„`i wPšÍvi Øviv cÖfvweZ K„i„Qb| fveev`„K wkÿvi
ƒÿ„Î mwVKfv„e cքqvM Ki„Z cvi„j wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ mv_©K n„e, mgvR myMwVZ n„e|

33
cÖavb fveev`x `vk©wbK I Zuv‡`i Ae`vb
fveev„`i BwZnvm ch©v„jvPbv Ki„j ƒ`Lv hvq ƒh, fveev`„K wewfbœ mg„q wewfbœfv„e wewfbœ `vk©wbK Dc¯‹vcb
K„i„Qb| wb„¤œ Zv„`i K„qKR„bi g~j e³e¨ Dc¯‹vcb Kiv nj-
†cø‡Uv (Plato)
wLª÷c~e© 427 ƒ_„K 347 Gi g„a¨ wMÖK `vk©wbK ƒcø„Uvi wjwLZ weeiY ƒ_„K fveev„`i DrcwË m¤^„Ü Rvbv hvq| wZwb
fveev„`i Dci wjwLZ weeiY w`„q fveev„`i ƒÿ„Î Ae`vb ivLvq Zv„K fveev„`i RbK ejv nq|
ƒcø„Uvi g„Z, ÔÔev¯Íe cw_ex me©Rbxb aviYi gv„S mxgve× Ges Gi Aew¯‹wZ gvbe g„bi mvaviY aviYv ev e¯Š
wbi„cÿ| G ev¯Íe cw_ex Pig ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K„i| mvaviY `k¨gvb cw_ex ƒhLv„b gvbylZvi …`bw›`b Rxebhvcb
K„i, ƒmLv„b MvQcvjv, evwoNi cÖf‚wZi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ƒ`Lv ƒM„jI Zvi Pig ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki„Z cv„i bv|ÕZvui g„Z,
Avgiv ƒh RM„Z evm Kwi Zv Qvqv ev cÖZxK gvÎv| A„b„K g„b K„ib ƒh, G gZev„`i cÖfv„ei g~„j i„q„Q wLª÷vb
a„g©i gZev`| G gZev` 476 wLª÷vã n„Z 1453 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ cwðgv RM„Z cÖavb `k©b wn„m„e cÖPwjZ wQj| D³
mgq ga¨hyM I RvMi„Yi hyM wn„m„e cwiwPZ wQj|
m„µwU„mi Rxe„bi ƒkl AvU eQi ƒcø„Uv Zvi wkl¨ I eÜz wn„m„e KvR K„ib| m„µwU„mi cªfve Zvui Rxe„b Acwimxg|
ƒcøv„Uvi MÖš‹vewj„Z m„µwU„mi Rxe„bi eû wewPÎ Kvwnbx mwbœ„ewkZ n„q„Q| m„µwU„mi gZz¨i ci wZwb ƒ`k åg„Y
hvb| cÖ_„g wZwb ƒgMvivq hvb| ƒmLv„b MwYZ kv¯¿we` Ges `vk©wbK BDwK¬„Wi mv„_ Zvui eÜzZ¡ nq| BDwK¬„Wi gZev`
Øviv ƒcø„Uv cÖfvevwš^Z nb| ƒmLvb ƒ_„K wZwb wgki, BZvjx Ges wmwmwj cwiåg„Y hvb| BZvjx„Z wc_v„Mviv„mi
msL¨vZË¡ Øviv we„klfv„e cÖfvweZ nb| wnivwK¬Uvm, m„µwUm Ges BZvjxq `k©b ZË¡ n„Z ƒcø„Uvi `k©b gZev„`i D™¢e|
ƒcø„Uv Ava¨vZ¥we`¨vq R¨vwgwZi wePvi cÖYvjxi Abymib K„ib| ƒhme ¯^vfvweK ms¯ˆv„ii Dci Zvui `k©b cÖwZwôZ wZwb
ƒm¸„jv„K AwbZ¨ `ªe¨Rv„Zi wbZ¨ AvKvi cvigvw_©K mZ¨ Ges weÁv„bi Pig jÿ¨ e„j„Qb| cÖvq `k eQi ƒ`k fªg„Yi
gva¨„g wewPÎ wPšÍvavivq ¯œvZ n„q wZwb ƒ`„k wd„ib wZwb GKwU we`¨vjq ¯‹vcb K„ib Ges bvg ƒ`b GKv‡Wwg|
AvbyôvwbK we`¨vcxV wn„m„e G GKv„Wwg fwel¨r gvbe„Mvôxi Rb¨ A„bK Ae`vb ƒi„L„Q| Ávb I m„Z¨i Abykxjb,
…eÁvwbK M„elYv, ivóª cwiPvjbv, `k©b, MwYZ, ƒR¨vwZwe©`¨v BZ¨vw` wel„q cvV ƒ`Iqv n„Zv G GKv„Wwg„Z| wkÿv_©xiv
eQ„ii ci eQi KvUv„Zb ƒcø„Uvi GKv„Wwg„Z Ges Ávb-weÁv„b ¯œvZ n„q ƒh„Zb wbR wbR Kvh©ƒÿ„Î| weL¨vZ `vk©wbK
A¨vwi÷Uj Zvui wkl¨ Ges ƒhvM¨ DËim~ix| eZ©gv„b Ávb weÁv„bi cÖfZ DbœwZ mvwaZ n„jI ƒcø„Uv cÖ`Ë g~jbxwZ ev`
w`„q AvaywbKZvi wPšÍv Kivhvq bv| fvevev„`i g~j cÖe³v wZwb| wLªóc~e© 347 A„ã G gbxlx gZz¨eiY K„ib|
†cø‡Uvi `vk©wbK gZev`
wPšÍvi MfxiZv Ges ƒg‡wjKZvi Rb¨ ƒjv„K Zvu„K Hkx (Divine) AvL¨v w`„qwQ„jb| AbšÍ AØ›Ø Ges Av`k©B ƒcø„Uvi
Avjq I wePiYfwg| m„µwU„mi wPšÍv ƒ¯ªvZ gš‹i Ges `vwqZ¡wegyL| ƒcø„Uvi `k©b DÏvg MwZgq mgm¨v mgvav„b
DrmyK| Zuvi `wó wQj msKxY©Zv gy³| hyw³i gva¨„g fyj aviYv„K LÐb K„i mZ¨ cÖwZôv Kiv Zvui Ab¨Zg KvR| G
KvR„K wfwË K„iB fveev` cÖwZwôZ| ƒcø„Uvi g„Z Áv„bi wfwË cÖÁv-wek^vm bq| ƒh ƒKvb wel„q Ávb jvf Ki„Z n„j
Rvb„Z n„e welqwU Ab¨iKg bv n„q Ggb nj ƒKb? Zvi Rb¨ cքqvRb m~² we„kølY Ges …a„h©¨i Abykxjb| m„µwU„mi
g„Zv wZwb g„b Ki„Zb e¯yÍi mvwe©K ¯^”Q Ges mwVK aviYvB Ávb| mvwe©K aviYvi ev¯Íe Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK„j Zv mZ¨ Ges Zv
bv _vK„j Zv wg_¨v| mvwe©K aviYvi Dci wek^vmx n„jI wZwb me©cÖ_g Ava¨vZ¥weÁvb (Metaphysics) Gi mÜvb ƒ`b|
GUv Zvui wPšÍvi ƒg‡wjK dmj|
ƒcø„Uvi fveev„`i …ewkó¨ n„jv-
1. fve n„jv GK Pig mËv;
2. fve n„jv mvwe©K I me©Rbxb;
3. fve n„jv wPšÍb;
4. fve ƒKv„bv `ªe¨ ev e¯ÍyÍ bq;
5. fve¸„jv Awebk¦i I AcwieZ©bxq;
6. cքZ¨K fveB GK GKUv GKK;
7. fve¸„jv eû¸„Yi mvivsk;
8. cքZ¨K fveB c~Y©v½ I ¯^qsm¤úY©;
9. fve¸„jv ¯‹vbKvj ewnf©©~Z;
10. fve¸„jv cքÁq;

34
†cø‡Uvi wkÿv gZev`
g~j¨„eva, KZ©e¨civqYZv Ges ivR†bwZK ƒbZ‚Z¡ BZ¨vw` ¸Yvewji D„b¥l mva„bi w`„K ƒLqvj ƒi„L wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi
Rb¨ ƒcø„Uv ƒRvi w`„q„Qb| ïay RxweKv AR©„bi Rb¨ wkÿv MÖnY„K wZwb mg_©b Ki„Zb bv| AvZ¥vwenxb gvbyl ƒbB| ZvB
AvZ¥vi DbœwZi Rb¨ wkÿv MÖnY Ki„Z n„e| Zvui g„Z wkÿvi ev¯Íe AwfÁZv ci¯ú„Ki m¤ú~iK| wkÿv gvbyl„K
mgvRe×fv„e emev„mi Aby„cÖiYv ƒ`q| wkÿv me mgqB MwZm¤úbœ cÖwµqv wn„m„e KvR K„i| AvZ¥vi DbœwZi mv„_
mv„_ mgvR Dbœq„bi Rb¨ wkÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fwgKv cvjb K„i| ƒcø„Uvi g„Z mgvR Z_v ivóª Dbœq„bi Rb¨ mywkwÿZ
bvMwi„Ki cքqvRb| bvMwiK„`i ga¨ `k©b, weÁvb, K‚wl I ms¯ˆ‚wZ m¤ú„K© me„P„q cÖÁvevb ƒjvKB ƒKej ivóª
cwiPvjbvq ƒhvM¨| ƒcø„Uvi wicvewjK eû RvwZi RvMi„Yi Rb¨ ƒgvÿg A¯¿ wn„m„e KvR K„i„Q| ƒcø„Uv wkÿvq kixiPP©v
Ges b›`bPP©vi Ici h„_ó ¸iæZ¡ Av„ivc K„i„Qb| mgvR I ivóªxq Dbœq„b bvix-cyiæ„li mgvb ¸iæZ¡ Av„ivc K„i„Qb|
cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv ¯Íi web¨vm ƒcø„UvB cÖ_g K„i„Qb|
†cø‡Uvi wkÿv`vb c×wZ
Ávb AR©„b wkÿv_©xi ¯^vaxbZvi Dci ƒcø„Uv we„kl ƒRvi w`„q„Qb| wkÿK hv Rv„bb Zv wkÿv_©xi Dci Pvwc„q ƒ`Iqv
ƒcø„Uvi cQ›` Ki„Zb bv| wZwb Mí, ƒLjv I AbyKi„Yi gva¨„g wkÿvjv„f DrmvwnZ Ki„Zb| wkÿv_©xi mwµqZv
wkÿvjv„f me„P„q ƒewk Kvh©Ki e„j wZwb g„b Ki„Zb| `jMZfv„e Ikixi MV„bi Rb¨ ƒLjvayjvi gva¨„g wkÿvjvf„K
wZwb DrmvwnZ Ki„Zb|
†cø‡Uvi KwíZ ivóª I wkÿv
ƒcø„Uvi g„Z GKwU Av`k© ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖZx„Ki ¸iæZ¡ Acwi„gq| ƒcø„Uv Zvi Av`k© iv„óªi bvMwiK„K wZb
ƒkÖwY„Z wef³ K„ib| G ƒkÖwY¸„jv n„jv-AwffveK, …mwbK I KvwiMi|AwffveK ƒkÖwYi KvR n„e ivóª cwiPvjbv,
…mwbK„Ki KvR ƒ`k iÿv Ges KvwiM„ii KvR ƒ`„ki mKj cÖKvi Lv`¨ I `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi Drcv`„bi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY| Zvui
g„Z GKRb ivóªbvq„Ki eqm n„e cÂv„ki Dc„i| wZwb cÖfZ Áv„bi AwaKvix Ges GKRb weÁ `vk©wbK n„eb|
ƒcøUvi Zvui Av`k© iv„óª mvg¨ev` Ges Av`k© A_©†bwZK mgvR e¨e¯‹v M„o ƒZvjvi K_v D„jøL K„i„Qb| Zvui Av`k© iv„óª
ivóªxq ZË¡veav„b mylg e¨e¯‹v M„o ƒZvjv Ges e¨w³MZ m¤úwË we„jv„ci K_v e„j„Qb| iv„óª bvix-cyiæ„li gh©v`v n„e
mgvb| ivóªxq `vwq„Z¡ bvix-cyiæ„li mgZvi D„jøL Av„Q| ƒhvM¨Zv AR©b Ki„Z cvi„j bvixivI cyiæ„li mgvb gh©v`v
cv„e|
Bgvby‡qjKv›U (Imanuel Kant)
Rvg©vb `vk©wbK Bgvby„qj Kv›U 1724 ƒ_„K 1804 wLª. ch©šÍ fveev„`i Dci we„klfv„e cÖfve we¯Ívi K„i myL¨vwZ AR©b
K„ib| Kv›U ev¯ÍeZvq wek^vm Ki„Zb| Zvi g„Z, hv gvby„li ƒevaMg¨ bq Zv ƒKvbfv„eB ev¯Íe n„Z cv„i bv| fveev`
m¤ú„K© Zuvi gZev` nj-G RM„Zi `ywU w`K ev i€c| GKwU Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ RMZ AciwU AZxw›`ªq RMZ| A_©vr GKwU
AwfÁZvi RMZ AciwU Kíbvi RMZ| Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ RMZ m¤ú~Y© mZ¨ bq| AšÍwb©wnZ ev AZxw›`ªq RM„Zi ÿz`ª cÖKvk nj
G evn¨ RMZ| G fve mËv ev AZxw›`ªq RMZB n„”Q wPišÍb, ¯‹vqx, AcwieZ©bkxj Ges Awebk^i| Acic„ÿ Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨
ev `k¨ AbyfZ gvbm„jvK n„”Q cwieZ©bkxj, A¯‹vqx, bk¦i| myZivs, AZxw››`ªq RMZB n„”Q cÖK‚Z mZ¨| Avi evn¨
RMZ cwieZ©bkxj e„j cÖK‚Zc„ÿ Zv ev¯Íe mËv I mZ¨ bq| Avi hv mZ¨ Zv ev¯Íe, hv mr Zv me©Rbxb|
wZwb AviI e„jb ƒh, RM„Zi ƒhgb `ywU w`K Av„Q ƒZgwb Avgv„`i mËviI `ywU w`K Av„Q| GKwU `k¨ AbyfZ
gvbm„jvK, AciwU A`k¨ I AZxw›`ªq gvbm„jvK ev AvZ¥v| cÖ_gwU Avgv„`i ms„e`b, cÖZ¨ÿY, wPšÍv, Kíbvi mgvnvi|
GKwU„K Rvbv hvq AciwU„K Rvbv hvq bv| hv„K Rvbv hvq bv Zv„K ÁvZv ejv nq| G ÁvZvi Ávbjv„fi Rb¨
KZK¸„jv Acwinvh© wPšÍvi cÖKvi ev cÖK‚wZ Av„Q Ges G cÖKvi¸„jv me©Rbxb I e¨w³ wbi„cÿ- hvi d„j G wek^RMZ
ƒh GKwU RMZ Zv we„klfv„e mevi Kv„Q cÖwZfvZ nq|

DBj‡ng †n‡Mj (W. Hegel)

DBj„ng ƒn„Mj 1770 wLª÷vã n„Z 1831 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ `vk©wbK wPšÍv-fvebvi Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K„ib| wZwb I
Kv„›Ui gZ AwfÁZvi evB„i Aew¯‹Z ev¯ÍeZvq wek^vm Ki„Zb|ƒn„M„ji g„Z, ÔÔRMr I Rxeb DfqB mZ¨|ÕÕ A„b„K
Zv„K me©hy„Mi me©„kÖô `vk©wbK wn„m„e AvL¨v w`„q„Qb| ƒn„M„ji fveev„` gvby„li ixwZ-bxwZ, b¨vq-Ab¨vq, gvby„li
bxwZ, ƒm‡›`h©, ag©, g~j¨„eva, mgvRbxwZ, AvwZ¥K bxwZ I Abykvmb meB my›`ifv„e dz„U D„V„Q| me w`K w`„q wePvi
K„i ƒn„M„ji fveev`„K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© `k©b gZev` ejv hvq|
35
evK©‡j
evK©„j GKRb e¨w³wbf©i fveev`x `vk©wbK wQ„jb| Zuvi g„Z,wek^ cÖK‚wZi hv wKQz Aw¯ÍZ¡ Zv e¨w³wbf©i, e¯yÍwbf©i bq|
e¨w³i cÖZ¨„ÿi g„a¨ bv Avm„j e¯Íyi Aw¯Í„Z¡i ƒKvb cÖkBœ D„V bv| gb ev ƒPZbv bv _vK„j ƒKvb wKQzi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avgv„`i
Kv„Q cÖwZfvZ nZ bv|

wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î fveev‡`i Ae`vb

wewfbœ `vk©wbK ZË¡ I gZev„`i g„a¨ wkÿv„ÿ„Î fveev„`i Ae`vb me„P„q e¨vcK I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wkÿvi jÿ¨, welqe¯Š,
c×wZ BZ¨vw`i ƒÿ„Î fveev„`i Ae`vb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| h_v-
1) wkÿvi jÿ¨: e¨w³mËvi c~Y©Zg weKvkB nj wkÿvi jÿ¨| e¨w³i ev wkïi AweKwkZ cig mËv wkÿvi gva¨„gB
cwic~Y©Zvq ƒc‡u„Q| fveev„`i Av„jvPbvq Zv ¯úófv„e dz„U D„V„Q|
2) mwµqZvi gva¨‡g msMwVZ: me wkÿvB mwµqZvi gva¨„g msMwVZ n„e| wkïi wfZ„ii cig mËv wkïi
AvZ¥mwµqZvi ga¨ w`„q AvZ¥cÖKvk cvq| myZivs, wewfbœ cÖK‚wZi Awfe¨w³g~jK mwµqZv cvV¨µ„gi AšÍfz©³ n„e|
fveev„` G mZ¨wU my›`ifv„e cÖKvwkZ n„q„Q|
3) †Ljvi ¸iæZ¡: wkÿv„ÿ„Î ƒLjvi ¸iæZ¡ mwµqZv ƒ_„KB c~Y©Zv jvf K„i„Q| Gi c~„e© wkÿvq ƒLjvi ƒKvb ¯‹vb wQj
bv| Zviv ƒLjv„K cigmËvi weKvk jv„fi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwµqv e„j eY©bv K„i„Qb| ƒLjvUv ïay A_©nxb A½ mÂvjb
bq| Gi ga¨ w`„q wkïi ƒhgb gvbwmK weKvk N„U ƒZgwb Rxe„bi cքqvRbxq AvPiY¸„jvI wk„L _v„K|
3) ¯^vaxbZvi aviYv: wkïi ¯^vaxbZvi aviYvwUI G AvZ¥mwµqZvi aviYv ƒ_„K G„m„Q| ƒKbbv, AšÍwb©wnZ cigmËv
ƒh„nZz ¯^ZtùZ©fv„e cÖKvk jvf K„i ƒm„nZz wkï„K Zvi me©wea Kg© cքPóvq ¯^vaxbZv w`„Z n„e- hv„Z cig mËvi
AvZ¥cÖKv„k ƒKvb iKg evavi mwó bv nq|
4) me©v½xY weKvk: wkÿvi cvV¨µg, Kg©m~wP, c×wZ cÖf‚wZ Ggbfv„e cwiKwíZ n„e hv„Z wkïi e¨w³mËvi c~Y© Ges
me©v½xY weKvk NU„Z cv„i| AvaywbK fveev`xiv wkïi kvixwiK, mvgvwRK, Av„ewMK cÖf‚wZ e¨w³mËvi mew`K¸„jviB
c~Y© weKv„ki Dci mgvbfv„e ¸iæZv¡„ivc K„i _v„Kb|
5) eskaviv I cwi‡ek: cÖvPxb fveev`xiv cwieZ©„b wek^vm Ki„Zb bv e„j Zvuiv ïay e¨w³i mËvi MV„b Zvi eskavivi
DciB ¸iæZ¡ w`„Zb wKšŠ AvaywbK fveev`xiv cwieZ©„b wek^vmx e„j Zviv wkïi e¨w³mËvi MV„b eskavivi cÖfv„ei
cvkvcvwk cwi„e„ki cÖfv„ei Dci mgvbfv„e ¸iæZv¡„ivc K„i„Qb|
6) wbqwš¿Z I mycwiKwíZfv‡e cwieZ©b: wkïi wkÿv„K Kvw•ÿZ j„ÿ¨ ƒcu‡Qv„bvi Rb¨ cքqvRb cwi„ek„K h_vh_fv„e
wbqš¿Y Kiv Ges mycwiKwíZfv„e ƒm¸„jv„K cwieZ©b Kiv| wkïi mnRvZ kw³¸„jvi c~Y© I mylg weKv„ki Dc„hvMx
K„i cwi„e„ki kw³¸„jv wbqš¿Y KivB wkÿvi gyL¨ KvR|
7) ms¯‥…wZi mv‡_ cwiwPwZ: c~e© cyiæl„`i Ávb I ms¯ˆ‚wZi mv„_ wkï„K cwiwPZ Kiv wkÿvi GKwU cÖavb KvR|
gvbeRvwZ hyM hyM a„i GK cyiæl ƒ_„K Ab¨ cyiæ„li g„a¨ Zv„`i mwÂZ Ávb I ms¯ˆ‚wZ DËivwaKvi m~„Î ƒc‡u„Q w`„”Q|
Gfv„e gvbeRvwZ Zv„`i Rxeb„K GwM„q wb„q hv„”Q AMÖMwZi w`„K| c~e©cyiæl„`i G mg× ms¯ˆ‚wZ I Ávb wkï„K Zvi
ewÂZ I mylg weKv„ki c„_ cwiPvwjZ Ki„Z mvnvh¨ Ki„e|
8) g~j¨‡eva mÂvwjZ: †hme g~j¨„eva Avgv„`i Rxebaviv„K cÖfvweZ I cwiPvwjZ K„i _v„K ƒmme g~j¨„eva cigmËv
ƒ_„K wbtmZ n„q„Q Ges ƒmRb¨ ƒm¸„jvI wPi¯‹vqx cÖK‚wZi| ƒhgb- AcwieZ©bxq mZZv, `qv, ƒm‡›`h©, ƒ`k„cÖg cÖf‚wZ
g~j¨„eva¸„jv cwieZ©bxq I wPi¯‹vqx cÖK‚wZi| Avi wkÿvi KvR nj G g~j„eva¸„jv wkÿv_©x„`i g„a¨ cwiPvwjZ Kiv|

2.2 ev¯Íeev` (Realism)

ev¯Íeev` `k©„b e¯Ši Aw¯ÍZ¡B g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq| ev¯Íeev`x `vk©wbKMY e¯Ši E„aŸ© A„bK wKQzi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K„ib|
Ornstein & Levine Zuv„`i An Introduction to the Foundations of Education Mքš‹ e„j„Qb, ''Realism is the
philosophy that construes reality to be dualistic in nature, that is it contains a material and contains
component." A¨vwi÷Uj (Aristotle)-ƒK ev¯Íeev„`i RbK ejv nq| G Qvov GB gZev„`i Ab¨vb¨ mg_©K n„jb
A¨vKzBbvm (Acquinas),eªwW (Broudy), gvwU©b(Martin), ƒc¯Ívjrwm (Pestalozzi) cÖgyL `vk©wbKMY|

36
ev¯Íeev‡`i g~j e³e¨
ev¯Íeev`x„`i g„Z, RM„Zi e¯Íy Qvqv ev gvqv bq eis e¯ŠB ev¯Íe| ev¯Íeev`xiv g„b K„i ƒh, me e¯ŠiB cÖK‚Z mËv
i„q„Q| AwÁZvi RMZB cÖK‚Z ev¯Íe mZ¨| B›`ªqMÖvn¨ e¯ŠB ev¯Íe Ges cÖK‚Z mZ¨| ƒKbbv, Avgiv hv ƒ`wL ev ïwb ZvB
wkwL Ges Avgv„`i c Bw›`ªq Øviv Ávbjvf Kwi| ƒh e¯Š Avgiv ƒ`L„Z ev ïb„Z cvB bv ƒm e¯Š m¤^„Ü Avgiv wKQz
wkL„Z cvwi bv| KviY, ƒh e¯Š ƒ`Lv hvq bv ƒm e¯Š m¤ú„K© ƒKvb aviYv Kiv m¤¢e bq| ïaygvÎ e³‚Zv ev Av„jvPbv
c×wZi gva¨„g wkÿv_©x„K wkÿv`vb Ki„jB Pj„e bv Gi mv„_ ev¯Še e¯Š cÖZ¨ÿ K„iI wkÿv_©xiv wkÿvjvf Ki„e|
GQvovI ev¯Íeev`xiv g„b K„ib ƒh, wkÿv`vb c×wZ n„e e¨envwiK| cixÿv-wbixÿv, ev¯Íe welq ch©v„jvPbv Ges nv„Z-
Kj„g Kv„Ri gva¨„g wkÿv ƒ`qv ev¯Íeev`x wkÿv`vb c×wZ …ewkó¨|
ev¯Íeev‡`i g~jbxwZ
ev¯Íeev„`i g~jbxwZ¸„jv nj-
1. ev¯Íe Aw¯Í„Z¡i GKwU RMZ Av„Q hv gvbyl MVb ev …Zwi Ki„Z cv„i bv;
2. GB ev¯Íe Aw¯ÍZ¡ ƒKej gvby„li gbB Rvb„Z cv„i;
3. cքZ¨K e¯ŠiB GKwU ¯^vaxb mËv Av„Q, hvi Dci ev¯Íeevw`MY ƒewk ƒRvi w`„q _v„Kb;
4. e¯Š Zvi ¯^vaxb mËv wb„q ƒhfv„e Ae¯‹vb K„i ƒmUvB Zvi Aw¯ÍZ;¡
ev¯Íeev` `k©‡b wkÿvi jÿ¨
`wó I AwfÁZv m¤ú³ RMr Ges RvMwZK cքqvR„bi welq we„ePbv K„i Bw›`ª„qi gva¨„g cÖZ¨ÿ Ávb jvf Kiv n„e
wkÿvi g~j jÿ¨| GQvov ev¯Íe RM„Zi mv„_ Nwbô ƒhvMv„hvM iÿv KivI n„e wkÿvi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨|
1. e¯ŠRM„Z `k¨gvb e¯Ši cwi„cÖwÿ„Z wkÿv_©x„K Ávb I wbcyYZv `vbKiv hv Zv„K I Zvi cwi„ek„K Rvb„Z I AvqË
Ki„Z mvnvh¨ K„i|
2. wkÿv_©x„K RM„Zi ev¯ÍeZvi mv„_ GKvZ¥ n„Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
3. e¯Š I e¯Ši E„aŸ© ƒhme wel„qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av„Q ƒmme welq m¤ú„K© Ávb AR©b Kiv|
4. Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ e¯Š I Zvi evB„ii e¯Š m¤ú„K© Ávb AvniY Ges AvnwiZ Ávb„K gvbeKj¨v„Y Kv„R jvMvb|
5. wkÿv_©xi e¨w³MZ I mgvRMZ Pvwn`v c~iY K„i Zv„K myLx Kiv|
ev¯Íeev` `k©‡b wkÿvµg
weÁvb PP©v, we`¨vi Abykxjb, wewfbœ we„klxKi„Yi Dci ƒRvi, Rxeb I cvwicvwk^©K m¤^„Ü gvby„li m¤úK© BZ¨vw` welq
cvV¨µ„gi AšÍf©y³ _vK„e| ev¯Íeev`x `vk©wbK„`i g„a¨ gvbeZvag©x ev¯Íeev`xiv cÖvPxb HwZ„n¨i wkÿvi K_v e„j„Qb|
Zviv RxY© Aev¯Íe wkÿvi cwie„Z© D`viag©x wkÿvi Ici ƒRvi w`„q„Qb| A„bK ev¯Íeev`x `vk©wbK ZvwË¡K Ávb A„cÿv
e¨envwiK Áv„bi Ici ƒRvi w`„q„Qb| wgëb 12 ƒ_„K 21 eQi eqmx wkÿv_©x„`i Rb¨ GKwU wkÿvµ„gi K_v e„jb|
GwU nj-
K. cÖ_g el© : j¨vwUb, MÖvgvi, MwYZ I R¨vwgwZ|
L. cieZ©x 4 eQi : c`v_©we`¨v, wkÿv, f„Mvj, A_©-kv¯¿, cÖvK‚wZK f„Mvj|
M. Aewkó eQ‡i : evB„ej, wneªæ, wMÖK, ƒivgvb, mv·b, A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, BwZnvm, KweZv, I AvBb kv¯¿|
Avevi mvgvwRK ev¯Íeev`xiv wkÿv„K we`¨vj„qi Pvi ƒ`qv„ji g„a¨ mxgveä ivL„Z Pvbwb| Bw›`ªq ev¯Íeev`xiv e„jb,
wkÿv n„e Bw›`ªqvbyfwZi Abykxj„bi Dci wbf©i K„i|
ev¯Íeev` `k©‡b wkÿv_©xi •ewkó¨
1. cքZ¨K wkÿv_©x nj ¯^Zš¿ …ewkó¨gwÐZ I e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix;
2. wkÿv_©xi Zv„`i wb„Ri mvg_©¨vbyhvqx wb„Ri g„Zv K„i wkL„e;
3. wkÿv_©xiv Ávb AbymÜvb, AvniYI Zv gvbe Kj¨v„Y Kv„R jvMv„bvq m„Pó _vK„e|
ev¯Íeev` `k©‡b wkÿ‡Ki •ewkó¨
1. ev¯Íeev`x wkÿK n„eb h_vh©B ev¯Íeev`x| wZwb wkïi weKv„ki Dchy³ cwi„ek wbg©v„Y m„Pó _vK„eb;
2. Zvi KvR wkÿv_©x„K ƒkLv„bv bq eis wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`vwfwËK AwfÁZv AR©„bi ƒÿÎ I cwi„ek iPbv Kiv;
3. wkÿK wkÿv_©xi MwZ cÖK‚wZ m¤ú„K© me©`v m„PZb _vK„eb;
4. wZwb m„Pó _vK„eb wkÿv_©x„K Zvi Pvwnv`v Abyhvqx wkÿv ƒ`qvi Rb¨;
5. wZwb n„eb wkÿv_©xi ¯^vaxb mËvq wek^vmx|
37
ev¯Íeev` `k©‡b wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ
ev¯Íeev`x `vk©wbK„`i g„Z, Ávb Avni„Yi gva¨g n„”Q M„elYv I AbymÜvb| ev¯Íeev`x `vk©wbK ƒc¯Ívjrmx e„j„Qb,
ÔÔcÖK‚wZi c„_ wkÿv w`„Z n„j K_v I e³‚Zvi cwie„Z© mZ¨ I ev¯ÍeZvi mƒ½ wkÿvi m¤úK© ¯‹vcb Ki„Z n„e|ÕÕ wZwbB
cÖ_g ev¯Íee¯Š I D`vni„Yi gva¨„g wkÿv`v„bi cÿcvZx wQ„jb| ev¯Íeev`x `vk©wbKMY e„jb, ev¯Íe e¯Ši gva¨„g
wkÿv`vb Ki„Z n„e| wkÿvi cÖv_wgK wfwË n„e wkïi ev¯Íe AwfÁZv| mnR wRwbm ƒ_„K Avi¤¢ K„i µgk RwUj
wel„qi AeZviYv Ki„Z n„e| ev¯ÍewfwËK wkÿv`vb ƒK‡kj ev¯Íeev`x„`i GK eo Ae`vb| GB gZev„`i GKRb
mg_©K ƒeKb wkÿvi c×wZ wn„m„e Av„ivnx c×wZi (Inductive Method) D™¢veb K„ib|ev¯Íeev` `k©b ƒ_„K aviYv
cvIqv hvq ƒh, Áv„bi Øvi nj Bw›`ªq¸„jv Ges Av„ivnx c×wZ ÁvbvR©„bi DrK‚ó cš‹v| cyw_MZ wkÿv wkÿv bq, ƒh
wkÿv ev¯Í„e Kvh©Kix ZvB cÖK‚Z wkÿv|
ev¯Íeev‡`i cÖKvi‡f`
ev¯Íeev„`i fveaviv wZbwU cÖavbfv„M wef³ nq| h_v-
1. gvbeZvag©x ev¯Íeev` (Humanistic Realism)
2. mvgvwRK ev¯Íeev` (Social Realism)
3. Bw›`ªq ev¯Íeev` (Sense Realism)
1. gvbeZvag©x ev¯Íeev` (Humanistic Relism): ga¨hy„Mi cvwÐZ¨ag©x wkÿve¨e¯‹vi cÖwZev`i€„c ƒh gvbeZvag©x gZev`
AvZ¥cÖKvk K„i Kvjµ„g Zv GK ÿz`ª Ges cÖvPxb mvwn„Z¨i A_©nxb Abykxj„b ch©ewmZ nq| G wkÿve¨e¯‹v ev¯Íe
AwfÁZv ƒ_„K we”Qbœ n„q cÖvPxbi€„c mxgve× n„q c„o| G Aev¯Íe wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi weiæ„× cÖwZev`i€„c gvbeZvag©x
ev¯Íeev„`i Awef©ve N„U|
gvbeZvag©x ev¯Íeev`x wkÿvwe`„`i g„a¨ ƒbZ‚¯‹vbxq wQ„jb cÖwm× BUvjxq wkÿvwe` Bivmgvm| gvbeZvag©x ev¯Íeev`x„`i
g„Z, gvbe Rxe„bi hv wKQz fvj, hv wKQz gnr I Kvg¨ Zvi mewKQzB cÖvPxb wMÖK I ƒivgvb mvwn„Z¨ wbwnZ| ZvB cÖvPxb
wMÖK I ƒivgvb mvwnZ¨PP©vB wkÿvi cÖ`vb welqe¯Š n„e| Zuv„`i g„Z, wkÿv_©x„`i DrKl© mva„bi Acwinvh© DcKiY nj
cÖvPxb wMÖK I ƒivgvb mvwn„Z¨i fvlv, Q›`, Aj¼vi BZ¨vw`i PP©v| Zuviv g„b K„ib, cÖvPxb mwn„Z¨i AvqËxKiYB n„e
wkÿvi jÿ¨| cÖvPxb mvwn„Z¨ ƒhme gvbe AwfÁZv, AvPiY, Av`k©, g~j¨„eva, aviYv, D„Ïk¨ ewY©Z n„q„Q ƒm¸„jv
Abyhvqx wkÿv_©x„`i eZ©gvb Rxebaviv M„o ƒZvjv|
2. mvgvwRK ev¯Íeev` (Social Realism): BD„ivcxq beRvMi„Yi mgq mvgvwRK ev¯Íeev` AvZ¥cÖKvk jvf K„i|
gvB„Kj gb„U„bvi wQ„jb mvgvwRK ev¯Íeev„`i D„jøL„hvM¨ wkÿvwe`| mvgvwRK ev¯Íeev„`i g~j jÿ¨ wQj wkÿv_©x„K
GKRb ƒhvM¨ gvbyli€„c M„o ƒZvjv| Zvu„`i g„Z, Ôwkÿv_©xi wkÿv Ggb cwiKwíZ Dcv„q w`„Z n„e hv„Z K„i ƒm
GKRb mdj I Avb›`Ki fwel¨r Rxeb M„o Zzj„Z cv„i| Ôwkÿv_©xi gvbwmK I wePvi-eywׄK Ggbfv„e wbqwš¿Z Ki„Z
n„e hv„Z ƒm mgv„R GKRb mdj bvMwiK i€„c cÖwZwôZ n„Z cv„iÕ| Zvuiv e„jb, wkÿv n„e GKRb e¨w³i mdj I
mv_©K Rxe„bi cÖ¯wŠ Zi DcKiY| wewfbœ ƒ`„ki gvbyl, cÖ_v, ixwZbxwZ m¤^„Ü AwfÁZv jvf Ki„Z Ges Zv„`i m„½
cwiwPZ n„Z n„j wkÿv_©x„K ƒ`k-we„`„k ågY Ki„Z n„e| wkÿvi gva¨„g ƒ`k-we„`k Ny„i gvby„li ms¯ú„k© G„m ev¯Íe
AwfÁZvi gva¨„g Ávbjvf Kiv hvq| Zvu„`i g„Z, åg„Yi Ávb cvV¨cy¯Í„Ki Ávb A„cÿv eûjvs„k Kvh©Ki I
Dc„hvMx| ƒjLvcovi Ávb„K ƒM‡Y g„b K„i wkÿvi cÖK‚Z D„Ïk¨ nj wkÿv_©xi Ggb GKwU PwiÎ MVb hv Zv„K
fwel¨„Z myLx, mdj Ges ev¯Íe Dc„hvMx Rxebhvc„b mg_© Ki„e|
3. Bw›`ªq ev¯Íeev` (Sense Realism): Bs„iR `vk©wbK d«vwÝm ƒeKb n„jb Bw›`ªq ev¯Íeev„`i cÖe³v| Avi GKRb
cÖL¨vZ Bw›`ªq ev¯Íeev`x n„jb cÖwm× ƒPK wkÿvwe` K„gwbqvm| Bw›`ªq ev¯Íeev`„K GK K_vq wek^vm ejv hvq|Zuv„`i
g„Z, me ÁvbB Bw›`ª„qi ga¨ w`„q jvf n„q _v„K| G hver wkÿvi ƒhme ZË¡ MwVZ n„qwQj meB AwfÁZv wbf©i
Z„_¨i Dci wfwË K„i MwVZ n„qwQj| cÖvPxbKv„ji `vk©wbKev„`i g„bv†eÁvwbK mgvR ZË¡g~jK Ges …eÁvwbK
gZev„`i wePv„i wkÿv„K GKwU cÖvK‚wZK c×wZi€„c g„b K„ib| Zvu„`i g„Z, cÖvK‚wZK NUbvewj nj me Ávb I m„Z¨i
Drm Ges wkÿv c×wZi ZË¡mg~n I cÖvK‚wZK NUbvewji g„a¨B Avwe®ˆvi Kiv hv„e|
A¨vwi÷Uj
A¨vwi÷Uj n„jb ev¯Íe `vk©wbK wPšÍvavivi cÖ_g cÖe³v| A¨vwi÷Uj wLª. 384-322 Gi g„a¨ ev¯Íeev` m¤ú„K© Zuvi
wPšÍvavivi cÖeZ©b K„ib| wZwb e¯ŠRM„Zi welqe¯Íyi ƒfZi ev¯ÍeZv ƒ`L„Z cvb| wZwb cÖK‚wZ„K mwZ¨Kv„ii ev¯ÍeZv
wn„m„e MÖnY K„ib| A¨vwi÷U„ji g„Z,ÔRM„Zi hveZxq e¯Íy ƒhgb-evZvm,gvbyl, RxeRšŠ, MvQcvjv, cvwb ƒKvb bv ƒKvb
c`v_© w`„q …Zwi Ges Zv„`i cÖwZwUi wbw`©ó AvKvi ev AvK‚wZ Av„Q| wZwb Zvui G ch©„eÿY„K e¯Š cÖK‚wZ cÖKí bv„g
AwfwnZ K„ib|
38
Rb jK
Rb jK (1632-1704 wLª.) ev¯ÍeZv m¤ú„K© ƒek Zrci n„q D„Vb| Zvui g„Z, AwfÁZvB hveZxq Áv„bi Drm| hLb
cw_ex„Z Avwm ZLb ƒKvb Ávb wb„q Avwm bv| e¯Š RM„Zi wewfbœ wel„q AwfÁZv jv„fi d„j Avgv„`i Áv„bi cwimxgv
evo„Z _v„K| Ávb Avni„Yi ƒÿ„Î Avgiv hyw³c~Y© ch©„eÿY I e¨envi K„i _vwK| Gfv„e Br„iR `vk©wbK RbjK
ev¯Íeev„`i ƒÿ„Î wKQz bZzb wPšÍvavivi ms„hvRb K„ib|
weÁvbm¤§Z ev¯Íeev‡`i Avwef©ve
Aóv`k kZvãxi ƒkl fv„M Ges Ebwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`„K fveev` cÖKvk jvf K„i| Dbwesk kZvãxi ƒkl fvM ƒ_„K
A_©vr wesk kZvãxi cy„iv mgq weÁvbm¤§Z ev¯Íeev„`i Avwef©ve N„U| wesk kZvãx„Z weÁvbm¤§Z Áv„bi `yªZ cÖmvi
N„U| weÁvbm¤§Z ZË¡ wn„m„e ¯^xK‚wZ jvf Kiv„Z ev¯Íeev„`i MÖnY„hvM¨Zv A„bKvs„k ƒe„o hvq|
…eÁvwbK I hvwš¿K Avwe®ˆvi ev¯Íe RM„Zi m„½ GKUv Nwbô m¤úK© M„o ƒZv„j| `k©b ƒÿ„Î ev¯Íeev„`i D„`¨v³v
weL¨vZ Bs„iR `vk©wbK I MwYZÁ evUªv©Û iv„mj| weÁv„bi e¨env„ii gva¨„g ev¯Íeevw`MY e¯ŠRMr mg„Ü mwVK Z_¨
msMÖn K„i m¤¢ve¨ Dcv„q cwi„ek wbqš¿„Y ivLvi ƒPóv K„ib| hLb Avgiv e¯Íyi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯‹vi m„½ GKvZ¥„eva Kwi
ZLb Avgiv ev¯ÍeZv m¤^„Ü Ávb AvniY Ki„Z cvwi|
wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î ev¯Íeev‡`i Ae`vb
wkÿv„ÿ„Î ev¯Íeev„`i Ae`vb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I Acwimxg| Pig ev¯ÍeZvi ¯^xK‚wZ I AwfÁZvjä Ávb, wkÿv„ÿ„Î
mywbw`©ó c×wZi cÖeZ©b,nv„Z-Kj„g wkÿvi Dci ¸iæZ¡,cixÿv,ch©„eÿY BZ¨vw`i Dci ¸iæZv¡„ivc, e¨envwiK wkÿv`vb,
wkÿK„K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb, wkÿv„ÿ„Î mywbw`©ó jÿ¨ wba©viY, weÁvbm¤§Z Ges ev¯Íem¤§Z cvV¨µ„gi cÖeZ©b, wkÿv_©xi
gvbwmK msMVb I wePvi-eyw×i wbqš¿Y K„i Zv„K mgv„R mdj bvMwiK wn„m„e cÖwZwôZ Kivi wPšÍv, fwel¨„Z GKRb
wkÿv_©x hv„Z mgv„R myLx I GKRb cÖwZwôZ gh©v`vm¤úbœ e¨w³ i€„c M„o DV„Z cv„i Zvi cwiKíbv MÖnY, wkÿvi
Kvh©Ki I Dc„hvwMZv evwo„q ƒZvjvi D„Ï„k¨ åg„Yi Dci ¸iæZ¡`vb, weK‚Z wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi cÖwZev` K„i gvbeZvag©x
ev¯Íeev` MVb, cwiKwíZ wkÿve¨e¯‹vi cÖeZ©b, ågY„K wkÿvi eo DcKiY wn„m„e ¯^xK‚wZ `vb cÖf‚wZ ev¯Íeev„`i
D„jøL„hvM¨ Ae`vb| ev¯Íeev„` …eÁvwbK `wófw½, wkÿvi aviv„K K„i„Q cÖMwZkxj| ev¯Íeev`xiv wkÿv„ÿ„Î wkï„K
ch©„eÿY Kiv Ges wkï„K wkÿvc×wZi m„½ cwiwPZ Kiv BZ¨vw` AvaywbK wkÿvavivi D„jøL K„ib|
wkÿv„ÿ„Î Av„ivn c×wZi (Method of induction) cÖeZ©b Bw›`ªq ev¯Íev`x„`i GKwU D„jøL„hvM¨ Ae`vb| G c×wZ„K
Zvuiv gyL¨ c×wZ wn„m„e MÖnY K„ib| ev¯ÍeZv Ges g~j¨„ev„ai ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú„K© mgm¨vi e¨vcv„i ev¯Íeev`x `vk©wbK„`i
gv„S ƒKvb gZwe„iva ƒbB| g~j¨„eva I e¨envi m¤^„Ü GKwU ƒg‡wjK aviYv hv cÖvq me ev¯Íeev`x `vk©wbKB ƒcvlY K„ib
Zv n„”Q gvby„li e¨envi m¤ú„K© cÖvK‚wZK-…bwZK AvBb ev gZev`| wkÿv„ÿ„Î Zv„`i wPšÍvaviv avivevwnKfv„e e¨envi
K„i ev¯Íeev`xiv `k©b„K mg„qvc„hvMx K„i MVb Kivi ƒPóv K„i„Qb| 1939 wLª÷v„ã ƒdWvwiK Gm weª„Wi wkÿvI
beev¯Íeev`| n¨vwi eªÛxi wkÿv`k©„bi i€cvqY Ges Rb DBÛ-Gi wjwLZ weeiY wkÿv„ÿ„Î ev¯Íeev`„K Av„iv ¯úófv„e
e¨vL¨v K„i„Q| DcwiD³ Av„jvPbvi ƒcÖwÿ„Z Avgiv ej„Z cvwi Av„iv ¯úófv„e e¨vL¨v K„i„Q| DcwiD³ Av„jvPbvi
ƒcÖwÿ„Z Avgiv ej„Z cvwi ƒh, wkÿv„ÿ„Î ev¯Íeev„`i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
2.3 cÖ‡qvMev` (Pragmatism)
wMÖK kã "Pergamatics" ƒ_„K Pragmation kãwUi DrcwË n„q„Q| Pragrmation k„ãi A_© Kg©V I mÿg ev
mvaviY A„_© cքqvRbwfwËK welq| cքqvMev`xiv ev¯Íe RM„Zi Awaevmx, Av`k© Ava¨vwZ¥K RM„Zi m„½ Zuv„`i m¤úK©
ƒbB| Zvuiv g„b K„ib hvi Dc„hvwMZv Av„Q ZvB fvj, hv jvf Zvi Dc„hvwMZ Av„Q, hv Kvh©Ki Zv mZ¨, hv mZ¨ ZvB
Kvh©Ki|Rb wWDB„qi g„Z,g~j¨„eva ƒg„Ni gZ A¯‹vqx| mZ¨ cÖwZwbqZ mwó n„”Q| G gZev„`i mg_©K„`i g„a¨ Rb
wWDB, wKjc¨vwUªK, DBwjqvg ƒRgm, w¯ˆbvi, cvqvm© cÖgyL `vk©wbKMY Ab¨Zg|
cÖ‡qvMev` `k©‡bi DrcwË
cքqvMev„`i Rb¥ Av„gwiKvq| Av„gwiKvevmxi RxebhvÎv cÖYvjx, wPš¿vfvebv I Av`„k©i g„a¨ Gi cÖwZdjb jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq| Av„gwiKv gnv„`„k hLb Bsj¨vÐ I BD„iv„ci wewfbœ ¯‹vb ƒ_„K emev„mi Rb¨ `„j `„j gvbyl G„m„Qj, ZLb
Zv„`i KZK¸„jv KwVb mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n„Z n„qwQj| Zv„`i bv wQj Af¨¯Í RxebhvÎv cÖYvjx, bv wQj ¯‹vqx g~j¨„eva|
Zv„`i wQj Mfxi AvZ¥wek^vm| ZvB Zviv cixÿv-wbixÿvi wfZi w`„q, wb„R„`i wePvieyw× w`„q GK bZzb mgvRe¨e¯‹v,
GK bZzb Rxeb`k©b M„o Zy„jwQj| G gZev` `k©b RM„Z GKwU ƒRviv„jv gZev` n„jI 1878 wLª÷v„ã wcqvm© RbwcÖq
weÁvb mvgwqKx„Z ÔÔHow to make our ideas clear" bvgK cÖe„Ü cքqvMev` kãwU cÖ_g e¨envi K„ib| G gZev„`i
g~j KvVv„gv A„bK cyivb wPšÍvavivi g„a¨ ƒ`L„Z cvIqv hvq| cÖvPxb wMÖK `k©b ƒ_„K cքqvMev` m¤^„Ü A„bK aviYv
G„m„Q|
39
cÖ‡qvMev‡`i g~j e³e¨
hv mZ¨ Zv Rxe„bi me„ÿ„Î cքqvM Kiv hvq| Avi hv Rxe„bi ƒÿ„Î cքqvMwm× Zv Rxe„bi Rb¨ Kj¨vY e„q wb„q
Av„m| cքqvMev`x„`i g„Z, cw_ex„Z ƒKvb Av`k© ev g~j¨B ¯‹vqx bq| we„kl mg„q GKwU Av`„k©i mwó nq| Avevi
cwi„e„ki cwi„cÖwÿ„Z gvby„li wewfbœ NvZ-cÖwZNv„Zi d„j cÖwZwU Av`k© ev g~j¨„ev„aiB cwieZ©b N„U| cÖwZwU Av`k©
ev g~j¨„eva„K cixÿv-wbixÿvi gva¨„g hvPvB K„i wb„Z n„e| cixÿv-wbixÿvi gva¨„g hvPvBK‚Z g~j¨„evaB Rxe„bi
cքqvMwm×| ƒh Av`k© ev g~j¨„eva Rxe„bi Rb¨ Kj¨vY ev mydj e„q Avb„Z cv„i, ev¯Íe Rxe„bi wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb
Ki„Z cv„i ƒm g~j¨„evaB mwVK Ges Rxe„bi Rb¨ Kvg¨| cÿvšÍ„i ƒh g~j¨„eva, Ávb ev Av`k© ev¯Íe Rxe„bi Rb¨ ƒKvb
Kj¨vY ev mydj e„q Avb„Z cv„i bv ƒm g~j¨„eva mwVK bq| myZivs, hv mZ¨ bq Zv Rxe„b cքqvMwm×I n„Z cv„i bv|
wewfbœ `vk©wbK wewfbœfv„e cքqvMev„`i e¨vL¨v w`„q„Qb| ƒhgb-
Rb wWDB Gi g‡Z, ÔÔgvby„li hv wKQz gvbweK Zvi meUvB ƒm wk„L(All that is human is learned)''.wZwb g~jZ
wkÿv„K e¨envwiK I Kvh©Kix K„i ƒZvjvi ƒPóv K„ib| h_v_© Ávb Kg© cքqv„Mi Dcvq ev nvwZqvi| ZvwË¡K Ávb bq-
Ávb nj Kv„RiB A½| wkÿv_©xiv mwµqfv„e Kv„Ri ga¨ w`„q, wb„Ri AwfÁvi ga¨ w`„q wkL„e|
wmjv‡ii g‡Z, ÔgvbylB mZ¨ hvPvB„qi g~j gvcKvwV| mevi Dc„i gvbyl mZ¨ (Man is the measure of things)
|ÕgvbylB mZ¨„K cÖwZwôZ K„i Ges ƒm mZ¨ ƒKejgvÎmvsMVwbK hyw³Z„K©i ga¨ w`„q cÖwZfvZ nq bv| m„Z¨i g„a¨B
gvbe Rxe„bi mvwe©K NUbv ƒ`Lv hvq Ges gvby„li mg¯Í gvbwmKZv I AwfÁZvi g„a¨B mZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq|†Rgm-Gi
gb¯ÍvwË¡K we„kølY cքqvMev`„K AviI my`~p K„i| Zuvi g„Z, ÔÔGKRb gvbyl cwi„e„ki mv„_ cÖwZwbqZ Awf„hvRb Kivi
msMÖv„gi ga¨ w`„q kix„i I AwfÁZvq evo„Z _v„K| gb nj gvby„li AwfÁZvi mgwó I cwiYwZ hv mg„qi I
AwfÁZvi mv„_ mv„_ weKwkZ nq| gb ƒKvb weg~Z© e¯Š bq| Sensory experience-Gi ga¨ w`„qB Avgv„`i me Ávb
nq| gb„K wb„q cixÿv-wbixÿv Kiv hvq bv| ms„e`b Ggb aviYv hv AwfÁZv„K ev gb„K eySvi myweavi Rb¨ g„bi
weg~Z© i€c|Ó
wMÖK `vk©wbK wnivwK¬Uvm-Gi g„Z, ÔÔAwewgkÖ ev¯ÍeZvi ƒKvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ ƒbB| `ywbqv„Z AcwieZ©bxq e„j wKQz ƒbB Ges
GKgvÎ cwieZ©bkxjZvB kvk^Z m„Z¨i mvÿ¨ enb K„i|Ó wZwb cwieZ©bkxjZvq wek^vmx|
cÖ‡qvMev` `k©‡bi g~jbxwZ
1. Rxe„bi ƒKvb c~e© wbw`©ó ¯‹vqx gvb ev g~j¨(Value)ƒbB hv me©Kv„ji Rb¨ cքqvR¨| AvR hv mZ¨, Kvj Zv wg_¨v e„j
cÖgvwYZ n„Z cv„i| Avgvi Kv„Q hv mZ¨, A„b¨i Kv„Q Zv mZ¨ e„j g„b bvI n„Z cv„i|
2. gvbylB m„Z¨i ¯ªóv| kvk^Z I AcwieZ©bxq mZ¨ e„j wKQz ƒbB| wPi kvk^Z mZ¨, Kj¨vY I my›`„ii aviYv m¤ú~Y©
Aev¯Íe| cixÿv-wbixÿv, mgm¨vi mgvav„bi wfZi w`„q e¨w³ Zvi wbR¯^ m„Z¨ ƒc‡uQvq|
3. Dc„hvwMZv nj g~j wePvh© welq| ƒh Kv„Ri Dc„hvwMZv Av„Q, hv cwiYv„g ïf, ZvB ïay MÖnY„hvM¨|Rb jK-Gi
g„Z, me wKQz Rvbvi `iKvi ƒbB| hv Avgv„`i AvPvi-AvPi„Yi m„½ RwoZ Zv Rvb„jB n„e|
4. cwi„e„ki m„½ cvi¯úwiK wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi ga¨ w`„q gvby„li e¨w³Z¡ MwVZ nq| cwi„e„ki m„½ Awf„hvRb Kivi
ƒPóvi d„j e¨w³„Z¡i ew× N„U| gvbyl wb®‰qfv„e cwi„e„ki cÖfve„K ƒg„b ƒbq bv| cքqvRb„ev„a Zv„K cwieZ©b
Ki„Z Zviv mÿg|
5. cքqvMev`xiv MYZ„š¿ wek^vmx| Zuviv g„b K„ib e¨w³„Z¡i weKvk mvgvwRK cwi„e„kiB ïay m¤¢e| e¨w³i DbœwZ„ZB
mgv„Ri DbœwZ|
cÖ‡qvMev` `k©‡b wkÿvi jÿ¨
cքqvMev`x wkÿv`k©b wkÿvi ƒKvb wPišÍib ev mwZ¨Kv„ii j„ÿ¨ wek^vm K„i bv| ƒh„nZz ƒ`n-gb cwieZ©bkxj,
cwi„ekI cwieZ©bkxj, ƒm„nZz cwi„e„ki cwiw¯‹wZi cwicÖwÿ„Z AvR hv mZ¨ Kvj Zv mZ¨ bvI n„Z cv„i| myZivs,
wkÿvi ƒKvb ¯‹vqx jÿ¨ _vK„Z cv„i bv| eqm, mgq, mgvR BZ¨vw`i MwZi mv„_ mv„_ ƒhgb Rxe„bi jÿ¨ cwiewZ©Z
n„”Q ƒZgwb wkÿvi jÿ¨I Rxe„bi Ges mv_©K Awf„hvRb Øviv wbqwš¿Z| RbwWDB-Gi g„Z, wkÿvi ƒKvb jÿ¨ ƒbB
Ges _vK„Z cv„i bv| KviY, wkÿv GKwU cÖwµqv we„kl Ges Zv wkïi ew× ev µgweKv„ki m„½ RwoZ| ƒKvb
cÖwµqviB ewnt¯‹ ƒKvb jÿ¨ _vK„Z cv„i bv| hviv wkÿvi ƒQvU-eo j„ÿ¨i K_v e„jb Zvuiv wkÿK, wcZv-gvZv, mgvR
BZ¨vw`i cwiKwíZ j„ÿ¨i K_vB e„jb| wKšŠ cÖK‚Zc„ÿ ƒmme j„ÿ¨i m„½ wkÿv_©xi wb„Ri cքqvR„bi ƒKvb m¤úK©
ƒbB| cքqvMev`xiv g„b K„ib, wkÿvi j„ÿ¨i ƒKvb ƒkl ƒbB| wkÿvi j„ÿ¨i mwó wPi bexb| wkÿv_©xiv Zv„`i
AwfÁZvi Av„jv„K wb„R„`i j„ÿ¨ ƒc‡uQv„e| wkÿvi cwiw¯‹wZ Ggb n„e hv„Z Zviv wb„RivB wbZ¨bZzb g~j„eva mwó
Ki„Z cv„i| ƒKvb jÿ¨ Dci ƒ_„K Zv„`i Dci Pvwc„q ƒ`Iqv n„e bv| wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„e, …`wnK, …bwZK I ƒe‡w×K
g~j¨„ev„ai mwó Kiv| GB g~j¨„eva ïay e¨w³i Kj¨v„Yi Rb¨, mvgvwRK cքqvR„bi w`„K ZvwK„q M„o DV„e|wkÿvi
jÿ¨ n„e wkï„K cwi„e„ki m„½ Awf„hvR„b mg_© Kiv| AwfÁZvi Av„jv„K ƒm cwi„ek„K wbqš¿Y Ki„Z wkL„e|wkÿv
wkï„K mgm¨v mgvavb Ki„Z ƒkLv„e Ges fwel¨r Rxe„bi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z Š Ki„e|
40
cÖ‡qvMev` `k©‡b wkÿvµg
mgvR e¨e¯‹v,A_©†bwZK KvVv„gv„Z gvby„l gvby„l m¤úK©, g~j¨„eva I weÁvbjä Áv„bi m„½ mvgÄm¨ ƒi„L cvV¨µg
wba©vwiZ n„e| wkÿv_©xi g„a¨ ƒh mnR ƒK‡Znj, mRbkxjZv, fvewewbg„qi B”Qv, wkí mwói cÖeYZv i„q„Q Zv hv„Z
cy„ivcywifv„e cÖKvwkZ nq Ggb cvV¨µg Ki„Z n„e| wWDB-Gi g„Z, Pvi ƒ_„K AvU ermi wkïi ƒLjvayjvi mgq|
AvU-evi eQi ¯^ZtùZ© g„bv„hv„Mi mgq| evi eQi ƒ_„K wPšÍvkxj g„bv„hv„Mi mgq| cÖ_g c„e©(evi eQi) cvV¨µg,
eB-cy¯ÍK _vK„e bv| ZLb ïay cvwievwiK Rxeb aviv, AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZbxwZ Z_v mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZi mv„_ cwiwPZ
n„e| ƒjLvcov ƒkLv G Aa¨v„qi ƒkl ce© ƒ_„K Avi¤¢ n„e| 2q c„e© wkÿv_©xi nv„Z-Kjg KvR Kiv wkL„e| ƒhgb-
mvaviY weÁvb, RxeweÁvb, c`v_©weÁvb, ƒQvU LvU Zuv„Zi Rb¨ ƒmjvB„qi KvR, Kv„Vi KvR, gvwUi KvR, evMvb K„i
Mv„Qi hZœ wb„Z wkLv-GiKg bvbv cքqvRbxq Kv„Ri AeZviYv Kiv n„e| 3q c„e© wkÿv_x© wewfbœ kvLvi ƒKvb GKwU
kvLvi we„klxKi„Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z Š n„e| cքqvMev`x„`i g„Z ƒKvb mywbw`©ó wkÿvµ„gi cքqvRb ƒbB| wkÿvµg„K mvwnZ¨,
BwZnvm, f„Mvj BZ¨vw` wewfbœ wel„q wef³ KiviI `iKvi ƒbB| wkÿvµg n„e GKwU AfMœ GKK|wkïi AvMÖn I
mgv„Ri Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkÿvµg cÖ¯Z Š n„e| cքqvRbg„Z Zv„K cwieZ©b K„iI wb„Z n„e| wkÿvµg n„e
cwieZ©bkxj, bgbxq|cÖv_wgK ch©v„qi cov, ƒjLv, MwYZ, cÖK‚wZ cvV, A¼b, nv„Zi KvR Ges cieZ©x ch©v„q fvlv,
mgvR-weÁvb, cÖK‚wZweÁvb, MwYZkv¯¿, K‚wl, ƒg„q„`i Rb¨ Mvn©¯‹¨ weÁvb cÖf‚wZ _vK„e| GQvov wKQz wkí KvR I
ewËg~jK KvR wkÿvµ„g AvšÍfy©³ n„e| ƒgvU K_v, eZ©gv„b I fwel¨„Z hv Kv„R jvM„e Ggb Ávb I `ÿZv AR©„bi
welqe¯Š¸„jv wkÿvµ„g ¯‹vb cv„e| K‚wóg~jK KvRKg©, KweZv, m½xZ, Pviæwkí wkÿvµ„g ¯‹vb cv„e bv|

cÖ‡qvMev` `k©‡b wkÿv_©xi •ewkó¨

1. wkÿv_©x n„e ƒkLvi Kv„R ¯^vvaxb, ƒm Zvi mgm¨v wb„Ri gZ K„i mgvavb Ki„e;
2. wkÿv_©xi wkÿv Zvi ev¯Íe AwfÁvZvi Dci cÖwZwôZ n„e;
3. ¯^Ztù~Z©Kv„Ri ga¨ w`„q wkÿv_©xi k•Ljv„eva Avm„e;
4. wkÿv_©xiv n„e mwµq, Zviv ïay wbw®‰q ƒkÖvZv bq;
5. wkÿv_©xi fwgKv n„e Avwe®ˆviK I M„el„Ki gZ|

cÖ‡qvMev` `k©‡b wkÿ‡Ki •ewkó¨

mgv„Ri cÖK‚wZ, mvgvwRK Pvwn`v I Abykvmb ƒgvZv„eK wkÿv_©xi kw³ I Zvi wfZ„ii cÖK‚wZ Abyhvqx me©v½xY weKvk
Ges Zv„K h_v_©i€„c wbqwš¿Z Kivi `vwqZ¡ cÖavbZ wkÿ„Ki Dci ƒ`qv n„q„Q| mgv„Ri cքqvR„b wewfbœ g~j¨„eva,
wbZ¨-bZzb …eÁvbwK Avwe®ˆvi nq| ivR†bwZK I A_©†bwZK cwieZ©„bi w`„K jÿ¨ ƒi„L wePvi-we„køl„Yi gva¨„g
cvV¨µg wba©viY I we`¨vj„q cwi„ek …Zwi wkÿK„KB Ki„Z n„e| we`¨vjq„K mgv„Ri GKwU cÖvYešÍ A_P ƒQvU
ms¯ˆiY wn„m„e wbLyuZfv„e …Zwi Kiv Ges Zv„K euvwP„q ivLvi `vwqZ¡I wkÿ„Ki|
1. cքqvMev`x wkÿ„Ki KZ©e¨ n„e wkïi Rb¨ Av`k© wkÿv cwi„ek iPbv Kiv|
2. wkÿK Zvi ¯^vaxbZvi ƒKvb iKg n¯Í„ÿc bv K„i Zvi AvMÖn, Pvwn`v I mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx Zv„K KvR Kivi my„hvM
ƒ`„eb| cքqvRbgZ Zv„K mvnv„h¨ I civgk© w`„jB Pj„e|
3. wkÿK wkï„K Kv„Ri ga¨ w`„q mgm¨vi mgvav„bi DrmvwnZ Ki„eb| ïay Rvbvi ƒ_„K nv„Z-Kj„g KvR Kiv
AwaKZi ƒkÖq| ZvB Zv„K Avwe®ˆviK I M„el„Ki ¯‹v„b ewm„q mgm¨vi mgvav„b mvnvh¨ Ki„eb| Kv„Ri cybivewË
bq, hv„Z bZzb wKQz ƒm mwó Ki„Z cv„i ƒZgwb g„bvfve wkïi g„a¨ mwó KivB n„e wkÿ„Ki cÖavb KvR|

cÖ‡qvMev` `k©‡b wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ

cÖZ¨ÿfv„e I mwµqfv„e AwfÁZvi gva¨„g ÁvbvR©b KivB n„e wkÿv`vb c×wZ| Rxe„bi AwfÁZv ƒ_„K mZ¨
cÖwZfvZ n„Z n„e| W. RMw`›`ª gЄji g„Z, ÔÔwkÿvi c×wZ ƒKej ZË¡wbf©i, wkÿK-wkÿv_©x wbf©i wbw®‰q e³‚ZvwfwËK
bq, wkÿv_©xi mwµqZvq Rxe„bi mgm¨v m¤úv`bxK‚Z ƒh AwfÁZv Zv ƒh Dcv„q jvf Kiv hvq ZvB n„e wkÿvi c_,
wkÿvi c×wZ|Ó Gi Øviv wkÿv_©xi g„a¨ AvZ¥wek^vm, AvZ¥kÖ×v, cv¯úwiK mn„hvwMZv I mngwg©Zvi fve ƒe„o hvq|
1. wkÿvi jÿ¨ I wkÿvµg m¤ú„K© mywbw`©ó gZvgZ bv _vK„jI cքqvMev`x„`i g„Z wkÿv`vb c×wZ n„e Kg©„Kw›`ªK|
Kv„Ri gva¨„g wkïiv wkL„e (Learning by doing)| mwµqZvi ga¨ w`„q Zviv bZzb Ávb AvniY Ki„e| Gi
Rb¨ Zv„`i m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxbZv w`„Z n„e|
41
2. mgm¨vi mgvav„bi wfZi w`„q Zviv bZzb bZzb Avwe®ˆvi Ki„e| AvaywbK wkÿvq mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ A_ev cքR±
c×wZ cքqvMev`x„`iB GKwU we„kl Ae`vb|
3. wkÿv_©xiv we`¨vj„q ïay wbw®‰q ƒkÖvZv wn„m„e wkÿ„Ki fvlY ïb„e bv- Zviv ƒLj„e, wRwbm …Zwi Ki„e, hš¿cvwZ
e¨envi Ki„e, cÖK‚wZi ms¯ú„k© Avm„e|
4. Rxebhvc„bi wfZi w`„q Zvuiv Rxeb„K eySv„e|
5. wbw¯‰q wPšÍv-fvebvi cwie„Z© KvR Kivi Dci cքqvMev` ¸iæZ¡ ƒ`q|
cքqvMev` cÖK‚wZev„`i c_ a„i P„j, wKšŠ Zvi jÿ¨wU nj fveev`x| GwU Ro RM„Zi myweav¸„jv„K Kv„R jvMvq A_P
fveev„`i D„Ïk¨ I cÖeYZv„K D„cÿv K„i bv| cÖK‚Zc„ÿ cքqvMev`, fveev` I Roev„`i ga¨g cš‹v Aej¤^b K„i P„j|
K‡qKRb cÖavb cÖ‡qvMev`x `vk©wbK
wMÖK `vk©wbK wnivwK¬Uvm© (535 wLª.c~e©), m„µwUm (440-436 wLª.c~e©) I A¨vwi÷Uj (444-443 wLª.c~e©), KzBbUvwjb
(35-95 wLª.), Av„gwiKvb `vk©wbK DBwjqvg ƒRgm (1842-1890) I Pvj©m Gm. wcqvm© (1839-1914), Rb wWDB
(1859-1952 wLª.), Bs„iR `vk©wbK I …eÁvwbK d«vwÝm ƒeKb (1561-1626 wLª.), Rb jK, evK©„j, wnDg, wmjvi cÖg~L|
cÖ‡qvMev`x `vk©wbK Rb wWDB (1859-1952)
wkÿv„ÿ„Î bZzb w`MšÍ mwóKvix Av„gwiKvi wkÿvwe`, gb¯ÍË¡we`, ev¯Íeev`x wkÿK Rb wWDB wQ„jb GKRb wPšÍvkxj
gnvÁvbx e¨w³| wkÿv I `k©„bi ƒÿ„Î iæ„kvi (1712-1778) ci Rb wWDB-Gi g„Zv GZ eo cÖwZfvai ƒKv„bv e¨w³
Rb¥MÖnY K„iwQj wKbv m„›`n| wkÿv„ÿ„Î mwµqZv ZË¡ ev cքqvMev` gZev„`i cÖe³v wn„m„e Rb wWDB mviv we„k¦
GKRb ƒkÖô wkÿvwe„`i Avmb jvf K„i„Qb|
Rb wWDB-i Rb¥ I Kg©Rxeb
Rb wWDB 1859 wLª÷v„ã Av„gwiKvi wbD Bsj¨vÛ cք`„ki AšÍM©Z WvigU bvgK GKwU ƒQvU kn„i Rb¥MÖnY K„ib| Zuvi
wcZv wQ„jb GKRb AwZ bMY¨ ƒ`vKvb`vi| wZwb MÖvg¨ cwi„e„kB jvwjZ-cvwjZ nb| wWDB ƒQvU„ejvq Zuvi wcZvi
ƒ`vKv„b e„m ZLbKvi wbD Bsj¨vÛ m¤úª`v„qi ƒjvK„`i D”P ch©v„qi Mí¸Re kyb„Zb| Zxÿè eyw×m¤úbœ evjK wWDB
G„ZB hv wk„LwQ„jb ZvB Zuvi cieZ©x Rxe„b wkÿv `k©„bi g~j wfwË iPbv K„iwQj| 1879 wLª÷v„ã wZwb fvg©b
wek¦we`¨vjq ƒ_„K ¯œvZK wWMÖx jvf K„ib| GKB wek^we`¨vj„q wZwb `k©bkv„¯¿ Aa¨qb K„ib Ges c„i ƒmLv„b wkÿK
c„` ƒhvM ƒ`b| wZwb c„i `k©bkv„¯¿ W±„iU wWMÖx ƒbIqvi Rb¨ Rb ncwKbm wek^we`¨vj„q fwZ© nb| AZtci wcGBPwW
(Ph.D) wWwMÖ jvf K„i wZwb wgwkMvb wek^we`¨vj„qi `k©„bi Aa¨vcK wbhy³ nb| Gici 1892 wLª÷v„ã wkKv„Mv
wek^we`¨vj„q `k©b wefv„Mi cÖavb wbhy³ nb Ges 1902-1904 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ ƒmLvbKvi ¯ˆzj Ae GWz„Kk„bi cwiPvjK
wn„m„e KvR K„ib|
wkÿvi cÖwZ Zuvi Lye AvMÖn-AbyivM wQj| cyivZb c×wZi wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi cÖwZ wZwb exZkÖ× wQ„jb| Gme c×wZi Dci
wfwË K„i wZwb wbR¯^ KZ¸„jv wkÿvbxwZ w¯‹i K„ib Ges H¸„jvi ev¯Íe cքqv„Mi D„Ï„k¨ 1896 wLª÷„ã wkKv„Mv
wek^we`¨vj„q cixÿvg~jKfv„e Laboratory School bv„g GKwU we`¨vjq Pvjy K„ib| 4-14 eQi eq„mi ƒQ„j-
ƒg„q„`i„K wb„q wZwb wkÿv m¤^„Ü wewfbœ cixÿv-wbixÿv Pvjvb| mgvR-Rxe„bi mv„_ m¤úK© ƒi„LB wWDB wkÿv`vb
Ki„Zb| D³ Laboratory School-G A„bK AwfÁI ƒhvM¨ wkÿK wb„qvM Kiv n„qwQj Ges Zviv Rb wWDB-Gi
wb„`©kbvq wkÿvKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki„Zb| wWDB-Gi g„Z, G we`¨vj„qi D„Ïk¨ wQj Kv„Ri ga¨ w`„q wkÿv_©x„`i
mn„hvwMZvi fve Avbqb Ges Zv„`i wewea ¸„Yi weKvk mvab| d„j wkÿv_©xiv wb„R„`i ƒcÖiYv I Drmvn D„b¥„li
ØvivB wkÿv MÖnY Ki„e|
wWDB G mgq wkÿv m¤^Üxq eB cÖKvk K„ib| wkKv„Mv„Z cÖKvwkZ cy¯Í„Ki bvg ƒ_„KB Zvui D„Ïk¨ cÖwZfvZ nq|
Laboratory School ƒLvjvi mg„q wjwLZ eB„qi bvg wQj Interest and Effort as Related to Will Ges Gi
wZb eQi ci wZwb The School and Society bvgK MÖš‹wU iPbv K„ib|
1904 wLª÷v„ã wZwb Kjw¤^qv wek^we`¨vj„q `k©„bi Aa¨vcK wbhy³ nb Ges Rxe„bi cieZ©x mgq ILv„b KvUvb| Gmgq
Zvui L¨vwZ Pvwiw`„K Qwo„q c„o Ges wewfbœ ¯‹v„b Avgwš¿Z nb| 1919 wLª÷v„ã wZwb ƒUvwKI wek^we`¨vj„q Ges A„bK
c„i 1928 mv„j ivwkqvq Avgwš¿Z nb| iæk fvlvq Zuvi bqwU cy¯ÍK Ab~w`Z nq| 1930 mv„j Zzi¯ˆ miKvi ƒ`„k wkÿv
e¨e¯‹vi cybM©V„bi D„Ïk¨ Zuvi mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv K„ib| wZwb ƒmLvbKvi wkÿv m¤^Üxq wi„cvU© …Zwi K„ib| Zzi„¯ˆ Zuvi
L¨vwZ Qwo„q c„o| wZwb wQ„jb D”P ch©v„qi ƒjLK| wZwb 48wU eB wj„Lb| 1952 mv„j 93 eQi eq„m wZwb gviv
hvb| gviv hvevi mgqI wZwb wQ„jb AZ¨šÍ Kg©V, gvbwmK w`K w`„q m¤ú~Y© mRvM I Drmvnx|
42
wWDB-i wkÿv gZev` I Ae`vb
Rb wWDB wQ„jb ev¯Íeev`x `vk©wbK| Zuvi g„Z, ƒh mKj wel„qi m„½ gvby„li mvgvwRK I ev¯Íe Rxe„bi ƒKv„bv m¤úK©
ƒbB ev ƒh mKj welq gvby„li …`bw›`b Rxe„bi wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki„Z AcviM, Zv wkÿv jvf Kiv wbi_©K| Zuvi
cքPóvq welq„Kw›`ªK wkÿvi cwie„Z© Kg©„Kw›`ªK (Activity Oriented) I AwfÁZv ƒKw›`ªK (Experience Oriented)
e¨e¯‹v wkÿv RM„Z GK behy„Mi m~Pbv K„i| wWDB-Gi gZvbymv„i, R„b¥i ci n„Z wkï Zvi mgv„Ri mv„_ cwiwPZ nq
Ges AwfÁZv jvf Ki„Z _v„K| wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ n„”Q wkÿv_©x„`i Zvi mvgvwRK fveaviv I Av`„k©i mv„_ cwiwPZ
Kiv„bv Ges AwfÁZv mÂq K„i mgv„Ri Kj¨vY mvab Kiv| mgv„Ri mv„_ ƒgjv„gkv K„i wkï mgvR m¤ú„K© Ávb jvf
K„i I Zvi ev¯Íe wkÿv AwR©Z nq|myZivs we„kl cÖYvjx„Z wkï„K Zvi cwiev„ii m„½ cwiwPZ KivB we`¨vj„qi cÖavb
KvR| mgv„Ri ƒÿÎ wekvj| wkÿvi Dcv`vb¸„jv wewÿßfv„e Qwo„q Av„Q| Kv„RB wkÿvi Dcv`vb¸„jv k•Ljve× K„i
wkÿvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv cքqvRb Ges we`¨vj„q mvgvwRK cwi„ek M„o ƒZvjv Avek¨K|
wWDB-Gi g„Z, ivR†bwZK, A_©†bwZK I mvgvwRK ƒh ƒKv„bv cwieZ©b ƒnvK bv ƒKb, wkÿvi wZbwU cÖavb D„Ïk¨ i„q„Q
ƒhUv me ƒÿ„ÎB cÖvq AcwiewZ©Z ƒ_„K hvq| wkÿvi wZbwU cÖavb D„Ïk¨ n„jv-
1. mnRvZ e¨w³„Z¡i weKvk
2. mvgvwRK DrKl©Zv AR©b
3. e¨w³MZ gvbwmK DrKl©Zv jvf|
mvgvwRK KvR-K„g©i gva¨„g wkïi AšÍwb©wnZ kw³i weKvk mva„bi m„½I mvgvwRK wkÿv wZbwU GK m„½ Pj„e| Zuvi
g„Z, wkÿv n„Z n„e ev¯ÍewfwËK (Realistic) Ah_v ZË¡ I Z„_¨ fvivµvšÍ Kiv m½Z bq| wkï„K mgm¨vi mvg„b
Dcw¯‹Z K„i Zvi mgvavb wb„R K„i Zvi cÖwZfv Avwe®ˆv„ii ¯^vaxbZv w`„Z n„e|evB„ii RwUj mgv„Ri mv„_
mvgÄm¨c~Y© K„i wkïi wkÿvi D„Ï„k¨ we`¨vjq cքqvRb| wWDB wek^vm Ki„Zb, ev¯Íe Kv„Ri g„a¨B wkï wb„R„K e¨¯Í
ivL„Z Pvq| GRb¨ wkï„K ¯^vaxbZv w`„Z n„e| ¯^vaxbZv _vK„j wkï KvR Ki„Z Avb›` cvq, k•Ljv I `vwqZ¡„eva
Rv„M| ƒm wb„RB Dcjwä Ki„Z cvi„e, Kv„Ri mvdj¨ jvf Ki„Z n„j k•Ljv cքqvRb|wWDB-Gi g„Z, wkÿv_©x I
wkÿv„K KvR ƒK„bv aiveuvav wbq„gi g„a¨ Pj„Z cv„i bv| Rxeb ƒhgb cÖwZwbqZ bZzbfv„e weKwkZ n„”Q, wkÿvI
ƒZgwb cwiewZ©Z n„”Q|
wkÿv c×wZ m¤^„Ü wWDB ƒkl ch©šÍ ej„Z ƒP„q„Qb, wPšÍbB (Thinking) n„”Q wkÿvi wfwË| wkÿY m¤¢e nq mv_©K
wPšÍ„bi d„j| AZGe, wPšÍb„K mywbqwš¿Z Ki„Z Rvb„jB Kvh©Kix wkÿv jvf Kiv hvq| wPšÍ„bi K_v cքqv„Mi ƒÿ„Î
K„qKwU welq AZxe cքqvRbxq| ƒhgb-
1. ƒKvb GKwU Kv„Ri m¤úv`b;
2. mgm¨vi DcjwäKiY;
3. cքqvRbxq Z„_¨i AwaKvix n„q ƒm gZ ch©„eÿYKiY;
4. ƒKv„bv we„kl mgvavb wbe©vPbKiY;
5. ƒmB mgvavbwU Kvh©Ki wKbv Zv ev¯Í„e cixÿvKiY|
Rb wWDB cÖvPxb wkÿv ixwZi mgv„jvPbv K„i„Qb| wkÿvi j„ÿ¨ I bxwZ wba©vi„Yi mgq wb„Pi K„qKwU cª„kœi w`„K Zuvi
wPšÍv AvK‚ó n„qwQj-
1. Mn I Zvi cvwicvwk¦©K Rxe„bi m„½ ¯ˆz„ji wbweo m¤úK© Kivi Rb¨ wK KZ©e¨;
2. wkïi Rxe„bi mwZ¨Kvi g~j¨evb BwZnvm, weÁvb I wkí wkÿvi welq¸„jvi m„½ wK K„i wkï„K cwiPq Kiv„bv hvq;
3. e¨w³MZ cÖwZfv I cքqvR„bi cÖwZ Dchy³ g„bv„hvM ƒ`Iqv hvq;
4. AwfÁZv I wkÿv `ywU bxwZi Dci wbf©i K„i-GKwU n„jv HK¨, AciwU ew× I weKvk| AZx„Zi HwZ„n¨i Dci
bZzb Áv„bi cÖvmv` wbwg©Z nq|
wWDB Zvui wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq g„bi weeZ©„bi mv„_ cvV¨m~wPi m½wZ weav„bi K_v e„j„Qb| Zuvi g„Z, wkÿvi Kvj„K
mvaviYZ wZb fv„M fvM Kiv P„j| h_v-
K. ƒjLv I cwi„ek cwiPq: wZb ƒ_„K AvU eQi eqm ch©š|Í
L. ¯^Ztg„bv„hv„Mi Kvj: AvU n„Z evi eQi ch©š|Í
M. wPšÍvg~jK g„bv„hv„Mi Kvj: evi eQi I Zvi AwaK eqm|
cÖ_gwU„Z mvgvwRK wbR¯^ mij Rxeb n„e| M„ni evB„ii RM„Zi mv„_ G mgq wkï m„e cwiwPZ n„e| Gici ƒm hLb
enËi mvgvwRK Kv„R cքek Ki„e ZLbB cÖ_g cwiPq n„e wjLb I cV„bi m„½|wØZxqwU„Z g„bv„hv„Mi Kv„j wkï„K
bvbvi€c Ávb I ƒK‡kj AvqË Ki„Z n„e| Kv„Ri wfZi w`„q wkï G Ávb AvniY Ki„e| Z‚ZxqwU„Z eq„mi m„½ m„½
wkïi wPšÍvkw³i c~Y© weKvk NU„e| G mgq me wRwbmB we¯Í‚Zfv„e wkL„Z n„e| cvV¨ ZvwjKvq A„bK¸„jv welqe¯Ši
mgv„ek n„Z cvi„e| wWDB-Gi g„Z,wkÿv n„e D„Ïk¨g~jK| cÖvPxbcš‹x„`i g„Zv fwel¨r Rxe„bi cÖ¯Z Š B wkÿv-G
gZev„` w&WDB wek^vmx bb| wZwb ejb, eZ©gvb Rxe„bi cքqvR„bB wkÿv|
43
eû kZvãx a„i cÖPwjZ AšÍtmvik~b¨ I AvKvime©¯^ cÖvPxb wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi bxwZ c×wZ¸„jvi Zxeª mgv„jvPbv K„i
cÖMwZkxj wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi bZzb fveavivi m„½ we„k^i cÖ_g cwiPq Kwi„q ƒ`b iæ„kv| ƒc÷vjrmx, d«„q„ej I nve©vU ƒmB
bZzb Av`„k©i we„kl we„kl w`K AbymiY K„i AvaywbK wkÿv e¨e¯‹v„K AvswkKfv„e ev¯Í„e i€c ƒ`evi ƒPóv K„ib| wKšŠ
wWDB wb„Ri cÖwZfv, Mfxi AšÍ`©wó I mhZœ Aa¨emv„qi mvnv„h¨ AvaywbK wkÿv e¨e¯‹v M„o ƒZvjvi K‚wZ„Z¡i AwaKvix|

wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvMev‡`i Ae`vb

AvaywbK wkÿvq cքqvMev„`i cÖfve Acwimxg| m„Z¨i cÖK‚wZ wba©vi„Y fveev` I Roev„`i ga¨c¯‹x nj cքqvMev`|
cw_exi me DbœZ ƒ`„kB cքqvMev„`i AvaywbK ZË¡¸„jv„K ev¯Í„e i~c ƒ`qv n„q„Q| wkÿv„ÿ„Î cքqvMev„`i Ae`vb
wb„¤œ eY©bv Kiv njÑ
1) ev¯Íe mgm¨vi mgvavb: mwµqZv nj bZzb Ávb ev m„Z¨ ƒc‡uQv„bvi GKgvÎ cv_| mwµqZv ïay A½ mÂjb bq;
mwµqZv nj ev¯Íe mgm¨vi mgvavb I mZ¨ Avwe®ˆv„ii Acwinvh© cš‹vwe„kl, cքqvMev„`i G ZË¡wU ƒ_„KB bvbv
AvaywbK mwµqZvwfwËK wkÿv c×wZ M„o D„V„Q| G c×wZ„Z wkÿv_©x wewfbœ cixÿ„Yi ga¨ w`„q ev¯Íe mgm¨vi
mgvav„b ƒc‡u„Q _v„K|
2) AwfÁZvi cyb©MVb: wkÿvi Aci bvg AwfÁZvi cyb©MVb| wkÿv_©xi wkÿv Zvi ev¯Íe AwfÁZv cvVµ„gi AšÍf©y³
n„e bv GUvI cքqvMev` `k©bB e¨³ K„i„Q|
3) we`¨vjq‡K M‡elYvMvi: `k©b ƒhb bZzb fve I wPšÍvi mwó K„i ƒm¸„jvi Dc„hvwMZv I Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿv K„i
ƒ`LvB nj wkÿvi KvR| ƒm w`„K ƒ_„K we`¨vjq bZzb Av`k© I fveavivi cixÿvMvi| ƒmRb¨ cÖwZwU we`¨vjq„K
Ávb weZi„Yi cÖwZôvb bv K„i ƒm¸„jv„K wPšÍv I fveavivi M„elYvMvi K„i Zzj„Z n„e| G my›`i wPšÍvavivI
cքqvMev` `k©„b e¨vL¨v Kiv n„q„Q|
4) mv_©K wkÿv: wkÿv_©xi mv_©K wkÿv Zvi B”Qv I AvMÖn Abyhvqx n„e-G mZ¨wUi Dc¯‹vcKI cքqvMev` `k©b|
5) c×wZi g‡a¨ •ewPΨ: cքR± ƒg_W wkÿY c×wZ ev¯Íe I cÖZ¨ÿ Rxe„bi cÖwZ”Qwe I cÖwZaŸwb Ggbfv„e cÖvY jvf
K„i ƒh, mg¯Í wkÿY cÖwµqv cÖvYešÍ n„q I„V| wkÿv`vb c×wZi g„a¨ Ggb …ewPΨZv cքqvMev` `k©„bi c~„e© Avi
wQj bv|
6) Rxeb‡K Rvbv: Rxe„bi g„a¨ ƒ_„K Rxeb„K Rvbv, cÖv„Yi g„a¨ ƒ_„K cÖv„Yi ¯ú›`b„K Dcjwä Kiv cքqvMev`
`k©„bB dz„U D„V„Q|
7) MYZ‡š¿i D‡b¥l: wkÿv„ÿ„Î me wkÿv_©x„K mgvbfv„e ƒ`Lv, mgvb my„hvM ƒ`qv Ges Av`k© MYZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯‹vi
gva¨„g wkÿv mv_©KZv I c~Y©Zv jvf Ki„Z cv„i| wkÿve¨e¯‹v ƒhgb e¨vcK ƒZgwb eûgyLx n„q DV„Z cv„i| Gi
d„j wkÿvi j„ÿ¨i g„a¨ ƒKvbi€c Ø›Ø I msNvZ _v„K bv| G aviYv cքqvMev` `k©„bB my›`ifv„e dz„U D„V„Q|
8) gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡ai D‡b¥l: wkÿv„ÿ„Î wkÿv_©xi e¨w³Z¡„K gh©v`vc~Y© Kivi cքPóv Ges GRb¨ wkÿv RM„Z RvMiY
I bZzb gvbweK g~j¨„ev„ai D„b¥l- ZvI cքqvMev` wkÿv `k©„biB Ae`vb|
9) wePvi‡ev‡ai cÖwZ Av¯’v ¯’vcb: gvby„li mgvR-msmvi meB wePvi„ev„ai gva¨„gB mwó n„q„Q| gvby„li Rxe„bi
DbœwZ I Kj¨v„Yi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ A„bKvs„k ƒe„o ƒM„Q| wePvi„ev„ai cÖwZ gvby„li G Av¯‹v ¯‹vcb cքqvMev`
`k©„biB Ae`vb|
10) cÖ‡qvMev‡`i djkÖæwZ: gvby„li weÁvb mvabv, …eÁvwbK `wó„Kv„Yi D„b¥l, RM„Zi cwieZ©„bi w`„K `wó`vb Ges
Gi mv„_ Lvc LvB„q Pjv BZ¨vw` cքqvMev` `k©„biB djkÖæwZ|
11) M‡elYvgyLx: gvbyl„K mRvM I M„elYvgyLx Ges ev¯Íe Rxeb m¤ú„K© m„PZb Ki„Z mvnvh¨ K„i„Q cքqvMev` `k©b|
12) wkïi mev©½xY weKvk: wkïi me©v½xY weKvk I ¯^ZtùZ© weKvk, wkïi e¨w³ mËvi c~Y© weKvkB wkÿvi g~j jÿ¨|
wkÿvi G jÿ¨ cքqvMev` `k©„b my›`ifv„e dz„U D„V„Q|
13) wkïi me©v½xY ¯^vaxbZv: wkïi AvPi„Yi cy„ivcywi ¯^vaxbZv, Zvi weKvk cÖwµqv hv„Z ¯^vfvweKfv„e G„Mv„Z cv„i
Zvi Rb¨ me ai„bi ¯^vaxbZv, Zvi Kv„Ri cÖK‚wZ, c×wZ, msMVb me ƒÿ„ÎB hv„Z ƒm wb„Ri ¯^vfvweK cÖeYZv
Abymv„i KvR Ki„Z cv„i ƒmRb¨ me©v½xY ¯^vaxbZv w`„Z n„e|
14) mvgvwRK cwi‡ek †_‡K k„•Ljv m„wó: wkïi Dci ƒKvb iKg KwÎg wbqg-k•Ljv Av„ivc Kiv hv„e bv| wkïi k•Ljv
wb„Ri I mvgvwRK cwi„ek ƒ_„KB mwó n„q _v„K| cքqvMev` `k©b cÖ_g wkïi wbqg Kvbyb ev k•Ljvi K_v e¨³
K„i„Q|
44
2.4 cÖK…wZev` (Naturalism)
cÖK‚wZev` `k©„bi g„Z cÖK‚wZ (Nature) nj ev¯Íe Avi me wg_¨v| cÖK‚wZev`x `vk©wbKiv mewKQz„KB …eÁvwbK `wóf½x
w`„q wePvi K„ib| iv¯ˆ (Rusk) e„j„Qb,"Naturalism is a philosophical position adopted by those whoes
approach of philosophy form purely scientific point view. cÖK‚wZev` `k©b„K fveev`x `k©„bi wVK wecixZ
e„j A„b„K g„b K„ib| cÖK‚wZev` `k©„bi g„a¨ ci¯úi we„ivax eû wPšÍvaviv we`¨gvb _vK„jI Gi g„a¨ GKwU mgZv
Luy„R cvIqv hvq| cÖK‚wZev`x„`i g„Z, e¯Š RM„Zi hv wKQz Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ ZvB ev¯Íe Avi Ab¨ meB wg_¨v| gvbyl Ro
cwi„e„k evm K„i Avi G cwi„ekB Zvi Rb¨ ev¯Íe| wek^eªvþ„Ði hveZxq wbqgvewj cÖK‚wZi wbq„gi wbqš¿Yvaxb|
gnvwe„k^i hveZxq e¯Íyi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖvK‚wZK wbq„gi AšÍM©Z Ges e¯Ši hveZxq cwieZ©b I i€cvšÍi cÖK‚wZi wbq„gB n„q
_v„K|
cÖK‚wZev`x weÁvbxMY cÖK‚wZev`„K 3 fv„M fvM K„i„Qb| h_v-
1) Roev`x cÖK‚wZev` (Physical Naturalism) A_©vr gvbyl cÖK‚wZi GKwU Ask Ges cÖK‚wZ ØvivB Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡
wbqwš¿Z| cÖK‚wZev„`i wbqg-Kvbyb Abymv„i gvby„li Rxeb AwfÁZv„K we„kølY Kiv hvq|
2) cÖK‚wZev`xMY g„b K„ib Ro RM„Zi wewa Abymv„i wek^RMr Pj„Q| mgMÖ wek^ GKwU wekvj hš¿we„kl|
gvbyl ZviB Ask| wek^ h„š¿i Ask wn„m„e Zv„K hvwš¿Kfv„e KvR K„i ƒh„Z nq| ZvB cÖK‚wZev„`i G
AskwU„K hvwš¿K cÖK‚wZev` (Mechanical Naturalism) ejv nq|
3) cÖK‚wZev„`i Z‚Zxq aviv n„jv …Re cÖK‚wZev` (Biological Naturalism)| gvbyl we„k^i Rxe RM„Zi GKwU
Askwe„kl| gvbyl Ab¨ Rx„ei ƒP„q mnRvZ cÖewËi Rb¨ Avjv`v | ƒhgb- cքÿvf, Av„eM, eyw×-we„ePbv,
ƒ¯œn-ggZv BZ¨vw`|
cÖvPxb hy„M wkÿv I ms¯ˆ‚wZi aviK I evnK n„Zb we„kl GKwU ƒMvôx| Zviv ¯^v_©ci, A_©wccvmy Ges An¼vix n„Zb|
Zviv Áv„bi ƒÿ„Î wb„R„`i„K mwóKZ©vi cÖwZwbwa g„b Ki„Zb| AvaywbK hy„Mi m~Pbv„Z gvbe mgv„R beRvMwZ NU„Q|
gvbyl gy³ eyw× I ƒPZbv Øviv bZzb mgvR Mo„Q| cÖK‚wZev`xiv g„b K„ib G„ÿ„Î fveev„`i ƒKv„bv cÖvavb¨ ƒbB| weÁvb
I hyw³wfwËK wPšÍv-ƒPZbvi gva¨„gB cw_ex eZ©gvb AvaywbKZvi ¯Í„i G„m„Q| cÖK‚wZev`x `vk©wbK„`i g„Z wkÿvi
D„Ïk¨ n„jv wkï„K eZ©gvb Rxe„bi Dc„hvMx K„i ƒZvjv| Gi d„j wkïiv cwi„e„ki mv„_ wb„R„K Lvc LvB„q wb„Z
cvi„e| Avevi RxweKv AR©„bI mÿg n„e| wkïi myL,Avb›` I Djøv„mi mv„_ mvgÄm¨ ƒi„L wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ wba©viY
Kivi cÿcvZx| cwic~Y© Rxeb hvc„bi cÖ¯wŠ Z„K wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ wn„m„e MY¨ Ki„Z n„e| cÖK‚wZev`x„`i g„a¨ A„b„K
mgvR ¯^xK‚Z evÃbxq djkÖæwZi Rb¨ wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ wba©vi„Yi c„ÿ gZ w`„q„Qb| …Re cÖK‚wZev„` wek^vmx evb©vW© Ôk
(Bernard Shaw)-Gi g„Z, wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„e mvs¯ˆ‚wZK msjÿY¸„jv msiÿ„Yi gva¨„g D”PZi gvby„li weKvk|
wkÿvwe` cviwmbv„bi (Percy Nun) g„Z. e¨w³ Rxe„bi c~Y©Zv AvbvB n„e wkÿvi D„Ïk¨| cÖK‚wZev`x `vk©wbKiv wkïi
gb¯ÍË¡„K wfwË K„i wkÿv„K mvg„b wb„q ƒh„Z Pvb| cÖK‚wZev`x„`i g„Z, hv ¯^vfvweK ZvB wkïi wkÿvµ„g Avm„e|
ƒKv„bv iKg K‚wÎgZv wkïi wkÿvµ„g ¯‹vb cv„e bv| wkïi wbR¯^ Pvwn`v, cÖeYZv, AvMÖn I ÿgZvi Dcvi wfwË K„iB
iwPZ n„e wkïi wkÿvµg| cÖK‚wZi KvQ ƒ_„K ƒm mivmwi Rxe„bi cքqvRbxq A„bK wKQz wkL„e| AvaywbK cÖK‚wZev`x
wkÿvwe`iv wkïi wjLb, cVb I wnmve-wbKv„ki m„½ cÖK‚wZi cwiPq (Nature Study),evMvb (Gardening)Ges kixi
PP©vi (Exercise)Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av„ivc K„i„Qb| D”P ƒkÖwY„Z Zviv BwZnvm, f„Mvj, weÁvb BZ¨vw`mn Ab¨vb¨ welq
co„e| MwZkxj cքqvMev`x aviYv ƒhgb- Kv„h©i gva¨„g wkÿv (Learning by Doing), Avwe¯ˆvi c×wZ (Heuristic
Method),g„›Umix, wKÛviMv„U©b, Wvëb cø¨vb BZ¨vw` cÖK‚wZev` ƒ_„K D™¢Z|
wkïi wkÿv Rxeb bKj k•Ljvq Ave× n„e bv-¯^vfvweK wbqg-k•Ljvq Zviv wkÿvjvf Ki„e| cÖvwZôvwbK k•Ljv
mK„ji Kvg¨, wkïiv Zv ƒg„b Pj„e| wKšŠ Zv n„e ¯^ZtùZ©| k•Ljv ƒhb k•Lj bv n„q I„V| ¯^vfvweK fv„e cÖkœ Av„m
kvw¯Íi fq Qvov wK k•Ljv Avm„e? wkï„K Zvi Aciva cwigvY kvw¯Í ƒ`Iqv hv„e| wkïi k•Ljv n„e AšÍR ©vZ k•Ljv|
wkÿK I wcZvgvZv Kg©wfwËK wkÿv Ges cÖvmw½Kmn wkÿvµwgK wkÿv wkïi g„a¨ k•Ljv„eva Avbqb K„i| fveev`x
`k©„b wkÿK m„e©me©v wKšŠ cÖK‚wZev` `k©„b wkÿK _v„Kb ƒbc„_¨|
cÖK…wZev‡`i g~j e³e¨
cÖK‚wZev`x„`i g„Z, hv ¯^vfvweKfv„e ev cÖK‚wZMZfv„e ƒ`Lv hvq Ges AwfÁZvi gva¨„g jvf Kiv hvq ZvB mZ¨|
cÖK‚wZI mZ¨| cÖK‚wZi meB mZ¨| ewntcÖK‚wZ, AšÍi cÖK‚wZ `yB-B mZ¨| RocÖK‚wZ ƒhgb mZ¨ g„bvcÖK‚wZI ƒZgwb
mZ¨| ¯^vfvweKfv„e ¯^ZtùZ©fv„e cÖK‚wZ„Z hv eZ©gvb Zvi meB mZ¨| cÖK‚wZB g~j kw³ Ges mwói g~j KviY| G
gZev` cÖK‚wZi g„a¨ ƒh Kvh©KiY m¤úK© Av„Q Zvi ƒcÖwÿ„Z RM„Zi me NUbv„K e¨vL¨v K„ib| Zuv„`i g„Z, me
cÖvK‚wZK NUbvB K„Vvi wbqgbxwZ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| evB„i ƒ_„K cÖK‚wZ„K wek•Lj I m½wZwenxb g„b n„jI
cÖK‚Zc„ÿ cÖK‚wZi mewKQz mywbw`©ó I mymsnZ wbqg-Kvbyb Abymv„i P„j|

45
ƒW„gvwµUvm (wLª÷c~e© 460-370),GwcwKDivm (wLª÷c~e© 435-355), Rb G¨v„gvm K„gwbqvm (1592-1670), Ru¨v
R¨vK iæ„kv (1712-1778), ƒRvnvb ƒnbwiK ƒc÷vjrmx (1776-1827), nve©vU ƒ¯úÝvi (1820-1903),WviDBb,
d«„q„ej, Ugvm ne&m, nv·„j, Rb jK cÖgyL| cÖK‚wZev„`i cÖe³v n„jb A¨vwi÷Uj| iæ„kv n„jb Pig cÖK‚wZev`x|
iex›`ªbv_I cÖK‚wZev„`i GKRb wewkó mg_©K wQ„jb|
wewfbœ `vk©wb‡Ki `„wó‡Z cÖK…wZev`
†W‡gvwµUvm (wLªt c~e© 460-370): wMÖK `vk©wbK ƒW„gvwµwUm cÖK‚wZ„K Pig ev¯ÍeZv wn„m„e ¯^xK‚wZ w`„q„Qb| Zuvi
g„Z, ÔÔcÖK‚wZi evwn¨K c`v_©¸„jv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª AYy Øviv …Zwi Ges AYyB hveZxq c`v„_©i ƒg‡wjK Dcv`vb wn„m„e cwiwPZ|
ZvB gvbyl„K cÖK‚wZK evwn¨K wbqgvbymv„i Rxebhvcb K„i QjPvZzix, nxbZvi wkÿv ƒbqv DwPZ bq|
Rb A¨v‡gvm K‡gwbqvm (1592-1670): Zuvi g„Z, wkï„`i„K cÖK‚wZi gva¨„g wkÿv w`„Z n„e| we„kl K„i (1-7)
eQ„ii wkï„`i ƒÿ„Î Zvi gZev` ev¯Íevq„bi Dci ¸iæZ¡v„ivc K„i„Qb| G mg„q Zv„`i„K we`¨vj„qi AvbyôvwbK
wkÿv MÖnY Ki„Z nq bv| Zuvi g„Z, ÔÔwkÿv n„e cÖK‚wZ Ges Rxeb ƒ_„K, we`¨vjq ƒ_„K bq|Ó
†Rvnvb †nbwiK †c÷vjrmx (1776-1827): Zuvi g„Z, wkïi wkÿv n„e cÖK‚wZi wbqgvbyhvqx Ges gvby„li …Zwi cÖ_vi
ƒP„q cÖK‚wZi AvBb AbymiY Kiv n„e A„bK g½jRbK|
nve©vU© †¯úÝvi (1820-1903): nve©vU© ƒ¯úÝvi GKvav„i ev¯Íeev`x I cքqvMev`x wn„m„e `k©„bi BwZnv„m
cwiwPZ|Kxfv„e cÖvK‚wZK `wófw½ ev¯Íeev` I cքqvMev` Awe„”Q`¨ Ask wn„m„e we„ewPZ n„Z cv„i wZwb Zv cÖgvY
Ki„Z ƒP„q„Qb| wZwb G `k©b„K me©cÖ_g wkÿvbxwZ msMVb Kv„R jvMvb Ges Av„gwiKvq Zv we„kl RbwcÖqZv AR©b
K„i| wZwb cÖK‚wZ„K Pig ev¯ÍeZv wn„m„e MÖnY K„ib| Zvui g„Z, wkÿv_©xiv wewfbœ I e¨w³i ms¯ú„k© G„m AwfÁZv
AR©„bi gva¨„g ev¯Íeag©x Ávbjvf Ki„e Ges Rvbv wel„qI wbcyY e¨env„ii AwaKvix n„e| D„Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv i€cvq„Y
eZ©gv„b we„k^i me©Î Zuvi gZev` e¨eüZ n„”Q|
cÖK…wZev‡`i g~jbxwZ
1. `k¨gvb RMZB mZ¨, Avi me wg_¨v| Roe¯ŠB cÖK‚Z ev¯Íe, gb ev AvZ¥vi ƒKvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ ƒbB| cÖK‚wZev`
Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi Pig we„ivax|
2. cÖK‚wZev`xiv RM„Zi mewKQz„K …eÁvwbK `wóf½x„Z e¨vL¨v K„i„Qb| we„k^i mewKQz„K Zuviv Roe¯Š, kw³ I MwZ
Øviv wePvi K„ib|
3. cÖvK‚wZK ƒKvb NUbv AvKw¯§Kfv„e N„U bv| wek^cÖK‚wZ K„Vvi k•Ljv ƒg„b P„j|
4. cÖvK‚wZK mKj NUbv mywbw`©ó wbqgKvbyb Abyhvqx N„U| gvbyl GB cÖK‚wZi GKwU Ask myZivs cÖvK‚wZK wbq„g
gvbeRxe„bi ixwZ-bxwZ wbqwš¿Z n„q _v„K| gvby„li mvg_©¨ ev B”Qvkw³ cÖvK‚wZK wbq„gi ƒKvb cwieZ©b NUv„Z
cv„i bv|
5. cÖK‚wZev`x„`i g„Z, gvbwmK myL n„Z …`wnK myLB AwaKZi Kvg¨| Zuviv g„b K„ib myLB (Pleasure)Rxe„bi
Kvg¨e¯Š, Rxe„bi m„e©v”P jÿ¨| Zuv„`i g„Z, ƒh KvR myL`vqKg ƒm KvR fvj, ƒh KvR myLKi bq ƒm KvR g›`|
6. cÖK‚wZev`x„`i wm×všÍ nj, mgv„Ri mewKQzB K‚wÎg| ZvB Zv„`i wb„`©k-ÔcÖK‚wZi g„a¨ wd„i hvIÕ(Go back to
nature). mwóKZ©v me wKQz„K my›`i K„i mwó K„i„Qb, gvbyl ƒm¸„jv„K Lvivc K„i„Q|

cÖK…wZev` `k©‡b wkÿv

gvbeRxe„bi GKwU D„jøL„hvM¨ …ewkó¨ n„”Q, R„b¥i ci ƒ_„KB wkÿv Rxeb ïiæ nq Ges Zv P„j gZz¨i c~e© ch©š|Í
cÖvPxb hy„M gvbyl wQj Amnvq| Lv`¨, e¯Š evm¯‹vb, cÖvK‚wZK `y„h©vM, eb¨cÖvYxi AvµgY n„Z iÿvi Rb¨ Zviv wewfbœ
iK„gi ƒK‡kj, Ávb I AwfÁZv AR©b K„i„Q| Gfv„e µgvMZ wkÿvjv„fi gva¨„g gvbe RvwZ eZ©gvb mf¨ RM„Z
G„m DcbxZ n„q„Q| wkÿv n„”Q Ávb, `ÿZv I AwfÁZv jv„fi GKwU cÖwµqv ev ƒK‡kj| gvbe RvwZi ƒkÖô„Z¡i g~„j
i„q„Q wkÿv| wkÿvi gva¨„g gvbyl Zvi e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK Ges mvgvwRK wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvav„bi Dc„hvMx Ávb I
`ÿZv AR©b Ki„Z mÿg nq| wkÿvwe` g¨v„KwÄ e„j„Qb, ÔÔwkÿv n„”Q GKwU Rxebe¨vcx cÖwµqv| Rxe„bi me iKg
AwfÁZvB G wkÿv`v„bi e¨vcv„i mnvqZv K„i|ÓA_©vr cwic~Y© Rxeb weKv„ki j„ÿ¨ R„b¥i ci ƒ_„K Ávb, `ÿZv I
AwfÁZv jv„fi gva¨„g AšÍwb©wnZ ¸Yvewji weKvk, AvPi„Yi cwieZ©b Ges fwel¨r Rxe„bi Dc„hvMx n„q M„o IVvi
bvgB wkÿv|

46
cÖK…wZev` `k©‡b wkÿvi jÿ¨
cÖK‚wZ Abyhvqx wkï„K wkÿv w`„Z n„e| ƒKvbi€c K‚wÎg k•Ljv wkïi Dci Av„ivc Kiv hv„e bv| cÖK‚wZi m„½ wkïi
wbweo m¤úK© n„e| mwµqZvi wfw˄Z wkïi ¯^vfvweK ew˸„jvi weKvk mvabB wkïi jÿ¨| GQvov Amr Avw`g
cÖK‚wZ„K wbg©~j K„i Zvi RvqMvq mr cÖK‚wZ ¯‹vcb KivB n„e wkÿvi jÿ¨| wkï hv„Z Zvi cÖK‚wZMZ Pvwn`v, mvg_©¨,
cQ›` I AvMÖn Abyhvqx wkL„Z cv„i Zvi e¨e¯‹v KivB wkÿvi cÖavb jÿ¨| wkï„K me©v½xY ¯^vaxbZv ƒ`qv, ¯^v„¯‹¨i hZœ
ƒbqv, kixi„K mej Kiv BZ¨vw` n„e wkÿvi jÿ¨|
cÖK‚wZev` wkÿvi jÿ¨ m¤ú„K© my¯úó ƒKvb wb„`©k bv w`„jI wewfbœ cÖK‚wZev`x `vk©wb„Ki gZvgZ we„kølY Ki„j
K„qKwU jÿ¨ cvIqv hvq| ƒhgbÑ
K. AvZ¥-msiÿY (Self Preservation): Rxe„bi g~jnj AvZ¥-msiÿY| Rxeb msMÖv„g ƒh Rqx nq ƒmB ïay ƒeu„P
_v„K| myZivs Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvi Rb¨ wkïƒK Rxeb msMÖv„g Dchy³ K„i M„o ƒZvjv n„e wkÿvi jÿ¨|
L. AvZ¥-weKvk (Self Expression):e¨w³ Rxe„bi cwic~Y© weKvkB n„e wkÿvi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| cvwm©bvb-Gi fvlvq
"Development of individuality is the central aim of education." wkï wb„Ri cÖK‚wZ Abyhvqx me©v½xY
weKvk jvf K„i| mgv„Ri ƒKvb cÖfve Zvi Dci _vK„e bv|
M. eZ©gvb I fwel¨r myLjvf: eZ©gv„b I fwel¨„Z wkï hv„Z myLjv„f mg_© nq wkÿv„K ƒmw`„K `wó w`„Z n„e|
eZ©gv„bi wkÿv wkïi Kv„Q cÖxwZc` n„e Ges wkÿvjvf K„i fwel¨„Z wkï hv„Z my„Li AwaKvix n„Z cv„i
ƒmw`„KI jÿ¨ ivL„Z n„e|
N. Af¨vm m„wó: gvbyl„K h„_vchy³ my`ÿ Kvh©Ki GKwU hš¿ wnmv„e …Zwi Ki„Z n„e| GiRb¨ AvaywbK RM„Zi Dchy³
KZK¸„jv Af¨vm wkïi g„a¨ mwó K„i w`„Z n„e|
O. cÖe„wËi D`&MwZ mvab: myL A_ev `ytL Avgv„`i Kv„Ri cwiYvg| cÖK‚Zc„ÿ cÖewËi Øviv cwiPvwjZ n„q gvbyl ƒh
KvR K„i ZvB Zv„K myL A_ev `ytL cÖ`vb K„i| myZivs wkï hv„Z DËiKv„j myLx nq Zvi Rb¨ Zvi cÖewËi D`MwZ
mvabB jÿ¨|
iæ„kv Zuvi ÔGwgjÕ eBwU„Z Gwgj bv„g GKwU ƒQ„ji …kke ƒ_„K wkÿv Kx iKg nIqv DwPZ Zvi c~Y© weeiY w`„q„Qb|
ÔGwgjÕ Aa© Dcb¨vm, Aa© Av„jvPbvg~jK MÖš‹| Gwgj„K Zvi wcZvi KvQ ƒ_„K mwi„q m¤ú~Y© wew”Qbœ K„i GK Av`k©
wkÿ„Ki nv„Z Zz„j ƒ`qv nj| cÖK‚wZi ƒm‡›`h© I fvem¤ú„`i Nwbô ms„hv„Mi ga¨ w`„q ÔGwgjÕ ƒmLv„b wkÿvjvf
Kij| Zvi wkÿv nj m¤ú~Y©fv„e cÖK‚wZ Abyhvqx| cÖK‚wZev`x„`i g„Z, cÖK‚wZi mwóKvixi nvZ ƒ_„K hv wKQz Av„m ZvB
fvj wKšŠ gvby„li nv„Z mewKQzB weK‚Z n„q hvq|
iæ„kvi g„Z, gvbyl wkÿvjvf K„i wZbwU Drm ƒ_„K| h_v-
1. cÖK‚wZi KvQ ƒ_„K
2. gvby„li KvQ ƒ_„K
3. ewnR©M„Zi KvQ ƒ_„K
hw` G wZb Dr„mi g„a¨ c~Y© mvgÄm¨ Avbv bv hvq Z„e ƒm e¨w³i wkÿv Am¤ú~Y© I ÎæwUc~Y© ƒ_„K hvq| ƒh e¨w³i g„a¨
G wZb ai„bi wkÿv mgš^q jvf K„i Zuvi wkÿv„KB mv_©K wkÿv ejv P„j| iæ„kvi g„Z,gvby„li KvQ ƒ_„K ƒh wkÿvjvf
Kiv hvq Zvi g„a¨ wbqš¿Y ÿgZv Av„Q wKšŠ cÖK‚wZi KvQ ƒ_„K ƒh wkÿvjvf Kiv hvq ƒm wkÿv wbqš¿„Yi evB„i| myZivs
gvbyl Ges cÖK‚wZi KvQ ƒ_„K cvIqv wkÿvi g„a¨ mvgÄm¨ K„i wb„Z n„e Avi ƒm mvgÄm¨ gvbyl Avb„e| cÖK‚wZi wkÿv
Abyhvqx wkïi Ab¨ me wkÿv„K wbqwš¿Z Ki„Z n„e| wKšŠ MZvbyMwZK wkÿvq Zvi D„ëvwU Kiv nq| wcZv-gvZv, wkÿK,
mgvRe¨e¯‹v, cÖPwjZ cÖ_v BZ¨vw`i KvQ ƒ_„K cvIqv wkÿv„KB eo K„i ƒZvjv nq| cÖK‚wZi KvQ ƒ_„K cvIqv wkÿv„K
m¤ú~Y© Ae„njv I Ae`wgZ Kiv nq|

cÖK…wZev` `k©‡b wkÿv_©x

AvZ¥-msiÿY Rxe„bi g~jbxwZ| cÖK‚wZev`x `vk©wb„Ki g„Z, †hme welq AvZ¥-msiÿ„Yi mnvqK ƒm¸„jv wkÿvµ„gi
AšÍf©³
y n„e| GQvov cÖK‚wZi m„½ m¤úK©hy³ welq¸„jv cvV¨ZvwjKvq _vK„e| h_v- cÖK‚wZweÁvb, D`¨vb weÁvb, K‚wl
weÁvb BZ¨vw`| K‚wóg~jK welq ev gvbeag©x welq¸„jv„K cÖK‚wZev`xiv wkÿvµ„gi ¯‹vb ƒ`Iqvi cÿcvZx bb|
1. wkÿv_©x cÖK‚wZiB GKwU Ask; cÖvK‚wZK wbq„g wkÿv_©xi Rxe„bi ixwZbxwZ wbqwš¿Z nq;
2. ƒh„nZz wkÿv_©xi Rxeb cÖK‚wZi Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq, ZvB cÖvK‚wZK wbqg fvjfv„e ƒg„b Pjvi Rb¨ Zv„K wkÿv MÖnY Ki„Z nq;
3. wkÿv_©x GKwU hš¿gvÎ, cÖK‚wZi wbq„g GwU KvR K„i;
4. wkÿv_©x ¯^fveZB mij I cweÎ;
5. wkÿv_©x wb„Ri cÖK‚wZ Abyhvqx weKvk jvf K„i|

47
cÖK…wZev` `k©‡b wkÿK
1. wkÿ„Ki fwgKv n„e `k©„Ki, wZwb ïay wkïi ew×i w`„K jÿ¨ ivL„eb|
2. cÖK‚wZev`x wkÿv wkïi AvMÖn, Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Zv„K cQ›`gZ Kv„Ri ¯^vaxbZv w`„eb| wkÿv_©xi Kv„R ƒKvb evav
Av„ivc Ki„eb bv, wZwb _vK„eb AšÍiv„j|
3. wZwb ïay wkÿv_©xi ¯^vfvweK weKv„ki Rb¨ GKwU Av`k© cwi„ek mwó Ki„eb|
4. ÔÔAv`k© PwiÎ MVbÓ m¤ú„K© wkÿv_©x„K wZwb ƒKv„bv Dc„`k cÖ`vb Ki„eb bv|
5. Ôwkÿv_©x c~Y©eq¯ˆ gvbyl nevi Av„M GKwU cweÎ wkïÕ,GK_v g„b ƒi„L wkÿK KvR Ki„eb|
cÖK…wZev` `k©‡b wkÿY c×wZ
cÖK‚wZev`x `vk©wbK iæ„kv wkÿY c×wZ m¤ú„K© e„j„Qb,-Ôwkï„K ƒKvb ƒg‡wjK wkÿv ƒ`evi cքqvRb ƒbB, ƒm Zvi
AwfÁZvi gva¨„g wkL„e (Give your scholar no verbal Lssons, he should be taught by experience).Õ
wkÿv_©xi Kv„R Zv„K ¯^vaxbZv w`„Z n„e, ƒm nv„Z Kj„g wb„R KvR Ki„Z wkL„e| evB„i ƒ_„K wKQz wkLvevi cքqvRb
ƒbB| wkÿv_x©i weÁvb wkL„e cixÿvMv„i, R¨vwgwZ wkL„e ƒLjvi gvV I Ab¨vb¨ Rwg Rwic K„i, f„Mvj wkL„e ch©U„bi
gva¨„g| mgv„Ri AvBb Kvbyb wkL„e we`¨vj„q ¯^vqË kvm„bi ga¨ w`„q|
wkÿv_©xi mwµqZv„K gh©v`v w`„Z n„e, Zviv hv wKQz wkL„e meB µxov”Q„j cÖK‚wZev`x `vk©wbKMY wkïi wjLb, cVb I
wnmve wbKv„ki m„½ cÖK‚wZi cwiPq (Nature study), evMvb Kiv (Gardening) Ges kixi PP©vi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av„ivc
K„i„Qb| D”P ƒkÖwY„Z Zviv BwZnvm, f„Mvj, weÁvb BZ¨vw` Ab¨vb¨ welq co„e| MwZkxj cքqvMev`x aviYv ƒhgb -
Kv„Ri gva¨„g wkÿv (Learning by doing), Avwe®ˆvi c×wZ (Heuirisrtic Method), g„›Umix, wKÛvi Mv„U©b, Wvëb
cø¨vb BZ¨vw` cÖK‚wZev` ƒ_„K D™¢zZ|
wkÿv n„e mnwkÿvg~jK, ƒQ„j„g„q GKB m„½ wkL„e, Zv„`i c_Kfv„e wkÿvi e¨e¯‹v Ki„j ci¯ú„ii g„a¨ A¯^vfvweK
g„bvfv„ei mwó n„Z cv„i| AvaywbK wkÿv c×wZ„Z ƒhme cwieZ©b G„m„Q Zv cÖK‚Zc„ÿ cÖK‚wZev`x `k©„bi Ae`vb|
wkÿv„ÿ„Î gb¯ÍvwËK aviv G„m„Q cÖK‚wZev`x„`i KvQ ƒ_„K| Zuv„`i g„Z, wkÿv_©x wbR¯^ AvMÖn, cQ›` mvg_©¨B wkÿvi
wePvh© welq| ƒmLv„b wkÿ„Ki cÖfZ,¡ we`¨vj„qi K‚wÎg cwi„ek, wbw`©ó cvV¨m~wPi ƒevSv A_ev MZvbyMwZK wkÿv c×wZ
cÖf‚wZi ƒKvb ¯‹vb ƒbB| cÖK‚wZev„`i jÿ¨ nj, ïay webv evavq wkï„K AvZ¥-weKv„ki my„hvM ƒ`qv| wKšŠ wkÿv_©xi
AvZ¥-weKvk hw` cÖvK‚wZK wbq„g Avcbv Avcwb nq Z„e Avi wkÿvi cքqvRb ƒKv_vq? ZvB wkÿvi GB ƒbwZevPK aviYv
MÖnY„hvM¨ bq| myZivs fveev„`i Øviv cÖK‚wZev„`i ms„kvab cքqvRb, KviY fveev`B wkÿvi GKwU m„šÍvlRbK j„ÿ¨i
wb„`©k cÖ`vb Ki„Z cv„i|
cÖK…wZev`x `vk©wbK R¨v Ru¨vK iæ‡kv (1712-1778)
`k©b RM„Z Ru¨v Ru¨vK iæ„kv cÖK‚wZev`x `vk©wbK wn„m„e AwaK cwiwPZ| Aóv`k kZ„K BD„iv„ci ivRbxwZ, mvwnZ¨,
wkÿv I `k©„bi BwZnv„m iæ„kv GK ¯§iYxq gnvcyiæl| wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq wZwb h„_ó Ae`vb ƒi„L ƒM„Qb| Zuvi `k©„bi
Ici wfwË K„i eZ©gv„bi eû wkÿvbxwZ M„o D„V„Q|
Rb¥ cwiwPZ: wek^e„iY¨ `vk©wbK Ru¨v Ru¨vK iæ„kv 1712 wLª÷v„ã myBRvij¨v„Ûi ƒR„bfv kn„i Rb¥MÖn„Y K„ib|
R„b¥i ci ciB gvZ‚we„qvM N„U| mr gv„qi N„i Ae„njv Abv`„i eo nb| Zuvi evev wQ„jb GKRb mvaviY Nwo
we„µZv| we`¨vj„q wZwb ƒewk`~i ch©šÍ covïbv Ki„Z cv„ibwb| KviY GKw`„K wQj Avw_©K A¯^”QjZv Avi Ab¨w`„K
we`¨vj„qi K‚wÎg wbqg-Kvbyb Zuvi fv„jv bv jvMv | Z„e wZwb wQ„jb AZ¨šÍ ƒgavex, Zxÿè eyw×m¤úbœ, hyw³ev`x I
AbyfwZkxj| wZwb ivóªbxwZi Ici Social Contract (1762) Ges wkÿvbxwZi Dci Emil bvgK `ywU weL¨vZ MÖš‹ iPbv
K„i Av„jvob mwó K„ib| wZwb 1778 wLª. 66 eQi eq„m gviv hvb|
`vk©wbK iæ‡kvi wkÿvZË¡
iæ„kv wQ„jb GKRb cÖK‚wZev`x `vk©wbK| wZwb wkÿv m¤ú„K© ƒh g~j¨evb ZË¡ w`„q„Qb ƒm¸„jv Zvui weL¨vZ Gwgj Mքš‹
cÖKvwkZ n„q„Q| Zuvi ZË¡vbyhvqx wkÿvi g~jbxwZ¸„jv n„jvÑ
 wkÿv n„e cÖK‚wZ Abyhvqx|
 wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ ïay ÁvbvR©b bq-eis wkÿv_©xi A½-cÖZ¨„½i ev ƒ`n-g„bi c~Y©weKvk mvab|
 wkÿv GKwU ¯^vfvweK I ¯^ZtùZ© cÖwµqv, hv K‚wÎg Dcv„q mwó Kiv hvq bv|
 wkÿvi cÖK‚wZ wba©vwiZ n„e wkÿv_©xi wb„Ri B”Qv, cÖeYZv I Pvwn`vi gva¨„g|
 wkÿv`v„bi Av„M wkÿK„K Aek¨B fv„jvfv„e wkÿv_©x„`i ƒR„b wb„Z n„e|
 wkÿv Kg©m~wP n„e myôz, my›`i I mgv„Ri Pvwn`vbyhvqx|
 wkÿv MÖnY n„e Bw›`ª„qi gva¨„g AwfÁZvi wfw˄Z|
 wkÿv_©x 15 eQi eqm ch©šÍ wkÿv MÖnY Ki„e cÖK‚wZ n„Z|
48
iæ‡kvi wkÿvZË¡ Abyhvqx wkÿvi ¯Íi
iæ„kv Zuvi ÔGwgjÕ Mքš‹ wkïi wkÿv„K PviwU ¯Í„i fvM K„i„Qb| h_v-
cÖ_g ¯Íi (1-5 eQi ch©š)Í : G mg„q wkï„K Zvi ÿgZv, B”Qv, cÖeYZv I AvMÖn Abyhvqx ¯^vaxbfv„e KvR Ki„Z w`„Z
n„e| G ch©v„qi wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„”Q wkï„K kvixwiKfv„e my¯‹-mej K„i ƒZvjv| G ch©šÍ wcZv n„eb wkÿK Ges gvZv
n„eb ƒmweKv|
wØZxq ¯Íi (5-12 eQi ch©š)Í : G mg„q wkï„K ƒKv„bv ƒg‡wLK wkÿv ƒ`Iqvi cքqvRb ƒbB| ƒm wb„Ri cքqvRb Abyhvqx
cÖK‚wZ n„Z wb„RB wkÿvjvf Ki„e| G mg„qi wkÿv wkïi Bw›`ªq I gvbwmK ewË PP©vi g„a¨ mxgve× _vK„e|
Z…Zxq ¯Íi (12-15 eQi ch©š)Í : …K„kvi Ges ƒh‡e„bi wgjb¯‹j n„”Q G mgqwU| G„K eqtmwÜKvj (adolescence)
e„j| wkÿvi Rb¨ GwU GKwU DrK‚ó mgq| G mg„q wkïi g„b bvbv ai„bi ƒK‡Z~nj Rv„M| myZivs Zvi ƒK‡Znj
wbewËi Rb¨ cքqvRbxq wkÿvi e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z n„e| G ¯Í„i Zv„K BwZnvm, f„Mvj, mvwnZ¨, weÁvb BZ¨vw` wel„q wkÿv
w`„Z n„e|
PZz_© ¯Íi (15-20 eQi ch©š)Í : G ¯Í„i wkÿvi jÿ¨ n„e wkï„K fwel¨r Rxe„bi Dc„hvMx K„i M„o ƒZvjv| wkïi
kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKv„ki mv„_ …bwZK I AvwZ¥K weKv„ki Ici ƒRvi w`„Z n„e| G mgq Zv„`i g„a¨ fv„jv-g›`
ƒevSvi ÿgZv I mgvR ƒPZbv RvMv„Z n„e|
cÖK…wZMZ wkÿv (Nature based Educaton)
iæ„kvi g„Z, cÖK‚wZ Abymv„i wkÿvB nj Av`k© I mv_©K wkÿv| wZwb ÔcÖK‚wZÕ K_vwU„K ÿz`ª A„_© e¨envi bv K„i wZbwU
m¤ú~Y© wfbœ A„_© e¨envi K„i„Qb| h_v-
1. g„bv†eÁvwbK cÖK‚wZ (Psychological Nature)
2. RxeZË¡g~jK cÖK‚wZ (Biological Nature)
3. e¯ŠRvMwZK cÖK‚wZ (Physical Nature)
Zuvi g„Z, wkïi wkÿv G wZb iKg cÖK‚wZ Abyhvqx m¤úbœ n„e|
1. g‡bv‣eÁvwbK cÖK…wZ (Psychological Nature): g„bv†eÁvwbK cÖK‚wZ ej„Z eySvq, wkïi cÖK‚wZ-cª`Ë kw³,
m¤¢vebv, Pvwn`v, cQ›`, AcQ›`, Av„eM, AbyfwZ BZ¨vw`i mgš^q„K| wkïi wkÿv cÖK‚wZMZ …ewk󨸄jvi m„½
m¤ú~Y© mvgÄm¨ ƒi„L cwiPvwjZ Ki„Z n„e|mvaviYZ wkï eo nevi m„½ m„½ wcZv-gvZv, wkÿK, mgvR e¨e¯‹v
BZ¨vw`i Pv„c Zvi G cÖK‚wZMZ …ewk󨸄jvi ¯^vfvweK weKvk e¨vnZ n„q hvq Ges Zv„K KZK¸„jv K‚wÎg AvPiY
I Af¨vm wkL„Z eva¨ Kiv nq| iæ„kvi g„Z, G wkÿv nj cÖK‚wZ we„ivax|
2. RxeZË¡g~jK cÖK…wZ (Biological Nature): RxeZË¡g~jK cÖK‚wZ ej„Z eySvq wkïi ƒm cÖK‚wZ„K, hv wkï e¨w³MZ
cÖvYxi€„c m„½ wb„q R„b¥„Q| RxeZË¡g~jK cÖK‚wZev` gZev`wU weeZ©bev` ƒ_„K G„m„Q| weeZ©bev` Abyhvqx
ÿz`ªZg GK„Kvlx cÖvYx ƒ_„K Av„¯Í Av„¯Í wewfbœ cÖvYx AvK‚wZi i€cvvšÍ„ii ga¨ w`„q ƒkl ch©šÍ gvbe AvK‚wZ„Z G„m
ƒc‡u„Q„Q| myZivs, gvbeRvwZi g„a¨ ƒhme Kz-cÖK‚wZi Amr g„bvfve, `yb©xwZ BZ¨vw` hv AvRKvj gvby„li g„a¨ ƒ`Lv
hv„”Q Zv ƒm cÖK‚wZi KvQ ƒ_„K cvqwb, ƒc„q„Q cwi„e„ki KvQ ƒ_„K| ivóª, mgvR BZ¨vw` mwó nIqvi Av„M gvbyl
ƒh Ae¯‹vq evm KiZ iæ„kv Zvi bvg w`„q„Qb cÖvK‚wZK Ae¯‹v (Natural State) Avi cÖvK‚wZK gvbyl| iæ„kvi g„Z,
G cÖvK‚wZK gvbyl wQj mr, gnvb I my›`i| Zv„`i g„a¨ Qjbv, bxPzZv ev A„m‡›`„h©i ¯‹vb wQj bv| GK K_vq, Zviv
wQj weï× cÖK‚wZi | G ai„bi gvby„li `qv, ggZv, ƒ`k„cÖg cÖfwZ my›`i …ewk󨸄jv gvby„li g„a¨ ƒR„M D„V„Q|
wKšŠ mgvR Ges Ab¨ ms¯‹v mwó nIqvi d„j cÖvK‚wZK gvby„li G weï× cÖK‚wZ weK‚Z I KjywlZ n„q hvq| wkï hLb
Rb¥vq ZLb Zvi RxeZË¡g~jK cÖK‚wZ _v„K weï× Ae¯‹vq| wKšŠ ƒm gyn~Z© ƒ_„KB Zvi ƒm cÖK‚wZ weK‚Z I KjywlZ
n„Z ïiæ K„i| AZGe wkïi RxeZË¡g~jK cÖK‚wZ Abyhvqx wbqwš¿Z Kivi A_© nj ƒh, wkï„K mgv„Ri ms¯úk©
ƒ_„K mwi„q Avb„Z n„e| wkïi wkÿv„K c~Y©fv„e cwiPvwjZ n„Z w`„Z n„e cÖK‚wZi Pvwn`vi Øviv, ƒKvb kw³ ev
Abykvm„bi Øviv bq|
3. e¯yÍ RvMwZK cÖK…wZ (Physical Nauture): e¯Š RvMwZK cÖK‚wZ ej„Z eySvq MvQcvjv, b`x, cvnvo, AvKvk-
evZvm, ƒiv`-cvwb, cï-cvwL BZ¨vw` wb„q RM„Zi ƒh cÖK‚wZ Zv„K| G cÖK‚wZ Abyhvqx wkïi wkÿv n„e
cwiKwíZfv„e| wkï„K my„hvM w`„Z n„e hv„Z ƒm cÖK‚wZi mv„_ Nwbô n„Z cv„i| ƒLvjv gv„V gy³ nIqvq Ny„i
wd„i, ƒiv„` cy„o, cvwb„Z wf„R, cï-cvwLi m„½ AšÍi½fv„e wg„k ƒm ƒhb cÖK‚wZi i€c im I ƒm‡›`h©„K Abyfe
Ki„Z cv„i| GK K_vq wkïi cÖv_wgK wkÿv Rxe„bi AwfÁZv¸„jv Avni„Y Zvi cÖ_g I cÖavb wkÿv`vZv n„e
cÖK‚wZ| wZwb kn„ii Rxeb ƒ_„K MÖv„gi Rxeb„K DuPz„Z ¯‹vb w`„q„Q„b| kni„K wZwb gvbeRvwZi mgvwa¯‹vb e„j
AvL¨vwqZ K„i„Qb| iæ„kvi G wkÿv cwiKíbv ƒ_„K KZK¸„jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ MVb Kiv hvq|
49
†bwZevPK wkÿv (Negative Education)
cÖvPxbKv„j g„b Kiv nZ ƒh, wkï ƒh cÖK‚wZ wb„q Rb¥vq ƒm cÖK‚wZ _v„K Amr| G Amr Avw`g cÖK‚wZ„K wbg~ ©j K„i Zvi
¯‹v„b mr cÖK‚wZ ¯‹vcb KivB nj wkÿvi cÖavb KvR| myZivs, wkï„K cÖ_g w`K ƒ_„K K„Vvi I mywbqwš¿Z kvm„bi g„a¨
ivL„Z n„e| iæ„kvi g„Z, Avw`g cÖK‚wZ wQj m¤ú~Y©fv„e weï× cÖK‚wZi| myZivs, wkïi cÖ_g Rxe„bi wkÿv n„e
ƒbwZevPK wkÿv (Negative Education)| Zvui g„Z, G wkÿvKv„j wkï„K ƒKvb mZ¨ ev mr¸Y ƒkLvb n„e bv| Zvi gb
ƒKvb g„›`i w`„K bv hvq, ƒm ƒKvb fzj bv K„i ƒmw`„K ƒLqvj ivL„Z n„e| wkïi wkÿv„K m¤úbœ Ki„Z n„e wkïi
cÖK‚wZ, bvbv cÖKvi mnRvZ kw³, mvg_©¨ Ges Zvi AvMքni evavnxb weKv„ki g„a¨ w`„q| wkï„K me ai„bi ¯^vaxbZv
ƒ`qvB ƒbwZevPK wkÿvi …ewkó¨| wkï Zvi wb„Ri Pvwn`vgZ wkL„e, KvR Ki„e| Zv„K ƒKvb evav ƒ`qv hv„e bv,
ƒKvbi€c K‚wÎg Dcv„q wkÿv ƒ`qv hv„e bv| ƒm ¯^vaxbfv„e wb„Ri cQ›`gZ welq¸„jv wkL„e| G mg„q wKQz bv
ƒkLv„bvB n„e cÖK‚Z wkÿv|
iæ„kvi g„Z, wkï G mgq ƒKvb mr¸Y bv wkL„jI g›`¸Y ƒ_„K Zvi gb„K gy³ iv„L| Avevi ƒm ƒKvb mZ¨ AvniY
K„i bv wVKB wKšÍy ƒKvb wg_¨vI Zvi g„b cքek Ki„Z cv„i bv| hLb ƒm eo nq ZLb Zvi Bw›`ªq¸„jv cwiYZ n„q D„V
Ges hLb mewKQz eySvi gZ Zvi eqm nq ZLb ƒm Ávb, mZ¨ I mr„K wb„R ƒ_„KB wP„b wb„Z cv„i Ges ƒm¸„jv„K
fvjevm„Z wk„L I GwM„q hvq|

bvix wkÿv (Women Education)

bvix wkÿv m¤ú„K© iæ„kv Zvui gZev` cÖ`vb K„i„Qb| ƒQ„j„`i wkÿv m¤ú„K© iy„kvi AwfgZ cÖMwZkxj n„jI bvix
wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î Zuvi gZvgZ AZ¨šÍ iÿYkxj| wZwb bvix wkÿvq ƒKvb cÖKvi ¯^vaxbZv mg_©b K„ib wb| Zvui g„Z, bvix
wkÿv Aw¯Íev`K Ges K„Vvi wbq„gi g„a¨ mxgve×| wZwb bvix„`i„K ¯^vgxi ƒmev I MnKv„Ri Dc„hvMx wkÿv`v„bi
cÿcvZx|
evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvqiæ‡kvi cÖfve
evsjvƒ`„ki wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq iæ„kvi wkÿvZ„Ë¡i h„_ó cÖwZdjb N„U„Q| iæ„kvi wkÿvZË¡ Abyhvqx MZvbyMwZK wkÿvi
cwieZ©b Avbvi Rb¨ cքPóv Pvjvb n„”Q| iæ„kv n„”Qb AvaywbK wkÿvi RbK| ZvB Zuvi wkÿvZË¡„K Kv„R jvwM„q
wkÿv„K AvaywbKvqb Kiv n„”Q| eZ©gvb wkÿvq wkïi ¯^vaxbZv, AvMÖn, cÖeYZv, ÿgZv, iæwP, B”Qv cÖf‚wZ Abyhvqx
cvV¨µ„gi cwieZ©b iæ„ki wkÿvZ„Ë¡i cÖwZdjb| wkï wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î wkïi gb„KB me©v„MÖ ¯‹vb w`„Z n„e| G bxwZ„K
evsjvƒ`„ki eZ©gvb wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ„Z¡i mv„_ ƒ`Lv nq| m„e©vcwi wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq ƒh AvaywbKvqb I Dbœqb n„”Q
Zvi ƒewki fvMB iæ„kvi ZË¡ ƒ_„K ƒbIqv|AvaywbK I cÖMwZkxj wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq iæ„kvi Ae`vb Acwimxg| Zuvi Z„Ë¡
wKQz ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ _vKv m„Ë¡I wkÿv RM„Z we„kl K„i wkï wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î wZwb ƒh Av„jvob mwó K„i„Qb Zvi Zzjbv
ƒbB| wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq Zvi bxwZgvjvi mwVK ev¯Íevqb n„j wkÿvq …ecøweK cwieZ©b Avm„e G„Z ƒKv„bv m„›`n ƒbB|
fveev`, cÖK…wZev` I cÖ‡qvMev‡`i g‡a¨ Zzjbv
welqe¯‘ fveev` cÖK…wZev` cÖ‡qvMev`
1. g~jmyi fveev` `k©„bi g„Z, cÖK‚wZev` `k©„bi g„Z, cքqvMev``k©„bi g„Z, hvi
`kgvb RMr Qvov AviI `k¨gvb RMZB mZ¨ Avi Dc„hvwMZv Av„Q ZvB fvj, hv fvj
GKwU RMr Av„Q, Zvnj me wg_¨v| Zvi Dc„hvwMZv Av„Q| Rxe„bi
Ava¨vwZ¥K RMZ| ƒKvb c~e© wbw`©ó gvb ev g~j¨„eva ƒbB
hv me©Kv„ji Rb¨ cքhvR¨|
2. mg_©K GB gZev„`i mg_©K n„jb, GB gZev„`i mg_©K n„jb GB gZev„`i mg_©K n„jb wWDB,
ƒcø„Uv, wdK„U, ƒn„Mj, Gwi÷Uj, d«„q„ej, wKjc¨vwUªK, DBwjqvg ƒRgm,
Kv›U, d«„q„ej, w¯ú„bvRv ƒc¯Ívjrmx, jK, iæ„kv, w¯ˆbvi, cÖvqvm© cÖgyL|
cÖgyL| iex›`ªbv_ cÖgyL|
3. wkÿvi fveev` `k©„bi g„Z wkÿvi cÖK‚wZev` `k©„bi g„Z cքqvMev``k©„bi g„Z wkÿvi jÿ¨
jÿ¨ jÿ¨ nj Av„Z¥vcjwä| wkÿvi jÿ¨ nj AvZ¥cÖKvk g~j¨„ev„ai RvMiY|
I AvZ¥msiÿY

50
 welqe¯‘ fveev` cÖK…wZev` cÖ‡qvMev`
4. Gi wkÿvµ„gi welqe¯Š Gi welqe¯Š nj, e¯ŠgyLx Gi welqe¯Š nj, mgÄm¨c~Y©,
wkÿvµg nj, …bwZK, ƒe‡w×K I Ávb| mgwš^Z D„Ïk¨gyLx Ávb|
bv›`wbK Ávb|
5.wkÿ„Ki fveev`x wkÿ„Ki KZ©e¨ cÖK‚Zev`x wkÿ„Ki KZ©e¨ cքqvMev`x wkÿ„Ki KZ©e¨ nj,
KZ©e¨ nj,e¨w³„Z¡i cÖvavb¨ nj, …be©¨w³K ch©„eÿY| c„ivÿfv„e Dc„hvwM cwi„ek iPbv|
we¯Ívi|
6. wkÿY GB `k©„bi g„Z wkÿv Gi g„Z wkÿY c×wZ nj, Gi g„Z wkÿY c×wZ nj,
c×wZ c×wZ n„e Av„jvPbv ev ¯^vaxbZv ev e¨w³„Kw›`ªK e¨w³„Kw›`ªK I `jMZ mwµqZv|
fvlvwfwËK mwµqZv|
wkÿv„ÿ„Îfveev` ev Av`k©ev` (Idealism),ev¯Íeev` (Realism), cքqvMev` (Pragmitism),cÖK‚wZev` (Naturalism)
QvovI AviI A„bK `vk©wbK gZev` i„q„Q| cÖK‚Zc„ÿ GKK ƒKvb gZev` Øviv wkÿv cwiPvwjZ nq bv| wkÿvbxwZ
cÖYq„b mKj gZev`„K we„ePbvq ƒbqv nq| evsjv„`„ki RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq„b mKj gZev`„K GKxf~Z K„i GKwU
hy„Mvc„hvMx,cÖMwZkxjI Kvh©Ki iæc„iLv ƒ`qv n„q„Q hv AvMvgxi evsjv„`k„K eû`~i wb„q hv„e|

cÖkœgvjv
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. fveev` ev Av`k©ev` Kv„K e„j?
2. fveev„`i RbK ƒK?
3. fveev„`i g~j e³e¨ Kx?
4. ev¯Íeev` Kv„K e„j?
5. ev¯Íeev„`i RbK ƒK?
6. ev¯Íeev„`i g~j e³e¨ Kx?
7. cքqvMev` Kv„K e„j?
8. cքqvMev„`i RbK ƒK?
9. cքqvMev„`i g~j e³e¨ Kx?
10. cÖK‚wZev` Kv„K e„j?
11. cÖK‚wZev„`i RbK ƒK?
12. cÖK‚wZev„`i g~j e³e¨ Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. fveev` ev Av`k©ev„`i g~j e³e¨ e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
2. evsjv„`„ki wkÿvq fveev„`i cÖfve g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
3. wkÿvq fveev`x `vk©wbK ƒcø„Uvi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
4. ev¯Íeev„`i g~j e³e¨ e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
5. wkÿvq cքqvMev`x `vk©wbK Rb wWDB-i Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
6. cքqvMev„`i g~j e³e¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
7. cÖK‚wZev` (Naturalism) Kv„K e„j? cÖK‚wZev„`i …ewkó¨ Av„jvPbv Kiæb|
8. cÖK‚wZev`x `vk©wbK wn„m„e iæ„kv wba©vwiZ wkÿv ¯Íi eY©bv Kiæb|
9. ev¯Íeev` Kx? wkÿv ƒÿ„Î ev¯Íeev„`i Ae`vb D„jøL Kiæb|
10. wkÿvi AvaywbKxKi„Y cքqvMev„`i Ae`vb Acwimxg- we„kølY Kiæb|

51
 BDwbU 3 : gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©xi Rxeb weKvk cÖwµqv
gvby„li Rxe„bi cÖwZwU ¯Íi LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| R„b¥i ci gvbyl av„c av„c eo nq, …`wnK I gvbwmK ew× N„U| cÖwZwU
¯Í„i gvbe wkïi ewׄZ wKQz jÿ¨Yxq welq _v„K| G„`i g„a¨ Ab¨Zg nj …`wnK ew×, gvbwmK weKvkI cwiYgb|
gvbe Rxe„bi GB ew×Kv„j wcZvgvZv I we`¨vj„qi wkÿK„`i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv _v„K| we„kl K„i eqtmwÜKv„j
wcZvgvZv I wkÿ„Ki wKQz we„kl `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki„Z nq| GB mg„q wK„kvi-wK„kvix Zv„`i kvixwiK I gvbwmK wewfbœ
cwieZ©b ch©„eÿY K„i _v„K| Zv„`i GB cwieZ©„bi mgq wcZvgvZv, AwffveK I wkÿK„`i mwVK MvBWjvBb AZ¨šÍ
Riæix| wkÿv_©xiv hv„Z mvgvwRKZv, eÜz wbe©vPb, mvgvwRK g~j¨„eva- GB mKj wel„q mwVK wm×všÍ wb„Z cv„i GRb¨
eo„`i wKQz f~wgKv cvjb Ki„Z nq|GQvov gva¨wgK ch©v„qi wkÿv_©x„`i gv`Kvmw³, HIV, AIDS-Gme wel„qI
h_vh_ Ávb `iKvi| GB Aa¨v„q gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv_©x„`i Rxeb weKvk cÖwµqv„K 7wU cv„V fvM K„i Av„jvPbv Kiv
n„q„Q|
3.1: ea©b-weKvk-cwiYgb
3.2: eqtmwÜKvj I …`wnK weKvk: wkÿv_©xi kvixwiK cwieZ©b
3.3: gvbwmK weKvk: eyw× I e¨w³Z¡-GwiKmb I MvW©bv„ii Z˦
3.4: AvMÖn I g„bv„hvM,K¬vwšÍ I Aemv`, wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK cwieZ©„b wkÿK I cwiev„ii f~wgKv
3.5: Av„ewMK weKvk: Av„eM I DwØMœZv, Av„eM IVv-bvgv, wbqš¿Y ƒK‡kj
3.6: mvgvwRK weKvk: cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK g~j¨„eva, eÜz I ¯^Rb, eÜz wbe©vPb cÖwµqv
3.7: GjGmweB (LSBE-Life Skills Based Education), gv`Kvmw³, HIV, AIDS, SRHR (Sex and
Reproductive Health Rights) m¤ú©„K m„PZbZv

3.1 : ea©b-weKvk-cwiYgb
Rxe„b cÖwZ gyû„Z© cwieZ©b mvwaZ n„”Q| G cwieZ©b aviv gvbe Rxe„b wewfbœ i€c aviY K„i wfbœ wfbœ Zvrch©gwÐZ kã
Øviv cÖKvwkZ n„”Q hv„`i„K wb„¤œv³ bv„g AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| ƒhgb-
K. ea©b (Growth)
L. weKvk (Development)
M. cwiYgb (Maturity)
K. ea©b (Growth): wkï hLb Rb¥MÖnY K„i ZLb Zvi GKwU wbw`©ó IRb (ƒhgb 5-7 cv.) Ges D”PZv (ƒhgb 16-
20 BwÂ) _v„K| beRvZ„Ki eqm evovi mv„_ mv„_ IRbI …`N©¨/ D”PZv evo„Z _v„K| wkïi IRb I D”PZv ewׄK
ea©b (Growth) e„j|ea©b ej„Z AcwiYZ Ae¯‹v ƒ_„K c~Y©Zv cÖvw߄K eySvq| ea©b nj cwigvYMZ cwieZ©b hvi A_©
nj AvKvi I MV„bi ew×|
Anderson Gi g„Z, ea©b I weKvk ej„Z ïay …`wnK AvKvi I Abycv„Zi cwieZ©b eySvq bv| gvby„li ga¨Kvi
AšÍwb©wnZ m¤¢vebv hLb cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯‹vi cÖfv„e weKwkZ n„Z _v„K, ZLb Zv„K wkïi µgweKvk ejv nq| gvbe
Rxe„b ew× ej„Z mvaviYZ AvKvi I AvqZ„bi cwieZ©b„KB eySv„bv nq| ƒhgb- wkïwUi …`wnK ew× mvwaZ n„q„Q
ej„j wkïwUi nvZ-cv mn ƒ`„ni KvVv„gvMZ ewׄKB eySvq| GwU gvbe Rxe„bi GKwU ¯^vfvweK I mvgwqK cÖwµqv|
L. weKvk (Development): gvbe Rxe„b weKvk ej„Z we„klfv„e …`wnK AvK‚wZi cwieZ©bmn Kv„Ri DbœwZ„KB
eySvb nq| A_©vr gvbe Rxe„bi Zvrch©c~Y© cwieZ©b„KB eySv„Z weKvk (Development) kãwUi e¨envi Kiv n„q
_v„K| ƒhgb- wkÿv_©xi …`wnK weKvk n„q„Q ej„j wkÿv_©xi …`wnK ew×mn Zvi Kg©`ÿZvi cwieZ©b ev `ÿZvi
ewׄKB eySv„bv n„q _v„K| weKvk GKwU Rxebe¨vcx cÖwµqv| GKK_vq, gvbe Rxebe¨vcx µg DbœwZkxj mvgwMÖK
cwieZ©„bi cÖwµqvB nj weKvk (Development)| cwigvY/cwic°Zv I AwfÁZvi d„j µgea©gvb cwieZ©„bi aviv„K
weKvk e„j| weKvk nj ¸YMZ (Qualitative) cwieZ©b| A_©vr weKvk ej„Z ïay D”PZvi ew× ev `ÿZvi DbœwZ eySvq
bv eis weKvk n„”Q GKwU RwUj cÖwµqv ƒhLv„b ea©b I ÿq DfqB wµqvkxj| ƒhgb- wkïi eqm evovi mvv„_ mv„_ Zvi
A½-cÖZ¨„½i KvRI evo„Q| ƒh nvZ w`„q ƒm nvgv¸wo w`Z ƒm nvZ w`„q GLb ƒm wjL„Q, ƒLj„Q|
52
weKvk ej„Z ïay gvby„li D”PZv, IRb, ƒhvM¨Zvi ewׄKB eySvq bv eis gvbe wkïi Mf©aviY ƒ_„K ïiæ K„i gZz¨ ch©šÍ
weKvk cÖwµqv Pj„Z _v„K| GRb¨ wkïi ea©b I weKvk„K GKwU MwZgq aviv (Dynamic process) bv„g AvL¨vZ Kiv
nq| Ôgvbe wkïi kvixwiK KvVv„gvMZ cwieZ©b hv evB„i ƒ_„K `k¨gvb Zv ea©b Ges myß I AšÍwb©wnZ cwieZ©b ƒh¸„jv
AvPvi-AvPi„Yi gva¨„g cÖKvwkZ nq Zv„K weKvk (Development)ejv nq|Õ cwieZ©bkxj ¸Yv¸Y m¤úK©xq welqB
n„”Q weKvk| mnRfv„e weKvk nj Kg©kw³i c~Y©Zv ev cwic°Zv Ges RwUjZv|cwieZ©b Pvifv„e nq-
1. AvKviMZ cwieZ©b
2. AvbycvwZK cwieZ©b
3. cyivZb …ewk„ó¨i wejywß
4. bZzb …ewkó¨ AR©b|
M. cwiYgb (Maturity) : e¨w³i AšÍwb©wnZ …ewk„ó¨i D„b¥vPb„KB cwiYgb (Maturation) ejv nq| GwU gvbe
Rxe„bi weKv„ki mv„_ m¤úK©hy³ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq| mvaviYZ Rb¥m~„Î cÖvß e¨w³i myß †ewk„ó¨i c~Y©v½ cÖKvkB
nj cwiYgb| wkïi AvMÖn, AvMքni ¯‹vwqZ¡ Ges DbœwZ G¸„jvi gva¨„g cwiYg„bi e¨vL¨v Kiv n„q _v„K| wkïi
cwiYgb wkL„bi IciI wbf©i K„i _v„K| wkïiv mvaviYZ kvixwiK I gvbwmK cwic°Zv AR©b bv Kiv ch©šÍ mwVK
`ÿZv jvf Ki„Z cv„i bv| ƒhgb- 7 gvm eq„mi wkï„K KweZv gyL¯‹ Kiv hv„e bv| GLv„b KweZv gyL¯‹ Kiv„bvi Rb¨
Zvi Mjvi gvsm„ckx Ges ¯œvqyZ„š¿i ƒh cwigvY cwiYg„bi `iKvi Zv ZLbI AwR©Z nqwb|
3.2 : eqtmwÜKvj I •`wnK weKvk : wkÿv_©xi kvixwiK cwieZ©b
gvbe Rxe„bi me„P„q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc ev ¯Íi nj eqtmwÜKvj| Rxe„bi G av„c wb„R„K Mn, cwievi, mgvR Z_v
we`¨vjq BZ¨vw` mKj cwi„e„k Lvc LvIqv„bv n„q I„V AZ¨šÍ mgm¨v msKzj| G„nb cwiw¯‹wZ„Z wkÿv_©x„`i kvixwiK,
gvbwmK cwieZ©bI n„q I„V AmvgÄm¨c~Y©| mew`K wgwj„q gvby„li G mgqwU„K GKwU RwUj ¯Íi wn„m„e AwfwnZ Kiv
nq| G mg„qi ƒQ„j-ƒg„q„`i g„a¨ GZ …`wnK I gvbwmK cwieZ©b nq ƒh, Zviv w`„knviv n„q c„o| ZvB cvðv„Z¨i
gb¯ÍË¡we`MY eqtmwÜKvj„K Av„eM, DrKÉv Ges wØav-؄›Øi Kvj wn„m„e AwfwnZ K„i„Qb| gvbe Rxe„bi me„P„q
`ªæZ cwieZ©b N„U G mg„qi g„a¨| Kv„RB wkÿv_©x„K mwVK c„_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi ƒÿ„Î eqtmwÜKv„ji ¸iæZ¡
Acwimxg|
eqtmwÜKv„ji Bs„iwR cÖwZkã Adolescence. GwU j¨vwUb kã Adolescere n„Z DrcwË n„q„Q hvi A_© cwigvY ev
cwicK¡Zvi c„_ weKvk| Ab¨w`„K Adolescence Gi Avi GKwU Bs„iwR cÖwZkã Puberty hv ƒh‡b cwiYwZ„K eySvq|
myZivs A_©MZ w`K w`„q eqtmwÜKvj ej„Z gvbe Rxe„bi …kke I evj¨Kvj ƒcwi„q ƒh‡e„bi ØvicÖv„šÍ `ªæZ, evošÍ Ges
cwieZ©bkxj mgq„KB eySvq| gvbe Rxe„b G Kv„ji mxgv mvaviYZ 12-19 eQi ch©šÍ mxgve× _v„K| Z„e ¯‹vb-Kvj
cvÎ, AvenvIqv, f~-cÖK‚wZ Ges cwi„ek Z_v cvwicvwk¦©K Kvi„Y eqtmwÜKv„ji G eqm mxgvi wKQzUv i`e`j n„Z cv„i|

eqtmwÜKvj m¤ú‡K© g‡bvweÁvbx‡`i AwfgZ

gvbe Rxe„bi eqtmwÜKv„ji e¨vL¨v w`„Z wM„q g„bvweÁvbxMY wb„¤œv³ gZvgZ e¨³ K„i„Qb| ƒhgb-
 E. B. Hurlock- gvbe Rxe„bi evi n„Z GKzk eQ„ii mgqB nj eqtmwÜKvj ev …K„kviKvj|
 Stanley Hall- eqtmwÜKv„ji wkÿv_©xiv nj ƒd¬cvi A_©vr ƒh cvwLi GLbI cwic~Y© cvLbv MRvqwb, A_P
evmv„ZB Doevi Ae¨vnZ ƒPóv Ki„Q|
 Dorothy Rogers-Adolescence the viewed as a sociocultural phenomenon is the period in his
life when society crises to regard a person as a child but does not yet accord him full adult
status role and function.
 gynv¤§` Av„bvqvi Avjxi g„Z, eqtmwÜKvj nj …kke I ƒh‡e„bi ga¨eZ©x mgq A_©vr †kk„ei ƒmvbvjx mKvj
ƒcwi„q ƒh‡e„bi ƒ`vo„Mvovq cv ivLvi evošÍ mgq |
Kv„RB ejv hvq-…kke Ges ƒh‡e„bi GKwU ga¨eZ©x mgqB nj eqtmwÜKvj| G„K …K„kvi ev ƒh‡ebvMg Kvji€„cI
AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| GwU nj gvbe Rxe„bi GKwU we„kl mgq, ƒhLv„b DcbxZ n„j g„bi iv„R¨ evi evi bZzb
ƒPZbv RvMÖZ nq Ges mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ, ag©xq k•Ljv, fvjg›` wePvi„eva, ƒh‡b¯únv I Rxeb inm¨ m¤ú„K©
AmsL¨ cÖkœ `vbv ƒeu„a I„V|
53
eqtmwÜKv‡ji •ewkó¨vejx
eqtmwÜKv„j gvbe Rxe„b wb¤œiæc …ewkó¨ ƒ`Lv hvq-
 eqtmwÜKv„ji wkÿv_©x„`i kvixwiK A½-cÖZ¨„½i `pZv Ges m„ZRZv ew× cvq|
 „Q„j„`i `vwo-ƒMuvd I ƒQ„j„g„q Df„qiB eMj I ƒh‡bv„½i cv„k¦© cwicK¡ ƒjvg MRv„Z ïiæ K„i|
 ƒQ„j„`i ex„h©vrcv`b ÿgZv Ges ƒg„q„`i gvZ‚Z¡ cÖeYZvi mKj Avw½K ew× m¤úbœ nq|
 ƒQ„j„`i eÿ ùxZ Ges ƒg„q„`i eÿxq Aÿ my¯úó I ƒKvgi ƒgvUv nq|
 eqtmwÜKv„j ƒQ„j„g„q Df„qiB ƒh‡bv„½i mwµqZv I wecixZgyLx AvKl©Y ew× cvq |
 ƒ`„ni IRb Ges KÉbvjxi I MÖwš‹i mwµqZv ew× cvq|
 k¦vmbvjx, dzmdzm Ges KÉbvjxi mwµqZv ew× cvq Ges ¯^„ii cwieZ©b N„U _v„K|
 wkÿv_©x„`i gv„S eyw× cÖeYZv ew× cvq Ges hyw³`v„bi AvMÖn mwó nq|
 eqtmwÜKv„j mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ,ag©xq k•Ljvi weg~Z© aviYv Ges wm×všÍ MÖn„Yi cÖeYZv RvMÖZ nq|
 wkÿv_©x„`i g„a¨ bZzb wPšÍvi cÖeYZv ev„o Ges AvZ¥-An¼vi ƒeva mwó nq|
•`wnK weKvk: wkÿv_©xi kvixwiK cwieZ©b
gvbe wkï Amnvq Ae¯‹vq Rb¥MÖnY K„i| ƒm mgq Zvi K„qKwU mnRvZ AvPiY ƒhgb-Kvbœv, nuvwP, Kvwk BZ¨vw` jÿ¨
Kiv hvq| ax„i ax„i Zvi †`wnK ew× N„U| GKgv„mi wkïi …`wnK cywó A„cÿv GK eQ„ii wkïi …`wnK cywó jv„fi
nvi `ªæZZi nq| eqtew×i m„½ m„½ GB nvi Av„iv `ªæZ nq| ƒh‡e„bi AvMgb ch©šÍ Gfv„e Pj„Z _v„K| …`wnK weKvk
Ae¨vnZ MwZ„Z mvwaZ n„jI G„Z K„qKwU ¯Íi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| GKwU ¯Í„ii m„½ Ab¨ ¯Í„ii MwZ I cÖK‚wZ„Z cv_©K¨
Av„Q| g„bvweÁvbx„`i cÖ`Ë Rxeb weKv„ki cÖK‚wZ we„kølY K„i wkïi kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKv„ki cÖK‚wZ„K wb¤œi€c
Dc¯‹vcb Kiv hvq|
wkïi kvixwiK I gvbwmK ea©‡bi cÖK…wZ
weKvk ev ea©‡bi mgqKvj weKvk ev ea©‡bi cÖK…wZ
…kke 1-3 eQi kvixwiK weKv„ki eqm
evj¨ 3-11 eQi gvbwmK weKv„ki eqm
cÖ_g evj¨ve¯‹v 3-6 eQi
ƒkl evj¨ve¯‹v 6-11 eQi kvixwiK ew×i eqm
…K„kvi/eqtmwÜKvj 11-18 eQi gvbwmK weKv„ki eqm
cÖ_g …K„kvi e¨e¯‹v 11-14 eQi kvixwiK weKv„ki eqm
ƒkl …K„kvi e¨e¯‹v 14-18 eQi
ƒh‡eb 18-21 eQi gvbwmK ew×i eqm

•kk‡ei kvixwiK, gvbwmK I Av‡ewMK weKvk (1-3 eQi)

wkïi kvixwiK weKvk Zvi fwgô nevi `kgvm Av„M gvZ‚Mf©Kvjxb Ae¯‹v ƒ_„KB ïiæ nq| fwgô nevi c~„e©B wkïi ƒ`n
cÖvq m¤ú~Y© nq| ƒKej Zvi `uvZ MRvq bv| fwgô nevi ci ƒ_„K Zvi A½ cÖZ¨„½i `ªæZ weKvk n„Z Avi¤¢ K„i| cÖ_„g
ƒKej A½-cÖZ¨½ mÂvjb Ki„Z cv„i Ges µgk A½-cÖZ¨„½i Ici wKQz wKQz KZ‚Z © ¡ jvf K„i| ƒ`Lvi Rb¨ ƒPvL
ƒLv„j, ƒKvb wRwbm aivi Rb¨ nvZ evov„Z cv„i| Qq gvm eq„m wkï gv_v w¯‹i ƒi„L em„Z cv„i, Qq gv„mi ci ƒKvb
kã n„j ƒm AvMքni mv„_ ïb„Z Pvq| mvaviYZ GK eQ„i wkï `uvov„Z wk„L Ges wØZxq erm„ii g„a¨ ƒm nuvU„Z
cv„i| G mg„q ƒm Av„av Av„av K_v ej„Z Avi¤¢ K„i| wØZxq erm„ii g„a¨ ƒm A„bK kã wk„L Ges A„bK wRwb„mi
bvg ej„Z cv„i| Z‚Zxq erm„i ƒm Zvi A½-cÖZ¨„½i Ici m¤ú~Y© KZ©Z¡ jvf K„i| ƒm mvivÿY QzUvQzwU K„i Ges
fvjfv„e K_v ej„Z cv„i I Pvq|
kvixwiK weKv„ki m„½ m„½ wkïi gvbwmK weKvkI ïiæ nq …kke ƒ_„K| fwgô nevi ci Zvi ƒKej Bw›`ªqvbyfwZ nq
wKšŠ ƒKvb wel„qi Ávb ev cÖZ¨ÿÁvb nq bv| R„b¥i Aí c„iB Zvi ¯^v`, NªvY,¯úk©-Ávb Rv„M| Zvi c„i Zvi ƒPvL
Ges kÖeY Bw›`ªq KvR Ki„Z Avi¤¢ K„i| cÖ_g erm„ii g„a¨B Zvi Avb›`, fq, ƒµva, `ytL I weiw³ cÖf‚wZ Av„eM
D„b¥„li cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| G mg„q Zvi ¯§wZkw³, Kíbvkw³I weKvk ïiæ nq|
54
evj¨Kv‡ji kvixwiK, gvbwmK I Av‡ewMK weKvk (3-11 eQi)
cÖ_g evj¨ Ae¯‹vq wkïi kvixwiK weKvk ƒZgb `ªæZ nq bv, A½-cÖZ¨„½i Ici Zvi AwaK KZ‚Z © ¡ R„b¥| ƒm `ªæZ nuvU„Z
I ƒ`‡ov„Z cv„i Ges GK gyn~Z©I Pzc _vK„Z Pvq bv| G mgq Zvi AbymwÜrmvI Lye cÖej nq| Kx Ges ƒKb kã I fve
`y„Uv mvivÿY Zvi gy„L I ƒPv„L ƒj„M _v„K| G mgq wkï nq AbyKiY wcÖq| ƒkl evj¨ve¯‹vq (6-11) wkïi kvixwiK
ew× Lye `ªæZ nq| `ya `uvZ c„o bZzb I ¯‹vqx `uvZ Rb¥vq| kix„ii …`N©¨ I D”PZv eQ„i cÖvq `yB Bw ev„o Ges
gw¯Í„¯ˆi cÖvq Pvi-cÂgvsk (4/5) c~Y© nq|
cÖ_g evj¨ve¯‹vq wkïi Kíbv kw³i weKvk N„U| ƒm ƒivgvÂKi Mí ïb„Z fvjev„m| G eq„m Zvi ¯§wZkw³ m„ZR
nq| wkïiv G mg„q fxlY AvZ¥„Kw›`ªK nq Ges Zvi mKj AvPi„Y AnsK„eva ev AvwgZ¡Áv„bi cÖwZdjb N„U| ƒkl
evj¨ve¯‹vq wkï„`i gvbwmK weKvk AviI `ªæZ nq| ¯§wZkw³, Kíbvkw³, wePvikw³ mewKQzB Zx² n„Z _v„K| B”Qv
kw³i weKv„ki d„j Zvi AvZ¥cÖwZôv I AvZ¥mshg g„bvfve M„o I„V| ƒm Avi c~„e©i b¨vq AÜfv„e Av„`k cvjb K„i
bv| Z„e ƒh mg¯Í e¨w³ ev M„íi bvqK Zvi cÖksmv I we¯§„qi D„`ªK K„i Zv„`i„K AbyKiY Ki„Z Ges Zv„`i Av„`k
cvjb Ki„Z fvjev„m| GB mg„q Zvi mvgvwRKxKiY ïiy nq|

•K‡kvi/eqtmwÜKv‡ji kvixwiK weKvk (12-18 eQi)

wkïi Rxeb-weKv„k evj¨ Ges ƒh‡e„bi ga¨eZ©x `ªæZ cwieZ©b KvjB eqtmwÜKvj| GUv …`wnK I gvbwmK weKv„ki
wewPÎ cwieZ©„bi Kvj| evj¨Kvj ƒ_„K ƒh‡e„b A„cÿvK‚Z AcwiYZ eq„¯ˆi ¯Íi ƒ_„K cÖvß eq„¯ˆi ¯Í„i DbœxZ nIqvi
KvjB eqtmwÜ| wkïi ƒ`„n Ges g„b ZLb Af~Zc~e© cwieZ©b Av„m| Gi d„j ƒm bZzb K„i Zvi Rxeb I RMZ m¤^„Ü
cÖkeœ ¨vKzj n„q I„V, A„bK gvbwmK ؄›Øi m¤§yLxb nq|W„ivw_ ƒivRvm© g„b K„ib ƒh, eqtmwÜKvj Rxe„bi Ggb GKUv
mgq hLb mgvR e¨w³„K wkï wnmv„eI MY¨ K„i bv,Avevi cwic~Y© eq„¯ˆi gh©v`v, fwgKvI Zvi ƒÿ„Î Av„ivc K„i bv|

•K‡kvi/eqtmwÜKv‡ji ‣`wnK cwieZ©b

eqtmwÜKv„j ƒ`„ni me©v„½ bvbv cwieZ©b ƒhgb kix„ii gvms„ckx, nvo, MÖwš‹, gw¯Í®ˆ, ürwcÐ cÖf‚wZi ew× nq| kix„ii
IRb I …`„N©¨ ew× cvq| Z„e kix„ii …`N©¨ I IRb mgvb Abycv„Z ev„o bv| ZvQvov ƒQ„j I ƒg„q„`i g„a¨ GB …`wnK
ew×i nvi mgvb bq| ƒg„qiv cÖ_g w`„K ƒQ„j„`i PvB„Z `ªæZMwZ„Z ew× cvq wKšŠ ƒP‡Ï eQi eq„mi ciB mvaviYZt
ƒQ„jiv ƒg„q„`i PvB„Z AwaK `xN© I mej n„q I„V| ƒh‡ebvMg„bi ci G ew×i nvi ax„i ax„i Kg„Z ïiæ K„i Ges
GKwU ¯Í„i G„m …`wnK ew× A_©vr D”PZv ƒ_„g hvq| eqtmwÜKv„j i³mÂvjb, k¦vm-cÖkv¦ m I cvK¯‹jxi wµqvi ÿgZv I
MwZ ew× cvq| Zvi d„j ƒQ„j-ƒg„q„`i ÿzav ew× cvq, …`wnK D„ËRbv mwó nq| eqtmwÜKv„ji GKwU D„jøL„hvM¨
cwieZ©b nj ƒ`nvK‚wZi-we„klfv„e gyLgۄji cwieZ©b| G mgq ƒQ„j„`i gy„Li Ici GKUv KvwV„Y¨i Qvc c„o|
ƒ`„ni Ab¨vb¨ As„ki gZ gy„Li gvsmI `p nq Ges D¾¡j nq| Avi ƒg„q„`i gyL ƒKvgj, jveY¨gq Ges ƒMvjMvj n„q
I„V|
eqtmwÜKv„j ƒQ„j„`i ƒ`„n ƒjvg ew× cvq Ges ƒg„q„`i kix„ii we„kl we„kl ¯‹v„b ƒjvg R„b¥| we„kl K„i ƒQ„j„`i
G mgq `uvwo ƒMuvd MRvq I ƒQ„j ƒg„q„`i imÿiv MÖwš‹i cwieZ©b nq| G cwieZ©„bi d„j ƒ`„ni ƒh‡b ni„gvb wbtmZ
nq Ges ƒh‡bv„½i I ƒ`„ni cwieZ©b cwijwÿZ nq| eqtmwÜKv„j ƒQ„j ƒg„q„`i ƒh‡b- A½ c~Y©Zv jvf K„i| d„j
wkïi Rxe„b ƒh‡bcwiYwZ ƒ`Lv ƒ`q|

3.3 : gvbwmK weKvk : eyw× I e¨w³Z¡-GwiKmb I MvW©bv‡ii Z˦

GwiKm‡bi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki 8 avc gZev`
GwiKmb (1968) g„b K„ib ƒh e¨w³i g„bvmvgvwRK weKv„ki mgq wKQz msK„Ui gva¨„g Zvi AvZ¥cwiPq M„o I„V|
weKv„ki GB msKU¸„jv nq e¨w³„Z¡i weKvk NUvq, bq„Zv weKvk„K evav ƒ`q| gvby„li e¨w³Z¡ KZUv msnwZc~Y© n„e
Zv GB msKUmg~n Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| GwiKmb aviYv ƒcvlY K„ib ƒh, e¨w³ hLb ƒe„o I„V ZLb ƒm mgv„Ri wewfbœ
ƒjvKR„bi mv„_ fv„ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb K„i| GB Av`vb-cÖ`v„bi ga¨ w`„qB myôzfv„e Zvi e¨w³Z¡ M„o I„V| Gi d„j
e¨w³ Zvi cwi„e„ki Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki„Z cv„i| ƒm GKZve× n„q KvR Ki„Z mÿg nq Ges Pviw`„Ki RMZ I
wb„R„K mwVKfv„e eyS„Z cv„i| Zvui g„Z, e¨w³ hLb MÖnY„hvM¨ Dcv„q Zvi msKU¸„jv ev g„bvmvgvwRK mgm¨v¸„jv
wbimb Ki„Z cv„i ZLbB Zvi wbR¯^ wPšÍv ƒPZbvi ev¯Íevqb NUv„Z cv„i|
GwiKmb e¨w³Z¡ weKv„ki AvUwU my¯úó wbw`©ó ¯Í„ii K_v D„jøL K„ib hv„K Eight Stages of Man ejv nq| G¸„jv njÑ
55
 1. ƒg‡wjK wek¦vm ebvg Awek¦vm;
2. ¯^vaxbZv ebvg j¾v I wØav„eva;
3. D„`¨vM ebvg Aciva„eva;
4. m¤úv`b ebvg nxbgb¨Zv„eva;
5. cwiPq ebvg weåvwšÍ;
6. NwbôZv ebvg GKvKxZ¡;
7. mRb ÿgZv ebvg Ave×Zv;
8. msnwZ ebvg nZvkv|
1.†g․wjK wek¦vm ebvg Awek¦vm: GB msKU AwZ …kke Kv„jv N„U _v„K| e¨w³Z¡ weKv„ki cÖ_g ¯Í„i wkïi g„b Av¯‹v-
Abv¯‹vi ƒeva R„b¥| wkïi ƒg‡wjK Pvwn`v hw` ƒ¯œn I Av`i-h„Zœi mv„_ NUv„bv nq Zvn„j Zvi g„b wbivcËv„eva
R„b¥| ƒm cwi„e„k I cwiRb„`i cÖwZ Av¯‹vkxj nq Ges Zv„`i„K wek¦vm Ki„Z Avi¤¢ K„i| Gi wecixZ n„”Q ƒh, wkï
Pvicv„ki mevB„K m„›`n K„i ZLbB, hLb ƒm Ae„nwjZ ev Abv`Z nq| GwiKmb wkï I Zvi gv„qi m¤ú„K©i Dci
h„_ó ¸iæZ¡ ƒ`b| KviY gv I wkïi m¤úK© hZ wbweo n„e wkï ZZ mn„R wek¦vm ¯‹vcb Ki„Z cvi„e|
2.¯^vaxbZv ebvg j¾v I wØav‡eva: …kkeKv„ji cÖ_g ch©v„q G msKU Dcw¯‹Z nq| wkï G mg„q Zvi wcZvgvZv I
cwi„ek„K cixÿv K„i, KviY ƒm eyS„Z Pvq cwi„e„ki KZUzKz Zvi wbqš¿„Y Av„Q| Zvi g„a¨ AvZ¥-wbqš¿„Yi Abyf~wZi
weKvk NUv„Z n„j wkïi ¯^vaxb B”Qvi g~j¨ w`„Z n„e| G mgq wcZv-gvZvi AwZwi³ wbqš¿Y ev evav wkïi g„b wb„Ri
ÿgZv m¤ú„K© m„›`n I Zvi Pvwn`vi e¨vcv„i j¾vi mwó K„i| gv„qi KvQ ƒ_„K cÖv_wgKfv„e hLb ƒh wb„R„K gy³
g„b K„i ZLbB Zvi wb„R„K ¯^vaxb g„b nq|
3.D‡`¨vM ebvg Aciva‡eva: …kkeKv„ji ga¨ch©vq n„”Q msKUKv„ji| G mgq wek¦vm Ges ¯^vaxbZvi Abyf~wZ wb„q
wkï ƒKvb Kv„R D„`¨vM MÖnY K„i _v„K| ƒm ƒLjvayjvi ga¨ w`„q bZzb `ÿZv jvf K„i hv Zvi c~„e© AwR©Z
Av¯‹v„eva„K `pZi K„i| G mg„q D„`¨vM MÖnY Ges cieZ©x„Z Aciva„ev„ai AwfÁZv Zvi g„a¨ we„e„Ki R„b¥ ƒ`q|
ƒh me ƒQ„j„g„qiv evev-gv KZ‚©K K„Vvi kvm„b jvwjZ nq Zv„`i g„a¨ ƒKvb wKQz Kivi D„`¨vM K„g hvq Ges wkï
wb„R„K Aÿg I Amnvqfv„e| wKšŠ Avevi ƒh wkï„K evev- gv I wkÿKiv KL„bvB wZi¯ˆvi K„ib bv Zv„`i g„a¨
we„e„Ki weKvk nq bv| hw` D„`¨vM Ges Aciva„ev„ai g„a¨ fvimvg¨ iÿv Kiv m¤¢e nq Z„e wkïi g„a¨ eo„`i gZ
KvR Kivi ÿgZv M„o I„V I `vwqZ¡„ev„ai mwó nq|
4. m¤úv`b ebvg nxbgb¨Zv‡eva: cÖv_wgK ¯ˆz„j hvIqvi mgq ƒ_„K eqtmwÜi Av„Mi mg„q G msK„Ui mwó nq| G
eq„mi wkï„K ƒjLvcovmn ƒLjvayjvq bvbv iKg `ÿZv AR©b Ki„Z nq| ƒh wkï ¯^vaxb I D„`¨vMx g„bvfve AR©b K„i
ƒm mn„RB kÖgkxj nq, Ab¨_vq Zvi g„a¨ j¾v, civR„qi g„bvfve I nxbgb¨Zvi mwó nq| G mg„q wkÿ„Ki `vwqZ¡
n„”Q cքZ¨KwU wkï„K mvd„j¨i AwfÁZv ƒ`qv| G D„Ïk¨ mdj Ki„Z n„j wkÿK„K cքZ¨K wkÿv_©xi ÿgZv m¤ú„K©
Rvb„Z n„e Ges Zv„`i cwi„ek„K wbqš¿Y Ki„Z n„e|
5. cwiPq ebvg weåvwšÍ: eqtmwÜKv„j G ai„Yi msK„Ui mwó nq| G mg„q ƒQ„j-„g„qiv Zv„`i cwiPq wb„q mgm¨vMÖ¯Í
n„q c„o, we„kl K„i mgv„R Zv„`i wK f~wgKv i„q„Q Zv eyS„Z ƒPóv K„i| A„b¨iv Zv„`i wKfv„e cÖZ¨ÿY Ki„Q Ges
Zviv wb„R„`i wKfv„e ƒ`„L G Zzjbvg~jK wePvi Ki„Z wM„q Zviv Lye `ytwðšÍvq ƒfv„M| wb„R„K eyS„Z cvivi
AÿgZv„K, wb„Ri cwiPq wb„q mgm¨v Zv„`i g„a¨ weåvwšÍ mwó K„i Ges Zv mgvav„b e¨_© n„j cÖvß eq¯ˆ„`i gZ
AvPiY Ki„Z cv„i bv| d„j Rxe„bi cieZ©x mg„q ƒh msKU ƒ`Lv ƒ`q ƒQ„j„g„qiv ƒm¸„jvi m„½ mdjfv„e Lvc
LvIqv„Z cv„i bv| Aciw`„K Kvh©Kifv„ehw` G msK„Ui ƒgvKv„ejv Kiv hvq Z„e Zv„`i g„a¨ Av¯‹v mwó nq I my›`i
fwel¨r m¤ú„K© wbivcËv„eva ƒR„M I„V|
6. NwbôZv ebvg GKvKxZ¡: cÖvß eq„mi cÖ_g ch©v„q G ai„Yi msKU ƒ`Lv ƒ`q| hvivwb„Ri m¤ú„K© fvjfv„e AeMZ
n„Z mÿg nq Zviv mgv„R wb„Ri ¯‹vb K„i ƒbq| ¯^fveZB ƒm ZLb ¯‹vqx m¤úK© ¯‹vc„bi Rb¨ NwbôZv Avkv K„i| GUv
m¤¢e bv n„j ƒm GKvKx„Z¡ ƒfv„M, eÜz-evÜe Gwo„q P„j Ges cwievifz³ nIqv ƒ_„K wb„R„K mwi„q iv„L| G msK„Ui
mgvavb n„j e¨w³ Av¯‹vi mv„_ Ab¨„K fvjevm„Z cv„i Ges GKB m„½ A„b¨i fvjevmv jv„fI mg_© nq|
7. m„Rb ÿgZv ebvg Ave×Zv: mRb ÿgZv ej„Z wKQz mwó Kivi cÖwZ AvMÖn| G eq„mi cÖavb KvR n„”Q, GKR„bi
mv„_ ¯‹vqx e܄b Ave× nIqv Ges cwievi I mšÍv„bi ga¨ w`„q AvZ¥we¯Í‚wZ jvf Kiv| G mg„q ƒh cwiYgb nq, Zvi
mvnv„h¨ Zvi cwi„e„ki wewfbœ Dcv`v„bi cÖwZ hZœkxj nq| hw` cieZ©x eskai„`i KvQ ƒ_„K h„_ó mvov bv cvIqv
hvq Z„e e¨w³ GK„Nu„qwg„Z ƒfv„M| d„j Ab¨vb¨„`i mv„_ m¤ú„K©i AebwZ nq Ges e¨w³ Ave×Zvq ƒfv„M| G
msK„Ui mgvavb n„j e¨w³ mvgvwRKfv„e wb„R„K mewKQzi mv„_ AšÍf³ z© Ki„Z mÿg nq|

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8. msnwZ ebvg nZvkv: cwiYZ eq„m G msKU Dcw¯‹Z nq| ƒKvb e¨w³ c~„e©i avc¸„jv mdjfv„e AwZµg Ki„j
wb„R„K m¤ú~Y©fv„e MÖnY„hvM¨ g„b nqGes Rxe„bi AwšÍg msKU ƒgvKv„ejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z
Š nq| wb„Ri mewKQzi `vwqZ¡
ƒm wb„Z cv„i Ges gh©v`vjv„f mÿg nq| Acic„ÿ ƒm hv AR©b K„i„Q Zv wb„q hw` AmyLx nq Z„e Zvi g„a¨ nZvkv
I wb„Ri cÖwZ AeÁvi mwó nq|

MvW©bv‡ii ZË¡-eyw× m¤ú‡K© mgKvjxb gZev`: eûwea eyw× ZË¡

eûwea eyw× ZË¡ (Multipul Intelligence Theory) Abyhvqx eywׄK cÖwkÿY„hvM¨ ÿgZv wnmv„e ¯^xKvi Kiv nq| G
Z„Ë¡i Zvrch© n„”Q, ¯ˆz„j ƒewk m¤¢e wkÿv_©xi ƒhvM¨Zv mbv³ Kivi Rb¨ we`¨vjq„K eyw×i msÁvi cwiwa we¯Í‚Z Ki„Z
n„e| wkÿvwe` nvIqvW© MvW©bvi (Howard Gardner,1983) Afxÿvi mvnv„h¨ eywׄK ƒevSvi ixwZ eR©b K„i Ab¨vb¨
m~„Î cÖvß Z„_¨i wfw˄Z eyw×i ¯^i€c wba©vi„Yi ƒPóv K„i„Qb| wZwb eyw× m¤ú„K© mvwnwZ¨K weeiY, ¯^vqy welqK Z_¨
cÖgvYvw`, ƒgavex I ¯^íeyw×gvb e¨w³ Ges wewfbœ RvwZ„Mvôx m¤úwK©Z weeiYxi Dci wfwË K„i eyw×i aviYv MVb
K„i„Qb| wZwb A„cÿvK‚Z ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© mvZ cÖKvi eyw×i K_v e„j„Qb| ƒhgb-
1. fvlvg~jK eyw×: kã cքqvM Kiv, ƒg‡wLK we„kølY, wjwLZ welqe¯Š c„o ƒevSv Ges fvlvq e¨eüZ Dcgv,
Aj¼iY BZ¨vw` eySvi ÿgZv Gi AšÍf³ z© |
2. m½xZwelqK eyw×: weL¨vZ m½xZ½ ƒgvrmvU© Gi cÖwZfv ev ƒgavq G ÿgZv cÖKUfv„e dy„U„Q| G ÿgZvwU
cÖwkÿ„Yi gva¨„gI ƒkLv„bv hvq|
3. hyw³m¤§Z MvwYwZK eyw×: MwYZ wekvi`„`i g„a¨ GiKg ÿgZvi P~ovšÍ cÖKvk ƒ`Lv hvq| MwYZ, G¨vj„Reªv
Ges cÖZxKag©x hyw³we`¨vq G ai„Yi eyw×i cքqvRb nq|
4. Ae¯’vb welqK eyw×: ¯‹cwZ Ges cքK‡kjx„`i Kv„R GiKg ÿgZv ¯úó ƒ`Lv hvq| Giv e¯Ši Ae¯‹vb welqK
Abb¨ gvbwmK ÿgZv cÖ`k©b K„i|
5. ‣`wnK ¯úk© msµvšÍ eyw×: ƒL„jvqvo, bZ¨ wkíx Ges evRxKiiv G ai„Yi eyw×gËv cÖ`k©b K„i| wbR¯^ ƒ`n
m¤ú„K© LuvwU m„PZbZv Ges ƒ`n„K wbqš¿Y Kivi ÿgZv GwU|
6. AvšÍte¨w³K eyw×: eyw× GK ai„Yi AvZ¥Ávb hv cÖvqB cÖK‚Z ag© mva„Ki g„a¨ ƒ`Lv hvq A_©vr hviv Ava¨vwZ¥K
aviYvi AwaKvix Ges Bw›`ªq¸„jv wbqš¿Y Ki„Z mÿg|
7. mvgvwRK eyw×: Avgv„`i RwUj mvgvwRK cwi„e„k cwievi, eÜzZ¡v, ¯ˆyj, K¬ve Ges AvevwmK cwigЄji m~²
evZ©v ev Bw½„Zi mبenvi Kivi ÿgZv eySvq|
eyw× m¤ú„K© MvW©bv„ii gZev`wU mg_©b Kivi Rb¨ Avgv„`i Pvicv„k Gi cÖgvY we`¨gvb| ƒhgb- A„bK mgq ƒ`Lv hvq
GKRb e¨w³ K_v ej„Z cv„i bv wKšŠ Zvi m½xZ cÖwZfv AUzU i„q„Q, ƒKvb e¨w³ K„qK ƒm„K„Ûi g„a¨ 8 ƒK w`„q ¸Y
Ki„Z cv„i wKšŠ ¯^í eyw×i Kvi„Y we„kl wkÿvi ¯ˆz„j c„o| Avevi Ggb A„bK e¨w³ ƒ`Lv hvq ƒh, PgrKvi Qwe
AvuK„Z cv„i wKšŠ Ab¨ KvR mvgvb¨ Ki„Z cv„i| gvby„li gw¯Í„¯ˆ ƒh m½xZ, MwYZ I wkí BZ¨vw`i c_K c_K Z_¨
cÖwµqvRvZKiY cÖYvjx i„q„Q G¸„jv Zvi mg_©b ƒhvMvq| weL¨vZ m½xZ½, wkíx, mvwnwZ¨K„`i AvZ¥Rxebx ƒ_„K Rvbv
hvq ƒQvU„ejv ƒ_„KB Zviv Q›` I myi, is I AvKvi, A_ev kã Ges fvlvi cÖwZ we„kl ai„Yi AvKl©Y„eva Ki„Zb|
GgbI n„Z cv„i ƒh, Zv„`i gw¯Í„¯ˆ wewfbœ `ÿZv mwói Rb¨ we„kl we„kl A„ji Kg©ÿgZv `vqx|

MvW©bv‡ii Z‡Ë¡i Zvrch©

MvW©bv„ii mvZ ai„Yi eyw× ZË¡ m¤ú„K© ƒh K_vwU g„b ivLv AZ¨šÍ Riæix ƒmwU nj wK„kvi„`i ƒgavi weKvk Ki„Z n„j
¯ˆz„ji mvgwMÖK Kvh©µg wK iKg nIqv `iKvi Zvi w`Kwb„`©kbv cvIqv hvq| eZ©gv„b ¯ˆz„ji wkÿv cÖavbZ fvlv I hyw³-
MvwYwZK eyw× weKv„ki mnvqK ejv hvq| Gi gva¨„g m½xZ I ¯‹vb welqK eyw× weKv„ki my„hvM Kg| …`wnK ¯úk©
welqK eyw×i PP©v„K cvVµg ewnfy©Z g„b Kiv nq| AvšÍte¨w³K I mvgvwRK AvPi„Yi wkÿv„K we„ePbv Kiv nq
AcÖvwZôvwbK| MvW©bv„ii Z„Ë¡i mg_©K A„bK wkÿvwe` g„b K„ib ƒh, fvlv I MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav„bi …bcyY¨
ƒkLv„bvi cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ ai„Yi …bcyY¨ ƒkLv„bvi w`„K ¯ˆzj¸„jvi hZœevb nIqv DwPZ|

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3.4 : AvMÖn I g‡bv‡hvM,K¬vwšÍ I Aemv`, wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK cwieZ©‡b wkÿK
I cwiev‡ii f~wgKv
AvMªn (Interest)
eyrcwËMZ A„_© j¨vwUb kã ÔInterestÕ Gi A_© nj Ôits mattersÕ ev Ôit concernsÕ A_©vr Avgv„`i AvMքni welq ev
e¯Š ƒh¸„jv Avgv„`i ¯^v„_©i m„½ RwoZ| ƒhgb- ÔUvKvÕ Gi cÖwZ Avgv„`i AvMÖn Av„Q KviY UvKv Avgv„`i ¯^v„_©i m„½
RwoZ|
g¨vKWyMvj-Gi g„Z, ÒAvMÖn nj myß g„bv„hvM Avi g„bv„hvM nj mwµq AvMÖn (Interest is latent attention and
attention is interest in action).
nve©v„Ui g„Z, Ò AvMÖn n„jv bZyb ƒKvb Ávb Avni„Yi Rb¨ g„bi cÖ¯ŠwZ|
‘Interest is a feeling or emotion that causes attention to focus on an object, event, or process. In
contemporary psychology of interest, the term is used as a general concept that may encompass other
more specific psychological terms, such as curiosity and to a much lesser degree surprise.’ - Wikipedia

AvMÖn m„wói †K․kj

• wkÿv„ÿ„Î AvMÖn m‚wó Ki„Z n„j wkÿv_©x„`i mwµqZv GKvšÍfv„e cքqvRb|
• Kg©„Kw›`ªK wkÿv AvMÖn m‚wó„Z we„klfv„e mnvqZv K„i, G K_v g„b ƒi„L wkÿv_©x„`i hZ`~i m¤¢e nv„Z
Kj„g KvR Kivi my„hvM w`„Z n„e| ƒkªwYK„ÿ AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ e¨envi Ki„Z n„e|
• gva¨wgK¯Í„i wkÿv_©x„`i h_v„hvM¨ ewËg~jK Kv„R AvMÖn m‚wó Ki„Z n„e hv„Z cieZ©x Rxe„b wkÿv_©xiv
mwVKfv„e Awf„hvRb Ki„Z cv„i|
• wewfbœ Kg©„ÿ„Î åg„Yi (Field trip) e¨e¯‹v K„i nv„Z Kj„g KvR Kivi my„hvM Zv„`i g„a¨ ewËg~jK Kv„Ri
AvMÖn m‚wó Kiv|
• wkÿK ƒh welqwU covb, Zvi cÖwZ AvMÖn _vKv GKvšÍ cքqvRb|
g‡bv‡hvM (Attention)
g„bv„hvM n„”Q g„bi GKwU ¸Y| cÖvPxbKv„j g„bvweÁvbxiv g„bv„hvM„K GKwU gvbwmK kw³ e„j wek¦vm Ki„Zb| Zv„`i
aviYv wQj gb KZ¸„jv ÿgZvi mgwó| ¯§iY Kivi ÿgZv, wePvi Kivi ÿgZv BZ¨vw`i g„Zv g„bv„hvMI GKai„bi
ÿgZv Ges Abykxj„bi Øviv Gi weKvk NUv„bv m¤¢e| wKšŠ AvaywbKKv„j G„m g„bvweÁvbxMY g„bv„hvM„K GKwU
gvbwmK cÖwµqv (mental process) wn„m„e we„ePbv K„i„Qb| wkLb cÖwµqvq g„bv„hv„Mi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wkÿv_©x
hw` ƒKv„bv wKQz wkL„Z g„bv„hvM cÖ`vb bv K„ib ev wkÿK hw` wkÿv_©x„`i g„bv„hvM AvKl©Y Ki„Z e¨_© nb Z„e wkLb
cÖwµqv e¨vnZ n„e|
g„bvweÁvbxMY wewfbœfv„e g„bv„hvM„K msÁvwqZ K„i„Qb| ƒhgb-
 g‡bvweÁvbx Mcdougall-Gi g„Z, ƒh gvbwmK mwµqZv Avgv„`i cÖZ¨ÿ„Yi Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K„i ZvB n„jv
g„bv„hvM|Ó
 µvBWvi Ges Ab¨vb¨‡`i g‡Z,-"Although we constantly monitor the thousand of sensations created
by our environment, we focus upon some and disregard others. The process by which we do this
known as attention."
 giMvb wKs Ges iwebmb Gi g‡Z-,"Attention is the term given to the processes that select certain
inputs for inclusion in the focus of experience."

g‡bv‡hv‡Mi •ewkó¨ (Characteristics of Attention)

g„bv„hvM GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv weavq Gi KZK¸„jv …ewkó¨ jÿYxq| ƒhgb-
 DÏxcK: g„bv„hv„Mi cÖavb …ewkó¨ n„jv DÏxcK| KviY DÏxcK e¨ZxZ g„bv„hvM msNwUZ nq bv|
 B”Qv: g„bv„hvM GKwU B”Qvg~jK gvbwmK cÖwµqv hv ƒPZbv„K e¯Íyi w`„K ƒK›`ªxfZ K„i e¯Ši aviYv„K my¯úó K„i|
 wbe©vPbag©x: g„bv„hvM wbe©vPbag©x| GKwU welq wbe©vPb Kiv Ges Aci¸„jv„K eR©b Kiv ev ƒPZbvi ƒÿÎ
ƒ_„K AcmviY KivB n„jv g„bv„hv„Mi ag©| ƒhgb-ƒKv„bv QvÎ hLb cvV¨wel„qi Dci Mfxifv„e gb wbeÜ
58
 K„i ZLb ƒm Ab¨vb¨ welq (ƒhgb: iv¯Ívi Mvwo Pjvi kã,cvwLi WvK, ƒdwiIqvjv„`i nuvK-WvK) ƒPZbvi ƒÿÎ
ƒ_„K eR©b K„i|
 cwieZ©bkxjZv: g„bv„hvM bxwZkxj I cwieZZ©bkxj| KviY-Gi Positive Ges Negative `ywU w`K i„q„Q|
GKB wRwb„mi cÖwZ A„bKÿY GKB nv„i g„bv„hvM ƒ`qv hvq bv| g„bv„hv„Mi gvÎv ƒhgb IVvbvgv K„i,
ƒZgwb GK e¯Š ƒ_„K g„bv„hvM Ab¨ e¯Š„Z avweZ nq| ƒhgb-A¼ Kl„Z cÖ_„g Mfxi g„bv„hvM _vK„jI Zv
Av„¯Í Av„¯Í K„g Av„m Ges cieZ©x mg„q Ab¨ wKQz Ki„Z fvj jv„M|
 ¯úóZv: ƒh e¯ŠwUi cÖwZ g„bv„hvM wbeÜ Kwi ƒKej ƒmB e¯ŠwUB Avgv„`i Kv„Q ¯úó n„q I„V|
 avivevwnKZv: g„bv„hv„Mi Aci GKwU …ewkó¨ n„”Q avivevwnKZv I GKxfZ cÖwµqv| ZvB Avgiv GK mv„_
A„bK¸„jv wel„qi cÖwZ g„bv„hvM w`„Z cvwi bv|
 AbymÜvb: g„bv„hvM n„jv AbymÜvbx| g„bv„hvM wbZ¨ bZzb welqe¯Š AbymÜvb K„i| …ewPÎ Lyu„R ƒeov„bvB
g„bv„hv„Mi ag©|
 we‡kølYag©x: g„bv„hvM n„jv we„kølYvZ¥K I ms„kølYvZ¥K gvbwmK cÖwµqv| ƒhgb: ƒKv„bv GKwU Mv„Qi w`„K
g„bv„hvM w`„Z wM„q Mv„Qi wewfbœ Ask, Zvi KvÐ, kvLv-ckvLv, dzj-dj cÖf‚wZ wewfbœ As„ki cÖwZ g„bv„hvMx
n„Z cvwi| Avevi wewfbœ As„ki gva¨„g Mv„Qi ƒh mvgwMÖK i€c dz„U D„V„Q Zvi cÖwZ g„bv„hvMx n„Z cvwi|
 cÖ¯w‘ Z: g„bv„hv„Mi g„a¨ GK ai„bi cÖ¯wŠ Zi fve _v„K| hvi Rb¨ euvwki k㠃kvbv gvÎB ƒL„jvqvoMY ƒLjv
ïiæ K„i|
 gvbwmK ZrciZv : g„bv„hv„Mi g„a¨ gvbwmK ZrciZv we`¨gvb| g„bv„hvM ej„Z e¯Š ev wel„qi m„½ g„bi
Dc„hvRb ƒevSvq|
g‡bv‡hv‡Mi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Attention)
g„bv„hv„Mi cÖKvi„f` wb„q g„bvweÁvbx„`i g„a¨ gZ„f` i„q„Q| g„bvweÁvbx„`i `wófw½ Abyhvqx g„bv„hvM„K cÖavb
`yB ƒkÖwY„Z fvM Kiv hvq hv wb¤œi€c-
1. B”QvK…Z g‡bv‡hvM (Voluntary Attention): gvbyl hLb wb„Ri B”Qv cքqvM K„i ƒKv„bv welqe¯Ši Ici
g„bvwb„ek Kwi ZLb Zv„K ejv nq B”QvK‚Z g„bv„hvM| GwU ¯^ZtùZ© I ƒ¯^”QvcքYvw`Z| G„K mwµq g„bv„hvMI
ejv nq| ƒhgb- iæ„g TV Pj„Q Z_vwcI ƒg„qwU co„Q| GwUB B„”QK‚Z g„bv„hvM|
2. Awb”QvK…Z g‡bv‡hvM (Non-voluntary Attention): e¨w³i B”Qvi evB„i hLb ƒKv„bv wKQz„Z nVvr g„bv„hvM
mwó nq ZLb Zv„K Awb”QvK‚Z g„bv„hvM e„j| ƒhgb - weKU k„ã mevB Pg„K DVj|
g‡bv‡hv‡Mi KviY ev kZ©vewj
ƒh mKj welq gvby„li g„bv„hvM mwó K„i _v„K ƒm¸„jv„K g„bv„hv„Mi KviY ev kZ© ejv nq| g„bv„hv„Mi KviY¸„jv„K
cÖavbZ `yÕfv„M fvM K„i„Qb| ƒhgb-
K) Af¨šÍixY wba©viK ev e¨w³wbô kZ©vewj Ges
L) evwn¨K wba©viK ev e¯Šwbô kZ©vewj|
K) Af¨šÍixY wba©viK ev e¨w³wbô kZ©vewj
1. Av‡eM: Av„eM g„bv„hv„Mi Ab¨Zg KviY| hv„K Avgiv cQ›` Kwi, fv„jvevwm Zvi m`¸„Yi cÖwZ Avgv„`i
g„bv„hvM AvKwl©Z nq| Avi hv„K Avgiv cQ›` Kwi bv Zvi ƒ`vlÎæwUi cÖwZ Avgv„`i g„bv„hvM avweZ nq|
2. AbyivM ev AvMÖn: hvi ƒh wel„q AvMÖn ev AbyivM ƒewk ƒm ƒmB wel„qi cÖwZ g„bv„hvMx n„q _v„K| GRb¨
µxov„gv`x e¨w³ …`wbK msev`c„Î ƒLjvi Lei¸„jv Av„M ƒ`„Lb|
3. AwfÁZv : c~e© AwfÁZvI g„bv„hvM AvKl©Y Kivi Ab¨Zg KviY| ƒhgb-c~e© AwfÁZvm¤úbœ ƒµZv Rv„b ƒKvb
ƒ`vKv„bi Kvco fv„jv Ges Zzjbvg~jKfv„e m¯Ív| Kv„RB Kvco ƒKbvi mgq cÖ_„gB Zvi `wó ƒm ƒ`vKv„bi
w`„K wbeÜ nq|
4. Af¨vm I wkÿv: Af¨vm Ges wkÿv g„bv„hvM wba©viY K„i _v„K| Nyg ƒ_„K D„V hvi cwÎKv covi Af¨vm Zvi
g„bv„hvM cwÎKv covi w`„K avweZ nq|
5. gvbwmK cÖeYZv: Rb¥MZ gvbwmK cÖeYZv g„bv„hv„Mi wba©viK| `ÿ MvqK, wkíx, wPÎKi cÖf‚wZ Rb¥MZ
gvbwmK cÖeYZvi Rb¨B Zviv wb„Ri wel„qi cÖwZ g„bv„hvMx nb|
59
 6. mnRvZ cÖe„wË: ÿzav, Z‚òv, ƒh‡bv„eM cÖewZ Avgv„`i mnRvZ cÖewËi wbKU ƒh e¯Ši Av„e`b Av„Q, ƒmB e¯Ši
cÖwZ Avgv„`i g„bv„hvM AvK‚ó nq|
7. g‡bvfve I †gRvR: e¨w³i g„bvfve I ƒgRvR g„bv„hvM wba©vi„Yi Ab¨Zg kZ©| AkvšÍ I PÂj cÖK‚wZi
ƒjv„Ki ƒP„q kvšÍ I axi w¯‹i ƒgRv„Ri ƒjvK ƒh ƒKv„bv e¨vcv„i ƒewkÿY g„bv„hvM w`„Z cv„i|
8. •`wnK I gvbwmK my¯’Zv : …`wnKfv„e my¯‹ I mej _vK„j ƒh ƒKv„bv Kv„R g„bv„hvM ƒ`qv mnR nq| Avi
Amy¯‹ _vK„j ƒKv„bv e¨vcv„i g„bv„hvM ƒ`qv m¤¢e nq bv| gv_v e¨_v, kvixwiK ƒKv„bv Amy¯‹Zv _vK„j ƒKv„bv
Kv„R g„bv„hvM ƒ`qv ƒek KwVb nq|
L) evwn¨K wba©viK ev e¯‘wbô kZ©vewj
e¨w³ ev e¯Ši ƒh mKj …ewkó¨ Avgv„`i gb„K Zvi w`„K AvK‚ó K„i Zv„K g„bv„hv„Mi evwn¨K KviY ev wba©viK ejv
nq| KviY¸„jv m¤ú„K© wb„P eY©bv ƒ`qv n„jv-
1. AvKvi-AvK…wZ: mvaviY ÿz`ª e¯Ši Zzjbvq Avgiv enr e¯Ši cÖwZ mn„RB AvK‚ó nB| ƒhgb-nvwZ I QvM„ji
g„a¨ nvwZwU mn„R Avgv„`i g„bv„hvM AvKl©Y K„i
2. ZxeªZv: DÏxc„Ki c„ÿ ƒhwU ƒewk Zxeª, ƒmwUi cÖwZ mn„RB g„bv„hvM AvKwl©Z nq| ƒhgb: D¾¡j Av„jv, Zxeª
MÜ cÖf‚wZi w`„K Avgiv mn„RB g„bv„hvMx nB|
3. MwZkxjZv: w¯‹i e¯Ši Zzjbvq MwZkxj e¯Ši cÖwZ mn„RB g„bv„hvM AvKwl©Z nq| ƒhgb:PjšÍwegvb|
4. bZzbZ¡: hv wKQz bZzb, …ewPΨc~Y© Zv mn„RB g„bv„hvM AvKl©Y K„i| ƒhgb : bZzb ƒcvkvK, bZzb eB, bZzb
ƒLjbv mn„RB g„bv„hvM AvKl©Y K„i|
5. cwieZ©bkxjZv: Awew”Qbœ ƒKv„bv e¯Š Pj„Z AvKw¯§Kfv„e hw` wew”Qbœ n„q c„o Z„e Zvi cÖwZ mn„RB
Avgv„`i `wó c„o| ƒhgb : PjšÍ Mvwo nVvr ƒ_„g ƒM„j ƒmw`„K mK„ji `wówbeÜ nq|
6. •emv`„k¨: …emv`k¨ g„bv„hv„Mi Ab¨Zg KviY| Lye j¤^v ƒjv„Ki cv„k hw` ƒKv„bv ƒeu„U ƒjvK `uvovq Zvn„j
g„bv„hvM mn„RB ƒmw`„K avweZ nq|
7. †MvcbxqZv: ƒMvcb wel„qi cÖwZ Avgv„`i g„bv„hvM mn„RB AvK‚ó nq| ƒKD hw` ƒKv„bv Lei ƒMvcb ivL„Z
Pvq Zvn„i ¯^fveZB ƒmB LiewUi cÖwZ g„bv„hvMx nB Ges LeiwU ƒkvbvi Rb¨ D`MÖxe nB|
8. `xN©¯’vwqZ¡: DÏxc„Ki ƒewk ¯‹vwqZ¡ g„bv„hvM mn„R AvKl©Y K„i| ƒhgb : ƒKv„bv wkï hw` ƒKu„` D„V ƒ_„g
hvq| Zuvi PvB„Z ƒh wkï AbeiZ GKUvbv ƒKu„` P„j Zvi cÖwZ Avgiv ƒewk g„bv„hvMx nB|
9. cybive„wË : ƒh DÏxcK evi evi Avgv„`i mvg„b Dc¯‹vwcZ nq Zvi cÖwZ Avgv„`i g„bv„hvM mn„RB AvKl©Y
K„i| ƒiwWI, wUwf„Z GKB weÁvcb evi evi cÖPvi Kivi KviY ƒkÖvZv I `k©K„`i g„bv„hvM AvKl©Y Kiv|
AvMÖn I g‡bv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK©
g„bv„hvM Ges AvMքni g„a¨ Nwbô m¤úK© we`¨gvb| ƒKv„bv wKQz wkL„Z n„j g„bv„hvM Aek¨B cք qvRb| Avi GB
g„bv„hvM Mfxifv„e ƒ`qv m¤¢e nq hw` welqwU ƒkLvi AvMÖn _v„K| g„bv„hvM ej„Z ƒKv„bv e¯Š m¤ú„K© GKvšÍ m„PZb
nIqv„K ƒevSvq| wKšŠ ïaygvÎ m„PZbZvB g„bv„hvM bq| AvaywbK g„bvweÁvbxMY cքZ¨„KB g„bv„hv„Mi wµqvkxjZvi
Ici we„kl ¸iæZ¡ w`„q„Qb| g¨vKWzbvj-Gi g„Z,-ƒh ƒh gvbwmK mwµqZv Avgv„`i cքZ¨ÿ„Yi Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K„i
ZvB n„jv g„bv„hvM| Ab¨w`„K AvMÖn ej„Z e¨w³i ƒKv„bv we„kl e¯Ši wµqv evAb¨ e¨w³i cÖwZ gvbwmK AvKl©Y„KB
ƒevSv„bv n„q _v„K|
g„bv„hv„Mi cÖavb cwiPvjK n„jv AvMÖn| AvMÖn mvgwqK n„j g„bv„hvMI mvgwqK n„q _v„K| GK K_vq AvMÖn I
g„bv„hv„Mi g„a¨ m¤úK© AwZ wbweo I Nwbô| AvMÖn I g„bv„hvM A½vw½fv„e RwoZ|
AvMÖn I g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLvi Dcvq
• welqe¯Š Av„jvPbvq wkÿv_©xi wbR cwi„ekMZ Dcv`vb m¤ú‚³ Kiv;
• cքqvRbxq I mswkøó DcKiY cÖ`k©b Kiv;
• cvi¯úwiK gZ wewbg„qi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x„`i ƒK‡Zynjx K„i ƒZvjv;
• welqe¯Ši cÖwZ wkÿv_©x„`i ƒK‡Zynjx K„i ƒZvjv;
• mgvav„bi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x„`i mvg„b bvbvai„Yi mgm¨v DÌvcb Kiv;
• wkÿv_©xi cVb Af¨vm M„o ƒZvjv;
• wkÿv_©xi wbR aviYv I gZvgZ cÖKvk Kivi my„hvM †Zwi Kiv|
60
wkÿvq g‡bv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡
wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î g„bv„hv„Mi ¸iæZ¡ wb¤œi€„c wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv ƒÿ„Î wkÿv_©xi g„bv„hvM ZvK„j cv„Vi welqe¯Š cyivZb ƒ_„K bZzb, Rvbv ƒ_„K ARvbv Ges mnR
ƒ_„K KwVb welq¸„jv mn„RB wkL„Z cv„i|
 g„bv„hv„Mi d„j cvV¨welq¸„jvi cÖwZ wkÿv_©x„`i g„b ƒK‡Zzn„ji mwó nq Ges Zviv DcK‚Z nq|
 g„bv„hv„Mi d„j wkÿv_©x„`i g„b k•Ljv„eva RvMÖZ nq| ZvB Zviv cv„V g„bvwb„ek K„i|
 wkÿKMY wkÿv_©x„`i eqm, iæwP, aviY ÿgZv Abyhvqx wkÿv`vb Kivb weavq wkÿv_©xMY we„klfv„e DcK‚Z
nq| KviY G d„j Giv cvV¨wel„q g„bv„hvMx nq|
 we`¨vj„q cvV`v„bi mgq wkÿKMY mgq ZvwjKvq cÖwZ g„bv„hvMx _v„Kb| ZvB wkÿv_©x„`i GK„N„quwgZ¡
`~ixfZ nq|


Aemv` I weiw³ (Deprssion and Vexation)

ƒeÄvwgb d«v¼wjb e„j„Qb, ҃`n„K my¯‹ ivL ƒm ƒZvgvi g„bi wb„`©k ƒg„b Pj„e|Ó ƒ`n hLb Amy¯‹ n„q c„o, gb ƒhb
nvj ƒQ„o w`„Z Pvq| d„j ƒ`n Aembœ n„q c„o| ƒ`n Aembœ nq bvbv Kvi„Y | A„bKÿY KvR Kivi d„j ƒ`n Avi
Pj„Z Pvq bv, Pvq GKUz wekÖvg| wKšŠ Aembœ ƒ`ngb wb„q hLbB Suvwc„q co„Z nq Kv„Ri fze„b ZLbB Kv„R Av„m
weZ‚òv Avi mwó nq weiw³| ƒKbbv ZLb ƒ`n _v„K K¬všÍ|mvaviY gvbyl Aemv`, K¬vwšÍ I weiw³„K GKB A„_© e¨envi
K„ib, hv wVK bq| KvR Kivi ÿgZv K„g ƒM„j Zv„K Aemv` e„j| KvR Kivi kw³ ev mvg_©¨ _vKv m„Ë¡I B„”Q bv
_vK„j Zv„K weiw³ e„j| Avi kvixwiK cwikքgi d„j kvixwiK Kvi„Y K¬vwšÍ Av„m|
Aemv` (Depression)
`xN©mgq a„i KvR Ki„Z _vK„j KZÿY c„i Kv„Ri `ÿZv ev Kvh©`ÿZv n«vm ƒc„Z _v„K| A_©vr Kg©kw³ n«vm cvq|
e¨w³i gv„S Kg©kw³ n«vm ƒc„q ƒh Ae¯‹vq mwó nq Zv„KB Aemv` bv„g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
g„bvweÁvbx Sandiford Gi g„Z, ÒAemv` n„jv, K„g© `ÿZvi n«vmÓ|
Aemv` ƒh„nZz kvixwiK I gvbwmK Dfq cÖKv„iiB n„Z cv„i, ƒm„nZz Zv ƒ`n I gb Df„qiB Kg©ÿgZv n«vm K„i|
Aemv` hZ evo„Z _v„K, Kg©ÿgZv ZZ Kg„Z _v„K|
weiw³ (Vexation)
weiw³ GK cÖKvi Am„šÍvl| hv Avgiv ƒKv„bv Kv„R AvMքni Afv„e A_ev GK„N„quwg Gov„bvi Rb¨ A_ev KvRwUi
cwi„ekMZ Amyweavi K_v wPšÍv K„i cÖKvk K„i _vwK| A_©vr KvR Kivi gZ kw³ ƒ`„n Av„Q, wKšŠ GK„N„quwgZvi d„j
KvR Ki„Z B„”Q K„i bv| Kv„Ri cÖwZ weZ‚òv I Abxnv Av„m Zv„K weiw³ ev Boredom e„j|ƒh ƒKv„bv Kv„Ri cÖwZ
weiw³i KviY¸„jv Rvb„Z cvi„j e¨w³ we„kl KvRwU Ki„Z Drmvnx nq Ges c~Y© mdjZv AR©b Ki„Z mÿg nq|
Ab¨_vq KvR Kivi kw³ ƒjvc ƒc„q AvbycvwZK nv„i k~„b¨i ƒKvUvq ƒcu‡„Q hvq|
Aemv‡`i KviY
Aemv„`i KviY¸„jv„K `yÕfv„M fvM Kiv n„q„Q| h_v -
K) kvixwiK KviY Ges
L) evwn¨K KviY
K) kvixwiK KviY: Aemv„`i kvixwiK KviY¸„jv wb„q Av„jvPbv Kiv n„jv -
 ATP LiP: Lvevi nRg nevi ci ƒh„Kv„bv Kv„Ri kw³ ev ÿgZv Drcv`bKvix GK cÖKvi wgkÖ ivmvqwbK
c`v„_© cwiYZ nq, hv„K ATP ejv nq| wKšŠ AwZwi³ cwikքgi d„j wgkÖ c`v_©¸„jv K„g hvq ev ÿ„q
hvIqvq Kg©ÿgZv n«vm cvq Ges Aemv` Av„m|
 AwZwi³ cwikÖg: AwZwi³ cwikքgi d„j ƒcwkZš¿ ÿq n„q GK cÖKvi AveR©bv mwó K„i| i³ cÖev„ni
gva¨„g Gme AveR©bv ¯œvqymw܄Z ƒcu‡„Q i³ PjvP„j evav ƒ`q| d„j Aemv` Av„Q|
 Aw·‡R‡bi Afve: i„³i ƒjvwnZ KYv¸„jv Aw·„Rb enb K„iGes kw³ Drcv`b K„i| ¯œvqykw³ mwÜi
AveR©bv `~i Ki„ZI Aw·„R„bi cքqvRb| Aw·„R„bi Afve NU„j i³ enbZ„š¿i i³ cÖevn eÜ n„q hvq|
d„j Aemv` Av„Q|
61
  †ivMe¨vwa: A„bKw`b hver ƒiv„M (we„kl K„i Wvqv„ewUK) fzM„j Aemv` Av„m| ƒKv„bv ƒKv„bv e¨w³i
AšÍtÿiv MÖwš‹i A¯^vfvweK wµqvi Kvi„Y Aemv` Av„m| ƒhgb-c¨viv_vBi„qW MÖwš‹i AwZÿi„Y I _vBi„qW
MÖwš‹i Aíÿi„Yi d„j Aemv` Av„m|
 eqtmwÜKv‡j I eva©‡K¨: …`wnK cwieZ©„b eqtmwÜKv„ji cÖ_g w`„K I eva©¨„Ki cÖ_g w`„K KviI KviI
Aemv` Av„m|
L) Aemv‡`i evwn¨K KviY: Aemv„`i evwn¨K KviY¸„jv eY©bv Kiv n„jv-
 †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek: ƒkÖwYK„ÿi ƒfZ„i ch©vß Av„jv evZvm PjvPj Ki„Z bv cvi„j kixi I gb `yB
Aemv`MÖ¯Í n„q c„o|
 emvi A¯^v¯’¨Ki ¯’vb: emevi e¨e¯‹v Avigv`vqK ev ¯^v¯‹¨m¤§Z bv n„j Aemv` Av„m|
 A‡bÿY cwikÖg Ki‡j: A„bKÿY a„i GKU gvÎ KvR Ki„j gb Aemv`MÖ¯Í n„q c„o|
 cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ : cv„Vi welqe¯Š ü`qMÖvn¨ bv n„j wkÿv_©x ZvovZvwo AemvMÖ¯Í nq|
 kvixwiK I gvbwmK Amy¯’Zv: Amy¯‹ kixi I Amy¯‹ gb Aemv„`i Rb¨ A„bKvs„k `vqx|
 mgq: w`„bi ƒkl fvM I mßv„ni ƒklfv„M wkÿv_©xiv ZvovZvwo Aemv`MÖ¯Í nq|
 cywónxbZv: cywóKi Lv`¨ bv ƒL„j wkÿv_©x cywónxbZvq ƒfv„M I Aemv`MÖ¯Í nq|
 `„wókw³i Ici cÖej Pvc: AwZwi³ ƒjLv, Qwe AuvKv, ƒev„W©i ƒjLv ƒ`„L wjL„Z wjL„Z wkÿv_©xiv Aemv`MÖ¯Í n„q c„o|
 wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³Z¡: wkÿ„Ki e¨w³Z¡, Av`k©nxbZvI A„bK mgq wkÿv_©xi Aemv„`i KviY n„q `uvovq|
 wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP: wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP Rxe„bi m„½ m¤úwK©Z Ges wPËvKl©K I mnR bv n„j wkÿv_©xiv
Aemv`MÖ¯Í n„q c„o|
 cwievi I mgvR: cwievi, mgvR I wkÿvcÖwZôv„bi Kjnc~Y© Ae¯‹v A„bK mgq wkÿv_©xi g„b Aemv` wb„q
Av„m|
Aemv‡`i jÿY
Aemv„`i jÿY¸„jv wb¤œiæc-
1) GKB ai„bi cքkœi DËi w`„Z hLb Av„Mi Zzjbvq ƒewk mg„qi cքqvRb nq;
2) Av„Mi Zzjbvq ƒjLvi, covi Ges MwYZ Kivi mgq hw` ƒewk fzj nq;
3) wkÿv_©x GKB ai„bi welqe¯Š c~„e©i Zzjbvq ¯§wZ„Z Kg a„i ivL„Z cv„i;
4) GKB wel„qi cÖwZ AwaKÿY g„bv„hv„Mi Afve ƒ`Lv ƒ`q Ges GKvwaK wel„qi cÖwZ g„bv„hv„Mi NvUwZ nq;
5) mswÿß wKšŠ wPšÍvcÖm~Z cքkœi DËi w`„Z wkÿv_©x hLb AcviM nq ZLb eyS„Z n„e ƒm Aemv`MÖ¯Í n„q c„o„Q|
Aemv‡`i cÖKvi‡f`
g„bvweÁvbxMY Aemv`„K 3 fv„M fvM K„i„Qb| h_v-
1| †cwkMZ Aemv`: AwaK cwikքgi d„j ƒcwk Kg©ÿgZv nvivq| ƒhme Kv„R ƒcwki fwgKv ƒewk mvaviYZ ƒmme
Kv„R G ai„bi Aemv` Av„m| ƒhgb- ƒ`‡ov„bv…`wnK cwikքgi KvR|
2| gvbwmK ev ¯œvqy‡Kw›`ªK: gvbwmK KvR AwZ gvÎvq Kivi d„j ¯œvqy„K›`ª Kg©ÿgZv nvivq| d„j G ai„bi Aemv`
Av„m| ƒhgb- covi KvR, A¼ Kivi KvR BZ¨vw`|
3| Bw›`ª‡qi Aemv`: ƒh ƒKv„bv Kv„R Bw›`ª„qi e¨envi Ki„Z nq| Avi AwaKÿY Bw›`ªq e¨envi Ki„j Bw›`ª„qi
Kg©ÿgZv _v„K bv hv„K Bw›`ª„qi Aemv` e„j| ƒhgb- ƒKv„bv ¯^v` ev MÜ A„bKÿY a„i ƒbqv n„j ¯^v„`w›`ªq ev
Nªv„Yw›`ªq Aek n„q c„o|
Aemv` `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq
 cywóKi Lvevi: cwikքgi c„i cywóKi Lvevi Ges we„kl K„i wgwó RvZxq Lvevi, Pv, Kwd BZ¨vw` ƒL„j Aemv`
`~i nq|
 Kg©weiwZ: KvR Ki„Z Ki„Z hLb Aemv` Avm„jKv„R weiwZ w`„j Aemv` `~i n„q hvq|
 Nyg: Ny„gi ga¨ w`„q Avgiv c~Y© wekÖvg jvf Kwi| GwU Aemv` `~ixKi„Yi Ab¨Zg Dcvq|
 A½ mÂvjb: cÖwZ NÈv ev `yÕNÈv ci 5 wgwb„Ui A½ mÂvjb ev nvév e¨vqv„g Aemv` `~i nq|
 wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP : wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP wkÿv_©x„`i RxebwfwËK, eqm Dc„hvMx, ÿgZv I iæwP Abyhvqx
Ges ü`qMÖvnx n„j Aemv` Av„m bv|
62
  wkÿY c×wZ I wkÿ‡Ki f‚wgKv: wkÿv_©x„`i eqm, iæwP I ÿgZv„f„` e³‚Zv c×wZ, KLbI cÖ`k©bx c×wZ
BZ¨vw` Dcv„q wkÿv`vb Ki„Z n„e| wkÿK„K ƒ¯œnmxj,bxwZevb, ax-kw³ m¤úbœ I D`¨gx n„Z n„e|
 Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ: Kv„Ri ¯^xK‚wZ ƒc„j Aemv` _v„K bv|
 cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek: cwievi I mgv„R Kjnc~Y© cwiw¯‹wZi e`„j kvwšÍc~Y© cwiw¯‹wZ weivR Ki„j
Aemv` `~i nq|

wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK cwieZ©‡b wkÿK I cwiev‡ii f~wgKv

g„bv„hvM Qvov ƒKv„bv wkÿvB mv_©K n„Z cv„i bv| ZvB wkÿv cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡cÖvß wkÿK I AwffveK„`i
g„bv„hv„Mi ixwZ-bxwZ I wbqg-c×wZ Aek¨B Rvb„Z n„e | wkï„K wkÿvMÖn„Y AvMÖnx K„i ƒZvjvB n„”Q wkÿ„Ki
cÖavb KvR| wkÿv_©x hLb wkÿv MÖn„Y Avcbv ƒ_„KB AvMÖnx I DØy× n„e ZLbB wkÿv mv_©K n„e| AvayywbK wkÿvwe`MY
e„jb, ƒKv„bv wkÿvB wkÿv_©x„`i AvZ¥m„PZb cքPóv Qvov m¤¢e n„Z cv„i bv| ƒmB AvZ¥cքPóvi g~j K_vB n„jv
wkÿbxq wel„qi cÖwZ wkÿv_©xi AvMÖn Ges g„bv„hvM| wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î hLb ƒKv„bv mgm¨vi D™¢e nq ZLb ƒmB mgm¨vi
cÖwZ wkÿv_©xi g„bv„hvM cy„ivcywi AvKwl©Z bv n„j KLbB ƒmB mgm¨vi mgvav„b AMÖmi n„Z cvi„e bv| ZvB wkÿK I
AwffveK„`i cÖ_g Ges cÖavb KZ©e¨ n„jv cv„Vi cÖwZ wkÿv_©xi AvMÖn I g„bv„hvM mwó Kiv|
wkÿv_©x„`i g„bv„hvM AvKl©„Yi Dcvqmg~n n„jvÑ
1. g‡bvig cwi‡ek: we`¨vjq I ƒkÖwYK„ÿi cwi„ek cwi®ˆvi-cwi”Qbœ I ¯^v¯‹¨m¤§Z n„Z n„e| ƒkÖwYK„ÿ ƒhb ch©vß
Av„jv evZvm PjvPj K„i ƒmw`„K jÿ¨ ivL„Z n„e| ZvQvov emvi RvqMv, Pjv„divi myweav _vKv DwPZ| G„Z K„i
wkÿv_©xiv cv„Vi cÖwZ AvMÖnx Ges g„bv„hvMx n„e|
2. my›`i Dc¯’vcbv: wkÿv_©xi eqm, ƒhvM¨Zv, Pvwn`v Abyhvqx welqe¯Š I RxebwfwËK Dcv„q my›`i I mvejxj
Dc¯‹vcbvi gva¨„g cvV cwi„ekb Ki„Z n„e| G„ÿ„Î wkÿv_©x„`i mvg„b wkÿ„Ki bvUKxq `wófw½i cքqvRb nq|
3. g‡bv‣eÁvwbK ixwZi Abykxjb: ƒkÖwYK„ÿ cvV`v„bi mgq wkÿv_©x„`i mvg„b ƒi„L wkÿK welqe¯Š„K Ggbfv„e
Dc¯‹vcb Ki„eb hv„Z wkÿv_©xiv Lye mn„RB Zv eyS„Z cv„i| ƒhgb-cv„Vi welqe¯Š mnR n„Z KwVb, Rvbv ƒ_„K
ARvbv, cyivZb ƒ_„K bZzb Ges c~e© AwfÁZvi Ici wfwË K„i bZzb cv„Vi Dc¯‹vcbv Ki„Z n„e|
4. DcKiY e¨envi: wkÿv_©x„`i g„bv„hvM AvKl©„Yi Rb¨ Dc„hvMx wkÿv„cvKiY A_©vr g¨vc, PvU©, Qwe, g„Wj cÖf‚wZ
e¨envi Ki„Z n„e|
5. k„•Ljv web¨vm: we`¨vj„qi cwi„ek k•Ljvc~Y© my›`i I g„bvig ivLvi Ici wkÿv_©x„`i Ávb AvMÖn I cÖeYZv ewa©Z
nq Ges mn„RB cv„V g„bv„hvMx K„i ƒZvjv nq|
6. †gRv‡Ri fvimvg¨nxbZv: wkÿ„Ki ƒgRvR Kov I iæÿ n„j wkÿv_©xiv Zuvi KvQ n„Z ÁvbvR©„bi ƒÿ„Î evavcÖvß
nq| my›`i g„bvfve Ges AvKl©Yxq `wófw½i gva¨„g wkÿv_©x„`i cv„V g„bv„hvMx K„i ƒZvjv hvq|
7. mgq ZvwjKv cÖYqb : we`¨vj„q cvV`v„bi mgq wkÿK„K mgq ZvwjKvi cÖwZ LyeB g„bv„hvMx n„e| KviY mg„qi
cÖwZ hw` ƒLqvj bv _v„K Z„e K¬vm `xN© n„e Ges wkÿK„`i gv„S GK„Nu„qwg g„bvfv„ei mwó nq|
8. fv‡jv AvPiY: wkÿv_©x„`i cÖwZ wkÿKMY mnvbyfwZkxj I ƒm‡nv`©c~Y© AvPiY Ki„eb| wkÿv_©x„`i ƒK‡Znjx cքkœi
Reve w`„eb Ges wewfbœ mncvV¨µwgK wel„q AskMnY Kivi my„hvM K„i w`„eb| G¸„jv Zv„`i„K AvMÖn mwó K„Z
mvnvh¨ Ki„e|
9. g‡bvfve: wkÿ„Ki g„bvfve g„bv„hvM AvKl©„Yi GKUv cÖavb Dcjÿ| wkÿK„Ki mü`q ƒ¯œnc~Y© e¨envi,
cvV`v„bi mgq mim cwi„ek mwó I wkÿv_©x„`i me©v½xY DbœwZi Rb¨ wcZ‚/gvZ‚myjf AvšÍwiK cքPóv wkÿv_©x„`i
gb„K ¯^fveZB cv„V Db¥yL K„i ƒZv„j|
10. ev¯ÍewfwËK wkÿv`vb: welqe¯Š ev¯ÍewfwËK, wkÿv_©x„`i Pvwn`vgvwdK I RxebwfwËK n„j wkÿv_©x„`i AvMÖn ev„o
Ges g„bv„hvMx nq|
wkÿK I cwiev„ii m`m¨„`i fvefw½, my›`i I iæwPm¤§Z ƒcvkvK-cwi”Q`, ƒ¯œnc~Y© e¨envi, cvV`v„b myôz cwi„ek,
wcZ‚/gvZ‚myjf evPbfw½, AvšÍwiK cքPóv BZ¨vw`i gva¨„g wkÿv_©xi gb„K ¯^ZtùZ©fv„e cv„V g„bv„hvMx K„i Zzj„Z
cv„i|
63
3.5 Av‡ewMK weKvk: Av‡eM I DwØMœZv, Av‡eM IVv-bvgv, wbqš¿Y †K․kj
Av„eM nj kix„ii GKwU Av„jvwoZ ev D„ËwRZ Ae¯‹v| GwU nj ƒKvb evwn¨K ev Af¨šÍixY DÏxc„Ki cÖwZ cÖvYx„`„ni
GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZwµqv| GwU ÔgvbwmK AbyfwZ mwói gva¨„g Kg©cÖeYZv RvMvq|Õ Av„eM kãwUi Bs„iwR cÖwZkã nj
Emotion. GwU j¨vwUb kã Emovere n„Z DrcwË n„q„Q| mvaviYZ cÖvYx evwn¨K DÏxc„Ki cÖwZ cÖwZwµqv Ki„Z
wM„q ƒh D„ËwRZ ev Av„jvwoZ Ae¯‹vq DcbxZ nq Zv„KB Av„eM (Emotion) e„j wPwýZ Kiv n„q _v„K| G„K
ÔcքÿvfÕ bv„gI AwfwnZ Kiv n„q _v„K| RxegvÎB Av„eM i„q„Q|
„h„Kvb cÖwZwµqv DÏxc„Ki cÖwZwµqv wn„m„e cÖvYxi g„a¨ gvbwmK Ges kixieËxq ƒh cwieZ©b NUvq Zv„K Av„eM ejv
nq| Av„eM gvby„li mnRvZ ag©| Av„eMnxb gvbyl hš¿mg| Av„eM nj GK ai„Yi RwUj AbyfwZ hvi g~„j i„q„Q
KZ¸„jv mnRvZ cÖewË (Basic instinct) Ges ƒKvb we„kl e¯Š ev aviYvv G„K RvMwiZ K„i Gi ƒ`„ni Af¨šÍixY
cwieZ©„bi Rb¨ Ggb KZ¸„jv we„kl ai„Yi …`wnK weKvk N„U hvi Rb¨ Avgiv bvbviKg Kv„R cÖeË nB|
gvbe Rxe„b Av„e„Mi Acwimxg cÖfve _vKv m„Ë¡I Av„eM m¤ú„K© weÁvbm¤§Z I e¯Šwbô M„elYv Kiv A„bK mgq m¤¢e
nq bv| gvbyl wb„Ri B”QvgZ Av„eM mwó ev wbqš¿Y Ki„Z cv„i bv| mgvR, ms¯ˆ‚wZ, eqm, wj½, wkLb cÖf‚wZ Kvi„Y
gvbyl wewfbœbfv„e Av„eM cÖKvk K„i| wkÿvi Øviv gvbyl Av„e„Mi wbqš¿Y, Av„eM ƒMvcb ev Ae`wgZ Ki„Z wk„L|
Av„eM m¤ú„K© wewfbœ g„bvweÁvbx„`i gZvgZ wb„¤œ Zz„j aiv nj-
 g¨vKWzMvj e„jb- ÒAvgv„`i AvPiY I wPšÍvi g~„j i„q„Q KZ¸„jv mnRvZ cÖewË Ges cÖwZwU mnRvZ cÖewËi
mv„_ RwoZ Av„Q GKwU K„i Av„eM|Ó
 I‡qe÷vi Gi g„Z-ÒAv„eM GKwU fvimvg¨Pz¨Z Af¨šÍixY kvixwiK Ae¯‹v hv e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvi Øviv Abyfe
Kiv hvq Ges ¯œvqyweK I gvsm„ckx, k¦vm-cÖkv¦ m, ü`qh„š¿v wµqv, ni„gvbv Ges Ab¨vb¨ …`wnK Kv„Ri cÖ¯wŠ Z
…Zwi K„i hv cÖKvk n„ZI cv„i Avevi bvI n„Z cv„i| Ó
 µvBWvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ (1984)-ÒAv„eM nj e¨w³wbô †`wnK Ges cÖKvkfw½i GKwU RwUj Ae¯‹v|Ó
 Gd.we.g¨vK„gvnb Ges ƒR.WweøD g¨vK„gvnb (1986) e„jb-ÒAv„eM e¨w³wbô I e¯Šwbô Dcv`v„bi GKwU
RwUj wgkÖY hv ¯œvqyZš¿ Ges MÖwš‹mg~n Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq|Ó
Av„eM ev cքÿvf nj g„bi GK Av„jvwoZ, wePwjZ ev D„ËwRZ-Drwÿß Ae¯‹v Ges hv Rx„ei kvixwiK cwieZ©b I
AvPi„Yi ga¨ w`„q cÖKvk cvq| GwU ƒKvb evwn¨K ev Af¨šÍixY DÏxc„Ki cÖwZ cÖvYx„`„ni GKwU mvgwMÖK cÖwZwµqv|
cÖwZwU cÖvYxi Av„e„Mi g„a¨ e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv, …`wnK cwieZ©b Ges ewntcÖKvk- G wZbwU Ae¯‹v eZ©gvb _v„K|

Av‡eM wbqš¿Y
Av„e„Mi Awfe¨w³ e¨w³ we„k„l wewfbœ iK„gi n„q _v„K| mgv„R ƒKD mvgvb¨ Kvi„Y ƒi„M hvq, ƒKD Aí„ZB fxZ ev
D„ËwRZ n„q c„o hvi cwiYvg ev dj KLbB ïf nq bv| ZvB Av„e„Mi myôz weKvk e¨w³ Rxe„b, mgvR Rxe„b Z_v
RvZxq Rxe„b myL, kvwšÍ I Kj¨vY e„q Av„b| wb„¤œ Av„eM wbqš¿„Yi K„qKwU Dcvq Zz„j aiv nj-
 AvZ¥mshg ev AvZ¥wbqš¿„Yi gva¨„B e¨w³i Av„eM„K wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv gbxlx„`i AwfgZ nj cvi¯úvwiK mn„hvwMZv, mnvbyf~wZ, fvjevmv, ƒm‡›`h©„eva Ges …bwZK Av`„k©i
gva¨„gB mvgvwRK Rxe„b Av„eM wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|
 wkï„`i gv„S mngwg©Zv I mvgvwRK g~j¨„eva weKv„ki gva¨„g AwZiwÄZ Av„eM `gb Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xiv Zxeª Av„eM„K D„cÿv bv K„i Zvi ÿwZKviK w`K¸„jv Zz„j a„i wbqwš¿Z Av„e„Mi mydj eywS„q
w`„q mwVK fv„e Av„eM wbqš¿Y Kivi ƒK‡kj Abykxjb Kiv„Z n„e|
 wkÿv_©xi mvwe©K weKv„k cÖwZ„hvwMZvg~jK Kg©Kv„Ð AskMÖnY Ges mvgvwRK ƒmevgyjK I Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv„Ð
AskMÖn„Yi gva¨„g wkÿv_©x„`i AcÖZ¨vwkZ Av„eM `gb Kiv hvq|
my›`i mvgvwRK Rxeb hvc„bi Rb¨ AwZiwÄZ Av„eM Aek¨B `gb Ki„Z n„e| mvgvb¨ Kvi„Y ƒKD ƒi„M DV„j AmyL-
wemy„L PÂj n„q DV„j h_vm¤¢e axiw¯‹i cÖwµqvq Av„eM wbqš¿Y Kivi h_vh_ ƒK‡kj Aej¤^b Ki„Z n„e| GLv„b
AvZ¥mshgB nj cÖavb nvwZqvi|
64
3.6 mvgvwRK weKvk : cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva, eÜz I ¯^Rb, eÜz
wbe©vPb cÖwµqv
eqtmwÜKv„ji wkÿv_©x„`i mgm¨v mgvav„b Ges Zv„`i …K„kvi Av„eM„K mwVK c„_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi ƒÿ„Î wkÿK,
AwffveK Ges gvZv-wcZvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i„q„Q| KviY Zv„`i„K mwVK c„_ cwiPvwjZ Ki„Z bv cvi„j Mn,
cwievi, mgvR, we`¨vjq Z_v ƒ`„ki cÖf~Z ÿwZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v„K| ƒm Rb¨ ƒh‡eb cÖv߄`i me©„ZvgyLx weKvk„K
¯^v¯‹¨gq I mylg K„i Zzj„Z n„j wcZvgvZv, wkÿK Ges AwffveK„`i„K KZ¸„jv wel„qi cÖwZ we„klfv„e g„bv„hvM
w`„Z nq, wkÿK, AwffveK Ges wcZvgvZvi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©„e¨i K„qKwU w`K Zz„j aiv n„jv-
1. ƒh‡ebcÖv߄`i mv„_ wkÿK, AwffveK Ges gvZvwcZv„K Aek¨B mnvbyf~wZ I wePÿYZvi mv„_ AvPiY Ki„Z
n„e Ges AvPiY ev wPšÍvi msNvZ Gwo„q Pj„Z n„e|
2. Zv„`i gv„S mó kvixwiK cwieZ©b¸„jv„K Lye mnRfv„e wb„Z n„e| KLbB G„K AeÁvi `wó„Z ƒ`Lv hv„e bv|
3. Zv„`i ¯^vaxbfv„e KvR Kivi Pvwn`v„K h„_ó my„hvM w`„Z n„e Ges msmv„ii ƒQvULv„Uv Kv„Ri `vwqZ¡ w`„Z n„e|
4. eqtmwÜKv„ji wkÿv_©x„`i ¯^vaxbfv„e gZ cÖKvk Ges hyw³`v„bi my„hvM w`„Z n„e|
5. Zv„`i mwVK weKv„ki wbwg„Ë ƒhvM¨Zv Abyhvqx mncvVµwgK Kvh©vewji my„hvM w`„Z n„e|ƒhgb- ƒLjvayjv,
eb„fvRb, m½xZvbyôvb BZ¨vw`|
6. eqtmwÜKv„ji mgm¨v¸„jv Zz„j a„i Zvi my›`i mgvav„bi Rb¨ mwVK civgk©, Dc„`k I …bwZK Av`k© Zz„j
ai„Z n„e|
7. wkÿv ms¯ˆ‚wZ weKv„ki Rb¨ Av`k© wkÿv e¨e¯‹v Zz„j ai„Z n„e|
8. Akøxj eB, cÎ-cwÎKv Ges Acms¯ˆ‚wZ n„Z mKj„K weiZ _vKvi e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z n„e|
9. wkÿv_©x„`i„K cv„V g„bv„hvMx K„i Zz„j Zv„`i fvj Kv„Ri Rb¨ cÖksmv Ki„Z n„e|
10. wkÿv_©x„`i„K AvZ¥wbf©i I Kg©g~Lx Rxe„b DØy× K„i Zv„`i mvg„b mwVK bxwZ„ev„ai wkÿv Zz„j a„i Zv„`i
mKj ƒK‡Z~n„ji mwVK mgvavb w`„Z n„e|
wek¦e¨vcx wK„kvi-wK„kvixiv bvbviKg mgm¨v I wec„`i ga¨ w`„q Pj„Q| eZ©gv„b hviv eqtmwÜKvj AwZµg Ki„Q,
Zviv gv`Kvmw³, GBPAvBwf/GBWm I wewfbœ ƒh‡b„ivM, wkï cvPviv, mwnsmZv I mš¿vm, kvixwiK Ges ƒh‡b wbh©vZb I
wbcxob, bvbv iK„gi …elg¨ BZ¨vw` e¨w³K I mvgvwRK mgm¨vi ga¨ w`„qB cÖwZwbqZ c_ Pj„Q| A_P GB mgm¨v
ƒ_„K cwiÎv„Yi Dcvq Zv„`i Rvbv ƒbB| Gme wec` I mgm¨v ƒgvKv„ejvq Zv„`i mnvqZv Ki„e, eyw× ƒhvMv„e, Ggb
gvby„li cքqvRb| KviY, wkï-wK„kvi„`i cÖavb AvkÖq Zv„`i gv-evev Gme mgm¨vi ga¨ w`„q Av„mbwb| ZvQvov Zuviv
e¨¯Í _v„Kb RxweKvi ZvwM„`| GKvbœeZ©x cwievi KvVv„gv ƒf„½ ƒM„Q e„j cքqvR„b `v`v-`vw` ev bvbv-bvwbiI ƒ`Lv
ƒg„j bv| cvov cÖwZ„ekxi mv„_ mL¨ AZx„Zi welq; eÜz, mncvVx mZx_©ivI Zv„`i g„ZvB wecbœ| GB wecbœ Ae¯‹v
mvnm I kw³i mv„_ ƒgvKv„ejvq wK„kvi-wK„kvix ZiæY„`i mg_© K„i ƒZvjv GKvšÍ Riæwi|

3.7 GjGmweB (LSBE-Life Skills Based Education),

gv`Kvmw³, HIV, AIDS, SRHR (Sex and Reproductive Health
Rights) m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv
GjGmweB (LSBE-Life Skills Based Education)
Rxeb `ÿZv n„”Q wKQz g„bvmvgvwRK `ÿZv hv wkÿv_©x„K Zvi …`bw›`b Rxe„bi m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨v I P¨v„jÄ mdjfv„ev
ƒgvKv„ejv Kivi Ges ƒh ƒKv„bv cwiw¯‹wZ„Z wb„R„K gvwb„q ƒbevi ÿgZv AR©b K„i| G `ÿZv¸„jv Zv„K mKj
cwiw¯‹wZ„ZB BwZevPK AvPi„Y mg_© K„i; wb„Ri I Ac„ii mKj iKg AwaKvi m¤^„Ü m„PZb K„i Ges e¨w³,
cwievi, mgvR I ƒ`„ki Dbœq„b Ae`vb ivLvi g„Zv `vwqZ¡kxj I mRbkxj e¨w³ wnmv„e M„o DV„Z mvnvh¨ K„i|
Rxeb `ÿZv wkÿv_©x„K kvixwiK I gvbwmK ¯^v¯‹¨ myiÿvq mÿg K„i ƒZv„j|
wek¦ ¯^v¯‹¨ ms¯‹vi g„Z, æLife skills are the abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable
individuals to deal effecitvely with the demands and challanges of everyday life.”
65
Rxeb `ÿZv Ges RxweKv AR©„bi Rb¨ cքqvRbxq `ÿZv GK bq| hw`I G `yB ai„Yi `ÿZv„K cÖvqkB mgv_©Kfv„e
e¨envi Kiv nq| ewËg~jK I KvwiMi `ÿZv, e¨e¯‹vcbvMZ `ÿZv, D„`¨vM MÖn„Yi `ÿZv BZ¨vw` mivmwi hv RxweKv
AR©„bi mv„_ m¤úwK©Z|Rxeb `ÿZv n„”Q g„bvmvgvwRK `ÿZv| G¸„jv RxweKv AR©„bi mv„_ cÖZ¨ÿfv„e m¤úwK©Z
bq| wKšŠ G `ÿZv¸„jv wkÿv_©xi AšÍwb©wnZ mKj m¤¢vebviv mvwe©K weKvk NwU„q Rxe„bi mKj ƒÿ„Î mdj nIqvi
wfwË …Zwi K„i ƒ`q|
Rxeb `ÿZvwfwËvK wkÿv Ggb GKwU wkLb AwfÁZv Ges wkÿY- wkLb G¨v„cÖvP hvi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xiv Rxeb
`ÿZvmg~n AR©b I AvqË K„i| wek¦ ¯^v¯‹¨ ms¯‹v 10wU Rxeb `ÿZv mbv³ K„i„Q|
wek¦ ¯^v¯‹¨ ms¯‹v (WHO)KZ©K mbv³K‚Z I msÁvwqZ 10wU Rxeb `ÿZv n„jvÑ
Rxeb `ÿZv wkÿv_©xiv AR©b Ki‡e
1. AvZ¥m„PZbZv (kvixwiK I wb„Ri kvixwiK I gvbwmK mejZvv I `ye©jZv, ¸Yvewj I ÎæwUmg~n, AwaKvi,
gvbwmK) g~j¨„evav, mvg_©¨, gvbwmKZv, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ BZ¨vw` wel„q my¯úó I mwVK aviYv
mwói mvg_©¨| ¸Yvewj Dbœqb I ÎæwUmg~n `~ixKi„Y m„PZbZv| AvZ¥wek¦vm I
AvZ¥gh©v`v„eva mwói mvg_©¨|
2.mngwg©Zv wfbœ kvixwiK I gvbwmK Ae¯‹vq Av„Q Ggb e¨w³i Ae¯‹v I Pvwn`v h_vh_fv„e
ƒevSv, Zvi K_v ƒkvbv Ges Zvi cÖwZ mgAbyf~wZ cÖ`k©„b mÿgZv|
3.AvšÍte¨w³K `ÿZv: A„b¨i mv„_ m¤úK© ¯‹vcbv I eRvq ivLvi mvg_¨| m¤úK© ƒQ` Ki„Z n„j
(Dc`ÿZvg~n: `pv cÖZ¨qg~jK MVbg~jKfv„e Zv Kivi mÿgZv| wb„Ri hyw³m½Z gZ cÖwZôvq AUj _vKv|
`ÿZv, ÔbvÕ ejvi `ÿZv, Avjvc Ab¨vq, A„h‡w³K I AbvKvw•LZ Pvc cÖZ¨vL¨vbv Kiv, A„b¨i fv„jv KvR I
Av„jvPbv `ÿZv, Ab¨„K ¯^g„Z Ae`vb„K m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kiv| Ab¨„K fv„jv KvRv Kivq cÖfvweZ Kivi mvg_©¨|
Avbvi `ÿZv)
4.we„kølYg~jKv Mfxi wPšÍbv cÖfve, Z_¨ I cwiw¯‹wZ, weÁvcb, weewZ BZ¨vw` e¯Šwbôfv„e we„kølY I e¨vL¨v
`ÿZv Kivi `ÿZv|
5. mRbkxj wPšÍb `ÿZv „Kv„bv cwiw¯‹wZ ev wel„q wbR¯^ gZvgZ cÖ`v„bi mvg_¨© I bZzb aviYv mwó I Zv
ev¯Íevq„bi mvg_©¨|
6.wm×všÍ MÖnY `ÿZv h_vh_fv„e ƒKv„bv cwiw¯‹wZ Abyave„bi `ÿZv| welq mswkøó Z_¨msMÖn I
Z_¨wfwËK wm×všÍ MÖn„Yiv mÿgZv|
7.mgm¨v mgvavb `ÿZv mnR Ges MVbg~jK fv„e mgm¨v mgvav„bi mvg_©¨|
8.Av„eM mvgjv„bvi `ÿZv Abyf~wZi Dci hyw³Kv cÖvavb¨ ƒ`Iqvi ÿgZv| gvbwmK Ae¯‹v„K hyw³ w`„q wePvi
K„i mnR I BwZevPK mgvav„b ƒc‡Qv„bvi mvg_¨©©|
9.Pvc ƒgvKv„ejvi `ÿZv gvbwmK Pv„ci Drm mbv³ Kivi `ÿZv Ges Pv„ci ZxeªZv n«vm Kivi mvg_©¨|

10.„hvM„hvM `ÿZv wb„R„K mwVKfv„e cÖKvk (ƒg‡wLK I kixix fvlvi gva¨„g Ges wjwLZfv„e) Kivi
mvg_©¨| A„b¨i K_vv mwµqfv„e Ges g„bv„hvM w`„q ƒkvbvi `ÿZv| Ab¨„K
ƒ`vlv„ivc bv K„i Ges A„b¨i g„b Kó bv w`„q K_v ejvi `ÿZv| Abyf~wZ
mwVKfv„e cÖKvk Kivi `ÿZv|
†Kb Rxeb `ÿZvwfwËK wkÿv
we„k¦i mKj ƒ`„ki wK„kvi- wK„kvix„`i g„Zv evsjv„`„ki ƒQ„j- ƒg„qivI eZ©gv„bi GB mgm¨v-msKzj mg„q Zv„`i
†`bw›`b Rxe„bi P¨v„jÄ, mgm¨v I hš¿Yv ƒgvKv„ejvi ƒÿ„Î wecbœ I Amnvq| ¯ˆzjMvgx wK„kvi- wK„kvix„`i mnvqZv
cÖ`v„bi Rb¨ me„P„q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯‹vb n„”Q ¯ˆzj, me„P„q eo mnvqK n„”Qb wkÿK Ges gv- evev I me„P„q eo gva¨g
n„”Q cvV¨cy¯ÍK|ZvB ¯ˆz„j cvV¨cy¯ÍK Ges mnwkÿvµwgK Kvh©vewji gva¨„g g„bvmvgvwRK `ÿZvmg~n AR©„bi e¨e¯‹v
Kiv Riæwi n„q c„o„Q| gva¨wgK wkÿvi we`¨gvb wkÿvµg AwaKZi `ÿZvwfwËK Kivi Rb¨ miKvi B„Zvg„a¨ wewfbœ
cÖK„íi gva¨„g e¨e¯‹v MÖnY K„i„Q| Ab¨vb¨ eûwe` `ÿZvi mv„_ Rxeb `ÿZvI Gi AšÍf³ z© | Ávb„K `ÿZvq cwiYZ
66
K„i Gi cÖvqvwMKZv wbwðZ Kiv bv ƒM„j Rxe„bi ev¯Íe ƒÿθ„jv„Z wkÿv_©x„`i AMÖMvwgZv wbwðZ Kiv hvq bv|GB me
Kvi„YB AvbyôvwbK gva¨wgK wkÿvq Rxeb `ÿZv I Rxeb `ÿZvwfwËK wkÿv AšÍfwz© ³i e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Kiv n„q„Q|
cÖwZ„ekx ƒ`k¸„jv„Z (ƒhgb- kÖxj¼v, gvqvbgvi,cvwK¯Ívb) GK `k„KiI ƒewk mgq Av„M G KvR m¤úbœ Kiv n„q„Q|
Rxeb `ÿZvwfwËK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨
mvwe©K D‡Ïk¨
 eq„mvc„hvMx Ávb, `ÿZv, `wófw½ I gvbwmKZvm¤úbœ `ÿ bvMwiKiy„c M„o ƒZvjv| Zv„`i mKj m¤¢vebv I
cÖ”Qbœ kw³i c~Y©v½ weKvk NwU„q GKRb m¤ú~Y© gvbyl n„q IVvi mvg_©¨I cքYv`bv mwó;
 wkÿv_©x„`i AvaywbK Rxeb I mgvR m¤ú„K© m„PZb Ges mdjZv AR©„b AvZ¥wek¦vmx K„i ƒZvjv|
mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨
 †`bw›`b Rxe„bi cÖwZKjZv ƒ_„K DËi„Y mÿgZv AR©b;
 kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv„e my¯‹, mej I wbivc` Rxeb hvc„b mÿgZv AR©b;
 e¨w³K I mvgwóK Dbœq„b Ae`vb ivLvi mvg_©¨ AR©b|


gv`Kvmw³
wek¦¯^v¯‹¨ ms¯‹vi g„Z, gv`Kvmw³ n„jv e¨w³i Rb¨ ÿwZKi Ggb GKwUv gvbwmK I kvixwiK cÖwZwµqv hv RxweZ cÖvYx I
gv`„Ki cvi¯úvwiK wµqvi ga¨ w`„q mwó nq| ƒh `ªe¨ MÖn„Yi d„j gvby„li kvixwiK I gvbwmK Ae¯‹vi D„jøL„hvM¨
ƒbwZevPK cwieZ©b N„U Ges H `ª„e¨i cÖwZ wbf©ikxjZvv mwó nq, cvkvcvwk `ªe¨wU MÖn„Yi cwigvY µgB cÖkœ evo„Z
_v„K, Ggb `ªe¨„K gv`K`ªe¨ e„j Ges e¨w³i GB Ae¯‹v„K e„j gvK`Kmw³|
gv`Kvmw³ ej„Z gv`K`ª„e¨i cÖwZ ƒbkv„K ƒevSvq| ƒh me `ªe¨ ƒmeb Ki„j Avmw³i mwó nq, Ávb I ¯§wZkw³ K„g
hvq, ƒm¸„jv gv`K`ªe¨| wmMv„iU, wewo, ZvgvK, PziæU, g`, Zvwo, MuvRv, Pim, fvs, gvwiRyqvbv, ƒn„ivBb, giwdb,
ƒdbwmwWj, Bqvev BZ¨vw` gv`K`ª„e¨i bvg | KL„bv KL„bv A„bK JlaI gv`K`ªe¨ wn„m„e e¨envi Kiv nq| G¸„jvi
g„a¨ Ny„gi Jl„aiB ƒewk Ace¨envi Kiv nq| ƒKv„bv Jla Wv³v„ii civgk© Abyhvqx wbqg ƒg„b MÖnY Ki„j ƒmUv
DcKvi K„i| ƒKv„bv ƒKv„bv Jla Av„Q, hw` Wv³v„ii civgk© Qvov, wbqg bv ƒg„b cwigvY wVK bv ƒi„L e¨envi Kiv
nq, Zv nq AcKvix gv`K`ªe¨| ƒhgb- Ny„gi Jla|
gv`K MÖn„Yi d„j gv`„Ki cÖwZ cÖPÛ gvbwmK I kvixwiK wbf©iZv mwó nq| GKevi KviI gv`„Ki ƒbkv n„j Zvi ƒ`n
I g„b fxlY cÖwZwµqv …Zwi nq| hvi d„j ƒm ev„iev„iB gv`K MÖnY K„i| G me e¨w³i gv`Kvmw³ wbivg„qi Rb¨
cքqvRb kix„ii wPwKrmv, g„bvwPwKrmv Ges mngwg©Zv|
gv`Kvmw³ we¯Ív‡ii KviY
mgv„R gv`Kvm³ e¨w³i msL¨v ƒe„o hvIqvi GKwU KviY n„jv gv`K`ª„e¨i cÖwZ ƒK‡Zynj| A„bK mgqB ƒ`Lv hvq
wK„kvi-wK„kvixiv eÜz-ev܄ei cvjøvq c„o ƒK‡Z~n„ji ekeZ©x n„q gv`K`ªe¨ MÖnY ïiæ K„i| A„bK mgq ƒg„q„`i
AvK‚ó Kivi Rb¨ ev ƒm ƒh eo n„q„Q ƒmUv ƒevSv„bvi Rb¨ ƒQ„jiv aygcvb ïiæ K„i| gv`Kvmw³i Avi GKwU KviY
n„”Q AÁZv| gv`K`ªe¨ MÖn„Yi ÿwZKi w`K m¤ú„K© wK„kvi-wK„kvix I hye mgvR mewKQz Rv„b bv e„j Zviv gv`K`ªe¨
MÖn„Y ƒK‡Z~njx nq| GQvovI ƒh KviY i„q„Q ƒm¸„jv n„jv-
 †f․‡MvwjKv Ae¯’vb I gv`K`ª‡e¨i mnRjf¨Zv: evsjv„`„ki cÖwZ„ekx wKQz ƒ`„k cÖPzi cwigvY gv`K`ªe¨
(ƒn„ivBb, Avwdg) Drcbœ nq| G¸„jv evsjvƒ`„ki wfZi w`„q cw_exi wewfbœ ƒ`„k P„j hvq| d„j ƒ`„k Lye
mn„RB G mKj gv`K`ªe¨ cvIqv hvq| ƒ`„ki wfZ„i gv`K`ª„e¨i GB mnRjf¨Zv gv`Kvmw³ we¯Ív„ii GKwU
cÖavb KviY|
 `vwi`ª, †eKviZ¡ I nZvkv: DcvR©bÿg I Kg©ÿg A„bK ZiæY I hyeK KvR Kivi my„hvM bv ƒc„q ƒeKvi e„m
_v„K| d„j Zv„`i gv„S nZvkvi mwó nq| Gme ƒjvK nZvkv `~i Kivi Rb¨ gv`„Ki Dci wbf©ikxj n„q c„o
Ges Gfv„e gv`Kvmw³i we¯Ívi N„U| GQvov ƒK‡Z~n„ji e„k A„b„K gv`K`ªe¨ MÖnY Ki„Z wM„q ƒkl ch©šÍ
ƒbkvMÖ¯Í n„q c„o|
 ag©xq I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Afve: mgv„R wewfbœfv„e we„`„ki Acms¯ˆ‚wZ cքe„ki d„j A„b„Ki gv„SB
ag©xq I mvgvwRK g~j¨„ev„ai Afve ƒ`Lvi d„j Zviv gv`K MÖnY Ki„Q| G„Z ƒ`„k gv`Kvmw³i we¯Ívi NU„Q|
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  e¨w³i nxbgb¨Zv I `ye©jZv: gv`K`ªe¨ ÿwZKi ƒR„bI ƒKv„bv ƒKv„bv e¨w³i nxbgb¨Zv„eva Ges gvbwmK
`ye©jZvi Kvi„Y gv`„Ki Dci wbf©ikxj n„q co„Q|
 cvwievwiK AkvwšÍ: †h mKj cwiev„i memgq SMov ƒj„M _v„K, mšÍvb gv-evevi Av`i ƒ¯œn ƒ_„K ewÂZ
ewÂZ, ƒh me ƒQ„j„g„qiv nZvkvi Kvi„YI AkvwšÍ„Z Gov„Z gv`K`ªe¨ MÖn„Y DrmvwnZ nq| d„j gv`Kvmw³
we¯Ívi jvf K„i|
GBPAvBwf, GBWm&
cքZ¨K gvby„li kix„iB wbR¯^ ƒivM cÖwZ„ivaK ÿgZv Av„Q| ƒivM cÖwZ„iva ÿgZv _vKvi Kvi„Y kix„i ƒKv„bv ƒiv„Mi
RxevYy cքek Ki„j ƒmUv mn„R kix„ii ƒKv„bvv ÿwZ Ki„Z cv„i bv| wKšŠ Ggb wKQz fvBivm Av„Q hv kix„ii G
we„kl ÿgZv„K Av„¯Í Av„¯Í `ye©j K„i Ges GK mgq Zv m¤ú~Y©fv„eB wbt„kl K„i ƒdj„Z cv„i| GBPAvBwf GgbB
GKwU fvBivm|GBPAvBwf gvby„li kix„i Drcbœ Zij ƒhgb- i³, exh©, ƒhvwbim, ey„Ki `ya BZ¨vw`„Z _v„K| ZvB
GBPAvBwf msµwgZ e¨w³i i³, exh©, ƒhvwbim my¯‹ kw³i kix„i cքek Ki„j Ges msµwgZ gv„qi ey„Ki `ya my¯‹ wkï
cvb Ki„j ZviI GBPAvBwf msµgY NU„e|
HIV Gi c~Y©iƒcÑ
H = Human (gvbyl)
I = Immuno – deficiency (ƒivM cÖwZ„iva ÿgZv n«vm)
V = Virus (RxevYy)
HIV ƒK m¤úªmviY Ki„j `uvovq Human Immuno deficiency Virus hvi evsjv A_©- gvby„li ƒivM cÖwZ„iva ÿgZv
n«vmKvix fvBivm| G fvBivm ƒKv„bv e¨w³i kix„i cքek Ki„j cwiYv„g Zvi GBWm nq|
GBWm
GBPAvBwf ƒKvb gvby„li kix„i cքek Ki„j i„³i ƒk¦Z KwYKv aŸsm Kivi gva¨„g Zvi ƒivM cÖwZ„iva ÿgZv ax„i
ax„i bó K„i ƒ`q| ZLb ƒm e¨w³ bvbvai„Yi ƒiv„M ( ƒhgb- Wvqwiqv, h²v, wbD„gvwbqv BZ¨vw`) Nb Nb AvµvšÍ nq|
cÖPwjZ wPwKrmvq G mg¯Í ƒivM fv„jv nq bv| GBPAvBwf msµwgZ ƒKv„bv e¨w³i Gi€c Ae¯‹v„K GBWm (AIDS)e„j|
AIDS Gi c~Y©i€c-
A = Acquired (AwR©Z)
I = Immune („ivM cÖwZ„iva ÿgZv)
D = Dificiency (n«vm)
S = Syndrome (jÿYmg~n)
GBWm ƒKv„bv ƒivM bq, GwU GKwU Ae¯‹v| Gi ƒKv„bv wUKv ev wbf©i„hvM¨ wPwKrmv ev cÖwZ„laK Jla AvRI Avwe¯ˆvi
nqwb| ZvB ƒKv„bv e¨w³i GBWm n„j gZz¨B Zvi GKgvÎ cwiYwZ|GBPAvBwf bvgK we„kl fvBiv„mi Kvi„Y GBWm
nq|GBPAvBwf ƒKv„bv e¨w³i kix„ii cքe„ki mv„_ mv„_ ƒKv„bv jÿY ƒ`Lv ƒ`q bv| fvBivm Avµg„Yi A„bK eQi
ci GBWm-Gi jÿY cÖKvk cvq| GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³ eûw`b ch©šÍ my¯‹ Ges ¯^vfvweK gvby„li g„Zv Pjv„div
Ki„Z cv„i| G Kvi„Y ƒm wb„RI Rv„bbv ƒh Zvi GBPAvBwf msµgY N„U„Q| GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³ wb„Ri ARv„šÍ
wewfbœfv„e Ab¨„`i g„a¨ GB fvBivm Qov„Z cv„i|
ƒm Rb¨ Rvb„Z n„e Kxfv„e G fvBivm Qovq Ges Kxfv„e Qovq bv|
GBPAvBwf †h me Dcv‡q Qovq-
 GBPAvBwf msµwgZ e¨w³i i³ MÖnY Ki„j;
 GBPAvBwfv msµwgZ e¨w³i e¨eüZ myP/ wmwiÄ e¨envi Ki„j;
 GBPAvBwf msµwgZ e¨w³i A½-cÖZ¨½ my¯‹ e¨w³i ƒ`„n cÖwZ¯‹vcb Ki„j;
 GBPAvBwf msµwgZ e¨w³i Acv„ik„b e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ e¨envi Ki„j;
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ gv„qi ey„Ki `ya cvb Kivi gva¨„g G ƒivM mšÍv„bi ƒ`„n Qwo„q co„Z cv„i;
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mv„_ kvixwiK m¤ú„K©i gva¨„g|


68
GBPAvBwf †h me Dcv‡q Qovq bvÑ
 gkv ev ƒcvKvgvK„oi Kvg„oi gva¨„g;
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mv„_ IVvemv Ki„j;
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i ƒmev Ki„j;
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mv„_ GK _vjvq Lvevi ƒL„j;
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i e¨eüZ ƒMvmjLvbvq ev cyKz„i ƒMvmj Ki„j;
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i e¨eüZ Kvco, weQvbv ev AvmevecÎ I evmb-ƒKvmb e¨envi Ki„j;
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mv„_ ƒjLvcov ev ƒLjvayjv Ki„j;
 GBPAvBwf AvµvšÍ e¨w³i nuvwP ev Kvwki gva¨„g|
GBPAvBwf-i jÿY
GBPAvBwf Kv„iv kix„i cքek Ki„j m„½ m„½B kix„i ƒKv„bv jÿY cÖKvk cvq bv| jÿY ƒ`Lv w`„Z A„bK mgq
jv„M| G me jÿY ƒ`Lv w`„j eyS„Z n„e fvBivm msµwgZ e¨w³i GBWm n„q„Q| GBWm Gi wKQz jÿY i„q„Q| G
jÿY¸„jv n„”Q-
 AwZ `ªæZ IRb n«vm cvIqv;
 iv„Z R¡i Avmv;
 kix„i AwZwi³ Nvg nIqv;
 Aemv`MÖ¯Í _vKv;
 `ygv„mi AwaK mgq a„i Wvqwiqv;
 `xN©w`b a„i ïK„bv Kvwk|


SRHR m¤ú©‡K m‡PZbZv

SRHR Gi c~Y©iæc n„jv Sex and Reproductive Health Rights. Gi g~j K_v n„jv-

cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨iÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

gvbe kix„ii ƒh me A½ wkï Rb¥`v„bi m„½ mivmwi RwoZ ƒm me A„½i ¯^v¯‹¨ m¤úwK©Z welq„K cÖRbb ¯^v¯‹¨ e„j|
cÖRbb ¯^v¯‹¨ cÖRbbZš¿ Ges cÖRbb cÖwµqvi mv„_ m¤úK©hy³| GKwU wkï ƒm ƒQ„j wKsev ƒg„q ƒhB ƒnvK bv ƒKb, Zvi
Rb¥ ƒ_„K ïiæ K„i …kke, †K„kvi, ƒh‡eb I ƒcևpZ¡ cÖwZwU ¯Í„iB mvaviY ¯^v„¯‹¨i mv„_ cÖRbb ¯^v„¯‹¨i e¨vcviwU
RwoZ| ZvB cÖRbb ¯^v¯‹¨ Ges GwU iÿv Kivi wel„q meviB Rvbv cքqvRb|
eqtmwÜKv„j ƒQ„j-ƒg„q„`i cÖRbb ¯^v¯‹¨ m¤ú„K© ƒKv„bv aviYv bv _vKvi Kvi„Y Zviv ¯^v¯‹¨-msµvšÍ A„bK RwUjZvi
m¤§yLxb nq| eqtmwÜKv„j ƒg„q„`i gvwmK Avi¤¢ nq Ges ƒQ„j„`iI kvixwiK cwieZ©b nq| Zv„`i ¯^cœ„`vl N„U|
eqtmwÜKv„ji GmKj cwieZ©„bi mgq ƒ_„KB cÖRbb ¯^v¯‹¨ wel„q we„klfv„e m„PZb n„Z n„e| KviY Gmg„qB GKwU
ƒQ„j I ƒg„qi kixi cyiæl I bvixi kix„i cwiYZ nIqvi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| Avi ƒg„q„`i FZz¯ªve ev gvwmK Ges
ƒQ„j„g„q„`i ¯^cœ„`vl Øviv Zv„`iv cÖRbb ÿgZvi ïiæ nq|
69
cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨iÿvi Dcvq
FZz¯ªvev ev ¯^cœ„`vl NU„j cwi®ˆvi-cwi”Qbœ _vKv, wbqwgZ ƒMvmj Kiv `iKvi| cywóKi Lvevi I cÖPzi cvwb cvb Kiv
cքqvRb| ƒKv„bv iKg RwUjZv ƒ`Lv w`„j ¯^v¯‹¨Kg©x ev wPwKrm„Ki civgk© wb„Z n„e| evsjvƒ`„k cÖwZeQi mšÍvb Rb¥
w`„Z wM„q GLbI nvRvi nvRvi gv gZz¨eiY K„ib| Gi KviY AcÖvß eq„m we„q Ges mšÍvb aviY| Gi d„j A„b„K
wewfbœ iKg ƒiv„Mi wkKvi nb|„g„qiv cÖvß eq„m we„q Ki„j Ges mšÍvbaviY Ki„j cÖm~wZ gv„qi Ges wkïi gZz¨SzuwK
Kg„e|Nb Nb mšÍvb wb„j gv I wkïi Rxeb SzuwKi m¤§yLxb nq| Dchy³ Rb¥-wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖnY Kiv n„j Nb Nb mšÍvb
avi„Yi SzuwK ƒ_„K ƒg„qivB cv„e| Rb¥ wbqš¿„Yi gva¨„g RbmsL¨v mxwgZ ivL„j mvgvwRK I A_©†bwZK ƒÿ„ÎI Zvi
BwZevPK cÖfve co„e| cÖRbb ¯^v„¯‹¨i my¯‹Zv bvix-cyiæ„li cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© Dbœq„b f~wgKv ivL„e| Gi cÖfv„e
cwievi I mgv„R kvwšÍ weivR Ki„e| wkïiv ¯^v¯‹¨evb n„e I bx„ivM _vK„e|

cÖkœgvjv
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. ea©b Kx
2. weKvk I cwiYg„bi msÁv w`b|
3. eqtmwÜKvj Kx?
4. GwiKm„bi e¨w³Z¡ weKv„ki avc¸wj D„jøL Kiæb|
5. nvIqvW© MvW©bv„ii eûwea eyw×ZË¡ Kx?
6. Av„eM Kx?
7. eqtmwÜKv„ji wkÿv_©x„`i Av„eM wbqš¿„Y AwffveK I wcZvgvZvi KZ©e¨¸„jv Zz„j aiæb|
8. Rxeb `ÿZv Kx?
9. Rxeb `ÿZv wfwËi wkÿvi D„Ïk¨¸„jv wjLyb|
10. gv`Kvmw³ Kx?
11. HIV I AIDS Kx?
12. cÖRbb ¯^v¯‹¨ Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ea©b, weKvk I cwiYg„bi e¨vL¨v w`b|
2. eqtmwÜKvj Kx? eqtmwÜKv„ji K„qKwU …ewkó¨vewj wjLyb|
3. GwiKm„bi e¨w³Z¡ weKv„ki avc¸wj D„jøL K„i cքZ¨KwU av„ci e¨vL¨v w`b|
4. MvW©bv„ii eûwea eyw×ZË¡ Kx? wkÿvq Gi cքqvRbxZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
5. Av„eM Kx? Av„eM wbqš¿„Yi Dcvq¸„jv D„jøL Kiæb|
6. WHO KZ©K mbv³K‚Z 10wU Rxeb `ÿZv¸„jv AR©„bi Dcvq wjLyb|
7. gv`Kvmw³ Kx? gv`Kvmw³ we¯Ív„ii KviY I wbivg„qi Dcvq wjLyb|
8. HIV Kx Kx Dcv„q Qovq? HIV we¯Ív„ii KviY I wbivg„qi Dcvq wjLyb|
9. SRHR m¤ú©„K m„PZbZv IcÖRbb ¯^v¯‹¨ iÿvq Avgiv Kx Kx c`„ÿc wb„Z cvwi?
70
 BDwbU 4 : gva¨wgK wkÿvµg
wkÿvµ„gi Bs„iwR cwifvlv Curriculum| GwU j¨vwUb kãcurrereƒ_„K G„m„Q hvi A_© Ôcourse of study’A_v©r
cvV¨welq| Avevi A„b„K g„b K„ib GwU j¨vwUb kãcurrer ƒ_„K G„m„Q hvi A_© nj ƒNvo ƒ`‡„oi gvV| kvwãK A„_©
hvB ƒnvK bv ƒKb, AvwfavwbK A„_© wkÿvµg ej„Z wbw`©ó j„ÿ¨ DcbxZ nIqvi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ ƒKvm©„K
eySvq|wkÿvµg welqK BDwb„Ui mgMÖ welqwU ƒgvU5wU cv„Vi gva¨„g Dc¯‹vcb Kiv n„q„Q| wb„¤œ cv„Vi wk„ivbvg I
welqe¯Š avivevwnKfv„e Dc¯‹vcb Kiv n„jv-
4.1: wkÿvµ„gi aviYv, wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP
4.2: wkÿvµg cÖbq„Yi ƒh‡w³KZv
4.3: wkÿvµg Dbœqb g„Wj
4.4: RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012: KvVv„gv, jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨
4.5: wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY I ev¯Íevqb

4.1 : wkÿvµ‡gi avibv, wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP

wkÿvµ‡gi cÖvPxb aviYv
AvÿwiK A„_© hvB ƒnvK bv ƒKb wkÿvµg kãwU wewfbœ mg„q wewfbœ A„_© e¨eüZ n„q„Q Ges hy„Mi cwieZ©„ bi
avivevwnKZvq wkÿvµ„gi aviYv µgvMZ wee©wZZ n„”Q| ZvB wkÿvµ„gi me©Rb¯^xK‚Z ƒKvb GKK msÁv ev aviYvi
D™¢e nq bvB| cÖvPxbKv„j gvby„li ƒeu„P _vKvi `ÿZv AR©bB wQj wkÿvi cÖwZcv`¨ welq| d„j ZLbKvi
AbvbyôvwbKfv„e wkÿvµ„gi aviYv ev¯Íe i€c ƒc„Z _v„K Ges ¯ˆUj¨v„Û mß`k kZvãx„Z Zv cÖPwjZ wQj| cieZx©„Z
1820 wLª÷v㠃_„K Av„gwiKvq wkÿvµ„gi e¨vcK e¨envi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ƒm mgq hy³iv„óª wkÿvµg ej„Z g~jZ
course of study ev KZ¸„jv cvV¨welq„K eySvZ, hv AbymiY K„i wkÿK ƒkÖwY„Z cvV`vb Ki„Zb| ƒm mgq
wkÿvµ„gi g~j ƒdvKvm wQj wkïi gvbwmK Ges Áv„bi weKvk| GRb¨ wkÿvµ„g eskvbyµwgK mymse× Ávb I gvbwmK
k•Ljv AR©„bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ ƒ`Iqv nZ | cÖvPxbcš‹x wkÿvwe`„`iI aviYv wQj ƒh, wkïi myôz gvbwmK weKvk NUv„Z n„j
¯ˆz„j wkÿvµ„g KZ¸„jv Acwinvh© welq, AšÍf~©³ Ki„Z n„e| G¸„jv n„jv gvZ‚fvlv,MwYZ, weÁvb, BwZnvm, `k©b,
cwðgv I ƒ`kxq fveaviv| d„j ƒm mgq wkÿvµ„g welq¸„jv ¸iæ„Z¡i mv„_ AšÍf~³© Kiv n„Zv|

wkÿvµg AvaywbK aviYv

1930 wLª÷v„ãi ci ƒ_„K wkÿvµ„gi cÖvPxb I msKxY© aviYvi cwieZ©b n„q AvaywbK aviYvi e¨vcK we¯Í‚wZ N„U|
Gmgq wkÿvµg ej„Z ¯ˆzj KZ©K cwiPvwjZ mKj wkLb AwfÁZvi mgwó„K eySv„bv n„Zv| G cÖm„½ 1935 wLª÷v„ã
K¨vmI„qj I K¤ú„ej (Caswell and Combell) wkÿvµ„gi cyivZb aviYvi Aemvb NwU„q GKwU bZzb aviYv
Òwkÿvµg nj wkÿ„Ki cwiPvjbvq wkÿv_x©i AwR©Z mKj AwfÁZvÓ cÖ¯vÍ e K„ib| ƒm mg„qi Ab¨vb¨ wkÿvµg
we„klÁMYI (Smith et.al, 1957 Ges Korr, 1968) wkÿvµ„gi G aviYv„K mg_©b K„ib| Gfv„e wkÿvµg Zvi
msKxY© aviYvi MwÛ cvi n„q e¨vcK A„_© e¨eüZ n„Z ïiæ K„i Ges wkÿvµg ƒKejgvÎ cvV¨wel„qi cwie„Z© ¯ˆy„ji
wbqwš¿Z mKj wkLb-AwfÁZvi mgwói€„c cwiMwYZ n„Z _v„K| wKšŠ Zvi ciI cÖkœ ƒ_„K hvq ¯ˆzj KZ‚K© ƒKvb ƒKvb
AwfÁZv cÖ`vb Kiv n„e? wkÿv_x© I enËi mgvR ¯ˆz„ji Kv„Q ƒKvb AwfÁZv¸„jv cÖZ¨vkv K„i? ZvQvov ¯ˆzj KZ‚K
©
cÖ`Ë AwfÁZvi¸„jvi g„a¨ ƒKvb¸„jv Kvw•ÿZ ev AbvKvw•ÿZ Zv wkÿvµ„gi GB e¨vcK aviYv ƒ_„K ƒevSv m¤¢e bq|
ZvB wkÿvµg we„klÁMY wkÿvµ„gi AviI my¯úó I MÖnY„hvM¨ aviYvi AbymÜvb Ki„Z _v„Kb|
1949 wLª÷v„ã wkÿvµg we„klÁ ivd UvBjvi KZ‚©K cÖ`Ë aviYvq wkÿvµg m¤úwK©Z G mgm¨vi wKQyUv mgvavb cvIqv
hvq| wZwb cÖ_g e„jb-wkÿvµg nj wkÿvi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ ¯‹zj KZ©„K cwiKwíZ I cwiPvwjZ wkÿv_©xi mKj wkLb
AwfÁZv| G„Z ƒ`Lv hvq wZwb wkÿvµg„K ¯ˆzj cwiPvwjZ mKj Kg©Kv„Ûi D„Ïk¨wfwËK I cwiKwíZ wkLb AwfÁZv
Kivi Dci ƒRvi w`„q„Qb| GQvov 1950 wLª÷v„ãi gvSvgvwS wkÿv_x©i Rxe„b ¯ˆz„ji cÖfve cÖKUi€„c ƒ`Lv hvq| d„j
G mgq wkÿvµ„gi aviYv cwigvR©b I cwieZ©„bi e¨vcv„i Av„gwiKvq ƒek wKQz wkÿvg~jK cքR± MÖnY Kiv nq| Gi
cwi„cÖwÿ„Z ƒek wKQz cvV wkÿvwe` wkÿvµg„K cwiKíbv (Instructional plan) wn„m„e msÁvwqZ K„ib|
71
lv„Ui `k„Ki ƒk„l Ges m˄ii `k„Ki cÖ_„g A„b„K ¯ˆz„ji KvR„K wkí KviLvbvi Drcv`b e¨e¯‹vi m„½ Zzjbv
K„ib| wkí KviLvbvi ƒhgb KvPuvgvj cÖwµqvRvZ K„i bvbviKg `ªe¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b Kiv nq, ƒZgwb ¯ˆz„ji KvR n„e
AwfÁ I AbwfÁ wkÿv_x©„`i `ÿ, AwfÁ I Aÿi Ávb m¤úbœ gvbyl wn„m„e M„o ƒZvjv| Gi d„j wkÿvµg cÖYq„b
wkÿv_x©i cvi`wk©Zv I K‚wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ges ¯ˆz„ji Revew`wnZvi cÖkœ ¸iæZ¡ ƒc„Z _v„K| d„j wkÿvµ„gi welqe¯Š
wbev©Pb I g~j¨vqb e¨e¯‹v„K weÁvbm¤§Z Kivi gvb„m G mgq wkÿvµ„g AvPiwYK D„Ïk¨ ƒjLvi Ici e¨vcK ¸iæZ¡
Av„ivc Kiv nq| G mgq ƒ_„K ïiæ K„i cieZx©„Z wewfbœ gbxlx KZ©K cÖ`Ë wkÿvµ„gi aviYvq bZzb bZzb gvÎv
ms„hvwRZ nq I cyivZb aviYvi cwieZ©b NU„Z _v„K|
wkÿvµg m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gbxlx‡`i aviYv
wb„P K„qKRb gbxlx aviYv D„jøL Kiv n„jv hv wkÿvµ„gi aviYv eySv„Z mnvqK n„e-
 wnjWv Zvev (1962) e„jb-, hy„Mi wPšÍvfvebvi Aeqenxb dmjB n„jv wkÿvµg|
 ûBjvi(1967) wkÿvµg ej„Z wkÿvi D„Ïk¨, wkLb AwfÁZv wbe©vPb, welqe¯Š kbv³KiY, welqe¯Š
msMVb, g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw`i GKwU eËvKvi MwZkxj Kvh©µg„K eywS„q„Qb|
 Kvi (1968)-Gi g„Z, we`¨vjq KZ©K cwiKwíZ I cwiPvwjZ hveZxq wkLb hv we`¨vjq Ges we`¨vj„qi
evB„i `jMZ ev e¨w³MZfv„e m¤úbœ Kiv nq ZvB wkÿvµg|
 Rbmb (1970), wkÿvµg n„”Q wkÿv_x©I cvi`wk©Zv ev dj|
 jUb (1973)- wkÿvµ„gi Dcv`vb AZ¨vek¨Kxqfv„e mvgvwRK K‚wó ƒ_„K wbe©vwPZ Ki„Z n„e|
 gvk© Ges ÷¨v„dvW© (1988) e„jb, wkÿvµg n„jv ÔcwiKíbvÕ I ÔAwfÁZviÕ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©hy³ GKwU
ƒmU hv wkÿv_x©iv we`¨vj„qi …`bw›`b Kvh©µ„gi gva¨„g m¤úbœ K„i|


wkÿvµ‡gi Kvh©Ki msÁv I Dcv`vb

wkÿvµ„gi weeZ©b Ges DcwiwjøwLZ aviYv¸„jv we„køl„Y ƒ`Lv hvq wkÿvµ„gi aviYv hyM hyM a„i wb„¤œv³fv„e weewZ©Z
n„q„Q| ƒhgb: wkÿvµg n„”Q-
1| eskvbyµwgK mymse× Ávb
2| gvbwmK k•Ljv
3| ¯ˆzj wbqwš¿Z AwfÁZv
4| cwiKwíZ wkLb AwfÁZv
5| wkÿv`vb cwiKíbv
6| wkLbdj
7| Ávbg~jK/Abyf~wZg~jK welqe¯Š Ges cÖwµqv
8| cÖhyw³MZ Drcv`b e¨e¯‹v
GmKj w`K e¨vL¨v K„i Daniel Tanner and Laurel N. Tanner 1980 wLª÷v„ã wkÿvµ„gi GKwU Kvh©Ki msÁv
cÖ`v„bi ƒPóv K„ib-ÒCurriculum is that reconstruction of knowledge and experience, systematically
developed under the auspices of the school (or university) to enable the learner to increase his or her
control of knowledge and experience.”
wkÿvµ„gi wewfbœ msÁv„K we„kølY Ki„j Gi PviwU g~j Dcv`vb Lyu„R cvIqv hvq-D„Ïk¨,welqe¯Š,c×wZ I
g~j¨vqb|G¸„jv ci¯úi m¤ú©Khy³ I wbf©ikxj Ges cwic~iK| wkÿvµg cÖYqb I DbœqbKv„j Gi cքZ¨KwU Dcv`vb
m¤ú„K© Mfxi g„bv„hvM w`„q wePvi we„kølY Ki„Z nq|cÖK‚Zc„ÿ wkÿvµg n„”Q GKwU e¨vcK aviYv hvi g„a¨ i„q„Q
RvZxq HwZn¨, K‚wó ƒ_„K ïiæ K„i eZ©gvb I fwel¨„Z gvbem¤ú` Mov I Zv„`I K„g© wb„qvwRZKi„Yi GKwU
my`~icÖmvix Kg©cwiíbvi w`Kwb„`©kbv|
wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wPi cv_©K¨
A„b„KB wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP„K GKB A„_© e¨envi K„ib| cÖK‚Zc„ÿ Df„qi g„a¨ KZ¸„jv my¯úó cv_©K¨ i„q„Q|
ƒhgb-
1. wkÿvµg GKwU e¨vcK aviYv| cvV¨m~wP wkÿvµ„gi GKwU AskgvÎ|
2. wkÿvµg nj GKwU wkÿv¯Í„ii mKj wkÿYxq wel„qi(Ávb, `ÿZv, ƒhvM¨Zv, g~j¨„eva BZ¨vw`) I Kg©Kv„Ûi
c~Yv©½ i€c„iLv| Avi cvV¨m~wP nj GKwU cvV¨wel„q Kx Kx welqe¯Š ƒkLv„bv n„e Zvi ZvwjKv|

72
 3. wkÿvµ„gi jÿ¨ wkÿv_x©i mvgwMÖK Rxe„bi weKvkmvab| cÿvšÍ„i cvV¨m~wP wkÿv_x©i GKwU we„kl w`„Ki
weKvk mvab|
4. wkÿvµg GKwU ¯Í„ii ev wel„qi n„Z cv„i| wKšŠ cvV¨m~wP cքZ¨KwU wel„qi Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v cÖYqb nq|
5. mvgwMÖK wePv„i wkÿvµg GKwU eÿ n„j cvV¨m~wP n„e H e„ÿi kvLv|

4.2 : wkÿvµg cÖbq‡Yi †h․w³KZv

wkÿvµg cÖYqb GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv| we„k¦i cÖvq mKj ƒ`kB wbqwgZfv„e wewfbœ wel„qi wkÿvµg
cÖYqb/cwigvR©b K„i _v„K| wkÿvµg cÖYqb/cwigvR©„bi ƒek wKQz cÖwZwôZ bxwZgvjv Av„Q hv G„ÿ„Î AbymiY Kiv
cքqvRb| GQvov mgvR I mf¨Zvi AvaywbKvq„bi d„j Ggb A„bK Pvwn`vi mwó nq, hv wkÿvµ„g h_v_©fv„e cÖwZdjb
NUv„Z nq|

K) wkÿvµg cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv I GKv‡WwgK †h․w³KZv

1. wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨: wkÿvbxwZ Ges wewfbœ ivóªxq I RvZxq `wj„j GKwU iv„óªi wkÿvi jÿ¨ Kx n„e ƒm
m¤úwK©Z w`Kwb„`k©bv D„jøL _v„K| wkÿvµ„g Gme w`K¸„jv cÖwZdjb NUv„Z nq|
2. wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK: wkÿvµg wkÿv_x©i Pvwn`v, AvMÖn, mvg_© aviY ÿgZv BZ¨vw`i Dci wfwË K„i cÖYqb Ki„Z
nq| A_v©r wkÿvµg n„e wkÿv_x©„Kw›`ªK|
3. e¨w³i mvgvwRK Pvwn`vi cÖwZdjb: mvgvwRK Rxe wkÿv_x© mgv„RB Rb¥MÖnY K„i I ƒe„o D„V| AvaywbK
wkÿv e¨w³i wbR¯^ mË¡v I mvgvwRK mË¡v Dfq w`„Ki weKvk„K ¸iæZ¡ w`„q _v„K| wkÿvµg cÖYq„b Gw`„K
ƒLqvj ivL„Z n„e|
4. m„RbkxjZvi weKvk: wkÿvi KvR ƒKejgvÎ AZxZ AwfÁZv„K msiÿY Kiv bq| wkÿv_x© wbR¯^ m¤¢vebv I
mRbkxjfv„e Dbœq„bI wkÿvi KvR| AZGe, wkÿvµg wkÿv_x©i mRbkxjZvi weKvk„K ¸iæZ¡ w`„Z nq|
5. fwel¨rg~Lx Kiv: wkÿv n„e RxebwfwËK| Z„e wkÿv ïay eZ©gvb Rxeb cwiw¯‹wZ„KB ¸iæZ¡ w`„e bv, wkÿv_x©„K
fwel¨Z Rxe„bi `vwqZ¡ cvj„bI cÖ¯Z Š Ki„e| myZivs wkÿvµg cÖYq„b mgv„Ri fwel¨Z Pvwn`v„KI we„ePbv
Ki„Z n„e|
6. Rxe‡bi avi‡Yi cÖ¯w‘ Z: wkÿv_x©i cvwicvwk¦©K cwi„e„ki Kg©KvÛ Ges G¸„jvi gva¨„g Kxfv„e e¨w³i Rxe„bi
Pvwn`vmg~„ni cwic~iY n„”Q ƒm m¤ú„K© Rvbvi my„hvM wkÿvµ„g _vK„e|
7. msiÿY Kiv: gvbyl Zvi AwR©Z AwfÁZv msiÿ„Yi gva¨„g AvMvgx w`„bi cwieZ©bkxj mgv„Ri mv„_ Lvc
LvB„q Pjvi Dc„hvMx K„i Zyj„Z n„e| gvbeRvwZi mvs¯ˆ‚wZK/HwZn¨ msiÿ„Yi I Zv„K fwel¨ZgyLx Kivi
Ab¨Zg gva¨g wkÿv| G„ÿ„Î we`¨vj„qi f~wgKv wØgyLx-1) AZxZ AwfÁZvi msiÿY Ges 2) fwel¨Z
mgv„Ri g„a¨ Zvi mÂvjb| wkÿvµg cÖYq„b Gw`„K ƒLqvj ivL„Z n„e|
8. welqe¯‘i mgš^q I mnm¤úK© iÿv: wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi mgq Aek¨B ƒLqvj ivL„Z n„e hv„Z welqe¯Šmg~n
ƒh‡w³fv„e I g„bvweÁv„bi bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx web¨¯Í nq| Gi d„j wewfbœ wel„qi g„a¨ h_v_© mgš^q I m¤úK©
¯‹vcb m¤¢e n„e|
9. e¨w³i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb cv_©K¨‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv: wkÿvµg Ggbfv„e cÖYqb Ki„Z n„e hv„Z K„i cÖwZwU
wkïi/wkÿv_x© AvZ¥-cÖKvk I Dbœq„bi my„hvM _v„K| G j„ÿ¨ wkÿvµg„K e¨w³K cv_©„K¨i g„bv†eÁvwbK
wfwËi Dci `uvo Kiv„Z n„e hv AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯‹vq RwUjZv Dcjw× Ki„Z I Zvi mgvav„b
mnvqK n„e|
10. wkLb mÿgZv: wkÿvµ„gi AšÍf³ z© cÖwZwU welq/welqe¯Š ƒkLvi Dc„hvMx n„Z n„e| ƒmB mv„_
welqe¯Šmg~„ni cքqvRbxqZvI _vK„Z n„e|

73
 11. mvgvwRK mswkøóZv I Dc‡hvwMZv: wkÿvµ„gi AšÍf³
~© welqmg~„n Ggbfv„e Pqb Ki„Z n„e hv„Z K„i wkLb
ƒÿÎ (discipline) wn„m„e Zvi ¸iæZ¡ _v„K| ƒmB mv„_ Zvi wbR¯^ ¸iæZ¡, mvgvwRK cÖvmw½KZv I Dc„hvwMZv
_v„K|
12. AeKvk mg‡qi mبenvi: ƒLjvayjv, ƒ¯úvU©m, wkíPP©v, bv›`wbK g~j¨„eva mwó„Z mnvqK welqe¯Š wkÿvµ„g
AšÍf³ ~© Kivi gva¨„g wkÿv_x©i Aemi mgqUv„K Kvh©Ki I Avb›`Nb e¨env„ii my„hvM _vK„Z n„e wkÿvµ„g|
13. wewfbœZvi ¯^xK…wZ I bgbxqZv: wkÿvµ„gi mvaviY D„Ïk¨ n„e mK„ji ¯^vfvweK weKvk I Dbœqb| Zv m„Ë¡I
wkÿv_x©„`i g„a¨ we`¨gvb wewfbœZv„K („Q„j„g„q, RvwZ, ƒMvôx, mvgvwRK I A_©†bwZK Ae¯‹v BZ¨vw`)
g~j¨vqb Ki„e I cքZ¨„Ki we„kl Pvwn`vi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av„ivc|
L) wkÿvµg cÖYq‡bi wek¦Rwbb †h․w³KZv
we„k¦i mKj ƒ`„k `ªæZ mvgvwRK wee©Zb N„U„Q| G weeZ©„bi mv„_ wkÿv_x©„`i Lvc LvB„q Pjvi Rb¨ Kx ai„bi wkÿvi
`iKvi Zv wb„q µgvMZ wPšÍvfvebv I M„elYv n„”Q| mvgvwRK weeZ©„bi m~PK¸„jv wkÿv„K bvbvfv„e cÖfvweZ Ki„Q|
d„j wkÿvµg cÖYqb Gw`K¸„jv eZ©gv„b ¸iæ„Z¡I mv„_ we„ewPZ n„”Q|
1. Ávb RM‡Zi we‡ùviY: Ávb RMr AwZ `ªæZ ew× cv„”Q| bZzb mwó cքqvRbxq Ávb Avni„Yi cvkvcvwk
wkÿv_x©„`i cwiewZ©Z I RwUj cwiw¯‹wZ„Z Lvc LvIqvi ƒhvM¨Zv AR©„bi wkÿvµg mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb
Ki„e|
2. cÖhyw³MZ AMÖMwZ: eZ©gvb we„k¦ cÖhyw³i ƒÿ„Î wecøe AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n„q„Q Ges n„”Q hv Avgv„`i cÖwZwbqZ
bZzb Kjv„K‡kj Dcnvi w`„”Q| G¸„jv e¨envi K„i `ªæZ I AwaKZi mÿgZvi mv„_ wkÿvg~jK Kg©KvÛmn
Ab¨vb¨ cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e n„”Q| A_©†bwZK AMÖMwZ„Z Gme beZi Ávb I Kjv„K‡kj mnvqK fzwgKv cvjb
Ki„Q| cÖwZ„hvwMZvkxj we„k¦ wU„K _vKvi Rb¨ cÖhyw³MZ Ávb AvniY Acwinvh© n„q c„o„Q| GQvov eZ©gvb
hyM AvBwmwU-i hv gvby„li Rxe„bi mKj w`K„K ¯úk© K„i„Q| cÖhyw³ Avgv„`i Rxe„bi A„bK KvR„K mnR,
myweavRbK Ges gvbm¤úbœ K„i„Q| d„j cÖhyw³ wbf©iZvi G hy„M mK„ji G wel„q Ávb I `ÿZv _vKv
cքqvRb| eZ©gv„b wkÿvi Ab¨Zg KvR e¨w³i Rxeb `ÿZvI evov„bv| d„j wkÿvµ„gi djcÖ m~ ev¯Íevq„bi
wkÿv_x©„`i AvBwmwU-Gi Ávb I `ÿZv Acwinvh©| wkLb-„kLv„bv cÖwµqvqI Gi djcÖm~ e¨envi Riæwi |
wkÿvµg cքYZvMY wkÿvµg cÖYq„b Aek¨B G w`KwU ¸iæZ¡ w`„Z n„e|
3. Pvwn`vwfwËK wkÿvµg: AvaywbK wkÿve¨e¯‹v Pvwn`vwfwËK wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi Dci AZ¨vwaK ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Ki„Z
n„e|
4. GKwesk kZvãxi `ÿZvq ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc: eZ©gv„b wkÿv„ÿ„Î mn„hvwMZv, m~² wPšÍv, djcÖm~ ƒhvMv„hvM `ÿZv,
`ÿ e¨e¯‹vcbv Ges mngwg©Zvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| mKj wel„qi wkÿvµg cÖYq„b GKwesk kZvãxi
G `ÿZv AR©„bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`„Z n„e|
5. AvšÍRv© wZKZvi aviYv: wek¦vq„bi aviYv cy„iv cw_ex„K GKwU wek¦MÖv„g cwiYZ K„i„Q| myZivs cy„iv wek¦Uv„K
GKwU cwievi wn„m„e a„i wb„q wkÿvµ„gi ga¨w`„q wkÿv_x©„`i g„a¨ AvšÍR©vwZKZvi aviYv cÖ`v„bi e¨e¯‹v
_vK„Z n„e| wkÿvµ„gi KvR n„e wkÿv_x©„` g„a¨ G ai„bi cwi„ek …Zwii my„hvM mwó|
6. MVbev`: eZ©gv„b MVbev`„K wkÿvi GKwU ƒg‡wjK bxwZgvjv wn„m„e we„ePbv Kiv nq| MVbev„` wek¦vm Kiv
nq ƒh cքZ¨K wkÿv_x©„K ƒKvb welq m¤ú„K© Zvi wbR¯^ aviYv MV„bi ¯^vaxbZv w`„Z n„e| A_v©r wkÿv_x©„K
ƒRvi K„i wKQz ƒkLv„bv ev Pvgy„P Zz„j LvIqv cwinvi Ki„Z n„e| wkÿv_x©„K wkLb cÖwµqvq mwµq AskMÖnY
Kiv„bvi gva¨„g ƒkLv„Z n„e| hw` wkÿv_x© Ávb/aviYv MV„b cy„ivcywi mwµq _v„K Zvn„j wkLb cÖwµqv
djcÖm~ n„e|

74
 7. wewfbœ wel‡qi g‡a¨ mgš^qmvab: eZ©gv„b eû ƒ`„k wkÿvi welqe¯Ši K„qKwU ƒÿ΄K msMwVZ K„i GKwU
mgwš^Z wkÿvµg cÖYqb Kivi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`„”Qb| Gi d„j wkÿv_x©„`I g„a¨ ƒKvb wel„q mvgwMÖK Ávb,
`ÿZv I `wófw½i weKv„ki my„hvM N„U, hv ev¯Íe mgm¨v mgvav„b AwaKZi Kvh©Kix nq|
8. K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vq‡b ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc: eZ©gv„b wkÿv_x©i wkLb AMÖMwZ cwigvc cÖ_vMZ 2/3wU AvbyôvwbK mvgwqK
cixÿv MÖn„Yi cwie„Z© avivevwnK g~j¨vqb, mgm¨v mgvavb, ev¯ÍewfwËK e¨envwiK KvR, ƒg‡wLK cixÿv,
ch©„eÿY BZ¨vw` mvgwóK g~j¨vq„bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ ƒ`Iqv n„”Q| Gi d„j wkÿv_©xi K‚wZZ¡ AwaKZi g~j¨vqb Kiv
m¤¢e nq|
wkÿvµg cÖYq„b DcwiwjøwLZ w`K¸„jv h_vh_fv„e g~j¨vqb Kiv DwPZ| wkÿvµg cքYZvMY„K G wel„q Aek¨B ƒLqvj
ivL„Z n„e|cքqvR„b wkÿK, wkÿv_x©, we„klÁ I mswkøóRb„`i mv„_ cքqvRbxq Avjvc Av„jvPbvi gva¨„g wkÿvµ„gi
welqe¯Š, wkLb-„kLv„bv cÖwµqvi aiY, g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw` wba©viY Ki„eb|

4.3 : wkÿvµg Dbœqb g‡Wj

wkÿvµg Dbœqb ZË¡/g‡Wj
wkÿvµg we„klÁMY wkÿvµg Dbœqb msµvšÍ bvbviKg g„Wj Dc¯‹vcb K„i„Qb ƒh¸„jv wkÿvµg cÖYqb msµvšÍ we„kl
w`K wb„`©kbv w`„q _v„K| hw`I g„Wj ej„Z ƒKvb e¯Ši ev¯Íe cÖwZi€c eySvq, Z„e wkÿvµ„gi ƒÿ„Î g„W„ji aviYvwU
wfbœ| G„ÿ„Î g„Wj nj wkÿvµg cÖYqb I Dbœq„bi GKwU ƒh‡w³K cwiKíbv ev wWRvBb| wkÿvµg we„klÁ KZ©K
cÖ`Ë wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi ƒek wKQz D„jøL„hvM¨ g„Wj i„q„Q| G¸„jvi cքZ¨KwU we„klfv„e …ewkó¨gwÛZ Ges G„K
Ac„ii cwic~iK| Gme g„Wj m¤ú„K© Rvbvi gva¨„g wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi KvR ïiæ Ki„j myweav nq|

UvB‡ji ‣iwLK g‡Wj

ivd UvBjvi 1949 wLª÷v„ã cÖ_g wkÿvµg Dbœqb cÖwµqvi ZË¡ cÖ`vb K„ib| ivd UvBjv„ii ZË¡wU mij/†iwLK,
D„Ïk¨wfwËK I Pviavc wewkó| wZwb PviwU cքkœi gva¨„g G PviwU avc„K mnRi€„c wPÎvwqZ K„i„Qb| avc¸„jv nj-
wkLb wkLb AwfÁZv
jÿ¨ I AwfÁZv g~j¨vqb
msMVb
D‡Ïk¨ wbe©vPb

wPÎ 1: ivd UvBjv„ii wkÿvµg Dbœqb ZË¡

ivd UvBjvi cÖ_g D„Ïk¨wfwËK wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi w`K wb„`k©bv cÖ`vb K„i„Qb| Zuvi g„Z cÖ_„g wkÿvµ„gi D„Ïk¨
wba©viY Ki„Z nq| D„Ïk¨i wfw˄Z welqe¯ŠI wkLb AwfÁZv Pqb Ki„Z nq| Z‚Zxq av„c D„Ïk¨ AR©„bi Rb¨
welqe¯Š„K h_vh_fv„e msMVb I web¨vm Ki„Z nq| me©„k„l g~j¨vqb K„i ƒ`L„Z n„e D„Ïk¨ KZUv AwR©Z n„q„Q|
wnjWv Zvevi avivevwnK g‡Wj
mgmvgwqK wkÿvwe`MY UvBji ZË¡ mgv„jvPbv K„i e„jb GwU AwZgvÎvq mij I mswÿß| GQvov G„Z D„Ï„k¨i Dci
ƒewk ¸iæZ¡ ƒ`Iqv n„q„Q| ƒkÖwYK„ÿ ƒh Abwf„cÖZ wkLb N„U ƒm¸„jv g~j¨vq„bi e¨vcv„i wZwb wKQz e„jbwb| G
ƒcÖwÿ„Z 1962 mv„j wnjWv Zvev UvBjvi Z„Ë¡i DbœZZi g„Wj Dc¯‹vcb K„ib| Zuvi ZË¡wU mvZ avc wewkó| G¸„jv
nj-
avc-1: cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wbiƒcY: jÿ¨ `„ji Pvwn`vi Av„jv„K cքqvRbxqZv wbi€cb K„ib|
avc-2: D‡Ïk¨ wbiƒcY: hyw³wm× ch©„eÿY eZ©gvb I fwel¨„Z cքqvRbxqZvi Av„jv„K D„Ïk¨ wPwýZ K„ib |
75
avc-3: welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb: wbev©wPZ D„Ï„k¨i Av„jv„K h_vh_ welqe¯Š wbe©vPb Ki„Z e„jb|
avc-4: welqe¯‘ msMVb: wbev©wPZ welqe¯Š„K cvV`vb mnvqK wewfbœ wfw˄Z msMwVZ Ki„Z e„jb|
avc-5: wkLb AwfÁZv wbe©vPb: PwqZ welqe¯Š ƒ_„K Kx ai„bi wkLb AwfÁZv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e kbv³ K„ib|
avc-6: wkLb AwfÁZv web¨vm: kbv³K‚Z AwfÁZvmg~n„K h_vh_fv„e web¨vmKiY|
avc-7: g~j¨vqb:cÖYxZ wkÿvµg gva¨„g wbw`©ó jÿ¨`„ji Rb¨ wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨ AwR©Z n„q„Q wKbv Ges
wkÿvµg wba©vwiZ avc AbymiY K„i cÖYxZ n„q„Q wKbv Zv g~j¨vqbKiY|
Kv‡ii wkÿvµg g‡Wj
Kv„ii ZË¡wU wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi GKwU wek` g„Wj| wZwb 1968 wLª÷v„ã GB ZË¡ cÖ`vb K„ib| Kvi Z„Ë¡ wkÿvµg
cÖYqbKv„j ƒh me welq we„ePbv Ki„Z nq Zvi meB AšÍf~³© i„q„Q| G g„Wj Abymv„i wkÿvµg„K cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK©hy³ PviwU ƒg‡wjK Dcv`v„b wef³ Kiv n„q„Q| G¸„jv n„jv- 1) D„Ïk¨,2) Ávb, 3) wkLb AwfÁZv, I 4)
g~j¨vqb| G„Z GKwU As„ki mv„_ Zvi c~e©eZ©x As„ki wbweo m¤ú©K I cvi¯úh© iÿv Kiv m¤¢e nq| wkÿvµg cÖYq„b
Acivci ƒh ƒh w`„K ev wel„q ƒLqvj ivL„Z nq Gi me wKQzB Zv„Z i„q„Q| Kvi- Gi ZË¡ Abymv„i hLb ƒh As„ki
Dci KvR Kiv nq ZLb Ab¨vb¨ Ask m¤ú„K© ƒLqvj ivL„Z nq hv„Z cieZx© mg„q ƒKvb Kv„R e¨vNvZ bv nq| wb„P
Kvi Z„Ë¡ wPÎ ƒ`Iqv nj-

76
Kv„ii wkÿvµg Dbœqb ZË¡wU AvaywbK,wek` I weÁvbm¤§Z| G g„W„j GKwU wkÿvµg cwigvR©b K„i bZzb Av„iKwU
wkÿvµg cÖYqb Ki„Z n„j ƒKvb welq¸„jv we„ePbvq Avb„Z n„e ƒm wel„q my¯úó wb„`©kbv ƒ`Iqv n„q„Q|
AvcvZ`wó„Z GwU RwUj g„b n„jI Gi e¨envi„hvM¨Zv A„bK ƒewk| Z„e G ZË¡ Abymv„i wkÿvµg cÖYqb Ki„Z
n„jRbej, ƒgav , kÖg, mgq,A_© BZ¨vw` cքqvRb nq| wkÿvµg Dbœq„b Kvi ZË¡ AbymiY Kiv m¤¢e n„j AwaK mydj
cvIqv hv„e e„j wkÿvµg we„kølKMY g„b K„ib|

ûBjvi g‡Wj ev wkÿvµg Dbœq‡bi e„ËvKvi g‡Wj

D„Ïk¨wfwËK ev …iwLK g„W„j wkÿvi cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯‹wZi mv„_ Lvc LvIqv„bvi my„hvM ƒbB| G¸„jv ïiæ ƒ_„K ƒkl
ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv„e Pj„e| wKšŠ ev¯Íe Ae¯‹v n„jv, wkÿvµg cÖYqb GKevi Kivi ciI Avevi bZzb K„i ïiæ Kivi
cքqvRb n„Z cv„i| GwU we„ePbv K„i eËvKvi g„W„ji D™¢veb n„q„Q| G„Z wkÿvµg cÖYqb„K GKwU avivevwnK
cÖwµqv wn„m„e ƒ`Lv nq| G ZË¡vbyhvqx wkÿvµg cքqvRb Abyhvqx evievi cwieZ©„bi my„hvM i„q„Q| d„j G g„WjwU„Z
wkÿvµg cwigvR©b I Dbœq„bi ƒh ƒKvb Pvwn`vi mv„_B Lvc LvIqv„bvi my„hvM Av„Q| eËKvi g„W„ji cÖe³v n„jb
ûBjvi| GQvov wbKjm Ges wcÖ›U gyiI wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi eËvKvi g„W„ji i€c„iLv cÖ`vb K„i„Qb| evsjv„`„ki
wkÿvµg g„WjwUI eËvKvi |
ûBjvi g„WjwU cvuP avc wewkó| G g„WjwU g~jZ UvBjvi g„W„ji DbœZ ms¯ˆiY| ûBjvi 1967 wLª÷v„ã GwU cÖ`vb
K„ib| wb„P ûBjvi g„WjwU Dc¯‹vcb Kiv nj-

1. jÿ© I D„Ïk©

2. wkLb AwfÁZv
5.g~j© vqb
wbe©vPb

4. wkLb AwfÁZv I 3. welqe¯Š

welqe¯Š msMVb wbe©vPb

wPÎ 3: ûBjvi g„Wj

ûBjvi g‡W‡ji avcmg~n n‡jvÑ
 cÖ_g av„c wkÿvi I wkÿvµ„gi jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨ wbi€cY Ki„Z nq|
 wØZxq av„c wkLb AwfÁZvmg~n wbe©vPb Ki„Z nq|
 Z‚Zxq av„c welqe¯Š kbv³/wbe©vPb Ki„Z nq|
 PZy_© av„c wkLb AwfÁZv I welqe¯Š wewfbœ bxwZ Abymi„Y web¨¯Í Ki„Z nq|
 cÂg av„c mvgwMÖKfv„e wkÿvµg PµwU g~j¨vqb K„i ƒ`Lv nq cÖwZwU avc mwVKfv„e cÖYxZ n„q„Q wKbv| hw`
ƒKvbi€c aiv c„o Z„e cybivq mgMÖ PµwU m¤úbœ Ki„Z nq|
ûBjv„ii wkÿvµg Dbœqb g„WjwU eËvKvi| Gi cÖavb Ae`vb n„jv wZwb wkÿvµ„gi wewfbœ avc¸„jvi cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK©„K ¸iæZ¡ w`„q„Qb| wZwb me©cÖ_g mKj avc„K ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³fv„e Ges wkÿvµg cÖYqb„K GKwU avievwnK
cÖwµqv wn„m„e ƒ`„L„Qb| Gi d„j wkÿvµ„g wewfbœ av„ci KvR cքqvR„b GKmv„_ Kivi my„hvM i„q„Q| ƒhgb- jÿ¨
I D„Ïk¨ wba©vi„Yi mv„_B wkLb AwfÁZv wba©vi„Yi KvR Kiv hv„e| Avevi hLb welqe¯Š wba©viY I web¨vm Kiv n„e
GKBmv„_ GwU cvV`vb c×wZi m¤ú„K©I wPšÍv Ki„Z cv„i|
77
wbKjm g‡Wj
nvIqvW© wbKjm 1978 wLª÷v„ã wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi Rb¨ GKwU eËvKvi g„Wj D¯‹vcb K„ib| wkÿvµg cÖwµqvi G
eËvKvi g„W„j GKwU bZzb Dcv`vb ms„hvwRZ n„q„Q hvi bvg Ôev¯Íe Ae¯‹v we„kølYÕ| hv„`i Rb¨ bZzb wkÿvµg cÖYqb
ev cwigvR©b Kiv n„e Zv„`i Pvwn`v,mvgvwRK I Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯‹v Ges ƒcÖÿvcU we„kølY„KB GLv„b ev¯Íe Ae¯‹v we„kølY
ƒevSv„bv n„q„Q| Gi A_© n„”Q ƒh mgv„R wkÿvµg ev¯Íevqb n„e Zvi ev¯Íe cwi„ek we„kølY I wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v„K
¸iæZ¡ w`„q wkÿvµg cÖYqb Kivi K_v ejv n„q„Q| wnjWv Zvevi g„W„jI GKBfv„e wkÿv_x©i Pvwn`v wbi€c„Yi wel„q
cÖvavb¨ ƒ`Iqv n„q„Q| Gw`K ƒ_„K ejv hvq wbKjm g„WjwU ƒh‡w³K ƒK‡kj Aej¤^b K„i wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi Dci
¸iæZ¡ ƒ`Iqv n„q„Q| Gi cuvPwU Dcv`vb i„q„Q-

1.ev¯Íe Ae¯‹v we„kølY

5. g~j¨vqb
2. D„Ïk¨ wbe©vPb

4.welqe¯Š wbe©vPb I msMVb 3. welqe¯Š wbe©vPb I msMVb

wPÎ 4: wbKjm g„Wj

ev¯Íe Ae¯‹v we„kølY wkÿv_©xi wbR cwi„ek m¤ú„K© Rvbvi my„hvM ƒ`q| Gi Dci wfwË K„i wkÿvµg cÖYqb Ki„j Zv
Rxeb Nwbô nq|
gy‡ii wcÖ›U g‡Wj
eZ©gv„b e¨eüZ wkÿvµg Dbœqb cÖwµqvi mv„_ Gi wgj i„q„Q| KviY GwU GKB mv„_ wkÿvµg Dbœqb I ev¯Íevqb
cÖwµqv wb„q KvR K„i| wKšŠ c~e©eZx© g„Wj¸„jv„Z ƒKejgvÎ wkÿvµg Dbœqb„K ¸iæZ¡ ƒ`Iqv n„q„Q| gy„ii g„W„j
wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi mKj KvR„K wZbwU mywbw`©ó Phase/ch©v„q fvM Kiv n„q„Q|
1. msMVb (oranization)
2. Dbœqb (development)
3. cքqvM/ev¯Íevqb (application)
1| msMVb: G ch©v„q hviv wkÿvµg cÖYqb Ki„eb Zv„`i Kv„Ri Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb¸„jvi wbqš¿„Yi Dci
¸iæZ¡ ƒ`Iqv n„q„Q| wZbfv„e Zv Kiv hvq| ƒhgb-
K) wkÿvµg cÖYqb KwgwU„Z cÖvmw½K AwfÁZvm¤úbœ ƒjvK wb„q MVb Ki„Z n„e|
L) m`m¨„`i wkÿvi wfwËMZ Ávb I wkÿvµg Ges wkÿvµg g„Wj m¤ú„K© aviYv _vK„Z n„e|
M) Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb hv wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi mv„_ mivmwi m¤úwK©Z bq wKšŠ wkÿvµg cքYZvi KvR„K cÖfvweZ Ki„e
ƒm w`K¸„jv h_vm¤¢e wbwðZ Ki„Z n„e| ƒhgb- wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨ m¤ú„K© RvZxq bxwZ, mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vm
BZ¨vw` m¤ú„K© aviYv _vK„Z n„e|
2| Dbœqb: G ch©v„q h_vh_ avc AbymiY K„i wkÿvµg cÖYqb Kiv (ev¯Íe Ae¯‹v we„kølY, jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨ wbe©vPb,
welqe¯Š wbe©vPb, wkLb Kvh©µg, g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw`)
78
3| ev¯Íevqb: wkÿvµg„K Kv„h© cwiYZ Kiv (ev¯Íevqb, cwiexÿY, g~j¨vqb)

Aim,goal
Ges D„Ïk©

ev¯Íe Ae¯‹v
welqe¯Š
we„kølY

wkÿvµ„gi cÖfveK
ev¯Íevqb Ges ms„kvab

wkLb g~j© vqb wkLb KvR

cwiexÿY Ges djveZ©b

wkÿvµg g~j© vqb

ch©vq-1 ch©vq-2 ch©vq-3

msMVb Dbœqb ev¯Íevqb

wPÎ 5: gy‡ii wcª›U wkÿvµg g‡Wj

BD‡b‡¯‥vi wkÿvµg Dbœqb g‡Wj

BD„b„¯ˆvi KZ‚©K D™¢vweZ wkÿvµg Dbœqb ZË¡ wn„m„e cwiMwYZ bv n„jI Gi eûj e¨envi i„q„Q| wb„P BD„b„¯ˆvi
wkÿvµg Dbœqb ƒK‡k„ji avc¸„jv Dc¯‹vcb Kiv nj-

wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ wkLb AwfÁZv wkLb mvgMÖx wkÿvµ„gi

wba©viY wbe©vPb I msMVb iPbv ¸YMZ gvb
wbqš¿Y

wPÎ 6 : BD‡b‡¯‥vi wkÿvµg Dbœqb †K․kj

e¯ŠZ BD„b„¯ˆv wkÿvµg Dbœqb ƒK‡k„ji PviwU avc i„q„Q| G¸„jv n„”Q-
 wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ wba©viY
 wkLb AwfÁZv wbe©vPb I msMVb
 wkLb mvgMÖx iPbv
 wkÿvµ„gi ¸YMZ gvb wbqš¿Y|
79
IqvKvi ¯^vfvweK g‡Wj
1971 wLª÷v„ã IqvKvi (D.F.Walker) wkÿvµg Dbœqb msµvšÍ GKwU g„Wj cÖ¯vÍ e K„ib| ev¯ÍZ ƒÿ„Î GKwU
wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi Rb¨ G g„W„ji avc¸„jv ƒek Kvh©Ki e„j MY¨ nq| wb„Pi wP„Î g„WjwU Dc¯‹vcb Kiv nj-

wek¦vm ZË¡ gZev` jÿ¨ gZvgZ aviYv

cøvUdg© (Platform) (ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ‡Z

cÖ‡qvM Kiv: hyw³ Dc¯’vcb, MÖnY,wemR©b,
cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b)

‡Wwjev‡imb
(Deliberation)

wkÿvµg wWRvBb
(wewfbœ Ask m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ MÖnY)

wPÎ 7: IqvKvi ¯^vfvweK g‡Wj

IqvKv„ii g„WjwU MwZkxj Ges interactive| G ZË¡ Abyhvqx wkÿvµg cÖYqb cy„ivcywi avivevwnK I †iwLK cÖwµqvq
m¤úbœ nq bv| eis G KvRwU wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi ƒh ƒKvb ch©vq ƒ_„K Ges ƒh ƒKvb direction-G m¤úbœ n„Z cv„i|
cÖK‚Zc„ÿ GKRb wkÿvµg cքYZv wkÿvµg P~ov„šÍi ƒh ƒKvb Ask wb„q hZ evi cքqvRb KvR Ki„Z cv„ib|
IqvKv„ii g„Z wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi KvRwU ƒcÖmwµckb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ Kiv m¤¢eI bq| Zuvi g„Z wZbwU cÖavb
chv©q/av„c g~jZ wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi KvRwU m¤úbœ nq| wb„P G m¤ú„K© Av„jvPbv Kiv n„jv-
1| cøvUdg© ch©vq: G ch©v„q wkÿvµg cքYZvMY wkÿvµgwU Kx ai„bi nIqv DwPZ ƒm m¤ú„K© wb„Ri aviYv, gZv`k©,
wek¦vm, g~j¨„eva, gZvgZ, jÿ¨ BZ¨vw` cÖ`vb K„ib|
2| †Wwjev‡imb ch©vq: G ch©v„q AskMÖnYKvix mK„ji g„a¨ cvi¯úwiK Av„jvPbv nq| mK„j wb„Ri gZvgZ/aviYv
cÖwZwôZ Ki„Z Pvq, ms„kvab K„i Ges Kxfv„e wkÿvµg Dbœqb Ki„e ƒm m¤ú„K© HK¨g„Z ƒc‡uQvq| G Av„jvPbvq
ƒKvb wbw`©ó dg~©jv AbymiY Kiv nq bv| Z„e wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi m„e©vËg DcvqwU Lyu„R ƒei Kiv nq|
3| wWRvBb ch©vq: G ch©v„q wkÿvµ„gi wewfbœ Ask m¤ú„K© wm×všÍ MnxZ nq Ges Zv wkÿvµ„g wjwLZ AvKv„i
wjwce× Kiv nq|

4.4 : RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 : jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨, •ewkó¨

f~wgKv I KvVv‡gv
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 Dbœq„bi Rb¨ ƒh welq¸„jvPvwjKvkw³ wn„m„e KvR K„i„Q ƒm¸„jv nj-
 1995 wLª÷v„ã gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿvµg cwigvR©b Kiv n„qwQj BwZg„a¨ 17wU eQi cvi n„q„Q|
 2010 wLª÷v„ã ƒ`„k RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖewZ©Z n„q„Q| G wkÿvbxwZ ƒ`„k wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq jÿ¨Yxq cwieZ©b
m~wPZ n„q„Q| ƒm¸„jv wkÿve¨e¯‹vq AšÍf©³ Kiv Acwinvh© n„q c„o„Q|
80
  2012 wLª÷v„ã gva¨wgK ¯Í„i eZg©v„b Gi cÖmvwiZ n„q Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ cwie¨ßx jvf K„iQ|
 gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿvµ„gi KvVv„gvMZ wel„qi aviYvI cwie¨vwß N„U„Q| ƒhgb- K) bZzb welq Ôevsjv„`k I
wek¦cwiPqÕ, L) evsjv„`„ki BwZnvm I wek¦ mf¨Zv,M) ƒc‡ibxwZ I bvMwiKZv, N) f~„Mvj I cwi„ek G¸„jv
m¤ú„K© Avgv„`i cÖPwjZ wPšÍvfvebvi bZzb welqe¯Š m¤ú„K© Rvb„Z n„e|


lô-Øv`k †kÖwYi wkÿvi cwiewZ©Z jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨: 2012 mv‡j wba©vwiZ jÿ¨
K. jÿ¨
wkÿv_x©i mvwe©K weKv„ki gva¨„g gvbweK,mvgvwRK I …bwZK ¸Ym¤úbœ Ávbx, `ÿ, hyw³ev`x I mRbkxj ƒ`k„cÖwgK Rb
m¤ú` mwó|
L. D‡Ïk¨
1) wkÿv_x©i myß cÖwZfv I m¤¢vebv weKv„ki gva¨„g mRbkxjZv, Kíbv I AbymwÜrmv ewׄZ mnvqZv Kiv|
2) wkÿv_x©i gv„a¨ gvbweK ¸Yvewj ƒhgb- …bwZK g~j¨„eva,mZZv,Aa¨emvq,mwnòzZv,k•Ljv,AvZ¥wek¦vm, m`vPvi,
A„b¨i cÖwZ kÖ×v„eva, bv›`wbKZv„eva, ƒm‡nv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© I b¨vqwePvi„eva my`pfv„e MÖwš‹Z Kiv|
3) gnvb fvlv Av„›`vjb, gyw³hy„×i ƒPZbv I Amv¤úª`vwqK g~j¨„ev„ai Av„jv„K wkÿv_x©i g„a¨ ƒ`k„cÖg, RvZxqZv„eva
I MYZvwš¿K g~j¨„eva RvMÖZ Kiv Ges m¤¢vebvgq bvMwiK wn„m„e ƒe„o DV„Z mnvqZv Kiv|
4) wkÿv_x©i g„a¨ evsjv„`k m¤ú„K© mymsnZ Áv„bi wfZ iPbv Z_v Gi BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯ˆ‚wZ, Av_©-mvgvwRK I
MYZvwš¿K ivR†bwZKPP©vi cÖwZ AvMÖn I ƒhvM¨Zv mwói gva¨„g †ewk¦K ƒcÖÿvc„U ƒ`„ki cÖMÖwZ I Dbœq„b Ave`vb ivL„Z
mÿg K„i M„o ƒZvjv|
5) kքgi gh©v`v, Kv„Ri Af¨vm I KvR Ki„Z AvMÖnx nIqvi cÖwZ BZevPK g„bvfve weKwkZ Kiv hv„Z wkÿv_©x
e¨w³MZ Ges `jMZ Dfq ai„bi KvR m¤úv`„b …bwZKZv I `vwqZ¡kxjZvi cwiPq w`„Z cv„i|
6) mKj ƒÿ„Î Kvh©Ki ƒhvMv„hvM iÿvq wkÿv_x©i cÖwgZ evsjv fvlvi `ÿZv my`p I mymsnZ Kiv Ges wbqwgZ cwiPq
w`„Z cv„i|
7) evsjv mvwn„Z¨i AšÍwb©wnZ bv›`wbK ƒm‡›`h©, k•Ljv Ges mL¨ Dc„fvM I D`NvU„b wkÿv_x©i ƒhvM¨Zv weKwkZ Kiv|
8) AvaywbK Kg©„ÿ„Î, D”Pwkÿvmn mKj ƒÿ„Î Kvh©Ki ƒhvMv„hv„Mi cքqvR„b Bs„iwR fvlvi ƒg‡wjK `ÿZvmg~n
AR©„bi gva¨„g MwY„Zi cÖv„qvwMK `ÿZv weKwkZ Kiv|
9) wkÿv_x©„K MvwYwZK hyw³, c×wZ I `ÿZvi mv„_ cwiwPZ Kiv„bv Ges RxebNwbô I we„k¦i cvwicvwk¦K mgm¨v
mgvav„bi Rb¨ MwY„Zi cÖv„qvwMK `ÿZv weKwkZ Kiv|
10) wkÿv_x©„K cÖhyw³i cÖwZ AvMÖnx K„i ƒZvjv Ges Z_¨ I ƒhvMv„hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env„i AvZ¥wek¦vmx, Drcv`bkxj Ges
mRbkxj wn„m„e †Zwi Kiv|
11) wkÿv_x© hv„Z Rxebgvb Dbœq„bi Rb¨ RxebNwbô wewfbœ mgm¨v AbymÜvb I mgvav„b …eÁvwbK cÖwµqv I c×wZ
cքqvM Ki„Z cv„i ƒm j„ÿ¨ …eÁvwbK `wófw½ I ƒhvM¨Zv AR©„b mnvqZv Kiv|
12) ƒ`„k Ges ewn©we„k¦i cÖvK‚wZK I mvgvwRK cwi„ek Ges Rjevqy cwieZ©„bi Dci ¸iæZ¡v„ivc K„i cwi„ekMZ
Dcv`vb m¤ú„K© wkÿv_x©„`i cwiwPZ Kiv| GKB mv„_ mswkøó mK„ji Kj¨v„Yi Rb¨ H mKj Dcv`vb„K wbqš¿Y I
e¨envi Kivi ƒhvM¨Zv AR©„b mnvqZv Kiv|
13) Lv`¨ I cywó, kvixwiK mÿgZv, ƒivM-e¨vwa, cÖRbb ¯^v¯‹¨ Ges e¨w³MZ wbivcËv BZ¨vw`i Dci ¸iæZ¡v„ivc K„i
wkÿv_©x„K ¯^v¯‹¨m¤§Z Rxebhvc„bi cքqvRbxq Ávb, Rxeb `ÿZv I `wófw½ AR©„b mnvqZv Kiv|
14) wkÿv_x©i g„b wbR wbR agx©q wek¦vm I g~j¨„eva RvMÖZ Kivi cvkvcvwk Ab¨ ag© I agv©ej¤^x„`i cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj n„Z
mnqZv Kiv|
15) wkÿv_x©i g„a¨ evOvwj Ges ÿz`ª RvwZ-„Mvôxi bvix-cyiæl, eY©, ƒMvÎ, fvlv, ms¯ˆ‚wZ, wewfbœ ƒkÖwY I ƒckvi gvby„li
cÖwZ åvZ‚Z¡ I kÖ×v„eva mwó Kiv|
81
16)wkÿv_x©i …`wnK I gvbwmK weKv„ki j„ÿ¨ mnwkÿvµwgK Kvh©vewj-„Ljvayjv, kixiPP©v, mvs¯ˆ‚wZK Kg©KvÛ, Pviæ I
KviæKjv Abykxj„bi wbqwgZ Af¨vm M„o ƒZvjv|
17) Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq AvMÖnx I ƒhvM¨ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv_x©i e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Rxeb, AvaywbK Kg©„ÿÎ Ges ¯^-
Kg©ms¯‹v„bi Rb¨ cքqvRbxq Ávb, `ÿZv I `wófw½ my`p Kiv|
18) mn„hvMxZvg~jK KvR Kivi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xi ƒbZ‚Z¡, mn„hvwMZv I ƒhvMv„hvM `ÿZv weKv„k mÿg Kiv|

RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 Gi •ewkó¨

 ÔRvZxq wkÿvµg 2012Õ Gi jÿ¨ n„”Q 6ô ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ evsjv„`„ki wkÿv_x©„`i mvwe©K weKv„ki
gva¨„g gvbwmK, mvgvwRK I †bwZK ¸Ym¤úbœ Ávbx, `ÿ, hyw³ev`x, mRbkxj ƒ`k„cÖwgK Rbm¤ú„` cwiYZ
Kiv|
 fvlv Av„›`vjb I gyw³hy„×i ƒPZbv Ges Amv¤úª`vwqK ƒPZbv weKv„ki gva¨„g ƒ`kvZ¥„eva I RvZxq HK¨
weKv„ki Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K„i me¸„jv wel„qi wkÿvµg wWRvBb Kiv n„q„Q|
 mvaviY wkÿv I gv`ªvmv wkÿvq lô ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ GKgyLx I Awfbœ ƒKvi wel„qi cÖeZ©b Kiv n„q„Q|
 lô-Øv`k ƒkÖwYi wkÿvi D„Ïk¨ I welqwfwËK wkLbdj wWRvB„b wkL„bi wZbwU ƒÿ„Îi (ÁvbeËxq,
g„bv„ckxR Ges Av„eMxq) g„a¨ mgš^q Kiv n„q„Q| G„Z wkÿv_x©i wPšÍb,†`wnK, gvbwmK Ges Aa¨vwZ¥K
weKvk fvimvg¨c~Y© n„e|
 wkÿv eQ„ii Kg©w`e„mi msL¨v Abyhvqx cÖwZwU wel„qi wkLbdj I welqe¯Š wWRvBb Kiv n„q„Q| G„Z
welqe¯Ši fvi Ges K¬vk msL¨v cÖvmw½Kfv„e mymvgÄm¨ n„q„Q|
 wkÿv_x©„Kw›`K wkLb-ƒkLv„bv c×wZ I ƒK‡kj e¨env„ii mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q| MZvbyMwZK gyL¯‹ Kivi
cÖeYZv„K wbiærmvwnZ Kiv n„q„Q| Kvh©µgwfwËK wkLb-„kLv„bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q hv
wkÿv_x©i mRbkxj cÖkœ-c×wZi cixÿv cÖ¯wŠ Z„Z mnqZv Ki„e|
 gvZ‚fvlv evsjv Ges AvšÍRv©wZK fvlv Bs„iwR wkÿvq welqe¯Š gyL¯‹ Kivi cwie„Z© ƒkvbv, ejv, cov I ƒjLv-G
PviwU `ÿZv ƒkÖwYK„ÿ Abykxj„bi gva¨„g ƒkLvi my„hvM mwó Ges AwR©Z `ÿZv g~j¨vq„bi c×wZ cÖeZ©b Kiv
n„q„Q|
 lô ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ mKj avivi wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ Z_¨ I ƒhvMv„hvM cÖhyw³welqwU Avewk¨K welq wn„m„e
AšÍf³~© Kiv n„q„Q|
 beg-`kg ƒkÖwY„Z K¨vwiqvi wkÿv welqwU ms„hvRb Kiv n„q„Q hv wkÿv_x©„`i ƒckv I K¨vwiqvi wbe©vP„b
mvnvh¨ Ki„e|
 ZvwË¡K Áv„bi mv„_ Gi e¨envwiK Kvh©µ„gi m¤^bq Kiv n„q„Q| ƒhme wel„q e¨envwiK KvR Av„Q ƒm mKj
wel„qi ƒhLv„b e¨envwiK Kv„Ri wb„`©kbv Av„Q ƒmLv„b ZvwË¡K As„ki mv„_ e¨envwiK KvR ƒkl Ki„Z n„e|
Gi gva¨„g wkÿv_x© ZË¡ I e¨envwi„Ki g„a¨ m¤úK© Luy„R cv„e|
 ag© wkÿvi gva¨„g …bwZK wkÿvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av„ivc Kiv n„q„Q| ZvB me¸„jv ag© wkÿvi welq¸„jvi bvg
ag© I †bwZK wkÿv ivLv n„q„Q|
 e¨emvq wkÿv kvLv„K mg× Kiv n„q„Q| beg-`kg ƒkÖwY„Z wdb¨vÝ I e¨vswKs, GKv`k I Øv`k ƒkÖwY„Z
wdb¨vÝ I e¨vswKs Ges exgv welqwU„K AšÍf³ ~© Kiv n„q„Q|
 hy„Mi Pvwn`v Abymv„i wKQz welqe¯Š ƒhgb Rjevqy cwieZ©b, cÖRbb ¯^v¯‹¨ , Z_¨ AwaKvi, AwURg BZ¨vw` wewfbœ
wel„q AšÍf©~³ Kiv n„q„Q|
 wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi mvgwqK cixÿvi msL¨v 3wU n„Z Kwg„q 2wU Kiv n„q„Q| G„Z wkÿv cÖwZôvb cvVKvh©µg
cwiPvjbvq 12wU Kg©w`em ƒewk cv„”Q|
 wkÿv cÖwZôvb ch©v„q K¬vk wcwiq„Wi e¨vwß 50 wgwbU Ges K„jR ch©v„q K¬vk wcwiq„Wi e¨vwß60 wgwbU Kiv
n„q„Q|
82
welq KvVv‡gv
K. lô †_‡K Aóg †kÖwYi welq KvVv‡gv, b¤^i I mgq eÈb
mKj avivi Avewk¨K welq cixÿvi mgq eÈb
(mvaviY wkÿv, gv`ªvmv wkÿv I Bs‡iwR wkÿv aviv) b¤^i (K¬vm wcwiqW)
mvßvwnK mvgwqK evwl©K
1. evsjv 150 5 87 174
2. Bs„iwR 150 5 87 174
3. MwYZ 100 4 70 140
4. evsjv„`k I wek¦cwiPq 100 3 53 106
5. weÁvb 100 4 70 140
6. Z_¨ I ƒhvMv„hvM cÖhyw³ 50 2 35 70

‡gvU 650 23 402 804

mvaviY wkÿv avivi Avewk¨K welq
7. ag© I …bwZK wkÿv:Bmjvg I …bwZK wkÿv/wn›`yag© I …bwZK 100 3 53 106
wkÿv/wLªóag© I †bwZK wkÿv/„e‡×ag© I …bwZK wkÿv
kvixwiK wkÿv I ¯^v¯‹¨
8. Kg© I RxebgyLx wkÿv 50 2 35 70
9. Pviæ I KviæKjv 50 2 35 70
10. 50 2 35 70
‡gvU 250 9 158 316
mvaviY avivi Hw”QK welq(GKwU ƒbIqv hv„e)
11. ÿz`ª b„Mvôxi fvlv I ms¯ˆ‚wZ/K‚wl 100 2 35 70
wkÿv/Mvn©¯‹¨weÁvb/Aviwe/ms¯ˆ‚Z/cvwj/msMxZ/bZ¨/bvU¨Kjv
me©‡gvU 1000 34 595 1190

`ªóe¨.
 cÖ_g wcwiq„Wi e¨vwß 60wgwbU I Ab¨vb¨ wcwiq„Wi e¨vwß 50 wgwbU|
 kwbevi ƒ_„K eyaevi cÖwZw`b 6wcwiqW Ges en®úwZevi 4wcwiqW|
 †`wbK cÖviw¤¢K mgv„ek (assembly) Gi ƒgqv` 15wgwbU Ges 3q wcwiqW ci ga¨vý weiwZ 45wgwbU
 `yB wkd„U cwiPvwjZ cÖwZôv„b me ƒÿ„Î 5wgwbU K„i mgq Kg n„e Ges ga¨vý weiwZ 15 wgwbU|

83
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012-Gi welq KvVv‡gv
L. beg-`kg †kÖwYi welq KvVv‡gv, b¤^i, mgq eÈb
wel‡qi welq cixÿvi mgq eÈb
aib b¤^i (K¬vm wcwiqW)
mvßvwnK mvgwqK evwl©K
Avewk¨K 1.evsjv 200 5 80 160
2.Bs„iwR 200 5 80 160
3.MwYZ 100 4 64 128
4.ag© I …bwZK wkÿv:(Bmjvg I …bwZK wkÿv/wn›`yag© I 100 2 32 64
…bwZK wkÿv/ wLªóag© I †bwZK wkÿv/„e‡×ag© I …bwZK wkÿv)
5.Z_¨ I ƒhvMv„hvM cÖhyw³ 50 2 32 64
6.K¨vwiqvi wkÿv 50 1 16 32
7.kvixwiK wkÿv,¯^v¯‹¨ weÁvb I ƒLjvayjv 100 2 32 64
me©‡gvU= 800 21 336 672
kvLvwfwËK welq
weÁvb 8.c`v_© weÁvb 100 3 48 96
kvLvi 9.imvqb 100 3 48 96
Rb¨ 10.RxeweÁvb/D”PZi MwYZ 100 3 48 96
Avewk¨
K welq 11.evsjv„`k I wek¦cwiPq 100 3 48 96
weÁvbkv 12.RxeweÁvb/D”PZi MwYZ/ÿz`ª b-„Mvôxi fvlv I ms¯ˆ‚wZ, 100 3 48 96
Lvi K‚wlwkÿv/Mvn©¯‹¨weÁvb/f~„Mvj I cwi„ek/Pviæ I KviæKjv/
Hw”QKwe msMxZ/„ewmK ƒUªW/kvixwiK wkÿv I µxov
ql
(GKwU me©‡gvU= 1300 36 576 1152
ƒbIqv
hv„e)
e¨emvq 13.e¨emvq D„`¨vM 100 3 48 96
kvLvi 14.wnmveweÁvb 100 3 48 96
Avewk¨ 15.wdb¨vÝ I e¨vswKs 100 3 48 96
K welq 16.weÁvb 100 3 48 96
e¨emvq 17.f~„MvjIcwi„ek/evsjv„`k I wek¦cwiPq/K‚wlwkÿv/Mvn©¯¨‹ 100 3 48 96
wkÿv weÁvb /ÿz`ªb-„Mvôxi fvlv I ms¯ˆ‚wZ/Pviæ I KviæKjv/msMxZ/
kvLvi „emK ƒUªW
Hw”QK
welq me©‡gvU= 1300 36 576 1152
(GKwU
gvbweK
ƒbIqv 18.evsjv„`„ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv 100 3 48 96
kvLvi
hv„e) 19.f~„Mvj I cwi„ek 100 3 48 96
Rb¨
Avewk¨ 20.A_©bxwZ/„c‡ibxwZ I bvMwiKZv 100 3 48 96
K welq 21.weÁvb 100 3 48 96
gvbweK 22.A_©bxwZ/„c‡ibxwZI bvMwiKZv/PviæI KviæKjv/K‚wlwkÿv/ 100 3 48 96
kvLvi Mvn©¯‹¨weÁvb/ÿz`ªb-ƒMvôxi fvlvI ms¯ˆ‚wZ/Aviwe/ms¯ˆ‚Z/cvwj/
Hw”QK
welq(G msMxZ/„ewmK ƒUªW/kvixwiK wkÿv I µxov
KwU ƒbqv me©‡gvU= 1300 36 576 1152
hv„e)

84
M. GKv`k I Øv`k †kÖwYi welq KvVv‡gv: mKj kvLvi Rb¨ Avewk¨K welq
1.evsjv 2.Bs‡iwR 3.Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

kvLv kvLvwfwËK Avewk¨K welq kvLvwfwËK Hw”QK welq ( GKwU †bIqv hv‡e)
4. c`v_©weÁvb 7. (K) RxeweÁvb (L) D”PZi MwYZ (M) K‚wlwkÿv (N) Mvn©¯‹¨ weÁvb
5. imvqb (O) g„bvweÁvb (P) cwimsL¨vb (Q) gwËKv weÁvb (T) cքK‡kj
6. RxeweÁvb AsKb I IqvK©kc cÖvKwUm (S) µxov
gvbweK ƒh ƒKvb 3wU welq 10. (K) BwZnvm (L) Bmjv„gi BwZnvm I ms¯ˆwZ (M)
4. BwZnvm/Bmjv„gi BwZnvm I ms¯ˆ‚wZ ƒc‡ibxwZ I mykvmb (N) A_©bxwZ (O) mgvRweÁvb (P) mgvRKg©
5. ƒc‡ibxwZ I mykvmb (Q) f~„Mvj (R) hyw³we`¨v (S) K‚wlwkÿv (T) Mvn©¯¨‹ weÁvb (U)
g„bvweÁvb (V) cwimsL¨vb (W) Pviæ I KviæKjv (X) bvU¨Kjv
6. A_©bxwZ
(Y) mgiwe`¨v (Z) jNy msMxZ (_) D”PZi MwYZ (`)
7. mgvRweÁvb/mgvRKg©
Aviex/ms¯ˆ‚Z/cvwj (a) Bmjvg wkÿv (b) µxov
8. f~„Mvj
9. hyw³we`¨v
e¨emvq 4. e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯‹vcbv 7. (K) wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I exgv (L) Drcv`b e¨e¯‹vcbv I
wkÿv 5. wnmveweÁvb wecbb (M) A_©bxwZ (N) cwimsL¨vb (O) Mvn©¯¨‹ weÁvb (P)
6. wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I K‚wlwkÿv (Q) f~„Mvj
exgv/Drcv`vb e¨e¯‹vcbv I wecbb (R) mvwPwe` we`¨v I Awdm e¨e¯‹vcbv (2015-2016 wkÿvel© ch©šÍ)
Bmjv„gi 4. Bmjvg wkÿv 7.(K) mgvRweÁvb (L) mgvRKg© (M) K‚wlwkÿv (N)
BwZnvm 5. Bmjv„gi BwZnvm I ms¯ˆ‚wZ Mvn©¯‹¨weÁvb (O) g„bvweÁvb (P) hyw³we`¨v (Q) f~„Mvj (R)
6. Aviwe A_©bxwZ
Mvn©¯‹¨weÁ 4. wkïi weKvk 7. (K) wkíKjv I e¯¿ cwi”Q` (L) g„bvweÁvb (M) A_©bxwZ (N)
vb 5. Lv`¨ I cywó mgvRweÁvb (O) mgvRKg© (P) f~„Mvj
6. Mn e¨e¯‹vcbv I cvwievwiK Rxeb
msMxZ 4.jNy msMxZ 7. (K) A_©bxwZ (L) ƒc‡ibxwZ I mykvmb (M) g„bvweÁvb (N)
5.D”Pv½ msMxZ hyw³we`¨v (O) Mvn©¯‹¨weÁvb (P) mgvRweÁvb (Q) mgvRKg©
6. A_©bxwZ/„c‡ibxwZ I mykvmb BwZnvm

4.5 : wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY I ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv

wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY Kvh©µg
wkÿvµg hZB DËg nDK bv ƒKb, ev¯Íevq„b µwUi Rb¨ A„bK mgq Zv AvswkK ev m¤ú~Yi€„c e¨_©Zvi ch©ewmZ nq|
GQvov wkÿvµg Dbœqb A„cÿv wkÿvµg ev¯Íevqb GKwU RwUj KvR| KviY wkÿvµg ev¯Íevq„b nvRvi nvRvi ¯ˆzj,
QvÎ, wkÿK, mycvifvBRvi, wkÿK cÖwkÿK, wkÿv cÖkvmK m¤ú³ _v„K| ZvB wkÿvµg ev¯Íevq„b mKj„K m¤ú³ K„i
wek` I e¨vcK cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges Z`vbymv„i we¯Íi„Yi e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z n„e| wkÿvµg ev¯ÍevqbKv„j cքqvRbxq
ƒhvMv„bi Awbqg n„j ev¯Íevqb Kvh©µ„gi MwZ wewNœZ nq| ƒmRb¨ ev¯Íevqb ïiæ Kivi Av„M cքqvRbxq DcKiY, ƒf‡Z
my„hvM myweav, Rbej, Avw_©K ms„køl wbwðZ Ki„Z n„e|
wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY Kvh©µg myôzfv„e cwiPvjbvi D„Ï„k¨, cքqvRbxq cÖwkÿY mvgMÖx, we¯ÍiY cwiKíbv, PvKzwiKvjxb I
PvKzwic~e©, we¯ÍiY Kvh©µg cwiexÿY I we¯ÍiY DËi Kvh©µg, ¸YMZgvb wbqš¿Y e¨e¯‹v, cybiveZ©b BZ¨vw` m¤ú„K© c~„e©B
aviYv K„i w`„Z nq|
85
wkÿvµg we¯Íi‡Yi D‡Ïk¨
cwigvwR©Z ev bevqbK‚Z wkÿvµg we¯Íi„Yi gva¨„g ƒh D„Ïk¨¸„jv AwR©Z n„e ƒm¸„jv„K mevi Av„M wPwýZ Ki„Z
nq| D„Ïk¨¸„jv n„”Q-
K) wkLb AwfÁZvi gva¨„g wkÿv_x©i cÖZ¨vwkZ AvPiY Rvbv I ƒevSv| ƒhgb- GKwU KweZv cvV K„i wkÿv_x© ï×
D”Pvi„Y Zv AvewË Ki„Z cvi„eb| MwY„Z ÔfMœvskÕ Abykxj„bi ci GKwU e¯Š I Zvi Ask we„k„li m¤úK© wbY©q Ki„Z cvi„eb|
L) bZzb wkLb mvgMÖxi …ewkó¨ I e¨envi ƒK‡kj Rvbv, ƒkÖwY cvV`v„b ƒm¸„jv e¨env„ii `ÿZv AR©b, ev¯Íevq„bi bxwZ
I ƒK‡kj Rvbv, ƒkÖwY msMVb I bZzb welqe¯Š e¨env„ii Rb¨ cքqvRbxq DcKiY wPwýZ Ki„Z cvi„eb|
M) wkÿv_x©i wkLb AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb Kiv| avivevwnK I P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb wkLb AMÖMwZ e¨vL¨v Ki„Z cvi„eb|
N) bZzb wkÿvµ„gi Av„jv„K wkÿK cÖwkÿY (Kg©Kvjxb I Kg©c~e©), wkÿvµg cwigvR©b, wkLb mvgMÖx cÖYqb, bZzb
ms„hvRb, Kg© m¤úv`„bi beZi ƒK‡kj, bZzb cvV¨cy¯ÍK e¨envi wewa BZ¨vw` ej„Z cvi„eb|
O) cÖwkÿ„Yi c„i wbR wbR `vwqZ¡ m¤^„Ü AeMZ nIqv Ges ƒm Abymv„i cieZx©Kv„j wbR KZ©e¨ I `vwqZ¡ wbôvi mv„_
cvjb Ki„Z cvi„eb|
wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY Kvh©µ„gi AvIZvq mKj jÿ¨`„ji (Target group) Rb¨ GK ai„bi cÖwkÿY mvgMÖx cÖYqb wVK
bqG KviY wewfbœ jÿ¨`„ji `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v n„q _v„K| wkÿvµg cwigvR©b ƒK‡kj, mvaviY D„Ïk¨,
cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg, jÿ¨`j BZ¨vw` m¤ú„K© wkÿvµg ev¯Íevqb mswkøó mKj„K Rvb„Z nq| Gw`K wePvi Ki„j wkÿvµg
we¯Íi„Y wb„qvwRZ mK„ji Rb¨ cÖwkÿY mvgMÖx wn„m„e wb„¤œv³¸„jv wPwýZ Kiv ƒh„Z cv„i|
cÖwkÿY mvgMÖx
 cÖwkÿY wb„`©wkKv
 wkÿK wb„`©wkKv
 wkÿvµ„gi Kv„Vv„gvi AvIZvfz³ welqmg~n
 cÖwkÿY Kvh©µ„giwek` cwiKíbv
 wkÿvµg we¯Íi„Y mswkøó mK„ji `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨
 g~j¨vqb ƒK‡kj
 AbymviK Kvh©µg
 mswkøó wel„qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK
 wkÿv DcKiY
 cÖwkÿY wfwWI/mnvqK DcKiY I ƒhvMvb|


jÿ¨`‡ji aviYv
wkÿvµg we¯Íi„Yi mv„_ mswkøó wewfbœ jÿ¨`j m¤ú³ _v„Kb, `„ji ƒK Kx `vwqZ¡ cvjb K„ib, Kvi mswkøóZv KZUzKz I
Kxfv„e G `vwqZ¡ Zvi Dci eZ¨vq Ges cÖwkÿY ƒK‡kj, e¨vßxKvj cÖf‚wZ wba©viY Kiv n„q _v„K| wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY
jÿ¨`„j huviv m¤ú³ _v„Kb Zvuiv n„jb-
1) DaŸ©Zb wkÿvbxwZ wba©viK, wkÿv cÖkvmK, wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcK, wkÿv cwiKíbvwe`, `vZv ms¯‹vi mswkøó Kg©KZ©v, A_© I
Avqb-e¨qb Kg©KZ©v, m¤^qKvixe›`„K we¯ÍiY Kvh©µg m¤ú„K© ÁvZ Kiv„bvi Rb¨ ¯^í„gqvw` cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv | G
cÖwkÿY nq cwiwPwZg~jK Ges Zv ƒKw›`ªqfv„e AbywôZ n„Z cv„i| wkÿvµg we„klÁ I wkÿvµg cÖYqbKvix ms¯‹vi
Kg©KZvMY GB cÖwkÿY cwiKíbv I cwiPvjbv Ki„eb| we¯ÍiY bxwZ I ƒK‡kj, Kg©KZ©v„`i KiYxq BZ¨vw` wbeÜ
Dc¯‹vc„b I Av„jvPbvi gva¨„g cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|
2) RvZxq chv©„qi cÖwkÿKe›`„K `xN©„gqvw` cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kivi gva¨„g we¯ÍiY Kvh©µ„gi m~Pbv Kiv nq| `xN©„gqvw`
cÖwkÿ„Y wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY m¤ú„K© wek` Av„jvPbv, e¨vL¨v, I e¨envwiK Kvh©vewji e¨e¯‹v _v„K| e¨envwiK Kvh©vewji
g„a¨ cÖ`k©bx cvV, Abykxjbx cvV`vb BZ¨vw` AšÍf~³© _v„K| wkÿvµg we„klÁ I DaŸ©Zb cÖwkÿKMY G ai„b cÖwkÿY
cwiPvjbv K„i _v„Kb|
3) g~L¨, gvV I ¯‹vbxq ch©v„qi cÖwkÿKe„›`i Rb¨ mvgbv mvgwb c×wZ„Z `xN©„gqvw` (Avjvc-Av„jvPbv, e¨vL¨v I nv„Z-
Kj„g Kg© m¤úv`b BZ¨vw`) cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

86
wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY cÖwkÿY cwiKíbv
„`ke¨vcx wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY cwiKíbvq mswkøó e¨w³e„M©i cÖwkÿ„Yi Rb¨ ch©vqµwgK I avivevwnK Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki„Z
nq| Ab¨_vq myôzfv„e mKj„K cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY welqK `xN©„gqvw` GKwU wek` cÖwkÿY
Kg© cwiKíbv wb„P Q„K Dc¯‹vcb Kiv nj-

cÖwkÿY cwiKíbv
†`ke¨vcx wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY cÖwkÿY cwiKíbv QK
cÖwkÿY ch©vq I cÖwkÿYv_x©i aib I msL¨v cÖwkÿY †K›`ª cÖwkÿK cÖwkÿY Kvj gšÍe¨
bvg
cÖ_gch©vq DaŸ©Zb wkÿvbxwZwba©viK, cÖkvmb, Dchy³ ¯‹vb wkÿvµg 1 w`b
wkÿv Kg©KZ©vM„Yi e¨e¯‹vcK,cwiKíbvwe`, Dbœqb I
cwiwPZ cÖwkÿY mgš^qKvix BZ¨vw` we¯ÍiY
(cքqvRbxq msL¨K) Kg©KZ©v
wØZxq ch©vq RvZxq ch©v„qi we„klÁ Dchy³ wewfbœ wkÿvµg 1-2 w`b 50 R„bi
RvZxq ch©v„qi (cքqvRbxq msL¨K wewfbœ ¯‹vb cÖYq„bi mv„_ ƒewk `„j
gv÷vi ƒUªbvi„`i `„j) mswkøó AskMÖnY
cÖwkÿY we„klÁ Ki„e bv|
Z‚Zxq ch©vq g~L¨, wU.Uwm/wcwUAvB wkÿv „`„ki wewfbœ RvZxq cÖwkÿY 50 R„bi
gvV I ¯‹vbxq mswkøó wewfbœ cÖwZôv„bi ¯‹v„b cքqvRbxq ch©v„qi mvgMÖx ƒewk `„j
ch©v„qi Abyl` m`m¨ I ƒRjv msL¨K ƒK›`ª we„klÁ I cwimi I AskMÖnY
we„klÁM„Yi ch©v„qi Kg©KZ©v gv÷vi cքqvRb Ki„e bv|
cÖwkÿY (cքqvRbxq msL¨K wewfbœ ƒUªbviMY Abymv„i
`„j cÖwkÿY `vb) cÖwkÿY Kvj
wba©viY
Ki„Z n„e
PZy_© ch©vq ƒ`„ki mKj we`¨vj„qi „`„ki wewfbœ g~L¨, gvV, mgMÖ ƒ`„k
we`¨vj„qi wkÿKe›`(cÖwZ `„i 50 ¯‹v„b cքqvRbxq ¯‹vbxq cքqvRb
wkÿKe›` I R„bi ƒewk n„e bv) msL¨K ¯‹v„b ch©v„qi Abyhvqx
mgch©v„qi wkÿv cÖwkÿK cÖwkÿY
mswkøó 50 R„bi AwaK bq cքqvRbxq RvZxq ch©v„qi H
Kg©KZ©ve„›`i msL¨K ƒK„›`ª we„klÁ I
cÖwkÿY gv÷vi
ƒUªbviMY
wkÿvµg ev¯Íevqb: PvKywiKvjxb I PvKzwi c~e© cÖwkÿY
PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv: wkÿvµg nj ƒh ƒKvb wkÿv e¨e¯‹v ürwcÛ| ƒm Kvi„Y ƒh ƒKvb wkÿvµg cÖYqb
wKsev wkÿvµg bevq„bi Kvh©µg m¤^„Ü wkÿvµg mswkøó mKj„K wek`fv„e AewnZ Ki„Z nq Zb¥„a¨ i„q„Qb-wkÿv
e¨e¯‹vcK, wkÿv ZË¡veavqK, wkÿK cÖwkÿK I ƒkÖwY wkÿK| wkÿvµg cÖYq„b ƒhme KvR Ki„Z nq ƒm wel„q Kvi
`vwqZ¡ KZUzKz Ges ƒKgb K„i G `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki„Z n„e Zvi mvgwMÖK Kvh©µg m¤^„Ü Dc„i ewY©Z PviwU jÿ¨„K mvg„b
ƒi„L cwiKwíZfv„e cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv nq| DbœqbK‚Z/cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµg cÖYq„b mKj avc m¤ú„K© cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb
K„i Zv„`i„K `vwqZ¡ cvj„bi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z Í K„i wb„q mKj„K cÖwkÿY w`„q bevqbK‚Z wkÿvµg ƒ`ke¨vcx ev¯Íevqb Kivi
cքqvRb nq|

87
cÖwkÿY e¨e¯’vcbv
ƒ`„ki mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj„qi wkÿK„K cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµg ev¯Íevqb m¤ú„K© AewnZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ GbwmwUwe I
gvDwki| wkÿvµg we¯Íi„Yi GKv„WwgK wel„qi mvwe©K mnvqZv cÖ`v„bi `vwqZ¡ GbwmwUwe, Avw_©K I Ab¨vb¨ `vwqZ¡
ƒm„KÛvix GWz„Kkb ƒW„fjc„g›U cքR±, cÖwkÿY mvgMÖx ƒhvMvb h_vmg„q wbwðZ Ki„e ƒm„KÛvix GWz„Kkb
ƒW„fjc„g›U cքR± Ges gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ßi| A_vr© gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµg Ic„i ewY©Z PviwU
cÖwZôvb ƒh‡_fv„e Av„qvRb I cwiPvjbv K„i| ejv hvq ƒh wkÿvµg we¯Íi„Yi GKv„WwgK `vwqZ¡ GbwmwUwei Ges
Avw_©K I cÖkvmwbK Ges e¨e¯‹vcbvi `vwqZ¡ gvDwki| G `vwqZ¡ myôyfv„e cvj„b we¯ÍiY cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki„Z
nq|gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµg ƒkÖwYK„ÿ mv_©Kfv„e ev¯Íevq„bi Rb¨ GKwU eûg~Lx wek` Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb
Kiv nq| mgMÖ cÖwkÿY Kvh©µgwU PviwU ch©v„q mKj wkÿK I wkÿv mswkøó Kg©KZ©ve›`„K cÖwkÿY `vb Kiv nq|
Kg©cwiKíbvwU wb„Pi Q„K ms„ÿ„c Zz„j aiv njÑ
PvKywiKvjxb wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY cÖwkÿY cwiKíbv
cÖwkÿY cÖwkÿYv_x©i †Kvb †Kvb ch©v‡qi ev cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖwkÿ‡Yi ¯’vb cÖwkÿ‡Yi gšÍe¨
ch©vq aib cÖwkÿYv_©x †bIqv n‡e Ges †gvU msL¨v ZvwiL
cÖ_g gv÷vi wkÿvµg cwigvR©„bi m„½ RwoZ XvKvq 2 w`b mgvß
ch©vq ƒUªBbvm© we„klÁ, welq weklÁ, cvV¨cy¯ÍK
Iwi„q›Ukb ƒjLK, wkÿvµg we„klÁ BZ¨vw`|
wØZxq ƒKvi ƒUªBbvm© ƒ`„ki 64wU ƒRjvi gva¨wgK I D”P ƒ`„ki wefvMxq 8wU 2 w`b Pj„e
ch©vq gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv cÖwZôvb ƒ_„K kni A_ev Aci
17wU wel„qi cքZ¨KwUi Rb¨ 4(2+2) ƒKvb myweavRbK
Rb| ƒRjv kni
Z‚Zxq wdÛ ƒj„fj ƒ`„ki 493 wU _vbv gvawgK ¯Í„ii 2Rb ƒ`„ki 64 wU ƒRjv 2 w`b Pj„e
ch©vq ƒUªBbvm© K„i 17wU wel„qi Rb¨ me©„gvU 16762 kni|
ƒUªwbs Rb|
PZz_© gva¨wgK ƒ`„ki mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj„qi mKj ƒ`„ki bvbv ch©v„qi 3 w`b Pj„e
ch©vq we`¨vj„qi welq wkÿK 493 wU ƒK›`ª
wkÿKe„›`i
cÖwkÿY
Dc„i ewY©Z Kg©cwiíbv„K wfwË K„i GbwmwUwe Ges wUwKDAvB wmwcwW cÖwkÿY cwiPvjbv Ki„Q|
PvKywi c~e© cÖwkÿY : wkÿvµg cwigvR©b I bevqb Kv„h©i gvS c„_ hLb wkÿv_x©„`i Rb¨ wkLb mvgMÖx cÖYqb mgvß nq
ZLbB wkÿK cÖwkÿ„Yi cÖPwjZ wkÿvµg cwigvR©„bi KvR Ki„Z nq| AvMvgx„Z wkÿK n„eb ev PvKzixKvjxb
wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY cÖwkÿY mgvwßi ci ciB ƒckvq ƒhvM`vb Ki„Qb Zv„`i„K ƒcÖl„Y cÖwkÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z nq|
cÖwkÿ„Yi cÖPwjZ wkÿvµg cwigvR©b Kvh©µg hyMcr ïiæ Ki„Z nq ƒhb cÖv_wgK/gva¨wgK ¯Í„i cwigvR©b I bevqbK‚Z
wkÿvµg ƒ`ke¨vcx cÖe©Z„b PvKzwiiZ I bZzb wkÿKe›` cy„ivcywifv„e AewnZ n„Z cv„ib| GLv„b D„jøL Kiv `iKvi
ƒh, wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq„bi gvS mg„q we.GW wkÿvµg cwigvR©b/bevq„bi KvR ïiæ Ki„Z nq|

88
 cÖkœgvjv

mswÿßcÖkœ
1. wkÿvµg k„ãi DrcwË e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. wkÿvµg m¤ú„K© ûBjv„ii aviYv Kx wQj?
3. wkÿvµg cÖYqb/cwigvR©„bi KvRwU Kx„mi wfw˄Z nIqv DwPZ ?
4. wkÿvµg cÖYq„b MVbev„`i ¸iæZ¡ Kx?
5. ivd UvBjv„ii wkÿvµg g„W„ji wfwË Kx?
6. Kvi wkÿvµg g„W„ji cÖavb cÖavb Dcv`vb Kx Kx?
7. eËvKvi g„W„ji ƒKvbwU AvaywbK Ges ƒKb?
8. gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii eZ©gvb wkÿvi jÿ¨ Kx?
9. evsjv fvlv ƒkLvi `ÿZv KqwU I wK wK?
10. cÖwkÿY MÖn„Yi ci Avcbvi `vwqZ¡ Kx?
11. ƒKvY cÖwkÿY µwUc~Y© n„j mKj cքPóv e¨_© n„e ƒKb?
12. PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ„Y ƒK ƒK hy³ _v„Kb?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wkÿvµ„gi aviYvMZ weKvk e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. wkÿvµg cÖYq„b GKv„WwgK bxwZgvjv¸„jv ch©v„jvPbv Kiæb|
3. eZ©gv„b we„k¦ wkÿv„ÿ„Î cÖhyw³MZ wecø„ei cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb Ges Gi mv„_ m½wZ iÿvq wkÿvµ„g Kx ai„bi
cwieZ©b cքqvRb Zv D„jøL Kiæb|
4. ivdUvBjvi I wnjWv Zvev wkÿvµg Dbœqb g„W„ji Zzjbv Kiæb|
5. BD„b„¯ˆv wkÿvµg Dbœqb ƒKb RbwcÖq Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6. IqvKvi g„W„ji ¯Íi¸„jv weeZ Kiæb|
7. RvZxq wkÿvµg-2012 Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© …ewk󨸄jv eY©bv Kiæb|
8. beg I `kg ƒkÖwYi welq KvVv„gv b¤^i I mgq e›Ubmn D„jøL Kiæb|
9. wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY cÖwkÿ„Y we„eP¨ w`K m¤^„Ü Rvbvi cքqvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
10. PvKzwi c~e© cÖwkÿ„Y i€c„iLv eY©bv Kiæb|

89
 BDwbU 5 : evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv e¨e¯’v
„Kvb ƒ`„ki Dbœqb,AMÖMwZ,mgw× wbf©i K„i gvbm¤§Z wkÿvi Ici| wkÿv n„jv cwieZ©„bi g~j nvwZqvi| wkÿv cwiPvwjZ nq
wkÿv e¨e¯‹v I KvVv„gv Øviv| evsjv„`„ki wkÿv e¨e¯‹v wba©viY, cwiPvjb, cwigvR©b BZ¨vw`i mvwe©K `vwq„Z¡ i„q„Q wkÿv
gš¿Yvjq| wkÿv gš¿Yvjq Zvi KZ¸„jv mshy³ I Ab¨vb¨ ms¯‹vi gva¨„g wkÿv msµvšÍ mvwe©K Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K„i
_v„K| GB BDwbƒU evsjv„`„ki wkÿv e¨e¯‹v Ges mswkøó cÖavb `ßimg~n, ƒm¸„jvi jÿ¨-D„Ïk¨,Kvh©vewj BZ¨vw` wb„q
8wU ƒmk„b cvV`v„bi Rb¨ Z_¨eûj I we„kølYg~jKfv„e welqe¯Š Dc¯‹vcb Kiv n„q„Q| G¸„jv n„jv-
5.1 evsjv„`„ki wkÿv KvVv„gv
5.2 evsjv„`„k gva¨wgK wkÿv : ƒg‡wjK Z_¨mg~n
5.3 wkÿv gš¿Yvjq (MoE) I gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi (DSHE)
5.4 wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`ßi (EED) I cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi (DIA)
5.5 RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒevW© (NCTB), gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW© (BISE)
5.6 RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯‹cbv GKv„Wwg (NAEM), wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR (TTC) I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY
Bbw÷wUuDU (HSTTI)
5.7 evsjv„`k wkÿv cwimsL¨vb ey¨„iv (BANBEIS), RvZxq wkÿK wbeÜxKiY I cÖZ¨qbKvix KZ‚c © ÿ
(NTRCA) I evsjv„`k miKvwi Kg© Kwgkb (BPSC)
5.8 RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj (NTEC) I wkÿvcÖKímg~n

5.1 evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvKvVv‡gv

(Educational Structure of Bangladesh)
GKwU RvwZi Avkv-AvKv•ÿv I ¯^cœ i€cvq„Y KvR K„i wkÿv| wkÿvi we¯Ívi N„U wkÿve¨e¯‹vi ga¨ w`„q| miKv„ii
bxwZmg~n I ms¯‹v Øviv gva¨wgK wkÿvLvZ msMwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| ƒ`„ki fwel¨r ƒbZ‚Z¡`v„bi Rb¨ mybvMwiK …Zwi„Z
Ges mgv„Ri cÖMwZ Avbq„bi ƒÿ„Î wkÿvi ƒKvb weKí ƒbB| ƒ`„ki wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvi ƒK„›`ª i„q„Q wkÿv
gš¿Yvjq| wkÿv gš¿Yvjq ƒ_„K ïiy K„i cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq ch©šÍ wkÿvi GKwU KvVv„gv we`¨gvb| wkÿvi myôzfv„e
ev¯Íevq„bi Rb¨ wkÿv e¨e¯‹v„K KZK¸jv ¯Í„i fvM Kiv n„q„Q| ƒhgb―
1. cÖv_wgK ¯Íi
2. gva¨wgK ¯Íi
3. D”P wkÿv ¯Íi|
1. cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Íi: cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Íi Avevi 2wU Dc¯Í„i wef³| ƒhgb―
K) cÖvK-cÖv_wgK ¯Íi L) cÖv_wgK ¯Íi
cÖv_wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv ev¯Íevq„bi Rb¨ Avjv`v Awa`ßi I gš¿Yvjq i„q„Q|
2. gva¨wgK ¯Íi: gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv e¨e¯‹v„K wZbwU Dc-wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq wef³ Kiv n„q„Q| ƒhgb―
K) mvaviY wkÿv Dce¨e¯‹v
L) gv`&ivmv wkÿv Dce¨e¯‹
M) KvwiMwi wkÿv Dce¨e¯‹v
K) mvaviY wkÿv Dce¨e¯’v: gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii mvaviY wkÿv Dce¨e¯‹v wZbwU Dc¯Í„i wef³| ƒhgb―
1. wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Íi (6ô-8g ƒkªwY)
2. gva¨wgK ¯Íi (9g-10g ƒkªwY)
3. D”P gva¨wgK ¯Íi (GKv`k-Øv`k ƒkªwY)
3. D”P wkÿv: D”P wkÿv cwiPvwjZ nq wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©K| eZ©gv„b (2017) evsjvƒ`„k miKvwi I ƒemiKvwi (mvaviY
I we„klvwqZ) wgwj„q cÖvq 150wU wek¦we`¨vjq i„q„Q|
90
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010-G wkÿv¯Í„ii cyY©MV„bi K_v ejv n„q„Q| cÖ¯vÍ weZ cyY©MwVZ wkÿv¯Íi n„e wb¤œiæc-
K) cªv_wgK ¯Íi: 1g-8g ƒkÖwY
L) gva¨wgK ¯Íi: 9g-Øv`k ƒkÖwY
M) D”P wkÿv ¯Íi: GBPGmwm cv„ki ci wek¦we`¨vj„q fwZ©i g„a¨ w`„q GB ¯Í„ii cvV ïiæ n„e|
wkÿv ƒÿ„Î m„e©v”P miKvwi ms¯‹v n„jv wkÿv gš¿Yvjq| G Qvov i„q„Q Ab¨vb¨ `ßi, ms¯‹v I cÖwZôvbmg~n| GKwU
Q„Ki mvnv„h¨ wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbvi mv„_ RwoZ ms¯‹vmg~„ni cwiPq ƒ`Iqv n„jv|

wk¶v gš¿Yvjq
gš¿Yvjq gš¿Yvjq
gš¿Yvjq
gva¨wgK I D”P wk¶v KvwiMwi wk¶v Awa`ßi KvwiMwi wk¶v e¨vb„eBR (1wU) bv„qg weGbwmBD
Awa`ßi ƒevW©(1wU)
cwi`k©b I wnmve wbix¶Y
wk¶v cքK‡kj
gv`&ivmv wk¶v cwi`ßi
Awa`ßi
ƒevW© (1wU)
gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wk¶v RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK
AvÂwjK
wk¶v `ßi ƒevW© (8wU) ƒevW© (1wU)

Dc„Rjv DcewË Kg©KZ©vi

ƒRjv wk¶v Awdm
Kvh©vjq

cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv KwgwU

gva¨wgK we`¨vjq/gv`&ivmvmg~n

wPÎ: wkÿv gš¿Yvjq KvVv„gv

ƒ`Lv hv„”Q evsjv„`„ki gva¨wgK wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbvi ƒÿ„Î m„e©v”P ch©v„q i„q„Q wkÿv gš¿Yvjq Ges me©wbgœ ch©v„q A_©vr
gvVch©v„q i„q„Q wkÿv cÖwZôvb Z_v gva¨wgK we`¨vjq, gv`ivmv I ƒfv„Kkbvj Bbw÷wUDUmg~n|
wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi wbqš¿Yvaxb gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ßi, KvwiMwi wkÿv Awa`ßi, wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`ßi, gva¨wgK
I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW©, KvwiMwi wkÿv ƒevW©, evsjv„`k gv`ivmv wkÿv ƒevW©, evsjv„`k RvZxq wkÿvµg I
cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒevW©, cwi`k©b I wbixÿv cwi`ßi, e¨vb„eBR, RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv GKv„Wwg (bv„qg) cÖfwZ cÖwZôvb
gva¨wgK wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv I cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vewji m„½ cÖZ¨ÿ-c„ivÿfv„e RwoZ| miKvwi bxwZwba©viKMY wkÿvi
Dbœq„bi Rb¨ wkÿv„ÿ„Î m„e©v”P eivÏ w`„q _v„Kb|
wkÿv„ÿ„Î miKvwi bxwZi g~j K_v n„jv―
1. wkÿv mevi Rb¨|
2. KvwiMwi I cÖhyw³ wkÿvi cÖmvi NUv„bv|
3. ƒ`k ƒ_„K wbiÿiZv `~i Kiv |
4. wkÿvi gvb Dbœqb Kiv|
5. wkÿv„K cuywR wn„m„e e¨envi Kiv|
6. bvix wkÿvi we¯Ívi NUv„bv|
10. wkÿvƒÿ„Î weivwRZ mgm¨vewj `~i Kiv|
11. eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv mevi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki Kiv|
12. wkÿvi cwi„ek Dbœqb K„i G„K AvšÍRv© wZK gv„b DbœxZ Kiv|
13. gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒh„nZz cÖvwšÍK wkÿv ZvB Gi gvb evov„bv|
91
5.2 evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK wkÿv : †g․wjK Z_¨mg~n
evsjv„`„k wkÿv welqK ƒg‡wjK Z„_¨i Drm e¨vb„eBm (BANBEIS:Bangladesh Burea of Educational Information
and Statistics)| GwU wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi GKwU mshy³ wefvM (Attached Department)| e¨vb„eBR wkÿvmsµvšÍ
ƒg‡wjK DcvË m„iRwg„b msMÖn I cÖwµqvRvZKiY K„i Z_¨ cÖ¯Z Š K„i| evsjv„`„ki wkÿv I wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi aib,
wkÿK msL¨v, bvix I cyiæl wkÿK, ¯ÍiwfwËK ƒgvU wkÿv_x© msL¨v, bvix-cyiæl AbycvZ, eQiwfwËK I ¯ÍiwfwËK cv„mi
msL¨v I nvi BZ¨vw` eûwe` wel„q ƒg‡wjK Z_¨ mieivn K„i _v„K|
e¨vb„eBR me©„kl 2016 mv„j 'Educational Survey 2016' cwiPvjbv K„i| 2016 wLª÷v„ãi evwl©K Rwi„c cÖwZwU
cÖwZôv„bi Rb¨ me ai„bi cÖkgœ vjv e¨envi Kiv nq|2016 wLª÷v„ãi wkÿvg~jK Rwi„c evsjv„`„k wewfbœ cÖKv„ii ƒgvU
1, 67,454wU wkÿv cÖwZôvb Lyu„R cvIqv hvq, 2015 wLª÷v„ã hvi msL¨v wQj 1, 62,512wU|

gva¨wgK wkÿvi †g․wjK Z_¨ (Basic Information of Secondary Education)

2016 wLª÷v„ã evsjv„`„k wb¤œ gva¨wgK I gva¨wgK ch©v„qi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi msL¨v wQj 20,449wU hvi g„a¨ 602wU
miKvwi we`¨vjq ƒhLv„b 6ô ƒ_„K 8g ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ cvV`vb Kiv nq| 1995 wLª÷v„ã GB msL¨v wQj 12,012wU| GB
mg„qi g„a¨ wkÿv cÖwZôvb ew×i cvkvcvwk wkÿv_x© I wkÿK msL¨vI ew× ƒc„q„Q|
2016 wLª÷v„ã cÖwZôvb cÖwZ Mo wkÿv_x© msL¨v wQj 498 Rb, ƒgvU fwZ©K‚Z wkÿv_x© msL¨v 10.18 wgwjqb (1 ƒKvwU
18 jÿ) hvi g„a¨ bvix wkÿv_x©i msL¨v 5.47 wgwjqb (53.77%) Ges bvix wkÿv_x©i m~PK 1.16%|
G mgq wkÿ„Ki msL¨v wQj 2.43 jÿ hv„`i g„a¨ 62,496 Rb gwnjv wkÿK| 2005 mv„j gwnjv wkÿK 20.28%
_vK„jI 2016 mv„j Zv ƒe„o `uvovq 25.66%| G mgq wkÿK-wkÿv_x© AbycvZ (Teacher-student
ratio,TSR)`uvovq 1:43 Ges M„o cÖwZ cÖwZôv„b wkÿK msL¨v 12 Rb| wkÿK„`i g„a¨ 70.66% wQj cÖwkÿYcÖvß|
cÖwkÿYcÖvß wkÿ„Ki msL¨v Rywbqvi ¯ˆz„j 32.30%, gva¨wgK we`¨vj„q 70.66% Ges ¯ˆzj I K„jR ch©v„qi cÖwZôv„b
67.17%|
2016 wLª÷v„ãi wkÿvg~jK Rwi„c ƒ`Lv ƒM„Q, ƒgvU wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi g„a¨ wb¤œgva¨wgK cÖwZôvb 12%, gva¨wgK
ch©v„qi cÖwZôvb 83% Ges we`¨vjq I K„jR ch©v„qi cÖwZôvb 5%| G mgq wbi€wcZ ƒgvU wkÿvcÖwZôvb (miKvwi
602wU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjqev„`) mg~„ni (19,847) g„a¨ 98.29% wkÿv cÖwZôvb ƒemiKvwi e¨e¯‹vcbvq cwiPvwjZ Ges
gvÎ 1.71% miKvwi cÖwZôvb| Rwi„c jÿYxq welq n„jv, 77% wkÿv cÖwZôvb MÖv„g Aew¯‹Z ƒhLv„b 68% wkÿK
Kg©iZ Ges 71% wkÿv_x© MÖv„gi Gme cÖwZôv„b ƒjLvcov K„i|
wefvMwfwËK wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi we¯ÍiY AZ¨šÍ Amg| wm„jU wefv„M gvÎ 5% wkÿv cÖwZôvb _vK„jI XvKv wefv„M i„q„Q
26%| GKB mv„_ fwZ©i nvi wm„j„U 6.51%, Ab¨w`„K XvKv wefv„M 31.28%|
2016 wLª÷v„ãi wkÿvg~jK Rwi„c wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ƒf‡Zmyweav msewjZ Av„iv A„bK ƒg‡wjK Z_¨ ƒei n„q G„m„Q| G
mgq ƒ`Lv ƒM„Q M„o 87.98% wkÿv cÖwZôv„b we`y¨r myweav i„q„Q, hvi g„a¨ wb¤œgva¨wg„K 57.36%, gva¨wg„K
91.60% Ges ¯ˆzj I K„jR ch©v„qi cÖwZôv„b 99.04%|
G mgq AviI ƒ`Lv ƒM„Q M„o 76.01% we`¨vj„q gvwëwgwWqv I 84.94% we`¨vj„q Kw¤úDUvi myweav Av„Q|
wb¤œgva¨wgK we`¨vj„q gvwëwgwWqv I Kw¤úDUvi h_vµ„g 14.76% I 37.95%, gva¨wgK cÖwZôv„b 83.44% I
90.68% Ges ¯ˆzj I K„jR ch©v„qi cÖwZôv„b 94.94% I 98.95% myweav i„q„Q| G Rwi„c cÖvß Z_¨ g„Z, cÖvq
93% wkÿv cÖwZôvb wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi K„i|
ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„b Kg©iZ wkÿK I Kg©Pvixe›` miKvi ƒ_„K gvwmK ƒh Avw_©K myweav cvq Zv„K GgwcI
(MPO-Monthly Pay Order) ejv nq| 2016 wLª÷v„ãi Rwic g„Z, 23.11% wb¤œgva¨wgK cÖwZôvb, 90.44%
gva¨wgK cÖwZôvb Ges 82.80% ¯ˆzj I K„jR GgwcI mnvqZv jvf K„i|
Z_¨ I ƒhvMv„hvM cÖhyw³ G mg„qi wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A½| ƒ`Lv ƒM„Q wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„n M„o 67% cÖwZôv„b
Kw¤úDUvi wkÿvi e¨e¯‹v i„q„Q| G nvi wb¤œ gva¨wg„K 26%, gva¨wg„K 72% Ges ¯ˆzj I K„jRch©v„q 91%| gvÎ
67% wkÿv cÖwZôv„b Kw¤úDUvi wkÿK i„q„Q Ges A„bK cÖwZôv„b Kw¤úDUvi wkÿv _vK„jI ƒmLv„b ƒKv„bv
Kw¤úDUvi wkÿK ƒbB|

92
gva¨wgK wkÿvi wKQz ƒg‡wjK Z_¨ wb„Pi mviwY„Z ƒ`Lv„bv n„jv|
Result of Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C) Public Examination by Gender, 1990-2015
cixÿv_©xi msL¨v cv‡ki msL¨v cv‡ki nvi
mvj
†gvU †g‡q cixÿv_©x †gvU †g‡q cixÿv_©x †gvU †g‡q cixÿv_©x
1990 435918 146512 138317 44122 31.73 30.11
1991 475261 156012 308676 101986 64.95 65.37
1992 522174 184002 321675 104600 61.6 56.85
1993 661908 237043 404402 134948 61.09 58.62
1994 685831 258612 490099 179920 71.46 69.57
1995 765135 301146 560114 215548 73.2 71.58
1996 464267 196781 197811 69236 42.61 35.18
1997 716865 303824 368803 149782 51.45 49.3
1998 722300 307860 346435 139017 47.96 45.16
1999 837220 362875 457252 194485 54.62 53.6
2000 918045 402873 381762 161745 41.58 40.15
2001 786220 334255 276903 112868 35.22 33.77
2002 1005937 441024 408969 166339 40.66 37.72
2003 921024 409623 330762 137636 35.91 33.6
2004 756387 341594 363270 157058 48.03 45.98
2005 751421 347815 394993 173468 52.57 49.87
2006 784815 367970 466732 210909 59.47 57.32
2007 792165 378981 454455 207471 57.37 54.74
2008 743609 361545 526576 249104 70.81 68.9
2009 797891 393599 537878 256104 67.41 65.07
2010 912577 453779 713560 346494 78.19 76.36
2011 986650 495610 810666 400065 82.16 80.72
2012 1048144 529610 904756 451610 86.32 85.27
2013 992313 502411 885891 445607 89. 28 88.69
2014 1087870 551972 1008174 508497 92.67 92.12
2015 1108683 560321 961405 483470 86.72 86.28
(source: Educational Survey, 2016, BANBEIS)

gva¨wgK wkÿv : gv`ivmv Dc-avivi Z_¨ (Secondary Education : Information about Madrasha
Sub-sector)
evsjv„`„ki wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq gv`ivmv wkÿv GKwU Dcaviv|GwUI GKwU enr Dcaviv| Ge„Z`vwqmn GB avivi ƒgvU
wkÿv_x© msL¨v 3.83 wgwjqb| mvaviY wkÿv ƒ_„K gv`ivmvi agx©q avivi wkÿv ¯úóZ wfbœ| GB avivwU Ae¨vnZfv„e

93
ewa©Z n„”Q| 2016 wLª÷v„ãi wkÿvg~jK Rwi„ci Z_¨ g„Z, GB avivi ƒgvU cÖwZôvb 9,314wU hv 2000 mv„j wQj
7,279wU| gv`ivmv Dc-avivi wkÿv¯Íi n„jv-Ge„Z`vwq (cªv_wgK), `vwLj (gva¨wgK), Avwjg (D”Pgva¨wgK), dvwRj
(¯œvZK) I Kvwgj (¯œvZ„KvËi)|
2016 mv„ji cÖvß Z_¨ g„Z, gv`ivmv Dcavivi 9,314wU wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi g„a¨ Kvwgj gv`ivmv 224wU Ges gvÎ
388wU miKvwi Ges Aewkó¸„jv ƒemiKvwifv„e cwiPvwjZ nq| ƒgvU 9,134wU gv`ivmvi g„a¨ `vwLj gv`ivmv 70%,
Avwjg 16%, dvwRj 11% Ges Kvwgj gv`ivmv gvÎ 2%| gv`ivmv wkÿvq `vwLj gv`ivmv 6,558wU (70%) ƒhLv„b
ƒgvU wkÿv_x© msL¨v 13,23,706 Rb hvi g„a¨ 59%-Gi ƒewk bvix wkÿv_x©| gv`ivmvwfwËK Mo wkÿv_x© msL¨v 202
Rb Ges ƒgvU wkÿK msL¨v 66,376 Rb, cÖwZôvbwfwËK Mo wkÿK 12 Rb Ges wkÿK-wkÿv_x© AbycvZ 1: 22|
wefvMwfwËK gv`&ivmvi nv„i ƒ`Lv hvq, XvKv wefv„M gv`ivmv kZKiv 21.25%, PÆMÖv„g 17.77%, ivRkvnx„Z
16.38%, iscy„i 15.06%, Lyjbvq 12.68%, ewikv„j 12.56% Ges wm„jU wefv„M 4.29%| mKj gv`ivmvi g„a¨
M„o 86% gv`ivmv MÖv„g Ges `vwLj gv`ivmvi g„a¨ 89.95% gv`ivmv MÖv„g Aew¯‹Z|
2016 mv„ji wkÿvg~jK Rwic ƒ_„K AviI Rvbv hvq, gv`ivmv Dcavivi wkÿK„`i g„a¨ gvÎ 23% wkÿK cÖwkÿYcÖvß,
wKšŠ gwnjv wkÿK„`i ƒÿ„Î GB nvi 33%| mKj wkÿK„`i g„a¨ 79.94% wkÿK GgwcIfz³, Z„e gwnjv wkÿK„`i
ƒÿ„Î IB nvi 72%| AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n„jv, 1,13,368 Rb wkÿ„Ki g„a¨ gvÎ 22,294 Rb (19.66%) wkÿK
NTRCA-i (National Teacher Registration and Certification Authority) mb`cÖvß|
(Z_¨m~Î: Executive Summary, Educational Survey, 2016, BANBEIS)

5.3 wkÿv gš¿Yvjq (Ministry of Education, MoE) I gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv

Awa`ßi (DSHE)
wkÿv gš¿Yvjq (Ministry of Education, MoE)
evsjv„`„ki wkÿvi cÖkvmwbK KvVv„gvi m„ev”P© ch©v„q Ae¯‹vb Ki„Q wkÿv gš¿vYvjq| gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î
mvwe©K wbqš¿Y I bxwZ wba©viY wkÿv gš¿vYvj„qi gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv wefv„Mi `vwqZ¡| GQvov Ab¨ wm×všÍmg~n hv
AvBb ms¯‹v KZ‚©K wba©vwiZ i€c„iLvq ev¯ÍevwqZ n„e ZvI wkÿv gš¿vYjq KZ‚©K MnxZ nq| wkÿv gš¿vYvj„qi KvVv„gv„Z
mswkøó i„q„Q GKwU cwiKíbv ƒKvl Ges evsjv„`k b¨vkbvj Kwgkb di BD„b„¯ˆv| G„`i mnvqZvq Ges Aaxb¯‹ wewfbœ
Awa`ßi, mshy³ ev ¯^Zš¿ Awa`ßi, cwi`ßi Ges ¯^kvwmZ cÖwZôv„bi gva¨„g wkÿv gš¿Yvjq wkÿv cÖkvmb I
e¨e¯‹vcbvi gZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb K„i _v„K|
wkÿv gš¿vYvjq nj MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv„`„ki GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© enr cÖkvmwbK `ßi| hvi cÖavb KZ©ve¨w³ n„jb wkÿvgš¿x|
hv„K cÖkvmwbK Kv„R mn„hvwMZv K„ib 2Rb mwPe, GKvwaK AwZwi³ mwPe, hyM¥ mwPe, DcmwPe, wmwbqi mnKvix mwPe
I ƒmKkb Awdmvie›`| wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi RvwiK‚Z Ges cÖYxZ bxwZgvjv I Av„`kmg~n ev¯Íevq„bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K„i
Gi Aaxb¯‹ `ßi,Awa`ßi, cwi`ßi, mshy³ cÖwZôvb,¯^Zš¿ cÖwZôvb, ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb, ƒRjv, Dc„Rjv Awdm Ges
wewfbœ wkÿv cÖwZôvb|

cÖkvmwbK I mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv (Administrative and Organizational Structure of MoE)

wkÿv gš¿vYvj„qi mvsMVwbK KvVv„gvi kx„l © i„q„Qb wkÿvgš¿x| ivR†bwZK Kvi„Y miKvi cwiewZ©Z nIqvq gš¿xi
Ae¯‹vb A¯‹vqx ev mvgwqK| wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi GKwU ¯‹vqx cÖkvmwbK KvVv„gv i„q„Q hvi cÖavb n„jb mwPe| eZ©gv„b
(2017) wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi cÖkvmwbK KvVv„gvƒK 2wU wefv„M fvM Kiv n„q„Q-
K. gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv wefvM
L. KvwiMwi I gv`&ivmv wefvM

94
cÖwZwU wefv„Mi `vwq„Z¡ i„q„Qb GKRb mwPe Ges mwPe„K mnvqZvi Rb¨ i„q„Qb GKvwaK AwZwi³ mwPe, hyM¥ mwPe,
DcmwPe Ges wmwbqi mnKvix mwPe, cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvixe›`|evsjvƒ`„k wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi KvVv„gvMZ
Ae¯‹v„bi Kvi„Y Gi ÿgZv AZ¨šÍ ƒewk| GwU ƒK›`ªxfZ cÖkvmb| wkÿvi Dbœq„bi mvwe©K wm×všÍ, cwiKíbv Ges
bxwZgvjv MÖnY K„i wkÿv gš¿vYvjq Ges G¸„jv ƒK›`ªxqfv„e ƒcÖwiZ nq|
cÖkvmwbK I mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv wb¤œiæc

wPÎ 1: cÖkvmwbK I mvsMVwbK KvVv„gv(Drm :wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi I‡qemvBU )

wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡ (Power and Duties of MoE)

wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi mvwe©K cÖkvmb I cwiKíbvi ƒg‡j ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡ wkÿv gš¿vYvj„qi| G„ÿ„Î wkÿv gš¿vYvjq wb¤œwjwLZ
ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡ cvjb K„i-
1. RvZxq ch©v„qi cÖwZôvb ¯‹vcb Ges we`¨vjq, gnvwe`¨vjq cÖf‚wZ wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi gÄywii b~¨bZg kZ©vewj wba©viY;
2. wkÿK-Kg©Pvix wb„qvM wewa cÖYq„bi Rb¨ ms¯‹vcb gš¿Yvjq, AvBb gš¿Yvjq I cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgk„bi mv„_
civgk©KiY;
3. K¨vWvifz³ wkÿK Kg©KZ©v„`i wb„qvM, e`wj, c„`vbœwZ I cքqvRbxq ƒÿ„Î kvw¯Í ev Aemi cÖ`vb;
4. PvKwi ƒ_„K Aemi MÖn„Yi eqm wba©viY;
5. ƒeZb, fvZv cÖf‚wZi ƒ¯ˆj wba©viY;
6. wkÿK-Kg©KZ©v„`i ƒckvMZ cÖwkÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹vKiY;
7. wkÿvi Dbœqb I wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav„b Kwgkb wb„qvM;

95
 8. mywbw`©ó A„_ ©i g„a¨ mxwgZ e¨qmv„c„ÿ wkÿviƒÿ„Î Dbœqb cÖKímg~n Aby„gv`b I ev¯Íevq„bi c`„ÿc cÖ`vb;
9. wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi bxwZgvjv wba©viY Ges wkÿvµg ev¯Íevqb;
10. Aaxb¯‹ Awa`ßi, cwi`ßi, cÖwZôvbmg~„ni Kvh©µg Aby„gv`b I ev¯Íevq„b mn„hvwMZv cÖ`vb;
11. RvZxq wkÿvi ev„RU cÖYqb Ges wefvM, wewfbœ Awa`ßi I ms¯‹v ev cÖwZôv„b eivÏ cÖ`vb;
12. RvZxq D”Pwkÿvi wewfbœ ƒÿ„Î ewË cÖ`vb;
13. RvZxq wkÿv I wkÿv cÖkvmb e¨e¯‹vi cybM©V„bi D„`¨vM MÖnY|
gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi (Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education)
wkÿv gš¿vYvj„qi c„iB gva¨wgK wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb `vwqZ¡ gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`߄ii|
GwU wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi GKwU Ab¨Zg msMVb I ƒK›`ªxq ch©v„qi GKwU cÖwZôvb| Z„e gva¨wgK wkÿv cÖkvmb
we„K›`ªxKi„Yi j„ÿ¨ AÂj Ges ƒRjv ch©v„qi Gi cÖkvmb we¯ÍZ i„q„Q| Gi cÖavb fwgKv nj gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv
cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvi mvwe©K `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv| ƒ`„ki wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi mvwe©K cwiKíbv MÖn„Yi `vwqZ¡ wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi
Ges gva¨wgK wkÿv msµvšÍ wewfbœ cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq„bi `vwqZ¡ gvDwki| wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvi ƒÿ„Î ZvB GB
msMV„bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
HwZnvwmK cUf‚wg
weªwUk kvmbvg„j G„`„ki we`¨vjq wkÿv cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯‹vcbvi Rb¨ A_©vr wewfbœ Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix„`i cքqvRbxq
Kg©cš‹v wba©viY, `vwqZ¡ I KZ‚©Z¡ wbi€cY I eÈb, cvi¯úwiK ƒhvMv„hvM I `ÿZvi mv„_ Kvh© m¤úv`„bi j„ÿ¨ 1854
mv„ji DWm GWz„Kkb ƒWmc¨v„Pi mycvwi„ki wfw˄Z Rbwkÿv cwiPvjK ev wWwcAvB(Director of Public Instructor)
Awdm cÖwZôvi gva¨„g GB Awa`߄ii ƒMvovcËb| Kvjµ„g wewfbœ cwiewZ©Z Ae¯‹vi ga¨ w`„q 1980 mv„j wØZxq
cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvKv„j G„K cybM©wVZ Kiv nq Ges wkÿv gš¿vYvj„qi wbqš¿Yvax„b 1981 mv„j cÖv_wgK wkÿv
Awa`ßi mwói cvkvcvwk gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi cÖwZwôZ nq|
Awa`߇ii Kvh©wewa
gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi gva¨wgK wkÿv, D”Pgva¨wgK wkÿv, mvwe©K cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvi `vwq„Z¡ wb„qvwRZ|
eZ©gv„b Gi `vwqZ¡ I Kvh©vewj eû¸„Y ew× ƒc„q„Q| we„kl K„i ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mgq ƒ_„K G„`„k RbmsL¨v ew×i
mv„_ mv„_ wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi msL¨v `ªæZ ew× ƒc„q„Q| A„bK wkÿv cÖwZôvb RvZxqKiY Kiv n„q„Q| GQvov ƒemiKvwi
wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK„`i ƒeZb wba©viY, miKvwi Aby`vb eÈbmn wewfbœ KvR I Awa`߄ii `vwq„Z¡i g„a¨ G„m hvq|
G `߄ii gva¨wgK wkÿv Kvh©µ„gi AvIZvq 317wU miKvwi ¯ˆzjmn 17,656wU ¯ˆzj Ges 3wU miKvwi gv`&ivmv Ges cÖvq
337wU miKvwi K„jRmn 1,975wU K„jR i„q„Q| Gi Aax„b 14wU miKvwi wUwUwm, 5wU GBPGmwUwUAvB, 1wU
GgwUwUAvB cwiPvwjZ n„q Avm„Q|

Awa`߇ii cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv

gvDwki wbe ©vnx cÖavb n„jb gnvcwiPvjK| gnvcwiPvj„Ki Aax„b GB Awa`߄ii cuvPwU wefvM i„q„Q| cÖwZwU wefv„Mi
`vwq„Z¡ GKRb K„i cwiPvjK KZ©e¨iZ Av„Qb| ƒhgb-
1. K„jR I cÖkvmb
2. gva¨wgK wkÿv
3. cÖwkÿY
4. cwiKíbv I Dbœqb I
5. cwiexÿY I g~j¨vqb|
GQvov kvixwiK wkÿv kvLv bv„g gvDwki Av„iKwU kvLv i„q„Q hvi cÖavb n„jb GKRb Dc-cwiPvjK| Gi Kv„Ri
cwiwaI w`„b w`„b m¤úªmvwiZ n„”Q| eZ©gv„b Dc„RjvqI wkÿv Kg©KZ©vi c` mwó K„i wUwcI„K ƒiwfwbDfz³ Kiv
n„q„Q| GQvov Gi Aax„b A„bK¸„jv wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí cwiPvwjZ n„q Avm„Q|

96
 gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`߇ii mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv

wPÎ 2: cÖkvmwbK I mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv (Drm: gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi I‡qemvBU )

Awa`߇ii Kvh©vewj
Awa`߄ii cÖavb Kvh©vewj wb„P D„jøL Kiv nj-
1. gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î miKvi KZ‚©K MnxZ bxwZgvjv ev¯Íevqb;
2. ƒ`„ki mvaviY wkÿv we„kl K„i gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv m¤úwK©Z miKvwi bxwZ cÖYq„b miKvi„K Z_¨ mieivn I
civgk© cÖ`vb;
3. wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸„jvi wkÿv`vb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I ZË¡veavb Kiv;
4. Dbœqbg~jK Kg©m~wP I cÖK„íi KvR ev¯Íevqb I ZË¡veavb Kiv;
5. mvaviY wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb eRvq ivLvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
6. ivR¯^ I Dbœqb ev„RU …Zwi Ges wnmveiÿY I wbixÿY;
7. mswkøó wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK„`i ƒ`„k I we„`„k cÖwkÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
8. wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„ni wkÿK wb„qvM, c„`vbœwZ, e`wj, Aemi, k•Ljvg~jK e¨e¯‹v cÖf‚wZ msµvšÍ cÖkvmb Ges
ms¯‹vcwbK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv;
9. Aby„gvw`Z cÖwZôvbmg~„ni Kv„Q wkÿvmsµvšÍ Z_¨vewj ƒcÖiY Kiv;
10. miKv„ii wewfbœ wefv„Mi m„½ ƒhvMv„hvM iÿv Kiv;
97
11. wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„ni Kv„Ri g„a¨ mgš^q mvab Kiv;
12. miKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸„jv„Z bZzb ƒKvm© ev welq Pvjy Kivi D„`¨vM MÖnY;
13. Aaxb¯‹ Kg©KZ©v„`i cÖwkÿY I ewËi e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
14. wkÿv gš¿vYvj„qi wb„`©„k ƒh ƒKvb miKvwi wm×všÍ Ges Dbœqg~jK Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq„bi h_vh_ c`„ÿc MÖnY Kiv;
15. miKvwi we`¨vjq ev K„j„Ri `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©v Ges ƒRjv wkÿv Awd„mi `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©v„K cÖkvmwbK I
Avw_©K ÿgZv cÖ`vb;
16. miKvwi-ƒemiKvwi wkÿK cÖwZôv„bi AwWU msµvšÍ mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv|
gvDwkÐi gnvcwiPvj‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨
1. Awa`߄ii I Aaxb¯‹ `ßi ev cÖwZôvbmg~„ni mvgwMÖK cÖkvm„bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb;
2. mswkøó gš¿Yvjq„K ƒUKwbK¨vj wel„q bxwZ wba©vi„Y Dc„`k cÖ`vb;
3. wba©vwiZ ev„R„Ui AvIZvq Awa`߄ii cÖavb wnmve iÿY Kg©KZ©vi `vwqZ¡ cvjb, wewfbœ A¨v±, AwW©b¨vÝ, wbqg I
cÖweavb Abyhvqx Ges wewfbœ mg„q miKvi KZ‚©K cÖ`Ë wb„`©k Abyhvqx Awa`߄ii Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I ev¯Íevqb;
4. `߄ii h_vh_ cwiPvjbv I k•Ljvi Rb¨ `vqx _vKv;
5. Aaxb¯‹ I ƒM„RUfz³ me Kg©KZ©vi ZvwjKv cÖ¯Z Š ;
6. gvV ch©v„q Kg©iZ KgKZ©v I Kg ©Pvix„`i wbe ©vnx Ges Kvh ©Kix wb„`©kbv cÖ`vb Ges wbqš¿Y I cwi`k©„bi ÿgZv I
`vwqZ¡ cvjb;
7. Awa`߄ii we`¨gvb bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx Kg©Pvix wb„qvM;
8. Aaxb¯‹ Kg©KZ©v„`i m„ev©”P ÿgZv cÖ`v„bi my¯úó wb„`©kbv RvwiKiY;
9. `߄ii Kvh©vewj wbqš¿Y I cwiexÿY;
10. `߄ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kiv Ges ƒh ƒÿ„Î e¨w³MZfv„e Dcw¯‹Z nIqv m¤¢e bq ƒm„ÿ„Î wbR¯^ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb;
11. me cÖ_g ƒkÖwYi Kg©KZ©v„`i AwR©Z QzwU Aby„gv`b;
12.Kg©axb Awd„m Aaxb¯‹ Kg©KZ©v„`i mv„_ gvwmK ch©v„jvPbv mfv Abyôv„bi gva¨„g Am¤úvw`Z KvRmg~n
m¤úbœKi„Yi e¨e¯‹vKiY;
13. cÖavb wkÿK, mnKvix cÖavb wkÿv (miKvwi ¯ˆzj) ƒRjv wkÿv Awdmvi, mnKvix ƒRjv wkÿv Awdmvi Ges we`¨vjq
cwi`k©KM„Yi e`jxqKiY;
14.evsjv„`„ki miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj„qi wkÿK wb„qvM I c„`vbœwZ ƒ`qv;
15.miKvwi ƒemiKvwi ¯ˆzj, K„jR I gv`&ivmvi AwWU AvcwË wb®úwË Kiv|

cwiPvjK (cÖwkÿY)-Gi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨

1. gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY gnvwe`¨vj„qi cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg ƒ`Lvïbv Kiv;
2. gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I K„jR wkÿK„`i Kg©Kvjxb cÖwkÿ„Yi Av„qvRb Kiv;
3. ƒ`„ki Af¨šÍ„i cÖwkÿY, ƒmwgbvi, IqvK©kc-Gi e¨e¯‹v MÖnY;
4. ƒ`„ki Af¨šÍ„i cÖwkÿY, ƒmwgbvi, IqvK©k„c ƒhvM`v„bi Rb¨ Aby„gv`b;
5. Aaxb¯Í cÖ_g ƒkÖwYi Kg©KZ©v Ges Kg©Pvix„`i …bwgwËK QzwU Aby„gv`b;
6. mnKvwi cwiPvjK I Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v„`i evwl©K ƒMvcb cÖwZ„e`„bi ƒjLv;
7. Aaxb¯‹ Awdmvi„`i Kg©eÈb;
8. Awa`߄ii Aaxb Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v„`i evwl©K ƒMvcb cÖwZ„e`b ƒjLv;
9. gnvcwiPvjK KZ‚©K cÖ`vbK‚Z Acivci `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv;
10. wkÿK cÖwkÿY cÖK„íi Kvh©vewj m¤ú„K© AeMZ _vKv|

98
5.4 wkÿv cÖ‡K․kj `ßi (EED) Ges cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi (DIA)
wkÿv cÖ‡K․kj `ßi (Education Engineering Department, EED)
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv„`k miKv„ii wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi mshy³ mswewae× GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb nj wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`ßi
(Educational Engineering Directorate-EED). 1960 wLª. AvR„Ki wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`߄ii hvÎv ïiæ nq
ÔcքK‡kj ƒmjÕ bv„g, ƒhLv„b Dc„`óv wn„m„e wQ„jb GKRb cÖavb cքK‡kjx, GKRb wbe©vnx cքK‡kjxmn K„qKRb
cքK‡kjx I Kg©KZ©v| 1986 wLª.GB cքK‡kj ƒmj wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi Aax„b d¨vwmwjwU wWcvU©„g›U (Facilities
Department) bv„g cwiwPZ nq| cieZx©„Z 2001 wLª.Gi bZzb bvgKiY Kiv nq wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`ßi (Education
Engineering Department)| wkÿv Dbœqb ƒÿ„Î EED GKwU enr I mycwiwPZ cքK‡kj ms¯‹v|

GB ms¯‹vi cÖavb n„”Qb GKRb cÖavb cքK‡kjx Ges Awdm XvKvi 10, Avãyj MwY ƒiv„W Aew¯‹Z wkÿv fe„bi wØZxq
eø„K| evsjv„`„ki wkÿv cwim„ii Dbœq„b G cÖwZôvb ¯ˆzj, K„jR, gv`ivmv I KvwiMwi wkÿ cÖwZôvb, BwÄwbqvwis
K„jR, wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR I gv`ivmv wUPvm© ƒUªwbs Bbw÷wUDU-Gi AvmevecÎ mieivn I Ab¨vb¨ KvR K„i| wkÿv
cքK‡kj `ßi wkÿvi Dbœq„b cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v„q ƒf‡Z AeKvVv„gvMZ Dbœqb Ges gvbwbqš¿„Y Kvh©Ki `vwq„Z¡ cvjb
K„i| G `߄i i„q„Q AZ¨šÍ `ÿ, AwfÁ I Kg©Zrci cքK‡kjx Ges `vwqZ¡ cvj„b mÿg I ƒP‡Kk Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZv©,
Kg©Pvixe›`| wkÿv cքK‡kj `߄ii Kg©cwimi µ„gB m¤úªmvwiZ n„PQ|
EED-Gi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv (†nW Awdm) n‡jv-
cÖavb cքK‡kjx -1 Rb
cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb I A_©)-1 Rb
mycv„i„›U›U cքK‡kjx - 2 Rb
Dc-cwiPvjK - 1 Rb
Gw·wKDwUf cքK‡kjx - GKvwaK
mnKvix cքK‡kjx - GKvwaK
Dc-mnKvix cքK‡kjx - GKvwaK
Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix - GKvwaK
GQvovI ƒ`ke¨vcx i„q„Q -
wbe©vnx cքK‡kjxi `ßi - 38wU
mnKvix cքK‡kjxi `ßi - 64wU
Dc-mnKvix cքK‡kjxi `ßi - 481wU
wkÿv cÖ‡K․kj Awa`߇ii Kvh©µg
wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`ßi evwl©K cÖvq 1500 ƒKvwU UvKv ev„RU wb„q ƒ`ke¨vcx KvR K„i _v„K| wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi
AvIZvaxb wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cwiKíbv, wWRvBb, cwiexÿY I Dbœq„bi cÖwZ„e`b …Zwi K„i| wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`ßi
MÖvg, ƒmwgkni I kniv„j feb wbg©vY I ms¯ˆv„ii KvR K„i| wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi GKv„WwgK feb, ƒnv„÷j,
cixÿvfeb, M„elYvMvi, MÖš‹vMvifeb, miKvwi-ƒemiKvwi ¯ˆzj I gv`&ivmvi febI wbg©vY K„i|GQvovI wkÿv cքK‡kj
`ßi wkÿK-cÖwkÿY K„jR, cwj„UKwbK Bbw÷wUDU, ƒfv„Kkbvj ƒUªwbs Bbw÷wUDU, RvZxq wek^we`¨vjq, wkÿv„ev„W©i
feb, cքK‡kj wek^we`¨vjq BZ¨vw`i AeKvVv„gvMZ Dbœqb KvRI K„i _v„K |
Dbœqb Kvh©vewj
G Awa`߄ii cÖKíwfwËK ev¯ÍevwqZ wkÿv Dbœqb Kvh©vewj (2009-2013 ch©šÍ) wb„P D„jøL Kiv n„jv-
 miKvwi we`¨vjq wenxb 310wU Dc„Rjv m`„i wbev©wPZ ƒemiKvwi we`¨vjqmg~n„K g„Wj ¯ˆz„j i€cvšÍiY kxl©K
cÖK„í 291wU wkÿ cÖwZôv„bi wbgv©Y m¤úbœKiY|
 ƒm„KÛvwi GWz„Kkb ƒm±i ƒW„fjc„g›U cքR„±i AvIZvq gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I g„Wj gv`&ivmvq ƒkªwYKÿ wbg©vY
Ges AvmevecÎ mieivn I bZzb we`¨vjq ¯‹vcb cÖK„íi 378wU wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi Dbœqb Kvh© m¤úbœKiY|
 XvKv gnvbMix„Z 11wU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq Ges 6wU gnvwe`¨vjq wbgv©Y kxl©K cÖK„íi Kvh©µg m¤úbœKiY|

99
  wkÿvi gvb Dbœq„bi j„ÿ¨ ƒRjv m`„i Aew¯‹Z miKvwi ƒcv÷ MÖvRy„qU K„jRmg~„ni Dbœqb kxl©K cÖKíi
gva¨„g GKv„Wwg-Kvg cixÿ ƒK›`ª, QvÎvevm/QvÎx wbevm, weÁvb feb I cÖkvmwbK feb wbgv©„Yi KvR
mgvßKiY|
 Z_¨ cÖhyw³ mnvqZvq wkÿvi gvb Dbœq„bi j„ÿ¨ wbev©wPZ ƒemiKvwi K„jRmg~„n GKv„WwgK Mvj©m MvBW
G„mvwm„qk„bi Pvi/cvuP/AvUZjv wfZ wewkó wØZj MvBW nvDm wbgv©Y KvR m¤úbœKiY|
 ƒgvnv¤§`cyi ƒK›`ªxq K„jR, jvjgvwUqv gwnjv K„jR I AvMviMuvI ZvjZjv miKvwi K„jvwb D”P we`¨vj„qi
Dbœq„b wbgv©Y m¤úbœ K„i„Q|
 XvKv ƒiwm„WwÝqvj g„Wj K„jR I ivRDK DËiv g„Wj K„j„Ri Dbœqb kxl©K cÖK„í eûZj wewkó GKv„WwgK
feb wbgvY© m¤úbœ K„i„Q|
 ewikvj BwÄwbqvwis K„jR ¯‹vcb kvl©K cÖK„íi feb wbgv©Y KvR m¤úbœKiY |
 ƒemiKvwi gv`ivmvmg~„ni GKv„WwgK feb wbgv©b kxl©K cÖK„íi Aax„b 1000wU cÖwZôv„bi PviZjv wfZ
wewkóGKZjv fe„bi wbgv©Y KvR chvq©µ„g m¤úbœKiY|
 e½eÜy ƒkL gywReyi ingvb weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq, ƒMvcvjMÄ ¯‹vcb cÖK„íi AvIZvq GKv„WwgK feb,
QvÎvevm, QvÎx wbevm, cÖkvmwbK feb, DcvPv„h©i evmfeb, Wi„gUwi I Kg©Pvwi ƒKvqvU©vi, ƒK`ªxq gmwR`,
ƒm›Uªvj K¨v„d„Uwiqv, …e`y¨wZK Dc„K„›`ª, cv¤ú nvDR, mxgvbv cÖvPxi Ges Af¨šÍixY iv¯Ív wbgv©Y|

cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi (Directorate of Inspection and Audit-DIA)

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv„`k Gi wkÿv gš¿Yvjqvaxb mshy³ Ges mswewae× cÖwZôv„bi g„a¨ cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi
Ab¨Zg| evsjv„`„k wkÿvi ¸YMZ Ges cwigvYMZ gvb mywbwðZ Kvivi Rb¨ wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi mivmwi ZË¡veav„b
cwi`k©b I wnmve wbixÿv Awa`ßi cÖwZwôZ n„q„Q| GwU ivRavbx kni XvKvq Aew¯‹Z|
cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi GKwU mshy³ wefvM (Attached Department) wn„m„e ƒemiKvwi wkÿv
cÖwZôvb cwi`k©b I Zv„`i Avw_©K e¨q wewam¤§Z wKbv Zv wbixÿv (Audit) Kiv Gi cÖavb KvR| GB `ßiwU wkÿv
cÖwZôvb mswkøó„`i Kv„Q Ministry Audit bv„g cwiwPZ| wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi GwU mshy³ wefvM e„j Gi€c bvgKiY
n„q„Q|
cwi`k©b I wnmve wbixÿv Awa`ßi evsjvƒ`„ki wewfbœ A„j Aew¯‹Z miKvwi Ges ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi
cÖK‚Z/ev¯Íe Ae¯‹v hvPvB, miKvwi Aby`vb I e¨q eiv„Ïi h_vh_ e¨envi wbixÿY, wkÿKe„›`i ƒhvM¨Zv, AwfÁZv,
wb„qvM, c„`vbœwZ, Avw_©K Avq-e¨q,A_© e¨e¯‹vcbv, Aby`v„bi myôz e¨envi BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg cwi`k©b, wbixÿY Ges
Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB-evQvB K„i gš¿Yvjqmn mswkøó `߄i cÖwZ„e`b ƒcÖiY K„i| G QvovI wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿvi hveZxq
gvb Dbœq„bi Kvh©Kix I cքqvRbxq civgk©, Dc„`k I wb„`©kbv w`„q _v„K| G cÖwZôv„bi Kvh©µ„gi gva¨„g wewfbœ
wkÿv cÖwZôvb n„Z f¨vU Ges U¨v· Av`v„qi Rb¨I wb„`©k ƒ`qv nq| f¨vU Ges Drm Ki miKvwi Lv„Z Rgv `v„bi Rb¨
DrmvwnZ Ges civgk© ƒ`qv nq|
cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`߄ii cÖavb wbe©vnxi c`we n„”Q cwiPvjK (Director)| wZwb wkÿv K¨vWv„ii Aa¨vcK
c`gh©v`vi GKRb Kg©KZ©v| eZ©gvb ƒemiKvwi (gva¨wgK ch©v„qi) wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi msL¨v A„bK ƒewk nIqvq GKwU
cÖwZôv„b GKevi wbixÿvi ci cybivq wbixÿY Ki„Z 10-12 eQi mgq jv„M|

DIA-i Kvhv©ewj
cÂevwl©K cÖwZ„e`„b (2009-2013) cÖKvwkZ cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`߄ii weMZ cuvP erm„ii Kg©Kv„Ûi LÛwPÎ
D„jøL Kiv nj-
 miKvwi I ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ÎæwU wePz¨wZ wPwýZ K„i cwi`k©b, wbixÿv Ges cÖ`Ë cÖwZ„e`„b
cքqvRbxq e¨e¯‹v MÖn„Yi R„b¨ wkÿv gš¿Yvjq I gvDwk Awa`߄i cÖwZ„e`b ƒcÖiY Kiv nq| G„Z f~qv I Rvj
wkÿvMZ ƒhvM¨Zv, AwfÁZv I wbeÜb mb` Øviv wb„qvMKZ wkÿK Kg©Pvix wPwýZ K„i Zv„`i weiæ„×
AvBbvbyM e¨e¯‹v MÖn„Yi mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q|
 2009-2013 mg„q 6891wU ¯ˆzj, K„jR I gv`ivmv cwi`k©b I wbixÿYKiY n„q„Q|

100
 355wU cÖwZôvb we„klfv„e Z`šÍ Kiv n„q„Q|
 cwi`k©b I wbixÿv cÖwZ„e`„b A†eafve MnxZ miKvwi ƒeZb-fvZvw` miKvwi ƒKvlvMv„i ƒdi„Zi Rb¨
c`„ÿc MÖn„Yi mycvwik Kiv n„q„Q|
 wewfbœ wkÿv cÖwZôv„b wkÿK-Kg©Pvix KZ‚K © A†ea ƒjb„`b cÖeYZv e¨vcKfv„e n«vm ƒc„q„Q Ges ƒemiKvwi
wkÿv cÖwZôv„b cÖkvmwbK Awbqg K„g„Q|
 cwi`k©b I wbixÿvi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY Kg©kvjvi Av„qvRb Kiv n„q„Q| Kg©kvjvi gva¨„g mswkøó wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi
cÖavbMYmn wkÿK-Kg©Pvix„`i„K wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv m¤ú„K© mg¨K aviYv cÖ`vb Ges Gi gva¨„g
Avw_©K, cÖkvmwbK I wkÿv Kvh©µg„K AwaKZi MwZkxj ivLvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„q„Q| d„j-
K. wkÿKiv cvV`vbmn Zv„`i Ici Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ cvj„b AvMÖnx n„q„Qb|
L. wkÿv_x©„`i cÖwZ wkÿK„`i bRi`vwi ew× ƒc„q„Q |
M. G mg„q wewfbœ¯„Í ii cixÿvq cv„ki nvi ew× ƒc„q„Q|
 cÖwZôv„bi Rb¨ miKvwi eivÏK‚Z A„_©i myôz e¨envi n„”Q I AcPq n«vm ƒc„q„Q|
 BwZc~„e© wewfbœ wkÿv cÖwZôvb ƒ_„K f¨vU I U¨v· Av`vq Kiv n„Zv bv| eZ©gvb miKv„ii Avg„j cwi`k©b I
wbixÿv cÖwZ„e`„b f¨vU I U¨v· eve` UvKv miKvwi Lv„Z Rgv ƒ`Iqvi mycvwik ivLv n„q„Q|
 Awa`߄ii bRi`vwii Kvi„Y eZ©gv„b wewfbœ ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„n KvVv„gv ewnf~©Z wkÿK-Kg©Pvix
wb„qvM cÖvq ï„b¨ ƒb„g G„m„Q|
 ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„b ƒKvwPs I fwZ© evwYR¨ Ges cixÿv wdmn AwZwi³ A_© Av`vq e¨vcKfv„e n«vm
ƒc„q„Q|
 wewfbœ wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ƒenvZ nIqv m¤úwË D×v„i D„jø„hvM¨ AMÖMwZ n„q„Q|
 wWwRUvj evsjv„`k Movi j„ÿ¨ Ges miKv„ii iƒcKí 2021 ev¯Ívevq„bi Rb¨ gvVchv©„qi cwi`k©b Kvh©µ„g
Z_¨cÖhyw³ wbf©i cwi`k©b e¨e¯‹v Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨vw` msiÿY K„i Awa`߄ii Kvh©µg„K
hy„Mvc„hvMx Kivi j„ÿ¨ AvBwmwU ƒmj MV„bi cÖ¯vÍ e wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi ƒcÖiY Kiv n„q„Q|
 miKv„ii i€cKí 2021 Gi wkÿv msµvšÍ Kvh©µg„K ev¯Íevq„bi j„ÿ¨ miKvwi-„emKvwi ¯ˆzj, K„jR I
gv`&ivmvmg~n cwi`k©b I wbixÿv K„i cwi`wk©Z cÖwZôvbmg~„ni wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv„K MwZkxj Kiv
n„q„Q|
 cwi`k©b I wbixÿvi gva¨„g QvÎ-QvÎx„`i g„a¨ cÖK‚Z ƒ`k„cÖg RvMÖZKi„Yi D„Ï„k¨ gyw³hy„×i mwVK BwZnvm
m¤ú„K© Rvbvi Rb¨ AvMÖn mwó Kiv nq|
 cwi`k©b I wbixÿvi gva¨„g BfwUwRs cÖwZ„iva wkÿv cÖwZôv„b wkÿK I wkÿv_x©„`i g„a¨ m„PZbZv mwó Kiv
nq| wkÿv_x©„`i …bwZK, gvbweK, agx©q Ges mvgvwRK g~j¨„evamn Amv¤úª`vwqK ƒPZbv mwó„Z mnvqK f~wgKv
cvjb Ki„Q|
 gyw³hy„×i ƒPZbvq wkÿv_x©„`i AbycÖvwYZ K„i ƒZvjv I Zv„`i wPšÍv-„PZbvq, ƒ`kvZ¥„eva, RvZxqZv„eva
b¨vq„eva, Amv¤úª`vwqK-„PZbv„eva, KZ©e¨„eva, gvbevwaKvi, m„PZbZv, gy³eyw×i PPv©, k•Ljv, mr
Rxebhvc„bi gvbwmKZv, ƒm‡nv`¨©, Aa¨emvqx nIqvi c`„ÿc MÖn„Y civgk© ƒ`Iqv nq|
 cÖwZ gv„m Kg©KZv©MY cwi`k©bKvjxb Kg©kvjvq AskxR„bi mv„_ …bwZKZv, ï×vPvi, mykvmb, wkÿvbxwZ BZ¨vw`
wel„q gZ wewbgq K„i _v„Kb|
 cwi`k©b I wbixÿvi gva¨„g wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„n gwnjv wkÿK wb„qv„Mi ƒÿ„Î gwnjv ƒKvUv h_vh_fv„e c~i„Y
K„Vvi Z`viwKi Kvi„Y bvixi ÿgZvqb, bvix ƒbZ‚Z¡ Ges bvixwkÿv cÖmv„i e¨vcK mvdj¨ AwR©Z n„q„Q|
 wkÿv cÖwZôv„b AvšÍRv©wZK gvZ‚fvlv w`em, ¯^vaxbZv w`em, weRq w`em, RvZxq ƒkvKw`emmn RvZxq I
AvšÍRv©wZK w`emmg~n h_v„hvM¨ ghv©`vq cvj„bi ƒÿ„Î cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi D„jøL„hvM¨ f~wgKv
ivL„Q|
 wewfbœ cÖwZôvb cwi`k©b I wbixÿvi gva¨„g Avw_©K `ybx©wZ cÖwZ„ivamn gvbm¤§Z wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨
cքPóv Pvjv„bv n„”Q|
 wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi myôz Avw_©K I cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯‹vcbv Ges wkÿvi gv„bvbœq„bi j„ÿ¨ ¯ˆzj, K„jR I gv`&ivmv
wbqwgZ cwi`k©b, wbixÿv I Z`šÍ Kvh©µg Ae¨vnZ i„q„Q| G Kvh©µg ƒRvi`vi Ki„Z cwiKwíZ mgqve×
cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv n„q„Q|

101
5.5 RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© (NCTB) Ges gva¨wgK I D”P
gva¨wgK wkÿv †evW© (BISE)
RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© (National Curriculum and Textbook
Board -NCTB)
wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbvi GKwU we„kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n„jv wkÿvµg e¨e¯‹vcbv| wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvi hveZxq Kg©Kv„Ûi
g~j jÿ¨B n„jv wkÿv_©x„`i Dchy³ wkÿv cÖ`vb| wkÿvi cwiKíbv mycwiKwíZ Ges myôz bv n„j ƒh ƒKv„bv wkÿv Kvh©µg
evavMÖ¯Í nq| ƒm Kvi„Y ƒh ƒKv„bv wkÿv Kvh©µg Avi¤¢ Kivi c~„e© Gi jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨ wK, wK cvV`vb Ki„Z n„e,
Kv„`i„K wkÿv ƒ`Iqv n„e, wK welqe¯Š Ges ƒKvb Kjv„K‡kj I wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi K„i wkÿv ƒ`Iqv n„e,
wkÿv_x„`i AMÖMwZ wKfv„e g~j¨vqb Ki„Z n„e BZ¨vw` welq cwiKíbv K„i wb„Z nq| wkÿv m¤úwK©Z GiKg GKwU
mvgwMÖK Kg©cwiKíbvB n„jv wkÿvµg| Avi wkÿvµg e¨e¯‹vcbvi `vwqZ¡ ƒh ms¯‹v cvjb K„i ƒmwU n„jv RvZxq
wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒevW©, ms„ÿ„c NCTB| GwU g~jZ GKwU ¯^vqËkvwmZ ƒckvMZ cÖwZôvb| Gi cÖavb KvR n„jv
cÖ_g ƒkÖwY ƒ_„K D”P gva¨wgK ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ mKj wel„qi wkÿµg cÖYqb Kiv| ƒmB mv„_ cÖYxZ wkÿvµg Abyhvqx
cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYqb, gy`ªY, Aby„gv`b I weZi„Yi `vwqZ¡I RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK
ƒevW© cvjb K„i| 1983 wLª÷v„ãi 2A„±vei ZrKvjxb evsjv„`k ¯ˆzj ƒUK÷eyK ƒevW©(BSTB) Ges RvZxq wkÿvµg
Dbœqb ƒK›`ª (NCDC) GKxfZ n„q RvZxq wkÿ„µg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒevW© MwVZ nq|
NCTB-Gi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
evsjv„`„ki wkÿvµg cwigvR©b,bevqb I Dbœq„bi GKgvÎ cÖwZôvb NCTB -Gi jÿ¨-D„Ïk¨ wb„P Dc¯‹vcb Kiv n„jv-
1. we`¨vj„qi wkÿv_©x„`i„K ev¯ÍegyLx I Rxebag©x Ávb AR©„b mnvqZv Kiv;
2. cÖv_wgK n„Z D”Pgva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP ƒgvZv„eK cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYqb, gy`ªY I weZiY Kiv;
3. ƒ`k I RvwZ MV„b cwic~Y© `wófw½ RvMÖZ Kiv;
4. Z_¨ cÖhyw³MZ `ÿZv weKv„k mvnvh¨ Kiv;
5. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯‹vb `ÿZv ew×i wkÿv m¤úªmviY Kiv;
6. wkÿv_©xi mvgvwRK, gvbwmK I …bwZK g~j¨„eva RvMÖZ Kiv;
7. wkÿv_©xi BwZevPK `wófw½ M„o ƒZvjv wkÿv I RvZxq Dbœqb Kiv;
8. wkÿv_©x„`i„K mwVK c×wZMZ Ávb AR©„b mnvqZv Kiv;
9. g~j¨„eva wkÿvq DØy× K„i Av`k© bvMwiK ¸Yvewji weKvk NUv„bv;
10.cÖÁvgq `~i`wófw½ m¤úbœ Av`k© RvwZ MV„b mnvqZv Kiv|
Í †ev‡W©i mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv
RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯K
RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒevW© wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi Aaxb GKwU ¯^vqËkvwmZ ms¯‹v| Gi cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v n„jb
ƒPqvig¨vb| wZwb wkÿv K¨vWv„ii Aa¨vcK c`gh©v`vi GKRb Kg©KZ©v|
RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒev„W©i i„q„Q wZbwU cÖavb kvLv i„q„Q| h_v-
1.wkÿvµg, 2. cvV¨cy¯ÍK I 3. A_©|
cÖwZwU kvLvi cÖavb n„jb GKRb m`m¨| GQvov ƒev„W©i mvwe©K Kg©KvÛ ƒ`Lv„kvbvi Rb¨ i„q„Q cÖkvmwbK kvLv, hvi
cÖavb `vwqZ¡cÖvß e¨w³ n„jb mwPe|
cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi g~j `vwqZ¡ wkÿvµg kvLvi| mvZwU DckvLvq gva¨„g wkÿvµg kvLvi G
`vwqZ¡ cvwjZ nq| DckvLv¸„jv n„jv-
1) D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv
2) gva¨wgK wkÿv
3) gv`&ivmv wkÿv
4) cÖv_wgK wkÿv
5) KvwiMwi kvLv
6) wkÿK cÖwkÿY I g~j¨vqb Ges
7) MÖš‹vMvi|

102
MÖš‹vMvi e¨ZxZ cÖwZwU Dc-kvLvq K„qKRb EaŸ©Zb we„klÁ, we„klÁ I M„elYv Kg©KZ©v Kg©iZ i„q„Qb hviv mswkøó
wel„qi wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi we„kl„Ái `vwqZ¡ cvjb K„ib|
NCTB-Gi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv
wb„P NCTB-Gi mvsMVwbK KvVv„gv Dc¯‹vwcZ n„jv-

wPÎ 3: RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒev„W©i mvsMVwbK KvVv„gv, (Drm-GbwmwUwe I„qemvBU)

wkÿvµg e¨e¯’vcbvq GbwmwUwe-i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb (Contibution of NCTB in Curriculum Management)
wkÿvµg cwigvR©b GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv| mgKvjxb we„k^i Pvwn`vi cwi„cÖwÿ„Z Ges ƒ`„ki cwieZ©bkxj Av_©-
mvgvwRK Rxeb e¨e¯‹v, mvs¯ˆ‚wZK ƒPZbv, agxq I …bwZK g~j¨v„eva BZ¨vw`i mv„_ m½wZ ƒi„L Gi cwigvR©b I bevqb
Acwinvh©| ƒ`„ki wkÿve¨e¯‹v„K hy„Mvc„hvMxKi„Yi gva¨„g mgKvjxbZv cÖ`v„bi j„ÿ¨ GbwmwUwe avivevwnKfv„e
wkÿvµg cwigvR©b,bevqb I Dbœq„bi KvR K„i Pj„Q|
GbwmwUwe-i K„qKwU D„jøL„hvM¨ Kvh©µg Zz„j aiv n„jv-
1) me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿvi mdj ev¯Íevq„bi j„ÿ¨ GbwmwUwe cÖv_wgK wkÿvµg cwigvR©b I bevq„bi GK
e¨vcK Kg©m~wP MÖnY K„i| Gi AvIZvq 1992 ƒ_„K cÖv_wgK ¯Í„i ƒhvM¨ZvwfwËK wkÿvµg cÖeZ©b Kiv nq|
2) GbwmwUwe wkÿvµg kvLvq BDwbU cÖwZôvi gva¨„g cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒ_„K ƒRÛvi …elg¨
`~ixKiY Ges wkÿv_©x„`i g„a¨ bvixi cÖwZ BwZevPK `wófw½ mwói cÖqvm Pvwj„q hv„”Q|
3) GbwmwUwe M„elYvjä Z„_¨i wfw˄Z wewfbœ ƒkÖwYi cvV¨ eB„q Abymi„Yi Rb¨ evK¨ KvVv„gv bxwZ wba©viY K„i„Q|
4) cÖv_wgK¯Í„ii wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wPi bevqb I AvaywbKxKi„Y ƒhvM¨ZvwfwËK wkÿvµg cÖYq„bi cvkvcvwk
avivevwnK g~j¨vqb c×wZ cÖeZ©b K„i„Q| Gai„bi g~j¨vqb c×wZ ƒkÖwYK„ÿi wkLb-ƒkLv„bv Kvh©µg„K
D„Ïk¨gyLx I wkÿv_©xi AvPi„Yi Kvw•ÿZ cwieZ©b wbwðZ Ki„Z mnvqZv Ki„e|
5) wkÿv_©x„`i ¯^Kg©ms¯‹v„b DØy× Ges ƒ`„ki K‚wli Dbœq„b mnvqK ÁvbvR©„b mnvqZv Kivi D„Ï„k¨ gva¨wgK
wkÿvµ„g K‚wl wkÿv welq AšÍfz©³ Kiv n„q„Q|
6) wkÿv_x©„`i gyw³hy„×i mwVK BwZnvm Ges µgaviv m¤ú„K© AewnZKi„Yi j„ÿ¨ wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯Í„K
gyw³hy„×i ƒPZbv I ¯^vaxbZv hy„×i mwVK BwZnv„mi cÖwZdwjZ Kiv n„q„Q|
7) Bs„iwR fvlv wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí (English Language Teaching Imporvement Project, ELTIP ) MÖn„Yi
gva¨„g gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ¯Í„i wkÿv_©x„`iCommunicative English LanguagewkLb-ƒkLv„bvi
gva¨„g gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb cÖwµqv„K ƒRvi`vi Kiv n„q„Q|
8) cÖvK‚wZK `y„h©vM,GBWm BZ¨vw` mgm¨v¸„jv wkÿvµ„g AšÍfz©³Ki„Yi gva¨„g wkÿv_©x„`i g„a¨ G¸„jv
cÖwZ„iv„ai g„bvfve mwói D„`¨vM MnY Kiv n„q„Q|

103
gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv †evW© (Board of Intermediate & Secondary
Education-BISE)
evsjvƒ`„ki wkÿv ƒevW©mg~n ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb| weªwUk Avg„j m¨vWjvi Kwgk„bi mycvwi„ki wfw˄Z 1921 wLª÷v„ã
ZrKvjxb XvKv kn„ii gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii cixÿv Ges Awef³ evsjv I Avmv„gi nvB gv`&ivmvi cixÿv MÖn„Yi Rb¨
gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW©, XvKv cÖwZwôZ nq| 1947 wLª÷v„ã Gi bvg cwieZ©b K„i ÔÔB÷ ƒe½j cvwK¯Ívb
ƒm„KÛvwi GWz„Kkb ƒevW© ÕÕ Kiv nq Ges D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv„K Gi AšÍfy©³ K„i gv`&ivmv wkÿv„K Avjv`v Kiv
nq| cieZ©xKv„j wewfbœ AwW©„b„Ýi gva¨„g ƒev„W©i bvg cwiewZ©Z n„q 1962 mv„j ÔÔgva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv
ƒevW©, XvKvÕÕ bvgKiY Kiv nq Ges ƒ`„k GKvwaK mggv„bi wkÿv ƒevW© MV„bi e¨e¯‹v Kiv nq| Gi d„j 1962 mv„j
ivRkvnx, Kzwgjøv I h„kvi, 1995 mv„j PÆMÖvg Ges 1999 mv„j ewikvj, wm„jU I w`bvRcyi Ges me©„k„l gqgbwms„n
bZzb wkÿv ƒevW© cÖwZôv Kiv nq| eZ©gv„b XvKvmn ƒ`„k ƒgvU 9wU gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW© i„q„Q| gv`&ivmv
wkÿvi Rb¨ GKwU wkÿv ƒevW© Ges KvwiMwi wkÿvi Rb¨ GKwU KvwiMwi wkÿv ƒevW©I Av„Q|
wkÿv †ev‡W©i cÖkvmwbK I msMVwbK KvVv‡gv

wPÎ 4: gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wkÿv ƒev„W©i KvVv„gv

gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒev„W©i cÖkvmwbK I mvsMVwbK KvVv„gv wb„P Dc¯‹vcbv Kiv n„jv-
ƒev„W©i mvsMVwbK KvVv„gvi Q„K jÿ¨ Kiv hvq ƒh, ƒev„W©i wbe©vnx cÖavb n„jb ƒPqvig¨vb| Zvi Aax„b i„q„Qb K„jR
cwi`k©K, ƒm„µUvwi I K„›Uªvjvie›`| G„`i cքZ¨„Ki Aax„bB i„q„Q wewfbœ ƒkÖwYi Kg©KZv© I Kg©Pvix hviv ƒev„W©i
mvsMVwbK KvVv„gvq wba©vwiZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb K„i _v„Kb|

wkÿv†ev‡W©i `vwqZ¡ I Kvh©µg

wkÿv ƒevW©mg~n ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb Ges wb„RB Gi wbe©vnx ms¯‹v| 1961 mv„ji AwW©b¨Ý Gi aviv Abyhvqx ƒevW©mg~„ni
g~j `vwqZ¡ n„jv wbR wbR GjvKvi gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿvi msMVb, wbqš¿Y, cwiPvjbv I Dbœqb Kiv| G
D„Ï„k¨ ƒevW© wb„Pi cÖkvmwbK I GKv„WwgK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K„i _v„K-
1. bZzb ƒemiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I D”P gva¨wgK K„jR cÖwZôvi AbygwZ I ¯^xK‚wZ cÖ`vb, ¯^xK‚wZ cÖZ¨vnvi I
¯^xK‚wZ bevqb Kiv|
2. QvÎQvÎx fwZ© I we`¨vjq/ K„jR cwieZ©„bi Rb¨ bxwZgvjv wba©viY|
3. we`¨vjq I K„jR cwi`k©„bi wbqg I c×wZ wba©viY Kiv|
4. gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I D”P gva¨wgK K„jR cwi`k©b Kiv, cÖwZôvbmg~„ni wkÿv µwgK `ye©jZv kbv³KiY I
cÖwZKv„ii cÖ¯vÍ e Kiv|
5. beg I GKv`k ƒkÖwY„Z fwZ©K‚Z wkÿv_©x„`i bvg ƒev„W© wbeÜxKiY|
104
6. gva¨wgK ¯ˆzj mvwU©wd„KU (GmGmwm) Ges D”P gva¨wgK mvwUwd„KU (GBPGmwm) cixÿv MÖnY I wbqš¿Y Kiv|
7. ƒRGmwm I GBPGmwm cixÿvq dj cÖKvk Kiv Ges DËxY© cixÿv_©x„`i b¤^icÎ, mb`cÎ, mvgwqK mb`cÎ BZ¨vw`
cÖ`vb Ki|
8. wkÿK Ges ¯ˆzj, K„j„Ri g¨v„bwRs KwgwU ev Mfwb©s ewWi g„a¨ ƒKv„bv cÖKvi weev` ƒ`Lv w`„j Zvi ga¨¯‹Zv Kiv
A_ev ga¨¯‹Zvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
9. we„`k ƒdiZ evsjv„`wk QvÎQvÎx„`i Ges we„`wk QvÎ-QvÎx„`i evsjv„`„k D”PZi ƒkÖwY„Z cov„jLvi e¨vcv„i
cքqvRbxq civgk© cÖ`vb|
10. cvewjK cixÿvi d„ji Ici wfwË K„i QvÎQvÎx„`i„K ewË cÖ`vb|
11. ƒLjvayjv, ¯ˆvDwUs BZ¨vw` mn-wkÿvµwgK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv|
12. wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK Ges mswkøó wel„q wm×všÍ MÖnY I wkÿvmsµvšÍ wel„q wkÿv gš¿vYvjq„K gZvgZ ev civgk© cÖ`vb
Kiv|
13. Ab¨vb¨ cÖkvmwbK I mswkøó wel„q wm×všÍ MÖnY|

wkÿv †evW©mg~‡ni kvLvIqvwi Kvh©µg

gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK cixÿv_©xi msL¨v w`b w`b ew× cvIqvi d„j ƒevW©mg~„ni Kvh©µg µgvMZ ew× cv„”Q| GB
e¨vcK Kg©KvÛ m¤úv`„bi `vwqZ¡ ƒev„W©i wewfbœ kvLvi Ici Awc©Z n„q„Q| wb„P ƒev„W©i kvLvIqvwi `vwqZ¡ mswÿßfv„e
Av„jvwPZ n„jv-
cÖkvmb I ms¯’vcb kvLv: …`bw›`b cÖkvmwbK I ms¯‹vcb m¤^Übxq welq ZË¡veavb, hvbevnb, wbqš¿Y, ewËcÖ`vb, gy`ªY,
mvaviY Bmy¨, mfv AvnŸvb BZ¨vw` `vwqZ¡ G kvLv cvjb K„i _v„K|
we`¨vjq kvLv: bZzb ¯ˆzj cÖwZôvi Rb¨ AbygwZ cÖ`vb, ¯^xK‚wZ cÖ`vb, ¯^xK‚wZ cÖZ¨vnvi I ¯^xK‚wZ bevqb, QvÎQvÎx„`i bvg
wbeÜxKiY, we`¨vjq cwi`k©b, ¯ˆzj g¨v„bwRs KwgwU Aby„gv`b Ges QvÎQvÎx„`i bvg I eqm ms„kva„bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb
BZ¨vw`|
K‡jR kvLv: bZzb D”P gva¨wgK K„jR cÖwZôvi Rb¨ AbygwZ cÖ`vb; ¯^xK‚wZ cÖ`vb; ¯^xK‚wZ cÖZ¨vnvi I ¯^xK‚wZ bevqb;
QvÎQvÎx„`i bvg wbeÜxKiY; K„jR cwi`k©b; wbe©vPwb KwgwU ev Mfwb©sewW Aby„gv`b I evwZjKiY|
cixÿv kvLv: GmGmwm cixÿv cwiPvjbv; dj cÖKvk; b¤^icÎ I mb`cÎweZiY; mvgwqK mb`, wØbKj, wÎbKj mb` I
b¤^icÎ Bmy¨; cÖkc
œ Î cÖYqb I gWv„ikbmn DËicÎ g~j¨vq„bi Rb¨ cixÿK ev cÖavb cixÿK wb„qvM|
cwiKíbv I g~j¨vqb kvLv: we„`wk I ƒ`kxq QvÎ-QvÎx„`i wkÿvmsµvšÍ wel„q civgk© cÖ`vb; mgZzj¨Zv wba©viYmn
wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP weZiY; wi„cvU© cÖYqb, cvVvMv„ii ZË¡veavb|
wnmve kvLv: A_© msMÖn I wej cwi„kva; AwW„Ui e¨e¯‹v Kiv; wnmvecÎ msiÿY; evwl©K ev„RU cÖ¯Z Š I wkÿv gš¿vYvjq
ƒ_„K Aby„gv`b jv„fi e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
Kw¤úDUvi kvLv: GmGmwm I GBPGmwm b¤^i cÖwµqvKiY, ¯ˆ¨vb, m¤úv`bv I ƒUey„jkbmn cixÿvi dj …ZwiKiY,
GmAvBGd/AviAvBGd dig msMÖnKiY I beg Ges GKv`k ƒkÖwYi QvÎQvÎx„`i Rb¨ ƒiwR„÷ªkb KvW© gy`ªY; Dfq
cixÿvi cքekcÎ, ƒUey„jkb wkU I b¤^icÎ gy`ªY|
Kgvwk©qvj GWz‡Kkb †mj: GwU ƒKej XvKv ƒev„W© i„q„Q| GB ƒm„ji `vwqZ¡ n„jv Kgvwk©qvj Bbw÷wUD„Ui QvÎQvÎx„`i
bvg wbeÜxKiY; wW„cøvgv-Bb-Kgvm© cixÿv cwiPvjbv; cÖkc œ Î cÖYqb I gWv„ikb, cÖavb cixÿK I cixÿK wb„qvM;
wW„cøvgv-Bb-Kgvm© cixÿvi djcÖKvk b¤^i cÎ I mb`cÎ Bmy¨ Kiv|
wkÿv †ev‡W©i Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KvÛ
ƒevW©mg~n wbqwgZ Kg©Kv„Ûi evB„i cÖwZ eQi ƒek wKQz GKv„WwgK I Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µg m¤úv`b K„i _v„K| cixÿv
e¨e¯‹vi gv„bvbœq„bi D„Ï„k¨ wewfbœ ƒ`„ki mv„_ AwfÁZv wewbg„qi gva¨„g cixÿv c×wZi gv„bvbœq„bi cքPóv BZ¨vw`
G me Kg©Kv„Ûi AšÍf©y³|
105
5.6 bv‡qg (NAEM), wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡jR (TTC), D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY
Bbw÷wUDU (HSTTI)
RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯’vcbv GKv‡Wwg (bv‡qg)
RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv GKv„Wwg (bv„qg) evsjv„`„ki gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv„ÿ„Î GKwU DrKl© ƒK›`ª Ges GwU wkÿvi
DrKl© mva„bi KvR K„i hv„”Q| bv„q„gi PovšÍ jÿ¨ n„”Q wkÿv„ÿ„Î RvZxq I …ewk^K P¨v„jÄ ƒgvKvwejvi Rb¨ wkÿK
Ges wkÿv cÖkvm„bi Kg©KZ©vMY„K Ávb, ƒckvMZ `ÿZv, BwZevPK `wófw½ I ƒbZ‚„Z¡i ¸Yvewj Øviv mg× Kiv|
wkÿv„ÿ„Îi cwiKíbv, cÖkvmb, e¨e¯‹vcbv I M„elYvi Dbœq„bi ƒÿ„Î bv„qg cÖavb fwgKv cvjb K„i„Q| wkÿvi ¸YMZ
gvb ew×i j„ÿ¨ 1959 wLª÷v„ã GWz„Kkb G·„Ubkb ƒm›Uvi (EEC) cÖwZwôZ nq| GKwU weeZ©b cÖwµqvi gva¨„g
1992 wLª÷v„ã GwU„K RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv GKv„Wwg (bv„qg)-G i€cvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| Gi mswÿß eQiwfwËK
avivevwnK cwieZ©b wb„Pi Q„K ƒ`Lv„bv n„jv-

HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvcU
1959 1975 1982 1992

GWz„Kkb G·„Ubkb EECGi Kg©KvЃK AwZwi³ e¨q n«vm I NIEAER- ƒK AveviI

ƒm›Uvi (EEC)bv„g m¤úªmvwiZ K„i GwU„K Kvh©Kix wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv cwieZ©b K„i RvZxq wkÿv
gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿK„`i evsjv„`k GWz„Kkb Dbœq„bi j„ÿ¨ NIEMRI e¨e¯‹vcbv GKv„Wwg
wkLb weÁvb welqK G·„Ubkb GÛ wimvP© (BEERI)GKxfZ K„i (bv„qg) wnmv„e bvgKiY
cÖwkÿ„Yi gva¨„g bv„qg BÝwUwUDU (BEERI)bv„g b¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU di Kiv nq| G cwieZ©„bi
Zvi hvÎv ïiæ K„i| i€cvšÍwiZ Kiv nq Ges GWz„Kkbvj jÿ¨ wQj wkÿv ƒÿ„Îi
K„jR I gv`&ivmvi wkÿK A¨vWwgwb„÷ªkb G·„Ubkb cwiKíbv, cÖkvmb,
I cÖkvmKmn wkÿvƒÿ„Îi GÛ wimvP© e¨e¯‹vcbv I M„elYvi
mKj Kg©KZ©v„`i M„elYv (NIEAER)bv„g AwfwnZ Dbœq„bi ƒÿ„Î GwU„K
I e¨e¯‹vcbv welqK Kiv nq| DrKl© ƒK›`ª wnmv„e cÖwZôv
cÖwkÿ„Yi AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ Kiv|
cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

¯^cœ: 2021 mv„ji g„a¨ bv„qg-ƒK AvšÍR©vwZK gv„bi cÖwkÿY cÖwZôv„b cwiYZ Kiv|
jÿ¨: ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ cÖwkÿY cÖ`v„bi gva¨„g cÖv_wg„KvËi ¯Í„ii wkÿK I Kg©KZ©v„`i wek^vq„bi P¨v„jÄ
ƒgvKvwejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z
Š Kiv|
bv‡q‡gi D‡Ïk¨mg~n
mvaviY D‡Ïk¨: bv„q„gi mvaviY D„Ïk¨ n„”Q gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv ¯Í„ii wkÿK Dbœqb I gvbm¤§Z e¨e¯‹vcbv I
cÖkvmb e¨e¯‹v wbwðZKi„Yi gva¨„g cÖv_wg„KvËi ¯Í„i ¸YMZgvb m¤úbœ wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv|
we‡kl D‡Ïk¨mg~n
 wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv I cÖkvmwbK ƒÿ„Î cÖvwZôvwbK mvg_©¨ Dbœq„bi Rb¨ cÖwZôvbmg~n„K ƒckvMZ I KvwiMwi
mn„hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
 cÖv_wgK cieZ©x wkÿv Dc¯Í„ii wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv I cÖkvmwbK ƒÿ„Î `ÿZv I Kvh©KvwiZvi Dbœqb Ki|


bv‡q‡gi Kvh©vewj
mywbw`©ó D„Ïk¨mg~n AR©b Ki„Z bv„qg wb¤œwjwLZ Kg©m~wP MÖnY K„i _v„K-
1. wkÿv I cÖwkÿ„Yi µgea©gvb I eûgyLx Pvwn`vi wbwi„L bv„q„gi cÖwkÿY I M„elYv Kvh©µg AvšÍRv© wZK gv„b
DbœwZKiY, m¤úªmviY Ges bZzb bZzb ƒÿ„Î cÖwkÿY ƒKvm© cÖeZ©b|
106
 2. wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcK„`i Rb¨ wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv, cwiKíbv I Dbœqb Ges wkÿv M„elYvi Ici cÖwkÿ„Yi
cwiKíbv cÖYqb, Dbœqb, Av„qvRb I mgš^q mvab Kiv|
3. wkÿv DbœqbmsµvšÍ wewfbœ mgm¨vi I welqvw`i Ici mfv, ƒmwgbvi, Kg©kvjv BZ¨vw` Av„qvRb Kiv
4. wkÿvmsµvšÍ wel„qi Ici M„elYv Kg©m~wP MÖnY Kiv
5. wkÿv cwiKíbv, cÖkvmb I M„elYvmsµvšÍ wewfbœ Z„_¨i Rb¨ Z_¨ ƒK›`ª wn„m„e KvR Kiv|
6. wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq„b miKvi„K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv
7. mgRvZxq Kg©Kv„Û wb„qvwRZ RvZxq I AvšÍRv© wZK ms¯‹v I cÖwZôvbmg~n„K mn„hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|

bv‡q‡gi my‡hvM-myweav
wkÿv cwiKíbv I e¨e¯‹vcbv Dbœq„bi ƒÿ„Î ƒ`„ki GKwU kxl©¯‹vbxq cÖwZôvb wn„m„e bv„q„g i„q„Q cÖwkÿ„Yi
mye¨e¯‹v| g„bvgy»Ki meyR cÖK‚wZ, me ai„bi my„hvM-myweav
msewjZ XvKv kn„ii ƒK›`ª¯„‹ j Ae¯‹vb GB cÖwZôv„bi gh©v`v A„bK evwo„q w`„q„Q| cÖvq 8 GKi Rwgi Ici wbwg©Z
bv„qg Kg„cøƒ· wb¤œwjwLZ my„hvM-myweavw` cÖ`vb K„i _v„K|
1. †kÖwYKÿ, mfvKÿ I j¨v½y‡qR j¨ve: bv„q„g AvaywbK my„hvM-myweav msewjZ I mymw¾Z `ywU AwW„Uvwiqvg,
A„bK¸„jv ƒkÖwYKÿ hv gvwëwgwWqv I ¯§vU© ƒevW© Øviv mshy³ Ges `ywU Kbdv„iÝ iæg i„q„Q| GQvovI GLv„b
i„q„Q AvaywbK I mymw¾Z `ywU j¨v½y„qR j¨ve|
2. MÖš’vMvi I Z_¨‡K›`ª: bv„q„g i„q„Q GKwU mg× MÖš‹vMvi ƒhLv„b cvIqv hvq eB, g¨vMvwRb, Rvb©vj I ƒ`wk-
we„`wk Ab¨vb¨ cÖKvkbvmg~n| GwU wewfbœ cÖwkÿY ƒKv„m©i cÖwkÿYv_©x„`i wkÿvi cքqvRb ƒgUv„Z mvnvh¨ K„i
_v„K| GB MÖš‹vMv„ii GKwU Ask Z_¨„K›`ª wn„m„e e¨eüZ nq|
3. AvBwmwU †mj: bv„q„gi GKwU mymw¾Z AvBwmwU ƒmj i„q„Q| AvR„Ki GB Z_¨cÖhyw³i hy„M cÖwZw`„bi
`vßwiK Kv„R Ges wPwVc„Îi Av`vb-cÖ`v„bi ƒÿ„Î Kw¤úDUv„ii e¨envi AZ¨vek¨Kxq|GB cÖwZôv„bi Av„iv
GKwU jÿ¨ n„”Q Kw¤úDUvi e¨env„ii Ici ƒUKmB cÖwkÿ„Yi gva¨„g wewfbœ cÖwkÿY ƒKv„m©i cÖwkÿYv_©xi
ƒckvMZ Dbœqb mvab Kiv| GB jÿ¨„K gv_vq ƒi„L bv„q„gi AvBwmwU ƒmj cÖwZôv Kiv n„q„Q| GB ƒm„ji
AvIZvq 3wU Kw¤úDUvi j¨ve cÖwZwôZ n„q„Q| cÖwZwU j¨v„e 25wU Kw¤úDUvi Av„Q| Kw¤úDUvi j¨ve¸„jv„Z
gva¨wgK I K„jRch©v„qi wkÿK„`i welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY ƒ`qv nq| ZvQvov Ab¨vb¨ ƒKv„m©iI Awa„ekb
cwiPvwjZ nq| cÖwkÿYv_©x„`i Z_¨ I me WvUv„eR mwVKfv„e GB ƒm„j msiÿY Kiv n„q _v„K| bv„q„gi
i„q„Q GKwU I„qemvBU, ƒjvKvj Gwiqv ƒbUIqvK©, IqvB-dvB Ges 30 GgwewcGm eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi„bU ms„hvM|
4. Avevmb e¨e¯’v: ƒh„nZz AwaKvsk cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPB AvevwmK, ƒm„nZz bv„qg bvix I cyiæl Dfq cÖKvi
cÖwkÿYv_©xi Rb¨ ƒnv„÷j myweav cÖ`vb K„i _v„K| GLv„b i„q„Q 415 wmU wewkó 5wU ƒnv„÷j feb| GQvovI
GLv„b gnvcwiPvj„Ki evmfeb, Abyl`e„›`i cwievimn emev„mi Rb¨ `ywU Ges Kg©Pvix„`i cwievimn
emev„mi Rb¨ Av„iv `ywUmn ƒgvU 4wU AvevwmK feb i„q„Q| GB Kg„cø„·i ƒK›`ª¯„‹ j i„q„Q GKwU `wób›`b
gmwR`|
5. K¨v‡d‡Uwiqv: bv„q„gi `ywU K¨v„d„Uwiqv i„q„Q| Gi g„a¨ GKwU eywbqvw` I Ab¨vb¨ ƒKv„m©i cÖwkÿYv_©x„`i
Rb¨ Ges Ab¨wU bv„q„gi Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvixe„›`i Rb¨| GB K¨v„d„Uwiqv `ywU cÖwkÿYv_©©x„`i Rb¨ wbqwgZ
bv¯Ív Ges `ycyi I iv„Zi Lvev„ii e¨e¯‹v K„i _v„K|
6. ¯^v¯’¨‡mev: bv„q„g GKwU ¯^v¯‹¨„K›`ª i„q„Q| Wv³v„ii Rb¨ GKwU ƒP¤^vi I GKwU wWm„cbmvwi wb„q GB ƒK›`ª
MwVZ| GKRb ƒgwW„Kj Awdmvi Ges GKRb ƒgwW„Kj Gwm÷¨v›U Øviv GB ƒK›`ªwU cwiPvwjZ n„q _v„K|
cÖwkÿYv_©x I bv„q„gi me Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix GB ƒK„›`ª ¯^v¯‹¨„mev wb„q _v„Kb| wewfbœ cÖwkÿY ƒKv„m©i
cÖwkÿYv_©xMY GLvb ƒ_„K webvg~„j¨ e¨e¯‹vcÎ I Ilya ƒc„q _v„Kb|
7. wRg‡bwmqvg: bv„q„g GKwU AZ¨vaywbK wRg„bwmqvg i„q„Q| eywbqvw` ƒKv„m©i cÖwkÿYv_©x„`i wbqwgZ kvixwiK
wkÿvi cvkvcvwk Ab¨ ƒKv„m©i cÖwkÿYv_©xiv wRg„bwmqvg e¨envi K„i|

107
bv‡q‡gi wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kvh©vewj
1. cwiKíbv I Dbœqb wefvM: cwiKíbv I Dbœqb wefvM bv„q„gi Af¨šÍixY wewfbœ Kvh©mg~„ni mvwe©K cwiKíbv
cÖYqb Ges wewfbœ Dbœqb cÖKímg~„ni bKkv cÖYqb K„i| G wefvM GKwU wbw`©ó eQ„ii Rb¨ cwiKwíZ mvwe©K
cÖwkÿY Kvh©µgmsewjZ evwl©K cÖwkÿY cwÄKv cÖYqb K„i| GKv„Wwg AvBwmwU ƒmj G wefv„M mshy³|
2. cÖwkÿY I ev¯Íevqb wefvM: bv„q„gi cÖavb D„Ïk¨ n„”Q wkÿK I wkÿv cÖkvmKMY„K cÖwkÿY cÖ`v„bi gva¨„g
¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ I `ÿ gvbem¤ú` …Zwi Kiv| G D„Ïk¨„K mvg„b ƒi„L bv„qg wewfbœ ai„bi cÖwkÿY
Kg©m~wP wb„q GwM„q hv„”Q| cÖwkÿY ƒKvm© KvwiKzjvg Gi bKkv cÖYqb I cÖwkÿYmsµvšÍ hveZxq Kvh©vewj
m¤úv`b Kiv cÖwkÿY I ev¯Íevqb wefv„Mi g~j `vwqZ¡| G wefv„Mi Aaxb¯‹ m`m¨MY ƒmwgbvi, IqvK©kc
cwiPvjbv, cÖwkÿY g¨vby„qj …Zwi, ƒKvm©wi„cvU© …Zwi Ges wewfbœ cÖwkÿYmsµvšÍ wba©vwiZ KvR m¤úbœ Ki„Z
cÖwkÿYv_©x„`i mnvqZv K„i _v„Kb|bv„qg GmGmwmGg, GwmBGg, wkÿv M„elYv c×wZ ƒKvm©, AvBwmwU
ƒKvm©, wkÿv cwiKíbv I Dbœqb ƒKvm©, KwgDwb„KwUf Bswjk ƒKvm©, MÖš‹vMvi cwiKíbv I e¨e¯‹vcbv ƒKvm©
BZ¨vw` ƒKv„m©i cÖwkÿY g¨vby„qj cÖKvk K„i _v„K|
GQvovI GB wefvM wewfbœ ƒKv„m©i e³v g~j¨vq„bi KvR K„i _v„K| bv„qg 23 ai„bi cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbv K„i _v„K| D„jøL„hvM¨ cÖwkÿY¸„jvi g„a¨ i„q„Q- GmGmwmBGg, GwmBGg, eywbqvw` ƒKvm©, wkÿv
cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv ƒKvm©, wkÿv M„elYv c×wZ ƒKvm©, wkÿv cwiKíbv I Dbœqb, AvBwmwU ƒKvm©,
KwgDwb„KwUf Bswjk ƒKvm© BZ¨vw`|
3. cÖkvmb I A_© wefvM: cÖkvmb I A_© wefvM bv„qg- Gi mvwe©K e¨e¯‹vcbvi ƒÿ„Î Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y fwgKv
cvjb K„i _v„K| wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK KwgwU„Z AšÍfy©w³ QvovI G wefvM wewfbœ cÖwkÿY ƒKvm©, Kg©kvjv I
ƒmwgbvi Av„qvRb, Ges wkÿv gš¿Yvjq I Ab¨vb¨ mn„hvMx ms¯‹vi mv„_ ƒhvMv„hvM iÿv Ki„Z mnvqZv cÖ`vb
K„i| wnmve-wbKvk ivLv I ev„RU …Zwi Kivi g„Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR¸„jv G wefvM m¤úv`b K„i _v„K| GB
wefvM Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K wbixÿvmg~n m¤úv`b K„i _v„K| G wefvM bv„q„gi AeKvVv„gv wbg©vY I ƒgivgZ
KvR Ges wewfbœ ms¯ˆvig~jK Kvh©vewj Z`viwK K„i _v„K| cÖwkÿYmvgMÖx, hš¿cvwZ I miÄvgvw` µq KivI G
wefv„Mi GKwU wbqwgZ KvR|
4. M‡elYv I Z_¨vqb wefvM: M„elYv cwiPvjb, d„jvAvc I ƒKm÷vwW Ki„Z M„elYv I Z_¨vqb wefvM
wb„ew`Z| cÖwZ eQi G wefvM bv„qg Abyl`e›` I Ab¨vb¨ ms¯‹vi M„elK„`i wbKU ƒ_„K M„elYv cÖ¯Íve
Avnevb K„i _v„K| bv„qg KZ‚©K cwiPvwjZ evwl©K wewfbœ Kvh©vewji mvims„ÿcmn bv„qg wbDR ƒjUvi,
…ÎgvwmK cÖKvkbv, bv„qg Rvb©vj, bv„q„gi Aa©evwl©Kx cÖKvkbv Ges evwl©K wi„cvU©cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ GB wefvM
cքqvRbxq c`„ÿc MÖnY K„i _v„K| G wefvM wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvi Dci cy¯ÍK cÖKv„ki mnvqZv cÖ`vb
K„i _v„K|
wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡jR (Teacher’s Training College, TTC)
wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jRmg~n gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi
wkÿK„`i ƒckvMZ cÖwkÿY (Professional Training) cª`vb
K„i _v„K| divwm wPšÍvwe` wW jv mv‡jø (De La Salle, 1651-
1719) wkÿK cÖwkÿ„Yi m~Pbv K„ib (evsjvwcwWqv)| cieZx©„Z
ƒRvnvb ƒnbwiK ƒc¯Ív„jvrRx (1786-1827) BD„ivc Ry„o Gi
cÖmvi NUvb| 1808 wLª÷v„ã ƒb„cvwjqvg wkÿK cÖwkÿ„Yi
mywcwiqi bigvj ¯ˆzj cÖwZôv K„ib| cieZ©x„Z 1823 wLª÷v„ã
hy³iv„óª, 1836 wLª÷v„ã weª„U„b, Ges 1846 wLª÷v„ã
ƒb`vij¨v„Û wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg ïiæ nq|

wPÎ 5: Rb e¨vcwU÷ wW jv mv„jø (1651-1719)

1835 wLª÷v„ãi GWgm& wi„cv„U©i 3q L„Û bigvj ¯ˆzjcÖwZôv Kivi mycvwik K„ib| 1854 wLª÷v„ã Pvj©m D„Wi
108
ƒWmc¨v„P Dcgnv„`„k cÖ_g wkÿv cÖwkÿ„Yi K_v ejv nq| 1857 wLª÷v„ã XvKvq GKwU bigvj ¯ˆzj (Normal
School) cÖwZôv Kiv nq| cieZ©x„Z 1869 wLª÷v„ã Kzwgjøvq I 1882 wLª÷v„ã iscy„i Av„iv 2wU bigvj ¯ˆzj cÖwZôv
Kiv nq| 1882 wLª÷v„ã nv›Uvi Kwgkb gva¨wgK ¯ˆz„ji wkÿK„`i Rb¨ cÖwkÿ„Yi mycvwik K„ib hvi ƒgqv` n„e 1
eQi| GiB avivevwnKZvq 1908 wLª÷v„ã KjKvZvq ƒWwfW ƒnqvi David Hare)K„jR I 1909 wLª÷v„ã XvKvi
Avigvwb„Ujvq wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, XvKv cÖwZwôZ nq| wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR XvKv-i cÖ_g Aa¨ÿ wQ„jb wg. Bfvb B.wem|
1956 wLª÷v„ã Avigvwb„Uvjv ƒ_„K wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, XvKv wbD gv„K©U _vbvaxb wgicyi ƒiv„Wi eZ©gvb ¯‹v„b
¯‹vbvšÍwiZ nq|
evsjv„`„k eZ©gv„b 3 ai„bi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR i„q„Q| h_v-
1. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR
2. „emiKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR
3. gv`&ivmv wUPvm© ƒUªwbs Bwbw÷wUDU
2.

1. miKvwi wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡jR: 2017 wLª÷v„ãi Z_¨g„Z evsjv„`„k miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„j„Ri msL¨v 14wU|
miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jRmg~„n RvZxq wek¦w`¨vj„qi Aaxb wb„¤œv³ ƒKvm©mg~n Advi Kiv nq|

†Kv‡m©i bvg †gqv` fwZ© †hvM¨Zv

e¨v„Pji Ae GWy„Kkb (we.GW) 1 eQi b~¨bZg ¯œvZK wWwMÖ
2 ƒmwg÷vi
gv÷vi Ae GWz„Kkb (Gg. GW) 1 eQi b~¨bZg ¯œvZK I we.GW
e¨v„Pji Ae GWz„Kkb (Abvm©) 4 eQi GBPGmwm
8 ƒmwg÷vi
DwjøwLZ wbqwgZ ƒKvm© QvovI miKvwi wUPvm©ƒUªwbs K„jRmg~„n wewfbœ cªK„íi gva¨„g ¯^í„gqvw` cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wP AbywôZ
nq| h_v-
TQI-II SEPcÖKí
 21 w`be¨vwc we`¨vjq, gv`ivmv I K„jR wkÿK„`i welqwfwËK wmwcwW cÖwkÿY|
 14 w`be¨vwc we`¨vjq, gv`ivmv I K„jR wkÿK„`i ICT in Digital Content Development cÖwkÿY|
 3 w`be¨vwc Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iqvi GÛ mdUIqvi Uªvej kywUs cÖwkÿY|
 5 w`be¨vwc we`¨vjq, gv`ivmv I K„jR wkÿK„`i Refreshers Cousse in ICT cÖwkÿY|
 35 w`be¨vwc fwel¨Z cÖwZôvb„`i cÖwkÿY|

SEQAEPcÖKí
 w`be¨vcx Bs„iwR, MwYZ I weÁvb wel„q ACT (Additional Classroom Teacher) †`i cÖwkÿY|
DSHE
 10w`be¨vcx LSBE (Life Skills Based Education) cÖwkÿY|
 w`be¨vcx miKvwi K„jR wkÿK„`i ICT in Digital Content Development cÖwkÿY|
 10 w`be¨vwc AwURg welqK cÖwkÿY
 „Rbv„ikb ƒeªK_ªy welqK cÖwkÿY
 1500 K„jR Dbœqb kxl©K cÖK„í miKvwi K„jR wkÿK„`i weÁvb welqK cÖwkÿY


109
NCTB/ SESIP
 6 w`be¨vwc GjGmweB cÖwkÿY
 mRbkxj cÖkœ welqK cÖwkÿY
 6 KvwiKzjvg ev¯Íevqb welqK cÖavb wkÿK„`i cÖwkÿY
miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbsK„jRmg~n evsjv„`k Db¥y³ wek^we`¨vjq KZ‚©K cwiPvwjZ we.GW I Gg.GW ƒKv„m©i wUD„Uvwiqvj
ƒm›Uvi wn„m„eI KvR K„i|
evsjv„`„k miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„j„Ri msL¨v ƒgvU 14wU| wb„P G¸„jvi bvg I Ae¯‹vb Zz„j aiv n„jv-
µwgK K‡j‡Ri bvg ¯’vcb Ae¯’vb B- †gBj I †dvb
bs Kvj
1. miKvwi wUPvm© K„jR ,XvKv| 1909 wbDgv„K©U, XvKv [email protected]
02- 8613467,02- 9672110
2. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, gqgbwmsn| 1948 ivRevwo, ttccmym@g mail.com
gqgbwmsn 041-66737
3. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR (gwnjv), gqgbwmsn 1952 ivRevwo [email protected]
gqgbwmsn 091-61346
4. miKvwi wUPvm©ƒUªwbs K„jR, PÆMÖvg 1956 PKevRvi PÆMÖvg [email protected]
031-613217
5. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, Kzwgjøv| 1962 ƒKvUevwo, Kzwgjøv comilla-ttc@yahoo
081-76063
6. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, ƒdbx| 1976 c„j„UKwbK [email protected]
ƒgvo,ƒdbx 033-62642
7. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, h„kvi| 1963 ƒLvc, h„kvi ttcjessore@ gmail.com
0421-66461
8. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, Lyjbv| 1970 dzjevwo ƒMU, [email protected]
Lyjbv 041-774551
9. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, ivRkvnx| 1956 cvkvixcvov, [email protected]
ivRkvnx 0721-722188
10. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, iscyi| 1976 jvjKzwV ƒgvo, rangpur [email protected]
iscyi 0521-62041
11. knx` Avãyi ƒmiwbqvev` miKvwi wUPvm© 1999 Kvwkcyi ewikvj Priscipattcbarisal @yahoo.
ƒUªwbs K„jR, ewikvj| com, 0431-2173254
12. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, dwi`cyi| 2003 jv„ji ƒgvo, [email protected]
dwi`cyi 0631-66303
13. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, wm„jU| 2003 wUwe„MU wm„jU [email protected]
0821- 721344
14. miKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR, cvebv| 2003 Kvwkbv_cyi, [email protected]
cvebv 731 - 65329

3. †emiKvwi wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡jR

mg„qi `vex„Z evsjv„`„k cÖwZwôZ nq ƒemiKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR| RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj„qi Aby„gv`b wb„q Gme
K„jR cÖwZwôZ nq Ges we.GW ƒKv„m©i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K„i| XvKvq cÖwZwôZ Lvb evnv`yi AnmvbDjøvn wUPvm© ƒUªwbs
K„jR evsjv„`„k ¯‹vwcZ cÖ_g ƒemiKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR| RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj„qi 2016 mv„ji we.GW cixÿvi
ZvwjKv Abyhvqx ƒemiKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„j„Ri msL¨v 75/76wU|

110
D”Pgva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU (Higher Secondary Teachers Training Institute,
HSTTI)
evsjv„`k miKv„ii wkÿv gš¿Yvjq D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ¯Í„ii wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq„bi Rb¨ G ¯Í„ii wkÿK„`i h_v_©
cÖwkÿY cÖ`v„bi j„ÿ¨ 1992 wLª÷v„ã D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí (Higher Secondary Education
Development Project)-Gi gva¨„g GwWwe (Asian Development Bank),BDGbwWwc (United Nation
Development Program)I evsjv„`k miKv„ii A_©vq„b evsjv„`„ki cuvPwU kn„i 5wU HSTTI cÖwZôv Kiv nq|
1995 mvj GB cÖwkÿY cÖwZôvb¸„jv Zv„`i cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg ïiæ K„i hv eZ©gv„bI Pj„Q| HSTTI cÖwZwôZ Kivi ci
cÖK„íi gva¨„g ƒmLv„b mnKvix cwiPvjK, DccwiPvjK Ges cwiPvjKmn Ab¨b¨ c` mwó Kiv nq| wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi
GK wbev©nx Av„`„k HSTTI Gi hveZxq Kvh©µg eZ©gv„b gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`߄ii (gvDwk) Gi cÖwkÿY kvLvi
Aax„b b¨¯Í Kiv n„q„Q|
miKvwi K„j„Ri wkÿK„`i Rb¨ bv„q„g eywbhvw` cÖwkÿYmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖwkÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹v _vK„jI ƒemiKvwi K„j„Ri
wkÿK„`i Rb¨ ƒKvb cÖwkÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹v wQj bv| we„kl K„i D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í„i Kg©iZ ƒemiKvwi cÖwZôv„bi
wkÿK„`i Kvh©Kix ƒKvb cÖwkÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹v wQj bv| d„j mviv ƒ`ke¨vcx e¨vcK Pvwn`vi cwi„cÖwÿ„Z evsjv„`„ki cuvPwU
ƒRjv kn„ii g„bvig cwi„e„k cuvPwU D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY BÝwUwUDU cÖwZwôZ Kiv nq| G cÖwZôvb¸„jv
cÖwZôvi ci n„Z mviv evsjv„`„k D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í„i welqwfwËK Ges cÖkvmwbK cÖwkÿY w`„q Pj„Q| Gi d„j ƒ`„ki
D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í„ii wkÿvq wkÿK„`i ƒckvMZ gvb Dbœqb n„q„Q,Ges ƒkÖwY cVb I cvV„b Zvi cÖwZdjb c„o„Q|

HSTTI Gi Vision: To contribute the teacher’s individual development of knowledge, attitude and
skills and to face the 21st century challenges for the development of the country.

HSTTI Gi jÿ¨ I D„Ïk¨ (Goals & Objectives)

 D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿK„`i welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY|
 D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿK„`i Kw¤úDUvi cÖwkÿY|
 Aa¨ÿ„`i (D”P gva¨wgK) wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv cÖwkÿY|
 gva¨wgK chv©„qi cÖwZôvb cÖavb„`i wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv cÖwkÿY|

HSTTI-Gi msL¨v I Ae¯’vb

evsjv„`„k ƒgvU 5wU HSTTI i„q„Q| G¸„jvi bvg I Ae¯‹vb wb„¤œ ƒ`qv n„jv-
µwgK bs cÖwZôv‡bi bvg Ae¯’vb
1. D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU wUwU K„jR K¨v¤úvm, gqgbwmsn|
2. D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU wUwU K„jR K¨v¤úvm, ivRkvnx|
3. D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU wUwU K„jR K¨v¤úvm, Lyjbv|
4. D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU wUwU K„jR K¨v¤úvm, ewikvj|
5. D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU wUwU K„jR K¨v¤úvm, Kzwgjøv|

HSTTI-Gi AM©v‡bvMÖvg
HSTTI Gi wbe©vnx cÖavb GKRb cwiPvjK (Director), whwb wkÿv K¨vWv„ii Aa¨vcK c`gh©v`vi GKRb Kg©KZ©v|
HSTTI-Gi AM©v„bvMÖvg ƒ`Lv„bv n„jv-
cwiPvjK-1 Rb
AwZwi³ cwiPvjK- 1 Rb
Dc-cwiPvjK - 2 Rb

111
mnKvix cwiPvjK - 4 Rb
mnKvix ƒcÖvMÖvgvi - 1 Rb
bb ƒM„R„UW Kg©Pvix - 30 Rb
HSTTI-Gi Kvh©vewj
HSTTI-Gi wgkb n„jv gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿK„`i wkLb-ƒkLv„bvicÖwµqvi gva¨„gi Dbœqb, cÖwZdjb
Abykxjb I wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbvi MwZ Avb„Z mnvqZv Kiv| GQvovI ƒg‡wjK Kw¤úDUvi `ÿZv, AvBwmwU wjUv„iwmi
eywbqv`x cÖwkÿYI Gi AvIZvfy³| gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿvi gv„bvbœq„b HSTTI Zvi Ae`vb ƒi„L
P„j„Q|
HSTTI-Gi †Kvm©mg~n
cÖavb †Kvm©mg~n
1. D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿK„`i welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY ƒKvm©;
2. K„jR Aa¨ÿ„`i Rb¨ cÖkvmwbK I e¨e¯‹vcbv ƒKvm©;
3. D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿK„`i Kw¤úDUvi cÖwkÿY ƒKvm;©
4. cÖavb wkÿK„`i wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv cÖwkÿY;
5. mycvi„`i wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv cÖwkÿY;
6. Aa¨ÿM„Yi wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv cÖwkÿY;
7. Dcva¨ÿM„Yi wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv cÖwkÿY;
8. mnKvix cÖavb wkÿK„`i wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv cÖwkÿY;
9. mnKvix mycvi„`i wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv cÖwkÿY;
10. DSEO ƒ`i A_© I e¨e¯‹vcbv cÖwkÿY ƒKvm©;
11. DSEO ƒ`i wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv cÖwkÿY ƒKvm©|
12.

Ab¨vb¨ cÖwkÿY †Kvm©mg~n

1. gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii Rb¨ ICT cÖwkÿY ƒKvm©;
2. miKvwi K„jR wkÿK„`i Rb¨ Awdm g¨v„bR„g›U ƒKvm;©
3. gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿK„`i welqwfwËK CPD cÖwkÿY;
4. mnKvix wkÿK„`i Kw¤úDUvi cÖwkÿY;
5. mnKvix wkÿK (MwYZ) cÖwkÿY;
6. mnKvix wkÿK (weÁvb) cÖwkÿY;
7. mnKvix wkÿK (Bs„iwR) cÖwkÿY;
8. cÖfvlKM„Yi welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY;
9. mnKvix Aa¨vcKM„Yi welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY;
10. mn„hvMx Aa¨vcKM„Yi welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY;
11. gva¨wgK wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖavb„`i wjWviwkc cÖwkÿY ƒKvm;©
12. fwel¨r cÖavb„`i Rb¨ 35 w`be¨vcx cÖwkÿY ƒKvm©|
HSTTI Gi †f․Z I cÖwkÿY myweavw`
cÖwZwUHSTTI ƒZ i„q„Q-
 wZbZjv wewkó GKv„WwgK feb- 1wU
 PviZjv wewkó ƒnv„÷j feb-1wU
 ƒ`vZjv wewkó ƒi÷nvDR- 1wU
 ƒ`vZjv wewkó cwiPvj„Ki evmfeb- 1wU
 ƒnv„÷j mycv„ii GKZjv feb- 1wU

112
cÖwkÿY myweavw`
 AvaywbK cÖwkÿY myweavm¤^wjZ cÖwkÿY Kÿ
 mymw¾Z m„¤§jb Kÿ
 AvBwmwUmg× Kw¤úDUvi j¨ve
 AwWI wfRy¨qvj j¨ve„iUwi
 weÁvb j¨ve„iUwi
 mg× MÖš‹vMvi|
cÖwkÿY cwiPvjbvi c×wZ
 cÖwkÿYv_x©„`i cÖvK I cÖwkÿ„YvËi g~j¨vqb;
 wkÿvweÁvb I welqwfwËK g~j¨vq„bi e¨e¯‹v i„q„Q;
 Z_¨Á e¨w³e„M©i cÖwkÿY g~j¨vq„b ƒPKwj÷ e¨envi Kiv;
 wmgy„jk„bi Rb¨ wbR wbR welq ƒ_„K wbav©wiZ welqe¯Š cÖwkÿYv_x©„`i gv„S AvMvg e›Ub Kiv nq, hv„Z Zvuiv
cÖ¨vKwUm K¬v„mi Rb¨ …Zwi n„Z cv„i|

5.7 e¨vb‡eBR(BANBEIS), RvZxq wkÿK wbeÜxKiY I cÖZ¨qb KZ…©cÿ

(NTRCA), miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb ( PSC)
e¨vb‡eBR(BANBEIS)
evsjv„`„ki wkÿv cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯‹vcbv, wkÿv m¤úªmviY, Dbœqb Ges cwiKíbvi ev¯Íevq„bi mv„_ mv„_ wkÿv wefv„Mi
hveZxq wkÿvg~jK Z_¨vw` msMÖn, MÖš‹bv, cÖKvkbv Ges miÿ„Yi Rb¨B ¯^vaxbZvi cieZx©„Z 1976- 1977 A_© eQ„i
wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi mshy³ `ßi wn„m„e evsjv„`„k cÖwZwôZ n„q„Q evsjv„`k wkÿv Z_¨ I cwimsL¨vb ey¨„iv
(Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information & Statistics-BANBEIS)| GwU evsjv„`„ki RvZxq wkÿvi
Dbœq„bi Ges m¤úªmvi„Yi ƒÿ„Î Rbej KvVv„gv n„Z A_© m¤ú„`i hveZxq Z_¨ cwimsL¨vb msMÖn, MÖ¯b‹ v Ges cÖKvkbvi
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K„i _v„K|
evsjv„`k wkÿv Z_¨ I cwimsL¨vb ey¨„iv (e¨vb„eBR) XvKvi bxj„ÿZ, cjvkx ƒgv„o Aew¯‹Z| GwU GKwU miKvwi
cÖwZôvb hvi gva¨„gB evsjv„`„ki wkÿv cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯‹vcbv, wkÿK, Rbej, wkÿvi Dbœqb Kg©m~wP, wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi
msL¨v I wkÿvKvh©µg BZ¨vw` m¤úwK©Z hveZxq Z_¨vw` msMnxZ nq Ges mswkøó KZ‚c
© „ÿi wbKU mieivn Kiv nq| GwU
ïay gvÎ mviv„`„ki wkÿv msµvšÍ Z_¨vw` msMÖnB K„i bv eis Zv cÖKvk Ges msiÿY K„i hv mswkøó„`i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv„R
cքqvM nq|
e¨vb‡eBR-Gi cUf~wg (Background of BANBEIS)
weªwUk fvi„Zi e½„`„k 1931 wLª. Bengal Education Board me©cÖ_g wkÿv wefv„Mi cwi`k©b AwdmviM„Yi `vwqZ¡-
KZ©e¨ Ges wkÿvbxwZi Z_¨vw` msMÖn I MÖš‹bv KiZ| Zvici ƒ`k wefv„Mi 1947 mv„j c~e©cvwK¯Ív„bi wkÿv wefv„Mi
G ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb K„i G„`„ki Rbwkÿv cwi`ßi| ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv„`„ki ƒÿ„Î wkÿv Dbœq„bi Rb¨ e¨vcK
cwiKíbvgq Kg©m~wP MnxZ nq| d„j wkÿvg~jK cÖvwZôvwbK Kvh©µg e¨vcKfv„e ƒe„o hvIqvq evsjv„`„ki wkÿv Z_¨ I
cwimsL¨v„bi msMÖn msiÿY Ges miKvi„K cÖ`v„bi Rb¨ wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi Aaxb GKwU Avjv`v cÖwZôv„bi cքqvRb
Zxeªfv„e Abyf~Z nq|
¯^vaxbZvi gnvb¯‹cwZ RvwZi RbK e½eÜz ƒkL gywReyi ingvb-Gi wb„`©kbvq MwVZ W. gynv¤§` Kz`iZ-G Ly`v wkÿv
Kwgk„bi 1974 mv„j cÖYxZ mycvwi„ki ƒcÖwÿ„Z ¯^vaxb evsjv„`„k c_K GKwU wkÿv Z_¨ ms¯‹v cÖwZôvi Rb¨ 1976-
77 A_© erm„i evsjv„`k wkÿv Z_¨ I cwimsL¨vb ey„iv (e¨vb„eBR) cÖwZôv Kiv nq| ÿz`ª Rbej wb„q GKRb
cwiPvj„Ki Aax„b 2Rb wefvMxq cÖav„bi gva¨„g cÖwZôvbwU KvR ïiæ K„i| cieZx©„Z Kw¤úDUvi wefvMhy³ K„i
cÖwZôv„bi K„jei ew× Kiv nq|

113
mwó jMœ n„ZB G cÖwZôvb evsjv„`„ki wkÿvZ_¨, msMÖn, wkÿvZ_¨ wewbgv©b, wkÿvZ_¨ mieivn Ges wkÿv Z„_¨i cÖevn
msKjb, wkÿvZ_¨ PvU©, wi„cvU© Ges GK bR„i evsjv„`„ki wkÿvMZ Ae¯‹v m¤ú„K© ÿz`ª ÿz`ª cyw¯ÍKv cÖKvkmn miKvi„K
cքqvRbxq cÖwZ„e`b cÖ`vb K„i Avm„Q| gva¨wgK wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î GwU wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi GKwU mshy³ wefvM wn„m„e
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb K„i hv„”Q|
wfkb: wek^gv„bi wkÿvZ_¨ I cwimsL¨vb wewbg©vY Ges `ÿ gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb|
wgkb: gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv cwimsL¨vb wewbg©vY, wWwRUvj Z_¨ e¨e¯‹vcbv, AvBwmwU cÖwkÿY, RvZxq Dbœq„b AvBwmwU wkÿv
m¤úªmvi„Yi gva¨„g Z_¨wbf©i cwiKíbv wbwðZ Kiv|
e¨vb‡eBRGi D‡Ïk¨ (Objective of BANBEIS)
evsjv„`„k wkÿv Z_¨ I cwimsL¨vb ey¨„iv G„`„ki wkÿvi Dbœq„b cքqvRbxq Z_¨ cwimsL¨vb w`„q miKvi„K
mvwe©Kfv„e mnvqZv K„i| Kv„RB mwójMœ n„ZB e¨vb„eBRG„`„ki cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK, D”P gva¨wgK, D”P gva¨wgK I
gv`ªvmv wkÿv¯Í„ii hveZxq Z_¨MZ cwimsL¨vb Rwi„ci gva¨„g msMÖn K„i RvZxq wkÿvi Dbœq„b AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb
K„i Avm„Q| wb„P Gi jÿ¨-D„Ïk¨¸„jv mswÿß cwim„i D„jøL Kiv n„jv-
 e¨vb„eBR wkÿv Rwi„ci gva¨„g wkÿv msµvšÍ Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn K„i|
 evsjv„`„ki wewfbœ ¯Í„ii wkÿvmsµvšÍ cwimsL¨vb msMÖn K„i MÖš‹bv I cÖPvi K„i|
 wkÿvmsµvšÍ welqvw`i Z_¨ msMÖn RvZxq WKz„gb„Ukb ƒm›Uv„i ƒcÖiY K„i|
 wewfbœ RvZxq,AvšÍRv©wZK chv©„qi wkÿv msMVb I ms¯‹vi m„½ wkÿv msµvšÍ cÖKvkbvi wewbgq Kiv|
 cքqvR„bi ZvwM„` e¨vb„eBR wewfbœ Kg©kvjvi Av„qvRb K„i|
 wkÿv msµvšÍ WvUv„eBR …Zwi„Z miKvi„K mnvqZv K„i|
 wkÿvg~jK wewfbœ M„elYv Kvh©µ„gi Z_¨vw` mieivn K„i|
 Aemi MÖnYKvix wkÿv Kg©KZv© Ges wkÿKM„Yi cքqvRbxq Z_¨ mieivn K„i|
 wkÿvmsµvšÍ Z_¨ Rwi„ci gva¨„g wkÿv cÖkvmK I e¨e¯‹vcKM„Yi Kvh© m„PZbZv evwo„q ƒZv„j|
 wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi Pvwn`v g„Zv e¨vb„eBR msiwÿZ WvUv„eR nvj bvMv` K„i|
 hveZxq Z_¨vw` Kw¤úDUv„i msiÿY Kiv Ges wkÿvg~jK M„elYv Kv„h© mnvqZv Kiv|
 cքqvR„bi ZvwM„` wewfbœ AvšÍRv©wZK ms¯‹v Ges cÖwZôv„bi mv„_ Z_¨vw`i ms„hvM iÿv K„i miKvi„K
mieivn K„i|

†K․kjMZ D‡Ïk¨mg~n (Strategic Objective)

mvaviY ƒK‡kjMZ D„Ïk¨mg~n (gvbem¤§Z wkÿv wbwðZKiY)
 gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv cwimsL¨vb wewbg©vY-Gi gva¨„g wkÿv e¨e¯‹cbv kw³kvjxKiY|
 Dc„Rjv AvBwUmwU ƒUªwbs GÛ wi„mvm© ƒm›Uvi di GWz„Kkb (UITRCE) ¯‹vc„bi gva¨„g mviv„`„k ICT
wel„q cÖwkÿ„Yi gva¨„g wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb ew×|
 wWwRUvj jvB„eªwi I WKz„g„›Ukb A„Uv„gkb Gi gva¨„g B-wi„mvm© g¨v„bR„g›U|

Avewk¨K †K․kjMZ D‡Ïk¨mg~n

 `ÿZvi m„½ evwl©K Kg©m¤úv`b Pzw³ ev¯Íevqb
 D™¢veb I Awf„hvM cÖwZKv„ii gva¨„g ƒmevi gv„bvbœqb
 Z_¨ AwaKvi I ¯^cքYvw`Z Z_¨ cÖKvk ev¯Íevqb
 Avw_©K e¨e¯‹vcbvi Dbœqb|
114
e¨vb‡eBR-Gi cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv(Structure of BANBEIS)
e¨vb„eBRbvgK cÖwZôvbwU cwiPvjbvq i„q„Qb GKRb cwiPvjK| Zv„K mn„hvwMZv K„ib wefvMwfwËK cwimsL¨vbwe`,
wm„÷g Gbvwj÷, WKz„g„Ubwe`, MÖš‹vMvwiK Ges Av„iv Ab¨vb¨ Aat¯Íb Kg©KZv© I Kg©Pvixe›`| wb„P QK AvKv„i
e¨vb„eBR Gi cÖkvmwbK KvVv„gv D„jøL Kiv n„jv-

wPÎ-6 :e¨vb‡eBR Gi cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv(Drm: e¨vb‡eBR I‡qemvBU )

e¨vb‡eBR -Gi f~wgKv (Role of BANBEIS)
evsjv„`k miKv„ii wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi Aaxb GKwU mshy³ wefvM wn„m„e e¨vb„eBR evsjv„`„ki ƒcÖÿvc„U, cÖv_wgK I
gva¨wgK wkÿv, gv`ªvmv wkÿv Ges D”P gva¨wgK wkÿvi Dbœq„b Ges ƒ`„ki hveZxq wkÿvmsµvšÍ Z_¨vw` msMÖn, msiÿY
Ges cÖKvkbvi wbwg„Ë wewfbœ Kvhv©ewj m¤úv`b Ki„Q| RvZxq wkÿvi Dbœq„b e¨vb„eBR -Gi f~wgKv wb„P D„jøL Kiv
n„jv-
 e¨vb„eBR wkÿv Rwi„ci gva¨„g evsjv„`„ki wkÿv msµvšÍ hveZxq Z_¨ cwimL¨vb msMÖn,MÖš‹bv Ges
cÖKvkbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K„i|
 GwU evsjv„`„k UNESCO-Gi ƒdvKvj c„q›U wn„m„e KvR K„i|
 ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„ni wkÿK,Kg©Pvix I Kg©KZv©M„Yi gvwmK ƒc-AWv©i (Monthly Pay Order-
MPO) Kw¤úDUv„ii gva„g msiÿY K„i Ges miKvi„K cքqvRbgZ mieivn K„i|
 ƒemiKvwi K„jR,gv`ªvmv I we`¨vj„q wb„qvMcÖvß bZzb wkÿKM„Yi ƒeZb-fvZvi miKvwi Ask cÖ`v„b mnvqZv K„i|

115
  e¨vb„eBR mgqv„šÍ wewfbœ wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi Rwic Kvh© m¤úv`b I wi„cvU© cÖ`vb K„i|
 miKvi„K mgq g„Zv wkÿvi Dbœq„b wbfy©j Z_¨vw` cÖ`vb K„i|
 wkÿv„ÿ„Î Management of Information system-MIS Gi G„c· cÖwZôvb wn„m„e KvR K„i|
 mgqg„Zv wkÿvmsµvšÍ Z_¨ cyw¯ÍKv, ey„jwUb, ¯§iwYKv, mvgwqKx Ges M„elYvcÎ cÖKvk K„i wkÿvi `~e©j w`K
Dbœq„b wewfbœ cÖK„íi e¨vcv„i miKvi„K ev¯ÍewfwËK wm×všÍ wb„Z mnvqZv K„i|
 evsjv„`„ki cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK, D”P gva¨wgK Ges gv`ªvmv wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi Dbœq„b wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wPi
cwieZ©b I cwiea©„bi mswkøó KZ©cÿ„K civgk© ƒ`q|
 e¨vb„eBR Gi gva¨„g wkÿv msµvšÍ Z_¨vw`i WvUv„eBR …Zwi Kiv nq|
 miKvi„K wkÿv msµvšÍ Riæwi Z_¨vw` mieivn K„i|
 wkÿv msµvšÍ `ye©j w`K mbv³ K„i Dbœq„bi civgk© ƒ`q|
 RvZxq Ges AvšÍRv©wZK chv©„qi Kg©kvjvq AskMÖn„Yi Rb¨ mswkøó„`i my„hvM …Zwi K„i|
 wkÿK„`i ƒcÖvdvBj cÖYqb, msiÿY I M„elYv Kv„R mnvqZv Kiv|

Kvh©vewj (Function of BANBEIS)

1. wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wbqwgZ On line Rwic cwiPvjbv, evwl©K cÖwZ„e`b …Zwi Ges me myweav„fvMx
(Stakeholder) ms¯‹vmg~„n weZiY|
2. e¨vb„eB„R ¯‹vwcZ wkÿv ƒm±„ii RvZxq ƒWUv Iq¨vinvD„m Institution Profile, Teacher Profile …Zwi
Ges cÖwZwbqZ nvjbvMv`KiY|
3. wkÿv ƒm±„i wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯‹vcb Kvh©µg cwiKwíZ e¨e¯‹vcbvi Aax„b wb„q Avmvi Rb¨ AvaywbK
Education GIS c×wZ Aej¤^b K„i Z_¨ mieivn|
4. e¨vb„eBR-Gi we„klvwqZ jvB„eªwi„K A„Uv„gkb K„i wWwRUvj jvB„eªwi cwiPvjbv Ges wkÿvi RvZxq
WKz„g„›Ukb ƒK›`ª„K B-eyK c×wZi AvIZvq mevi cքqvRb Abymv„i e¨env„ii my„hvM mwó Kiv|
5. e¨vb„eB„R cÖwZwôZ Kw¤úDUvi j¨ve-G wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, wewfbœ `ßi I Awa`߄ii Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix Ges
wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK„`i„K AvBwmwU cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb|
6. ƒ`„ki wkÿv„ÿ„Î Z_¨ I ƒhvMv„hvM cÖhyw³ (AvBwmwU) e¨envi Ges AvBwmwU wkÿv cÖmv„ii Rb¨ cÖwZwU
Dc„Rjvq AvBwmwU ƒUªwbs GÛ wi„mvm© ƒm›Uvi ¯‹vcb K„i me wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK„K AvBwmwU wel„q
cÖwkwÿZ Kiv|
7.

e¨vb‡eBR Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kvh©µg (Functions of BANBEIS)

wkÿvi Dbœq„b e¨vb„eBR wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvhv©ewj m¤úbœ Ki„Q| ƒhgb-
 Rwic Kvh©µg: 2009 mb ƒ_„K e¨vb„eBR wbqwgZ fv„e cÖwZ wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi evwl©K Rwic cwiPvjbv Ki„Q|
G ch©šÍ ƒgvU 6wU Rwic cwiPvjbv Kiv n„q„Q| evwl©K Rwic Kvh©µ„gi gva¨„g wkÿv cÖwZôv„b Z_¨ m¤^wjZ
WvUv„eR wbqwgZ nvjbvMv` Kiv n„q„Q| cvkvcvwk Gi gva¨„g wkÿv m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ ƒKwcAvB (Key
Performance Indicators) †Zwii gva¨„g wkÿv„ÿ„Î AwR©Z AMÖMwZ cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e n„”Q| Gi gva¨„g
wkÿv„ÿ„Î mwVK Dbœqb cwiKíbv I cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Kiv n„”Q| Bswjk wgwWqvg ¯ˆzjmg~„ni mwVK wPÎ Zz„j
aivi j„ÿ¨ 2010 wLª. ƒ`„ki mKj Bswjk wgwWqvg ¯ˆz„j Rwic Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K„i| G Rwi„ci gva¨„g
ƒ`„ki cÖv_wg„KvËi ¯Í„ii mKj Bswjk wgwWqvg ¯ˆz„ji c~Yv©½ ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ges WvUv„eR …Zwi Kiv nq|
Gwkqv Dbœqb e¨vs„Ki Avw_©K mnvqZvi wUwKDAvB-2 cÖK„íi AvIZvq gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii mKj wkÿ„Ki GKwU
WvUv„eR cÖYq„bi j„ÿ¨ e¨vb„eBR wØ-evwl©K RvZxq wkÿK ïgvwi 2013 cwiPvjbv K„i„Q| Gi gva¨„g
gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii 3,12,479 Rb wkÿ„Ki Z_¨ msMÖn K„i GKwU c~Y©v½ WvUv„eR …Zwi Kiv n„q„Q|
 wRAvBGm Kvh©µg: wkÿv„ÿ„Î mwVK cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges wm×všÍ mnRZi Kivi j„ÿ¨ e¨vb„eBRƒ`„ki
mKj cÖv_wg„KvËi ¯Í„ii wkÿv cÖwZôv„b GWz„Kkb wRAvBGm ev¯Íevqb Ki„Q| 2010 wLª. n„Z e¨vb„eBR
wRwcGm wWfvB„mi gva¨„g mKj wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi Ae¯‹vwbK Z_¨ wbY©q K„i WvUv„e„Ri mv„_ mshy³ K„i„Q|
GWz„Kkb wRAvBG„mi gva¨„g e¨vb„eBR wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cÖvc¨Zv wbav©iY, GKv„WwgK ¯^xK‚wZ I AbygwZ
msµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn„Y wkÿv gš¿Yvjq„K mnvhZv Ki„Q|
116
  M„elYv Kvh©µg: wkÿv m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ wel„q e¨vb„eBm weMZ 5 eQ„i cÖvq 20wU M„elYv K„i„Q|
e¨vb„eBRKZ‚©K cwiPvwjK D„jøL„hvM¨ M„elYv Kvhv©µg n„jv-
Using Qualitative Research to Enhance Understanding of Madrasah Sub sector,
Study on the Education Status of Children in Selected Slum Areas-2010,
Study on Teaching-Learning Environment in Secondary Schools: students’ Perspectives 2010
 jvB„eªwi I WKz„g„›Ukb A„Uv„gkb: e¨vb„eBR jvB„eªix I WKz„g„›Ukb ƒK„›`ª iwÿZ mKj cy¯ÍK I WKz„g›U
A„Uv„gkb Kiv n„q„Q hvi gva¨„g eZ©gv„b AbjvB„b jvB„eªwi I WKz„g„›Ukb ƒK„›`ªi K¨vUvjM we„k¦i ƒh
ƒKvb cÖvß ƒ_„K AbymÜvb Kiv hvq|
 B-eyK ƒm›Uvi: e¨vb„eBR WKz„g›Ukb ƒm›Uvi„K hy„Mvc„hvMx Kivi j„ÿ¨ B-eyK ƒm›Uvi wn„m„e M„o ƒZvjv
n„q„Q| GLb AbjB„bi gva¨„g WKz„g„›Ukb ƒm›Uv„i iwÿZ WKz„g„›U¸„jv e¨env„ii my„hvM …Zwi Kiv
n„q„Q| wbR¯^ cÖKvkbvmn cuvP kZvwaK cy¯Í„Ki B-eyK cÖ¯Z
Š K„i e¨vb„eBR I„qemvB„U ƒ`qv n„q„Q|
 wWwRUvj jvB„eªwi: Koha-Greenstone Integrated Library Management System Gi gva¨„g wkÿv
ƒm±„ii 10wU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb„K e¨vb„eBRmvfv©„ii mv„_ wjsK Kiv n„q„Q| Gi AvIZvq evsjv„`k
BD„b„¯ˆv RvZxq Kwgk„bi MÖšv‹ Mvi A„Uv„gkb m¤úbœ Ki„Z e¨vb„eBRmvwe©K mn„hvwMZv K„i„Q|
 cÖKvkbv Kvh©µg: cÖwZeQi RvZxq wkÿv Rwic ƒk„l GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wi„cvU© cÖKvwkZ n„q _v„K| e¨vb„eBR
wkÿvmsµvšÍ wewfbœ wel„qi Ici we„kølYagx© I M„elYvg~jK cÖwZ„e`b cÖKvk K„i _v„K| GB cÖwZ„e`bmg~n
miKv„ii wkÿv msµvšÍ bxwZwbav©iY I cwiKíbv cÖYq„b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv„L|
 Z_¨ msiÿY cÖwkÿY: National Education Survey and Training (NEST) kxl©K Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq
wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi Z_¨ e¨e¯‹vcbv Dbœqb, Z„_¨i ¸YMZgvb ew× Ges Z_¨cÖevn `ªæZZi Kivi Rb¨ miv„`„ki
14,500 Rb cÖwZôvb cÖavb„K cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv n„q„Q|
 AvBwmwU cÖwkÿY: ƒKvwiqv miKv„ii 1.6 wgwjqb Wjvi Aby`v„b e¨vb„eBRÔevsjv„`k ƒKvwiqv AvBwmwU ƒUªwbs
di GWz„Kkb (we„KAvBwUwmB)Õ cÖK„íi AvIZvq 5wU AZ¨vaywbK AvBwmwU j¨ve cÖwZôv Kiv n„q„Q| ƒhLv„b
GKmv„_ 100Rb„K AvBwmwU cÖwkÿY cÖ`v„bi my„hvM i„q„Q| G AvBwmwU ƒm›Uv„ii gva¨„g gva¨wgK I
D”Pgva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿK, wkÿv Kg©KZv© I Kg©Pvixi 8wU gwWD„j AvBwmwU cÖwkÿY ƒKvm© cwiPvwjZ n„q„Q|
2013 ch©šÍ 9,210 Rb„K D³ j¨vemg~„n cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv n„q„Q|
 wWwRUvj gvwëwgwWqv ƒm›Uvi: AvBwmwUwfwËK wkÿv I wkLb c×wZi m¤úªmviY I ev¯Íevq„bi Rb¨ ƒKvwiqv
miKv„ii mij FY mnvqZvq Dc„Rjv AvBwmwU ƒUªwbs GÛ wi„mvm© ƒm›Uvi di GWz„Kkb, cÖK„íi AvIZvq
2013 wLª. e¨vb„eB„R GKwU wWwRUvj gvwëwgwWqv ƒm›Uvi ¯‹vcb Kiv n„q„Q hvi gva¨„g gvwëwgwWqvwfwËK
wkÿv DcKiY cÖYqb Ges B-jvwb©s Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq„bi c`„ÿc ƒbqv n„q„Q|
 AvBwmwU ƒUªwbs GÛ wi„mvm© ƒm›Uvi: ƒKvwiqv miKv„ii EDCF Gi AvIZvq ƒKvwiqv Gw·g e¨vsK ƒ_„K 40
eQi ƒgqv„` (15 eQi ƒMÖm wcwiqWmn) 0.01% nvi my„` 39 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi mij FY mnvqZvq 125wU
Dc„Rjvq AvBwmwU ƒUªwbs GÛ wi„mvm© ƒm›Uvi di GWz„Kkb (BDAvBwUAviwmB) ¯‹vcb Kiv n„q„Q| D³
cÖK„íi AvIZvq wbwg©Z ƒ`vZjv fe„b Dc„Rjv gva¨wgK wkÿv Awdm, 24 wU Kw¤úDUvi I gvwëwgwWqvmn
GKwU wcwm j¨ve, 5wU Kw¤úDUvi wewkó GKwU mvBevi ƒm›Uvi Ges 1wU mvfv©imn ƒjvKvj WvUv ƒm›Uvi ¯‹vcb
Kiv n„q„Q|

RvZxq wkÿK wbeÜxKiY I cÖZ¨qb KZ…©cÿ (National Teacher Registration

and Certifcation Authority)
BwZc~„e© gva¨wgK ch©v„qi ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„b mnKvix wkÿK I ƒemiKvwi K„jR ev gv`&ivmvi cÖfvlK c„`
wkÿvMZ ƒhvM¨Zv Avi mvÿvrKv„ii gva¨„gB wkÿK wb„qvM ƒ`Iqvq ev` c„o ƒhZ A„bK ƒgavex cÖv_©x| G Kvi„Y 15
ƒdeªæqvwi, 2005 wLª.wkÿK wb„qvM`v„bi j„ÿ¨ ƒemiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb I cÖZ¨q„bi Rb¨ GKwU KZ‚©cÿ MV„bi wm×všÍ
MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq|

117
†emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb ej‡Z wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb wkÿv cÖwZôvb-
1. gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi ev ƒKv„bv ¯^xK‚Z cÖwZôvb n„Z ¯^xK‚wZcÖvß ƒemiKvwi wb¤œgva¨wgK ¯ˆzj
2. gva¨wgK I D”P ga¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW© ¯^xK‚Z cÖwZôvb n„Z ¯^xK‚wZcÖvß-
K) ƒemiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯ˆzj;
L) ƒemiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯ˆzj I K„jR Ges
M) ƒemiKvwi K„jR
3. evsjv„`k KvwiMwi wkÿv ƒevW© ev ƒKvb ¯^xK‚Z cÖwZôvb n„Z ¯^xK‚wZcÖvß-
K) ƒemiKvwi ƒfv„Kkbvj ƒUªwbs Bbw÷wUDU ev ƒUKwbK¨vj ¯ˆzj I K„jR;
L) ƒemiKvwi cwj„UKwbK¨vj Bbw÷wUDU;
M) ƒfv„Kkbvj ƒKvm© cwiPvjbvKvix ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb Ges
N)weR„bm g¨v„bR„g÷ ƒKvm© cwiPvjbvKvix ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb|
4. evsjv„`k gv`&ivmv wkÿv ƒevW© ev Bmjvgx wek^we`¨vjq, Kzwóqv n„Z ¯^xK‚wZcÖvß-
K) ƒemiKvwi `vwLj, Avwjg, dvwRj I Kvwgj gv`ivmv Ges
L) ƒemiKvwi mshy³ Ge„Z`vwq `vwLj, Avwjg, dvwRj I Kvwgj gv`ivmv|
5. RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq ev Ab¨ ƒKvb ¯^xK‚Z wek¦we`¨vjq n„Z ¯^xK‚wZcÖvß ¯œvZK ev ¯œvZ„KvËi K„jR|
KZ…©c‡ÿi cÖavb Kvh©vjq
 KZ‚©c„ÿi cÖavb Kvh©vjq _vK„e XvKvq
 KZ‚©cÿ cքqvR„b miKv„ii c~e©vby„gv`bµ„g evsjv„`„ki ƒh ƒKv„bv ¯‹v„b kvLv Kvh©vjq ¯‹vcb Ki„Z cvi„e|
KZ…©c‡ÿi cwiPvjbv
 KZ‚©c„ÿi cwiPvjbv I cÖkvmb GKwU wbe©vnx ƒev„W©i Ici b¨¯Í _vK„e Ges KZ‚©cÿ ƒh me ÿgZv cքqvM I Kvh©
m¤úv`b Ki„Z cvi„e wbe©vnx ƒevW©I ƒmB me ÿgZv cքqvM I Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki„Z cvi„e|
 wbe©vnx ƒevW©- Gi ÿgZv cքqvM I Kvh© m¤úv`„bi ƒÿ„Î miKvi KZ‚©K cÖ`Ë wb„`©kbv AbymiY Ki„e|


KZ…©c‡ÿi wbe©vnx †evW© MVb

wb„Pi m`m¨„`i mgš^„q wbe©vnx ƒevW© MwVZ n„e| h_v-
K. ƒPqvig¨vb (c`vwaKvi e„j);
L. m`m¨ (cÖkvmb I A_© ,c`vwaKvi e„j);
M. m`m¨ (g~j¨vqb/cixÿv cÖZ¨qb ,c`vwaKvi e„j);
N. m`m¨ (wkÿvZË¡/ wkÿvgvb, c`vwaKvi e„j);
O. gnvcwiPvjK, gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿ Awa`ßi, (c`vwaKvi e„j);
P. gnvcwiPvjK, KvwiMwi wkÿv, (c`vwaKvi e„j);
Q. ƒPqvig¨vb, evsjv„`k gv`ivmv wkÿv ƒevW©, (c`vwaKvi e„j);
R. wkÿv gš¿Yvjvq KZ‚©K g„bvbxZ D³ gš¿vYvj„qi DcmwPe c`gh©v`v m¤úbœ GKRb Kg©KZ©v
S. XvKv wek^we`¨vj„qi fvBm-P¨v„Ýji KZ‚©K g„bvbxZ D³ wek^we`¨vj„qi Aaxb wkÿv I M„elYv Bbw÷wUDU- Gi
GKRb Aa¨vcK;
T. RvZxq wek^we`¨vj„qi fvBm P¨v„Ýji KZ‚©K g„bvbxZ D³ wek^we`¨vj„qi Awafz³ cÖwZôv„bi GKRb Aa¨vcK|
wbe©vnx †ev‡W©i mfv
 GB avivi Ab¨vb¨ weavbvewj wbe©vnx ƒevW© Zvi mfvi Kvh©c×wZ wba©viY Ki„Z cvi„e|
 wbe©vnx ƒev„W©i mKj mfv ƒPqvig¨vb KZ‚©K wba©vwiZ ¯‹vb I mg„qi AbywôZ n„e| Z„e kZ© _v„K ƒh, cÖwZ wZb gv„m
wbe©vnx ƒev„W©i Kgc„ÿ GKwU mfv AbywôZ n„e|
 ƒPqvig¨vb wbe©vnx ƒev„W©i me mfvq mfvcwZZ¡ Ki„eb Ges Zvi Abycw¯‹wZ„Z wbe©vnx ƒev„W©im`m¨ (cÖkvmb I A_©)
mfvq mfvcwZZ¡ Ki„eb Ges Zvi Abycw¯‹wZ„Z wbe©vnx ƒev„W©i ƒKvb m`m¨ ƒRô¨Zvi µgvbymv„i mfvq mfvcwZZ¡
Ki„eb|

118
 wbe©vnx ƒev„W©i Ab¨vb¨ cuvPRb m`„m¨i Dcw¯‹wZ„Z Zvi mfvq ƒKvivg n„e, Z„e gyjZwe mfvi ƒÿ„Î ƒKvb
ƒKviv„gi cքqvRb n„e bv|
 Dcw¯‹Z m`m¨M„Yi msL¨vMwiô ƒfv„U mfvi wm×všÍ MnxZ n„e Ges ƒfv„Ui mgZvi ƒÿ„Î mfvq mfvcwZZ¡Kvix
m`„m¨i wbY©vqK ƒfvU cÖ`v„bi ÿgZv _vK„e|
 ïay ƒKv„bv m`m¨ c„` k~b¨Zv ev ƒevW© MV„b ÎæwU _vKvq wbe©vnx ƒev„W©i ƒKv„bv Kvh© ev Kvh©aviv A†ea n„ebv Ges
Zrm¤ú„K© ƒKvb cÖkœ DÌvbcb Kiv hv„e bv|
KZ©c
„ ‡ÿi Kvh©vewj (Function of Authority)
KZ‚©c„ÿi Kvh©vewj wb„P D„jøL Kiv n„jv-
 ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„ni wkÿK Pvwn`v wbi€cY|
 wkÿKZv ƒckvq wb„qvM cÖ`v„bi ƒhvM¨Zv wba©viY|
 RvZxqfv„e wkÿK gvb wba©viY I ƒhvM¨Zv wbi€c„Yi Kvh©µg MÖnY|
 ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK wbe©vP„bi myweav„_© wewa Øviv wba©vwiZ c×wZ„Z cixÿvq DËxY© wkÿK„`i
ZvwjKv cÖYqb, wbeÜb I cÖZ¨qb|
 wkÿK„`i ZvwjKv cÖYqb, wbeÜb I cÖZ¨q„bi Rb¨ cixÿv I mb` BZ¨vw` Lv„Z
 wd wba©viY I Av`vq
 wkÿKZv ƒckvi Dbœqb Ges ¸YMZ gvb ew×i Rb¨ miKvi„K civgk© `vb|
 AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v„q wkÿv cÖwZôvb n„Z cÖvß wkÿvMZ ƒhvM¨Zvi gvb hvPvB|
 GB AvBb ejer nIqvi c~„e© wb„qvMcÖvß GgwcIfz³ ƒemiKvwi wkÿK„`i ch©vqµ„g GKwU wbw`©ó mgqmxgvi g„a¨
cÖwkÿ„Yi gva¨„g gvb Dbœqb|
 Dchy©³ Kvh©vewj Ges GB AvB„bi Aaxb Ab¨vb¨ weav„bi D„Ïk¨ c~iYK„í cքqvRbxq I Avbylw½K Kvh©vewj
m¤úv`b Kiv|
 wewa ev cÖweavb Øviv wba©vwiZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb|
 miKvi KZ‚©K cÖ`Ë Ab¨vb¨ `vwqZ¡ cvjb|
KZ…©c‡ÿi Znwej
1. KZ‚©c„ÿi Kvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Zvi GKwU wbR¯^ Znwej _vK„e Ges wb„Pi Drmmg~n n„Z cÖvß A_© D³ Znwe„j
Rgv n„e| ƒhgb-
 miKvi KZ‚K cÖ`Ë Aby`vb|
 miKv„ii Aby„gv`bmn ƒKv„bv we„`wk miKvi ev ms¯‹v ev ƒKvb AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯‹v KZ‚©K cÖ`Ë Aby`vb|
 ƒKv„bv ¯‹vbxq KZ‚©cÿ KZ‚©K cÖ`Ë Aby`vb|
 ƒKv„bv cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³ KZ‚©K cÖ`Ë Aby`vb|
 KZ‚©c„ÿi A_© wewb„qvM n„Z Aby`vb|
 KZ‚©c„ÿi Av`vqK‚Z wbeÜb wd, cÖZ¨qb wd I Ab¨vb¨ wd- Gi Avq|
 miKvi KZ‚©K Aby„gvw`Z Ab¨ ƒKv„bv Drm n„Z cÖvß A_©|
2. KZ©c„ÿi Znwej ev Zvi Askwe„kl miiKvi KZ‚©K Aby„gvw`Z Lv„Z wewb„qvM Kiv hv„e|
3. D³ Znwe„j RgvK‚Z A_© KZ‚©c„ÿi bv„g ZrKZ‚©K Aby„gvw`Z ƒKvb Zdwmj e¨vs„K Rgv ivLv n„e|
4. wewa Øviv wba©vwiZ c×wZ„Z D³ Znwe„ji iÿY I Zvi A_© e¨q Kiv hv„e|

miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb (Public Service Commission, PSC)

GKRb wkÿv_©xi cÖZ¨vkv _v„K cov„jLv ƒkl K„i Kvw•ÿZ PvKwii gva¨„g ƒ`k„mev Kivi| evsjv„`„k miKvwi
PvKwi„Z bvbv ms¯‹v ƒjvK wb„qvM K„i _v„K| Z„e ƒK›`ªxqfv„e ivR¯^ Lv„Z wewfbœ gš¿Yvj„q K¨vWvi I bb-K¨vWvifz³
wewfbœ cÖ_g I wØZxq Kg©KZ©v c„` ƒjvK wb„qv„Mi mycvwikKvix mvsweavwbK KZ‚©cÿ n„jv miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb (Public
Service Commission)| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv„`„ki msweav„bi beg fv„M 2q cwi„”Q„` 137-141 Aby„”Q„` Kwgkb

119
cÖwZôv, m`m¨ wb„qvM, c„`i ƒgqv`, Kwgk„bi `vwqZ¡ I evwl©K wi„cvU© cÖ`v„bi K_v ejv n„q„Q| Kg©Kwgkb wewmGm
(Bangladesh Civil Service) cixÿvi gva¨„g wewfbœ K¨vWvifz³ c„` I mvaviY weÁvcb I Ab¨vb¨ c„` wb„qv„Mi
Rb¨ ƒhvM¨ cÖv_©x evQvB K„i wb„qv„Mi Rb¨ mycvwik K„i _v„K|

Kg©-Kwgkb cÖwZôv
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv„`„ki msweav„bi 137 Aby„”Q„` GK ev GKvwaK miKvwi Kg©-Kwgkb cÖwZôvi K_v ejv n„q„Q|
evsjv„`„k GKmgq `ywU Kg©-Kwgkb _vK„jI eZ©gv„b GKwU Kg©Kwgkb i„q„Q| msweav„bi 137 Aby„”Q` g„Z-
ÔAvB„bi Øviv evsjv„`„ki Rb¨ GK ev GKvwaK miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb cÖwZôvi weavb Kiv hvB„e Ges GKRb mfvcwZ„K
I AvB„bi Øviv ƒhi€c wba©vwiZ nB„e, ƒmBi€c Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨„`i jBqv cքZ¨K Kwgkb MwVZ nB„e|Õ
m`m¨ wb‡qvM
miKvwi KgKwgkb GKRb ƒPqvig¨vb I GKvwaK m`m¨ wb„q MwVZ| msweav„bi 138 Aby„”Q„`i (1) I (2) avivq
m`m¨ wb„qv„Mi ƒhvM¨Zv I K„g©i kZ©vewj m¤ú„K© ¯úófv„e ejv n„q„Q|
(1) cքZ¨K Kg©Kwgk„bi mfvcwZ I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ ivóªcwZ KZ©K wbhy³ nB„eb; Z„e kZ© _v„K ƒh, cքZ¨K Kwgk„bi
hZ`~i m¤¢e A„a©K (Z„e A„a©„Ki Kg b„n) msL¨K m`m¨ Ggb e¨w³eM© nB„eb, hvnviv Kzwo ermi ev Z„ZvwaKvj
evsjv„`„ki ivóªxq mxgvbvi g„a¨ ƒh ƒKvb mg„q Kvh©iZ ƒKvb miKv„ii K„g©ƒKvb c„` AwawôZ wQ„jb|
(2) msm` KZ‚©K cÖYxZ ƒh ƒKv„bv AvBbmv„c„ÿ ƒKvb miKvwi Kg ©-Kwgk„bi mfvcwZ I Ab¨vb¨ m`„m¨i K„g©i
kZ©vewj ivóªcwZ Av„`„ki Øviv ƒhi€c wba©viY Kwi„eb, ƒmBi€c nB„e|
c‡`i †gqv`
miKvwi Kg©Kwgk„bi ƒPqvig¨vb I m`m¨„`i ƒgqv` ƒhvM`v„bi ZvwiL ƒ_„K 5 eQi| msweavb 139 Aby„”Q„`i g„Z-
(1) Aby„”Q„`i weavbvewj mv„c„ÿ ƒKvb miKvwi Kg© Kwgk„bi mfvcwZ ev Ab¨ ƒKv„bv m`m¨ Zuvnvi `vwqZ¡ MÖn„Yi
ZvwiL nB„Z cvuP ermi ev Zvnvi cqlwÆ ermi eqm c~Y© nIqv-Bnvi g„a¨ hvnviv A„MÖ N„U, ƒmB Kvj ch©šÍ ¯^xq
c„`envj _vwK„eb|
(2) mycÖxg„Kv„U©i ƒKvb wePviK ƒhi€c c×wZ I Kvi„Y AcmvwiZ nB„Z cv„ib, ƒmBi€c c×wZ I KviY e¨ZxZ ƒKvb
miKvwi Kg© Kwgk„bi mfvcwZ ev Ab¨ ƒKvb m`m¨ AcmvwiZ nB„eb bv|
(3) ƒKv„bv miKvwi Kg© Kwgk„bi mfvcwZ ev Ab¨ ƒKvb m`m¨ ivóªcwZ„K D„Ïk¨ Kwiqv ¯^vÿihy³ c΄hv„M ¯^xq c`
Z¨vM Kwi„Z cvwi„eb|
(4) Kg©vemv„bi ci ƒKv„bv miKvwi Kg©-Kwgk„bi m`m¨ cÖRvZ„š¿i K„g© cybivq wbhy³ nBevi ƒhvM¨ _vwK„eb bv, Z„e
GB Aby„”Q„`i
(1) `dv-mv‡c‡ÿ
(K) Kg©vemv„bi ci ƒKv„bv mfvcwZ GK ƒgqv„`i Rb¨ cybwb ©„qvM jv„fi ƒhvM¨ _vwK„eb; Ges
(L) Kg©vemv„bi ci ƒKv„bv m`m¨ (mfvcwZ e¨ZxZ) GK ƒgqv„`i Rb¨ wKsev ƒKvb miKvwi Kg© Kwgk„bi
mfvcwZi€„c wb„qvM jv„fi ƒhvM¨ _vwK„eb|
Kg©-Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡
140| (1) ƒKvb miKvwi Kg© Kwgk„bi `vwqZ¡ nB„e
(K) cÖRvZ„š¿i K„g© wb„qvM`v„bi Rb¨ Dchy³ e¨w³w`M„K g„bvbq„bi D„Ï„k¨ hvPvB I cixÿv-cwiPvjbv;
(L) GB Aby„”Q„`i (2) `dv-Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ KZ©K ƒKv„bv welq m¤ú„K© Kwgk„bi civgk© PvIqv nB„j wKsev
Kwgk„bi `vwqZ¡msµvšÍ ƒKv„bv welq Kwgk„bi wbKU ƒcÖiY Kiv nB„j ƒmB m¤^„Ü ivóªcwZ„K Dc„`k `vb;
(M) AvB„bi Øviv wba©vwiZ Ab¨vb¨ `vwqZ¡ cvjb|
(2) msm` KZ‚©K cÖYxZ ƒKv„bv AvBb Ges Kwgk„bi mwnZ civgkµ„g ivóªcwZ KZ‚©K cÖYxZ ƒKv„bv cÖweav„bi (hvnv
Abyi€c AvB„bi mwnZ AmvgÄm¨ b„n) weavbvewj-mv„c„ÿ ivóªcwZ wb¤œwjwLZ ƒÿÎmg~„n ƒKvb Kwgk„bi mwnZ civgk©
Kwi„eb :
(K) cÖRvZ„š¿i K„g©i Rb¨ ƒhvM¨Zv I Zvnv„Z wb„qv„Mi c×wZ m¤úvwK ©Z welqvw`;
(L) cÖRvZ„š¿ K„g© wb„qvM`vb, D³ K„g©i GK kvLv nB„Z Ab¨ kvLvq c„`vbœwZ `vb I e`wjKiY Ges Abyi€c
wb„qvM`vb, c„`vbœwZ`vb ev e`wjKi„Yi Rb¨ cÖv_©xi Dc„hvwMZv-wbY©q m¤ú„K© AbymiYxq bxwZmg~n;
(M) Aemi-fvZvi AwaKvimn cÖRvZ„š¿i K„g©i kZ©vewj„K cÖfvweZ K„i, GBi€c welqvw` Ges
(N) cÖRvZ„š¿i K„g©i k•Ljvg~jK welqvw`|

120
evwl©K wi‡cvU©
141| (1) cքZ¨K Kwgkb cÖwZ ermi gvP© gv„mi cÖ_g w`e„m ev Zvnvi c~„e© c~e©eZ©x GKw΄k wW„m¤^i mgvß GK erm„i
¯^xq Kvh©vewj m¤^„Ü wi„cvU© cÖ¯Z
Í Kwi„eb Ges Zvnv ivóªcwZi wbKU ƒck Kwi„eb|
(2) wi„cv„U©i mwnZ GKwU ¯§viKwjwc _vwK„e, hvnv„Z-
(K) ƒKvb ƒÿ„Î Kwgk„bi ƒKvb civgk © MwnZ bv nBqv _vwK„j ƒmB ƒÿ„Î Ges civgk© MwnZ bv nBevi KviY,
Ges (L) ƒh mKj ƒÿ„Î Kwgk„bi mwnZ civgk© Kiv DwPZ wQj A_P civgk© Kiv nq bvB, ƒmB mKj ƒÿÎ Ges
civgk© bv Kwievi KviY m¤^„Ü Kwgkb hZ`~i AeMZ, ZZ`~i wjwceÜ Kwi„eb|
(3) ƒh ermi wi„cvU © ƒck Kiv nBqv„Q, ƒmB ermi GKw΄k gv„P©i ci AbywôZ msm„`i cÖ_g …eV„K ivóªcwZ D³
wi„cvU© I ¯§viKwjwc msm„` Dc¯‹vc„bi e¨e¯‹v Kwi„eb|

5.8 RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj (NTEC), wkÿv cÖKímg~n

RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj (NTEC)
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv„`k miKvi Gi wkÿv gš¿Yvjq Gi Awab mshy³ Ges mswewae× cÖwZôvbmg~„ni g„a¨ RvZxq wkÿv
KvDwÝj Ab¨Zg| TQI-SEP ƒg 2007 wLª. wkÿv gš¿Yvj„q GKwU cÖ¯vÍ e ƒck K„i hvi wk„ivbvg wQj
æSetting up of an Integrated Apex Body on Teacher Education:National Teachers’ Registration,
Accreditation and Training Authority through the Expansion of NTRCA.” wkÿv gš¿Yvj„q ¯§viK bs-
10/4(cÖwkÿY)-6/2008/121 ZvwiL:17.02.2010 ƒgvZv„eK RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj (NTEC) MV„bi Aby„gv`b ƒ`q
nq Ges 26 Rvbyqvwi 2012 G msµvšÍ ƒM„RU cÖKvwkZ nq| RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj wkÿK wkÿvi gvb
wbwðZKi„Y kxl© ms¯‹v (Apex Body)|

GbwUBwm-i MVb KvVv‡gv

RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝjMVb KvVv„gv Abyhvqx gvbbxq wkÿvgš¿x n„eb Gi ƒPq¨vig¨vb Ges gnvcwiPvjK, gDwk
n„eb m`m¨ mwPe| The National Teacher Education Council (NTEC) is the apex body for maintaining
coordination and linkages and assuring quality of teacher education/training of the country. The
council is composed as follows:
1 Chairman-Honorable Minister of Education
2 Vice- Chairman- Secretary, Ministry of Education,
Other Members
3 Chairman, University Grants Commission
4 Vice-Chancellor, National University
5 Vice-Chancellor, Bangladesh Open University
6 Director, Institute of Education and Research, DU
7 Joint- Secretary, Secondary Education,Ministry of Education
8 Chairman, NTRCA
9 Director General, Directorate of Technical Education
10 Director General, NAEM
11 Chairman, Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education
12 Chairman, Madrasa Education Board
13 Director (Training),Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education
14 Principal, Teachers’ Training College, Dhaka
15 Principal, Bangladesh MadrasaTeachers’ Training Institute
16 Representative, Non-Government Teachers’ Training College
17 All the Project Directors relating to Teacher Training

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Member- Secretary
18 Director General, Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education
Nominated members will work for three years from the date of nomination.

GbwUBwm-i Kvh©vewj
RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj (GbwUBwm)-i Kvh©vewj n„e wb¤œiæc-
 Development and establishment of effective quality control framework for teacher
education/training of the country;
 Development and establishment of national standards equally applicable to both government
and non-government teachereducation/training activities/teacher training course conducting
institutes;
 Development of effective quality control mechanism for teacher education/training program
and to regularly and continually observe, monitor and evaluate that the teacher
education/training activities/course conducting institutes are running as per national standards
set for them;
 To ensure compliances of rules and regulations/ensure follow up of activities developed
under its quality control framework;
 To ensure development of professional competence of academic, technical and management
staff of the teacher education/training institutes;
 To establish co-ordination, networking and linkages among all teacher education/training
activities/course conductors to assure quality throughout;
 In order to materialize its objectives council can take up anyother activity/program which it
deems necessary.

wkÿv cÖKímg~n (Educational Projects)

Dbœqbkxj ƒ`„ki Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ Z¡ivwš^Z K„i Dbœqb cÖKímg~n| cÖKí n„jv ƒKv„bv mywbw`©ó jÿ¨„K mvg„b ƒi„L wbw`©ó
mg„qi g„a¨B ƒm jÿ¨ AR©„bi Kg©cքPóv I Kg©m~wP|
A project is a temporary endeavor to create a unique product, service or result.
wkÿv„ÿ„Î Dbœq„bi Rb¨ wkÿvi gš¿Yvjq wkÿv cÖKímg~n cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb K„i _v„K| ƒ`„ki Dbœq„bi g~j
PvwjKvkw³ n„jv wkwÿZ Rb„Mvôx| evsjv„`„ki ƒgvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq A„a©K bvix| Avevi MÖv„g kn„ii Zzjbvq ƒewk
gvbyl evm K„i| ZvB me ƒkÖwYi gvbyl„K GKB KvZv„i Avbvi Rb¨ g~j Dcv`vb n„jv wkÿv| ZvB wkÿv„ÿ„Î miKvi eû
cÖKí MÖnY K„i„Q| wkÿv cÖK„íi cÖavb n„”Q GKRb cÖKí cwiPvjK (Projects Director ev PD)|
wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi Pjgvb I mgvß cÖK„íi GKwU ZvwjKv ƒ`qv n„jv| 2010-11 A_©eQ„ii wkÿv„ÿ„Î 11wU cÖKí wQj|
eZ©gv„b (2017) Gi msL¨v AviI ƒewk|

gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`߇ii cÖKímg~n

 ƒmKv„qc
 315 Dc„Rjv m`„i wbe©vwPZ ƒemiKvwi we`¨vjqmg~n„K g„Wj we`¨vj„q i€cvšÍi cÖKí
 wkÿv gv„bvbœq„bi j„ÿ¨ ƒRjv m`„i Aew¯‹Z miKvwi ƒcv÷ MÖvRy„qU K„jRmg~„ni Dbœqb cÖKí
 XvKv gnvbMix„Z 11wU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I 6wU gnvwe`¨vjq (miKvwi) ¯‹vcb cÖKí
 D”P gva¨wgK DcewË cÖKí
 B÷vewjk„g›U Ae d„ib j¨vs¸„qR ƒUªwbs ƒm›Uvim-2(GdGjwUwm-2) cÖKí
 ¯œvZK (cvm) I mggvb ch©v„qi wkÿv_©x„`i DcewË cÖ`vb cÖKí

122
  wUwPs ƒKvqvwjwU B¤cÖyf„g›U Bb ƒm„KÛvix GWz„Kkb cքR± (wUwKDAvB„mc)
 Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mnvqZvq wkÿvi gv„bvbœq„bi j„ÿ¨ wbe©vwPZ ƒemiKvwi K„jRmg~„ni Dbœqb kxl©K cÖKí
 wm„jU, ewikvj I Lyjbv kn„i 7wU miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq ¯‹vcb cÖKí
 ƒm„KÛvwi GWz„Kkb ƒm±i Bb„f÷„g›U ƒcÖvMÖvg („mwmc)
 AwUw÷K GKv„Wwg ¯‹vcb cÖKí
 gva¨wgK wkÿv DcewË, 2q ch©vq cÖKí
 ƒRbv„ikb ƒeªK_ªy cÖK„íi Z_¨
DwjøwLZ wkÿv cÖKímg~„ni g„a¨ ƒ_„K 2wU cÖK„íi eY©bv ƒ`qv n„jv-

wUwKDAvB-II cÖKí cwiwPwZ

gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb, mvgvwRK cwieZ©b Ges ƒ`„ki A_©†bwZK Dbœq„bi Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© wkÿv| miKvi wkÿvi Pvwn`v
ƒgUv„Z Ges cքqvRbxq gvbem¤ú` mwó„Z e¨vcK ms¯ˆvig~jK Kg©m~wP MÖnY K„i„Q| gva¨wgK wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb
Dbœq„bi gnr D„Ïk¨ wb„q Gwkqvb ƒW„fjc„g›U e¨vsK (ADB), KvbvwWqvb AvšÍR©vwZK mvnvh¨ ms¯‹v (CIDA) Ges
miKv„ii Avw_©K mnvqZvq wUwPs ƒKvqvwjwU BgcÖæf„g›U Bb ƒm„KÛvwi GWy„Kkb (wUwKDAvB-ƒmc) kxl©K cÖKíwU GwcÖj
2005 ƒ_„K Ryb 2012 ch©šÍ me©„gvU 54315.06 jÿ UvKv e¨„q ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq| GB cÖK„íi mvnv„h¨ cÖwkÿY
Kvh©µg ƒRvi`viKi„Yi gva¨„g ƒkªwYK„ÿ cvV`vb cÖwµqvi c×wZ Ges ƒK‡kjMZ cwieZ©b Avbv nq| wkÿvi Kvw•LZ
gvb AR©„b cÖKíwU ƒek mvdj¨ cÖ`k©b K„i| G cÖK„íi gva¨„g gva¨wgK (9g-10g ƒMÖW) ch©v„qi 2,01,000 Rb ƒkªwY
wkÿK, 16,035 Rb cÖavb wkÿK, 1200 Rb wkÿv cÖkvmK ƒhgb- ƒRjv wkÿv Awdmvi, mnKvwi ƒRjv wkÿv Awdmvi,
Dc„Rjv gva¨wgK wkÿv Awdmvi, Dc„Rjv wi„mvm© Awdmvi Ges mnKvwi cwi`k©KMY„K cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GQvov
4,600 Rb gv÷vi ƒUªBbvi …Zwi, 543 Rb wkÿK„K …e„`wkK cÖwkÿY Ges 54,000 Rb ¯ˆzj e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwUi
GmGgwm m`m¨„K GKxfZ wkÿv welqK cÖwkÿY Ges mRbkxj D™¢vebx Znwej (IDF) Kvh©µ„gi Avw_©K mnvqZvmn
bvbvgyLx Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K„i„Q| wUwKDAvB ƒmc cÖK„íi Ab¨Zg mvdj¨ n„jv cÖvwZôvwbK I mvsMVwbK ms¯ˆv„ii
Ab¨Zg D„`¨vM wn„m„e National Teacher Registration and Certification Authority (NTRCA) cÖwZôv Ges
AbjvB„b Av„e`„bi gva¨„g wkÿKZvi ƒckvq AvMÖnx„`i wbeÜb cÖ`vb Kiv| cÖK„íi AviI GKwU `k¨gvb mvdj¨-
RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj (NTEC) cÖwZôv hvi jÿ¨ wkÿK„`i ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb, mieivn I cwiexÿY| cÖwkÿ„Yi
¸YMZgvb wbwðZKi„Yi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó gvb wba©viYI G ms¯‹vi Ab¨Zg D„Ïk¨|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqvq miKvi KZ©K wewfbœ ai„bi cÖKí MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Ae¨vnZ i„q„Q; TQI-
SEPGi avivevwnKZvq TQI-II-SEP cÖKí hv 04 ƒm„Þ¤^i 2012 Zvwi„L cÖkvmwbK Aby„gv`b, 02 A„±vei 2012
Zvwi„L FYPzw³ ¯^vÿi Ges me©„kl 02 b„f¤^i Zvwi„L FYPzw³ Kvh©Ki ïiæ K„i„Q| G cÖK„íi ƒgqv`Kvj RyjvB 2012
ƒ_„K Ryb 2017 ch©šÍ| evsjv„`„ki mKj gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii (lô-Øv`k ƒMªW) wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n TQI-II cÖK„íi
AšÍfy³
© | cÖK„íi Rb¨ ƒgvU eiv„Ïi 18% evsjv„`k miKvi (GoB) Ges 82% Gwkqvb ƒW„fjc„g›U e¨vsK (ADB)
Gi A_©vq„b cwiPvwjZ dvÛ|
TQI-II cÖKíwU TQI-SEP Gi avivevwnKZvq cwiewZ©Z Ae¯‹v I Pvwn`vi wbwi„L wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb ew×i Rb¨ wKQz
bZzb D„Ïk¨ AR©„b KvR Ki„Q| G D„Ïk¨mg~„ni g„a¨ Ab¨Zg n„”Q- RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj (NTEC)
ev¯Íevq„b djcÖm~ I Kvh©Ki c`„ÿc MÖnY Kiv, wkÿ„Ki ƒhvM¨Zvi gvb`Ð wba©viY, Recognition of Prior Learning
(RPL) Gi KvVv„gv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb BZ¨vw`| GQvov gvbbxq cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj„qi AvIZvaxb GK„mm Uz Bbdi„gkb
(a2i) ƒcÖvMÖvg Ges wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi AvIZvaxb gvDwk Awa`ßi KZ©K ev¯Íevqbvaxb AvBwmwU cÖK„íi mn„hvwMZvq
wWwRUvj evsjv„`k wewbgv©„Y mn„hvMx f~wgKv cvjb Kiv|
123
cÖK‡íi g~j jÿ¨
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 Gi Av„jv„K ƒ`„ki gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„ni cÖvwZôvwbK Dbœqb, wkÿK„`i
PvKzixKvjxb I PvKyixc~e© cÖwkÿY ƒRvi`viKiY, ƒckvMZ `ÿZv ew× Ges GKxf~Z wkÿvq mnvqZv cÖ`v„bi gva¨„g
wkÿK-wkÿY, wkÿv`vb c×wZi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb Ges wb„qvMmn, ch©„eÿY cixweÿY (Supervision Monitoring)
Kvh©µg myôz I ƒRvi`viKiY|

cÖK‡íi D‡Ïk¨
 gvbm¤úbœ wkÿK …Zwii j„ÿ¨ miKv„ii D„`¨vM I c`„ÿcmg~n ƒRvi`viKiY;
 cÖavb wkÿK Ges wkÿKM„Yi ƒhvM¨Zv wba©viYc~e©K mKj wkÿ„Ki wbeÜb wbwðZKiY Ges wbeÜb cÖwµqv
Dbœqb I cÖmvi NUv„bv;
 wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kvh©µgmg~„ni ¸YMZgvb wbwðZKi„Yi j„ÿ¨ Dchy³ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb,
wek¦we`¨vjq I AvBwU ƒKv¤úvwbi mv„_ Askx`vwiZ¡ ¯‹vcb Kiv;
 gvV Ges ƒK›`ªxq ch©v„q Kg©iZ miKvwi Kg©KZ©vi mycvwik/gšÍ„e¨i wfw˄Z wkÿKM„Yi cvidi„gÝ ch©„eÿY
ƒhb Zviv cÖavb wkÿK wn„m„e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki„Z cv„i;
cÖK‡íi wewfbœ Ask
cÖK„íi PviwU cÖavb Ask Av„Q-
1. wkÿ„Ki `ÿZv Dbœqb, cÖvwZôvwbK Ges mvsMVwbK ÿgZv ƒRvi`viKiY
2. wkÿK-cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg Ges ƒWwjfvix c×wZ m¤úªmvwiZKiv
3. GKxf~Z wkÿvq mnvqZv cÖ`vb
4. `ÿ cÖKí e¨e¯‹vcbv
1. wkÿ‡Ki `ÿZv Dbœqb, cÖwZôvb Ges mvsMVwbK ÿgZv †Rvi`viKiY: GB Dcv`v„bi AvIZvq 4wU Dc-Dcv`vb
(Sub-component) i„q„Q-
K) cÖvwZôvwbK Ges cwjwm KvVv„gv ƒRvi`viKi„Y TQI-SEP cÖKí KZ©K ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi gvbm¤§Z wkÿK
wb„qvM j„ÿ¨ wbe܄bi D„Ï„k¨ NTRCA cÖwZôv Kiv n„q„Q| TQI-II KZ©K RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 Abyhvqx
ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„n gvbm¤úbœ wkÿK wb„qvM Ges wkÿv`vb c×wZi AvaywbKxKiY I ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZKi„Yi
j„ÿ¨ National Teacher Education Council (NTEC) MVb Kiv n„e| NTEC Gi mfvcwZ n„eb gvbbxq
wkÿvgš¿x Ges m`m¨-mwPe gnvcwiPvjK, gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi, evsjv„`k XvKv| gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv I
wkÿ„Ki cÖwkÿY msµvšÍ Kw¤ú„UwÝ wba©viY, Kw¤ú„UwÝwfwËK cªwkÿY KvwiKzjvg/g¨vbyqvj cÖYqb, wkÿ„Ki
Recognition Criteria wba©viY, wewfbœ cÖwZôv„bi g„a¨ cvU©bviwkc Kvh©µg BZ¨vw` NTEC Gi MvB„W„Ý ev¯ÍevwqZ
n„e| GQvov TQI-II cÖKí KZ©K miKvwi/„emiKvwi wkÿK, cÖwZôvb cÖavbM„Yi Career Path wiwfD I ƒW„fjc Kiv n„e|
L) wkÿ„Ki ¸YMZgvb Dbœqb I gwbUwis Gi D„Ï„k¨ gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`߄ii K¨vcvwmwU ƒRvi`viKiY
Secondary Teacher Informaion System (STIS) Gi mvnv„h¨ wkÿK, wkÿv_©x G cÖwZôvb m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ msMÖn,
msiÿY, we„kølYmn wdWe¨vK cÖ`v„bi j„ÿ¨ gvDwk Awa`ßi I Gi AvIZvaxb cÖwZôvbmg~„n Kg©iZ mswkøó Kg©KZ©v„`i
ƒ`„k I we„`„k ¯^íKvjxb cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Ki„e|
M) wkÿ„Ki ƒkªwYKvh©µg gwbUwis ew×KiY gwbUwis Kvh©µg msNU„bi j„ÿ¨ 3wU ¯Í„i ƒcÖvMÖvg ev¯Íevqb Kiv n„e-
1) gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`߇ii cÖwkÿY kvLvi K¨vcvwmwU †Rvi`viKiY: gvDwk Awa`߄ii cÖwkÿY kvLv wkÿ„Ki
cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq„b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K„i _v„K| G D„Ï„k¨ NTEC, NTRCA Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖKímg~„ni
mv„_ cÖwkÿY kvLvi ƒhvMv„hvM ew× Kiv cքqvRb| G j„ÿ¨ cÖwkÿY kvLvi f~wgKv I Kvh©cwiwa cybwe©„ePbv,
kw³kvjxKi„Yi Rb¨ TQI-II KZ©K cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv n„e| d„j gvV ch©v„q wewfbœ cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb I
gwbUwis myôzfv„e m¤úvw`Z n„Z cv„i|
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2) †Rjv I Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Kg©KZ©v Kvh©vj‡qi K¨vcvwmwU †Rvi`viKiY: †Rjv I Dc„Rjv wkÿv Awd„mi WvUv Gw›Uª
Acv„iUi I mswkøó Kg©KZ©v/ Kg©PvixMY ƒemiKvwi wkÿK„`i MPO Z_¨ AšÍfz³©KiY I Avc„WU K„i _v„K| `ªæZZvi
mv„_ mwVKfv„e wkÿK, wkÿv cÖwZôvb I cÖwkÿY msµvšÍ Z_¨mg~n Avc„WU Kivi Rb¨ TQI-II cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Ki„e|
3) cÖavb wkÿK/gv`ªvmv mycvi/Aa¨ÿM‡Yi †bZ„‡Z¡i ÿgZv †Rvi`viKiY: wewfbœ miKvwi, ƒemiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii
(6ô-12k ƒMÖW) wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„ni cÖwZôvb cÖavbM„Yi wkÿK, Kg©Pvix/Kg©KZ©v, m„ev©cwi cÖwZôvb myôzfv„e I
mwVKfv„e cwiPvjbv, ƒgbUwis Ges gwbUwis Gi D„Ï„k¨ Zuv„`i ƒbZ„Z¡i ¸Yvewj ew×Ki„Yi j„ÿ¨ TQI-II KZ©K
wewfbœ ƒgqvw` cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv n„e| ƒh mKj cÖwZôvb we„kl wKQz Criteria Giwfw˄Z ƒkÖô e„j we„ewPZ n„e ƒm
mKj cÖwZôvb„K TQI-II Gi Cluster Centre School (CCS) wn„m„e …Zwi Kiv n„e Ges G iKg wKQz cÖwZôvb
cÖav„bi Rb¨ i„q„Q we„`k cÖwkÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹v|
N) e¨w³/cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ cÖwZôv‡bi cÖK‡íi Askx`vwiZ¡ ¯’vc‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb: cÖK„íi wWwcwc Abyhvqx ƒek wKQz
Partnership Arrangement Gi Provision i„q„Q| Gi g„a¨ D„jøL„hvM¨-
1) PvKzix-c~e© cÖwkÿY Kvh©µ„gi Rb¨ ƒhvM¨ gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY cÖwZôv„bi mv„_ wek¦we`¨vj„qi Askx`vwiZ¡ ¯‹vcb
2) B-jvwb©s mvgMÖx †Zwii Rb¨ ƒhvM¨ IT ƒKv¤úvwb Ges Education ExpertGi mv„_ cvU©bviwkc
3) ÁvbI `ÿZv ew×i Rb¨ Twinning arrangement/ƒh‡_ e¨e¯‹v/Av„qvRb Innovation & Development
Fund (IDF) Gi mvnv„h¨ D™¢vebx Kvh©µg„K ev¯Íevq„b mnvqZv Kivi D„Ï„k¨ miKvwi I ƒemiKvwi
cÖwZôv„bi g„a¨ cvU©bviwkc

2. wkÿK-cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg Ges †Wwjfvix c×wZ m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv

K) PvKyixKvjxb cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg‡K AvaywbKxKiY: AvšÍRv© wZK I AvÂwjK wkÿvi gvb`„Ð ƒ`„ki gva¨wgK wkÿ„Ki
¸YMZ gv„bvbœq„b we.GW mn Ab¨vb¨ ƒckvMZ cÖwkÿYmg~n Kw¤ú„UwÝ ƒeRW Kiv n„e|
L) wmwcwW cwjwm I Kvh©µg: gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii (6ô-12k ƒMÖW) wkÿK„`i welqwfwËK I AvBwmwU-wWwRUvj K„›U›U
cÖYqb welqK ƒckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq„bi j„ÿ¨ CPD cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Ki„e| welqwfwËK CPD cÖwkÿY ƒ`qv n„e ƒgvU
60,000 wkÿK„K Ges CPD for ICT cÖwkÿY ƒgvU 60,000 wkÿK„K|
M) PvKzixKvjxb wkÿK cÖwkÿY †Rvi`viKiY: †h mKj wkÿ„Ki we.GW cÖwkÿY bvB ev cÖwkÿY MÖn„Yi my„hvM/„hvM¨Zv
bvB Zv„`i„K 3gvm e¨vwc STC cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv n„e| wkÿK„`i Rb¨ Recognition of Prior LearningGi e¨e¯‹v
Kiv n„e|
N) AvBwmwU wfwËK wkÿY-wkLb e¨e¯’v: gva¨wgK ¯Í„i (6ô-12k ƒMÖW ch©šÍ) mKj wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ AvBwmwU wfwËK
AvKl©Yxq wkLb cwi„ek n„e| G„Z K„i wkÿv_©x cv„V g„bv„hvMx, AvMÖnx I Drmvnx n„e Ges cÖwZôv„b wkÿv_©xi Wªc
AvDU nvi K„g hv„e Ges cv„ki nviI ew× cv„e|
O) cÖwkÿY `vZv cÖwZôv‡bi ÿgZv †Rvi`viKiY: wewfbœ cÖwkÿY Provider ƒhgb-TTC, HSTTI, BMTTI, NAEM
BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv„bi I Kg©KZ©v„`i wewfbœ jwRw÷K mv„cvU© I cÖwkÿY cÖ`v„bi gva¨„g Zv„`i `ÿZv ew× Kiv n„e|

3.GKxf~Z wkÿvq mnvqZv cÖ`vb

mviv„`„k GKxf~Z wkÿv ev¯Íevq„b cÖKí ƒek wKQz D„jøL„hvM¨ c`„ÿc MÖnY K„i„Q-
 DcƒRjv/„Rjvq Gender Parity Avbqb
 cÖwZ cÖwkÿ„Y 30% gwnjv wkÿK Dcw¯‹wZ wbwðZKiY
 cÖwZôv„b fwZ©i ƒÿ„Î ƒg„q wkïi AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`v„b Kvh©µg MÖnY
 cÖwZeÜx, Ethnic Minority, Slow-Learner BZ¨vw` mK„ji Rb¨ wkLb evÜe cwi„ek †Zwii Rb¨ cÖwkÿY
cÖ`vb
 „RÛvi m„PZbZv mwó
 cÖwZ wkÿv cÖwZôv„b GmGgwm/wRwe-Gi m`m¨ wn„m„e gwnjv wkÿK/AwffveK ew×

125
  AbMÖmi A„ji gwnjv wkÿ„Ki Rb¨ cÖwZ eQi 300 (wZbkZ) ewË cÖ`vb
 GKxf~Z wkÿv, ƒRÛvi m„PZbZv mwói j„ÿ¨ wewfbœ m„PZbZv ew×g~jK cÖPviYv, wfwWI wPÎ cÖ`k©bx, ƒcv÷vi,
wjd„jU BZ¨vw` cÖYqb I cÖPvi|

4. `ÿ cÖKí e¨e¯’vcbv
wWwcwc-i Av„jv„K wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi AvIZvaxb 1wU PSC (Project Steering Committee)I 1wU PIC (Project
Implementation Committee) Av„Q- G mKj KwgwU cÖKí e¨e¯‹vcbv I ev¯Íevq„b cքqvRbxq wm×všÍ w`„q
mn„hvwMZv K„i _v„K| cÖKí gwbUwis Gi Rb¨ i„q„Q 1wU mywbw`©ó DMF (Design & Monitoring Framework)|
gvDwk Awa`ßi Z_v wUwKDAvB-2 cÖK„íi A_©vq„b BANBEIS Gi mvnv„h¨ Teachers Biannual Census,
Secondary Teacher Information Collection Ges ReportcÖYqb BZ¨vw` KvR Pj„Q|

wUwKDAvB-2 Gi D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ cÖwkÿYmg~n (gva¨wgK ¯Íi: 6ô-12k ƒMÖW)

 14/05 w`be¨vwc CPD for ICT-Digital Content Development cÖwkÿY (60,000)
 welqwfwËK (11wU welq- evsjv, Bs„iwR, MwYZ, Rxewe`¨v, c`v_©we`¨v, c`v_©weÁvb, wnmveweÁvb,
A_©bxwZ, BwZnvm, mgvRweÁvb I ƒc‡ibxwZ I mykvmb wel„q) 03/06 w`be¨vwc ToT (2300) Ges 21
w`be¨vcx CPD cÖwkÿY (60,000)
 cÖavb wkÿK/mycvi/Aa¨ÿ Gi 21/35/06 w`be¨vwc cÖwkÿY (22,000)
 03 w`be¨vwc SMC cÖwkÿY (25,000) m`m¨
 06 w`be¨cx DEO/ADEO/USEO K¨vcvwmwU ƒW„fjc„g›U cÖwkÿY (900)
 10 w`be¨vwc DSHE Personnel K¨vcvwmwU wewìs cÖwkÿY (600)
 03 gvme¨vwc STCcÖwkÿY (10,000)
cÖK‡íi we‡kl Kvh©µg
 51wU K¬v÷vi ƒm›Uvi ¯ˆzj cÖwZôv
 27wU Learning CentrecÖwZôv (51wU K¬v÷vi ƒm›Uvi ¯ˆz„ji g„a¨)
 miKvwi wZbwU wUwUwmƒZ 3wU Centre of Excellence cÖwZôv (Bs„iwR, MwYZ,weÁvb )
 wewfbœ ƒ÷K„nvìvi cÖwZôv„bKw¤úDUvi, gvwëwgwWqv, d„UvKwc ƒgwkb, dvwY©Pvi BZ¨vw` cÖ`vb
 „Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, gvDwk Awa`ßi I wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi Rb¨ ƒgvU 70wU Mvwo cÖ`vb
 wkÿK cÖwkÿ„Yi Rb¨ ƒhvM¨Zv wba©viY
 wkÿK„`i ƒckvMZ `ÿZv wel„q Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)wba©viY
 GKxf~Z I ƒRÛvi wel„q m„PZbZv ew×g~jK cÖPviYv
 Research & StudiesIDFGi gva¨„g D™¢vebx Kvh©µg„K DrmvwnZ I mnvqZv cÖ`vb
cÖK‡íi †÷K‡nvìvi
 wkÿv gš¿Yvjq  miKvwi/„emiKvwi wkÿK cÖwkÿY K„jR
 gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ßi  D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU
 RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv GKv„Wwg (bv„qg)  evsjv„`k gv`ªvmv wkÿK cÖwkÿY
 RvZxq wkÿvµg I ƒU·UeyK ƒevW© Bbw÷wUDU
 RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq  AvB B Avi, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
 evsjv„`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq  wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi Aaxb mKj cÖKí

126
cÖK‡íi Uv‡M©U MÖæc
 ƒkÖwY wkÿK (6ô-12k ƒMÖW)
 cÖavb wkÿK/gv`ªvmv mycvi/Aa¨ÿ
 wUP©vi GWz„KUi (wUwUwm, GBPGmwUwUAvB, weGgwUwUAvB,bv„qg)
 AvÂwjK Dc-cwiPvjK
 ƒRjv/mnKvwi ƒRjv wkÿv Awdmvi
 Dc„Rjv/mnKvwi Dc„Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi
 gvDwk Awa`߄ii Kg©KZ©v
 ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi GmGgwm/wRwe mfvcwZ/m`m¨
 wkÿv_©x (6ô-12k ƒMÖW)

cÖK‡íi cÖwkÿY †fby¨mg~n

 RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv GKv„Wwg (bv„qg)
 miKvwi/„emiKvwi wkÿK cÖwkÿY K„jR
 D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU
 evsjv„`k gv`ªvmv wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU
 AvB B Avi, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
 cÖK„íi 3wU ORC
 cÖK„íi K¬v÷vi ƒm›Uvi ¯ˆzj (51wU)
mg‡SvZv m¥viK Pzw³
 e¨vb„eBm Gi mv„_ mg„SvZv m¥viK mB
 XvKv wek¦we`¨vj„qi wkÿv I M„elYv Bbw÷wUDU Gi mv„_ mg„SvZv m¥viK mB
 A2IƒcÖvMÖv„gi mv„_ mg„SvZv m¥viK mB
 Bswjk Bb G¨vKk„bi mv„_ mg„SvZv m¥viK mB
 weªwUk KvDwÝj Gi mv„_ mg„SvZv m¥viK mB
evsjv„`„k kZKiv 98 fvM gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv cÖwZôvb ƒemiKvwi e¨e¯‹vcbvq cwiPvwjZ nq| ƒemiKvwi gva¨wgK
we`¨vjq/gv`ªvmvi wkÿK wb„qvM ƒ_„K ïiæ K„i Dbœqb welqK A„bK Kv„RB ¯ˆzj e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwU (GmGgwm/wRwe-Gi)
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K„i _v„K| G„ÿ„Î, cÖK„íi D„Ïk¨, Kvh©vewj m¤ú„K© h_vh_ aviYv AR©b Kiv
GmGgwm/wRwe-Gi m`m¨„`i Rb¨ LyeB cքqvRb|

†mwmc (†m‡KÛvwi GWy‡Kkb †m±i Bb‡f÷‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg, GmBGmAvBwc)

gva¨wgK wkÿvi mvwe©K gv„bvbœq„bi j„ÿ¨ miKv„ii MnxZ Pjgvb cÖKímg~„n g„a¨ ƒm„KÛvwi GWz„Kkb ƒm±i
Bb„f÷„g›U ƒcÖvMÖvg (SESIP) we„klfv„e D„jøL„hvM¨| G ƒcÖvMÖvgwU wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi AvIZvaxb Ges Gi
ev¯ÍevqbKvix ms¯‹v n„”Q gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ßi (DSHE). evsjv„`„k gva¨wgK wkÿvi KvVv„gv ms¯ˆvi Ges
¸YMZgvb Dbœq„b G ƒcÖvMÖvg me©„ÿ„Î Revew`wnZv I ¯^”QZv Avbq„bi j„ÿ¨ gva¨wgK wkÿvLvZ„K kw³kvjxKiY,
gva¨wgK wkÿvi g„bvbœqb Ges AwaKnv„igva¨wgK wkÿvq cքekvwaKvi I mgZv weavbK„í bvbv Kvh©µg MÖnY I
ev¯Íevqb Ki„Q| gva¨wgK wkÿvi gv„bvbœq„bi D„Ïk¨ wkÿvµg, wkÿv_x© g~j¨vqb Ges we`¨vjq K‚wZwfwËK e¨e¯‹vcbvi
127
ms¯ˆvi mva„b G ƒcÖvMÖvg fwgKv ivL„Q| 2006-2013 ev¯Íevq„biI GmBGmwWwc (SESDP) mnvqZv w`„q„Q| ZvQvov
RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒev„W©i (GbwmwUwe) Kvh©µ„g MwZkxjZv Avbq„b G cÖK„íi fwgKv Zvrch©c~Y©| 1990
mv„ji gvSvgvwS gva¨wgK wkÿvi gvb Dbœq„b evsjv„`k miKvi Ges Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs„Ki FYmnvqZvq cÖ_g GKwU
enr cÖKí ƒbIqv nq hv ƒm„KÛvwi GWz„Kkb ƒW„fjc„g›U cքR± (SEDP) bv„g cwiwPZ| G cÖK„íi g~j KvR wQj
wkÿvµg cwigvR©b, cvV¨cy¯ÍK DbœZ Kiv Ges bZzb wkÿvµg, cvV¨cy¯ÍK I g~j¨vqb e¨e¯‹vi mv„_ wkÿK„`i cwiwPZ
Kiv„bv, wkÿK cªwkÿYmn wkÿv I wkÿv_©xi wkLb gvb Dbœqb cÖf‚wZ| G cÖK„íi Ask wn„m„e gvDwki ƒbZ‚„Z¡
ƒm„KÛvwi GWz„Kkb ƒm±i BgcÖæf„g›U cքR± (SESIP) bv„g Kvh©µg ïiæ K„i Ges hvi ƒgqv` wQj wW„m¤^i 2007
mvj ch©š|Í 2007 wLª. Rvbyqvwi gv„m 2q ch©v„q GmBGmAvBwc Gi bvg cwieZ©b K„i ƒm„KÛvwi GWz„Kkb ƒm±i
ƒW„fjc„g›U cքR± (SESDP) ïiæ Kiv nq Ges hvi ƒgqv` wQj Ryb 2014 ch©š|Í cyibvq G cÖK„íi bvg cwieZ©b
Kiv nq| Rvbyqvwi 2014 ƒ_„K 10 eQi ƒgqv„` ƒm„KÛvwi GWy„Kkb ƒm±i Bb„f÷„g›U ƒcÖvMÖvg (SESIP) bv„g
bZzbfv„e ƒcÖvMÖvg Avw½„K Kvh©µg ïiæ K„i| B„Zvga¨ G ƒcÖvMÖv„gi AvIZvq wW„m¤^i 2014 ch©šÍ weÁvb welqmn
Ab¨vb¨ wel„qi wkLb-wkÿv DcKi„Yi ZvwjKv cÖ¯Z Š KiY, GKv`k-Øv`k ƒkÖwYi gv÷vi ƒUªBbvi …Zwii g¨vbyqvj cÖYqb,
GKv`k I Øv`k ƒkÖwYi wkÿvµg we¯Íi„Y welqwfwËK gv÷vi ƒUªBbvi I ƒRjv ch©v„qi cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg ƒkl n„q„Q| lô
ƒ_„K Aóg ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ weÁvb wkÿK„`i e¨envwiK cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg ïiæ n„q„Q|
GbwmwUwei ƒbZ‚„Z¡ lô ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwYi wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi wewfbœ ch©v„qi Kvh©µ„g A_©vqb I KvwiMwi mnvqnvq
GmBGmAvBwc (SESIP) wb„¤œv³ fwgKv cvjb K„i Pj„Q-
1. `ÿ Rbej M‡o †Zvjv:GmBGmAvBwc (SESIP) Gi AvIZvq GbwmwUwe„Z 20Rb wkÿvµg we„klÁ„K c`vqb Ges
Zuv„`i„K `ÿ Rbkw³ wn„m„e M„o Zzj„Z mnvqZv `vb Ges GbwmwUwei Kg©KZ©vMY„K ƒ`wk we„`wk cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb|
2. wkÿvµg Dbœqb I ev¯Íevq‡b GbwmwUwei mÿgZv e„wׇZ mnvqZv `vb: GmBGmAvBwc (SESIP) Gi ƒUKwbK¨vj
Îwmm„UÝ Kbmvj„UwÝ wU„gi RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK civgk©Ke›` GbwmwUwei wkÿvµg DBs- Gi Kg©KZ©v„`i cÖwkÿY
cÖ`v„bi cvkvcvwk ev¯Íe cwiw¯‹wZ„Z ƒckvMZ `vwqZ¡ cvj„bi wb„`©kbv I AwfÁZv wewbgq K„i mÿgZv ewׄZ mnvqZv
`vb|
3. mgxÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv: cÖPwjZ wkÿvµ„gi Dc„hvwMZv hvPvB, ÎæwU kbv³KiY Ges DcKvi„fvMx„`i Pvwn`v
wbi€cY BZ¨vw` j„ÿ¨ mgxÿv Kvh©µg MÖnY I ev¯Íevq„b Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
4. wewfbœ ch©v‡q mfv I Kg©kvjvi Av‡qvRb: lô ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwYi wkÿvµg i€c„iLv/KvVv„gv I welqwfwËK wkÿvµg
cÖ¯vÍ ebv …Zwi, ch©v„jvPbv Ges PovšÍKi„Y mfv/Kg©kvjv Av„qvR„b mnvqZv|
5. wkÿvµg we¯Íi‡Y mnvqZv `vb: lô ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwYi DbœqbK‚Z wkÿvµge¨env„i gvVch©v„qi wkÿK„`i mÿgZv
ew×i Rb¨ ƒ`ke¨vcx cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg MÖnY Ges ev¯Íevqb, cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj cÖYqb Ges wkÿK cÖwkÿK„`i
cÖwkwÿZKi„Y mnvqZv `vb|
6. wkÿvµg WKz‡g›U gy`ªY I weZiY: lô ƒ_„K Øv`k ƒkÖwYi cÖwZwU wel„qi wkÿvµg gy`ªY I weZiY|GQvov wkÿvµg
Dbœqb cÖwµqvq MnxZ Kvh©vw` m¤úv`„b e¨eüZ bvbvwea DcKiY, wkÿv mnvqK Kgx© mieivn K„i GmBGmAvBwc
wkÿvµg Dbœq„bi KvR„K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki„Q, hvi d„j kÖgevRvi Dc„hvMx gva¨wgK wkÿve¨e¯‹v M„o DV„e, hv `vwi`ª¨
we„gvP„b Ae`vb ivL„Z mÿg|

128
 cÖkœgvjv
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| evsjv„`„ki wkÿv KvVv„gv ƒKvb ai„bi ?
2| evsjv„`„k gva¨wgK wkÿvi ƒg‡wjK Z_¨mg~n ƒKvb ms¯‹v ƒ_„K cvB ?
3| wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi wbe©vnx cÖavb ƒK ?
4| wkÿv gš¿YvjqƒK wK wK wefv„M fvM Kiv n„q„Q ?
5| wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi 5wU KvR wjLyb|
6| gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`߄ii cÖavb ƒK ?
7| gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`߄ii gnvcwiPvj„Ki 5wU KvR wjLyb ?
8| wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`ßi wKfv„e mwó n„q„Q ?
9| wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`߄ii 5wU KvR wjLyb?
10| cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi„K wgwbw÷ AwWU ejv nq ƒKb?
11| cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi„K 5wU KvR wjLyb ?
12| RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒevW© KZRb m`m¨ wb„q MwVZ ?
13| RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒevW©-Gi m`m¨ wkÿvµg `vwqZ¡ wK ?
14| gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒev„Wi© 5wU KvR wjLyb?
15| NAEM-Gi c~Y©i€c wK ?
16| NAEM-Gi 5wU KvR wjLyb?
17| wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR wK wK ƒKvm© Advi K„i ?
18| wkÿK cÖwkÿ„Y wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR-Gi ¸iæZ¡ wK ?
19| wkÿK cÖwkÿ„Y ƒemiKvwi wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR-Gi f~wgKv wK ?
20| D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUuDU ƒKb cÖwZôv Kiv n„q„Q ?
21| D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUuDU cÖ`Ë 5wU cÖwkÿ„bi bvg wjLyb ?
22| BANBEIS- Gi c~Y©i€c wK ?
23| evsjv„`k wkÿv cwimsL¨vb ey¨„ivi 5wU KvR wjLyb?
24| NTRCA -Gi c~Y©i€c wK ?RvZxq wkÿK wbeÜxKiY I cÖZ¨qbKvix KZ‚©c„ÿi 5wU KvR wjLyb?
25| evsjv„`k miKvwi Kg© Kwgkb msweav„bi ƒKvb ƒKvb aviv g„Z MwVZ?
26| ƒKm RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj MVb Kiv n„q„Q ?
27| wkÿv cÖKí wK? K„qKwU wkÿv cÖK„íi bvg wjLyb ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| evsjv„`„ki wkÿv KvVv„gv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| evsjv„`„k gva¨wgK wkÿvi MwZ-cÖK‚wZ ƒg‡wjK Z„_¨i Av„jv„K we„kølY Kiæb|
3| wkÿv gš¿Yvjƒqi mvsMVwbK KvVv„gv Q„Ki mvnv„h¨ Dc¯‹vcb Kiæb|
4| gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
5| evsjv„`„ki wkÿv„ÿ„Î wkÿv cքK‡kj Awa`߄ii f~wgKv we„kølY Kiæb|
6| wkÿvi gv„bvbœqb I cÖwZôv„bi Avw_©K ¯^”QZvq cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`߄ii f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiæb |
7| RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ƒevW© -Gi cªavb Kvh©vewj eY©bv Kiæb|
8| gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW©-Gi cªavb Kvh©vewj eY©bv Kiæb|
9| RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯‹vcbv GKv„Wwg-Gi cªavb Kvh©vewj eY©bv Kiæb|
10| wkÿK„`i ƒckvMZ gv„bvbœq„b wUPvm© ƒUªwbs K„jR f~wgKv we„kølY Kiæb|
11| wkÿK„`i ƒckvMZ gv„bvbœq„b D”P gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUuDU-Gi f~wgKv we„kølY Kiæb|
12| evsjv„`„k wkÿv msµvšÍ ƒg‡wjK Z_¨ mieiv„n wkÿv cwimsL¨vb ey¨„iv-Gi f~wgKv we„kølY Kiæb|
13| wkÿv„ÿ„Î RvZxq wkÿK wbeÜxKiY I cÖZ¨qbKvix KZ‚©c„ÿi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
14| msweav„bi ƒKvb ƒKvb aviv g„Z evsjv„`k miKvwi Kg© Kwgkb MwVZ n„q„Q Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
15| RvZxq wkÿK wkÿv KvDwÝj-Gi MVb I Kvh©vewj eY©bv Kiæb|

129
 BDwbU 6 : we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv
evsjv„`„k gva¨wgK wkÿvi ƒgiæ`Û n„jv ƒemiKvwi we`¨vjq I gv`&ivmvmg~n| ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n cwiPvwjZ
nq ¯‹vbxq KZc
© „ÿi Øviv, hv„K we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwU ev GmGgwm ejv nq| we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwU ev GmGgwm
KZ¸„jv mywbw`©ó AvBb,wewa I wbq„gi Øviv we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv I cwiPvjbv K„i _v„K| we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv I
cwiPvjbvi mv„_ wkÿv_©x„`i AwffveKMYI RwoZ _v„Kb Ges Zv„`i MyiæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i„q„Q|GB BDwb„U we`¨vjq
e¨e¯‹vcbv msµvšÍ welqvewj„K ƒgvU 4wU cv„V fvM K„i Av„jvPbv Kiv n„q„Q| G¸„jv n„jv-

6.1.1 we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv wewa-weavb

6.1.2 we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwUi f~wgKv I `vwqZ¡
6.1.3 AwffveK-wkÿK mwgwZ
6.1.4 GKv„WwgK cwiKíbv

6.1 we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv wewa-weavb

we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv
evsjv„`„ki wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvq wbgœZi ¯Í„i i„q„Q we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv| wkÿv ƒÿ„Î MnxZ wewfbœ bxwZ, ƒK‡kj
I c×wZ hv gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii Rb¨ cքhvR¨, Zv we`¨vj„qi gva¨„g ev¯ÍevwqZ n„q _v„K| we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv wkÿv cÖkvmb
I e¨e¯‹vcbvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| ƒR.we. wmqvm© (1950) I Avi.wU. ƒMÖm (1957) wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvi
Kvh©vewj wb„gœv³fv„e wPwýZ K„i„Qb| ƒhgb―
1. wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi jÿ¨, D„Ïk¨, Kvh©vewj I cwiYwZ ch©v„jvPbv Kiv|
2. cÖwZôv„bi KvVv„gv web¨v„mi j„ÿ¨ mvwe©K cwiKíbv …Zwi Kiv|
3. cwiKíbv ƒgvZv„eK Kgx© wb„qvM I c`web¨vm Kiv|
4. KZ©Z¡ I `vwq„Z¡i mywbw`©ó eÈb I cքqvRbxq ÿgZv Ac©Y Kiv|
5. Kv„Ri msL¨vMZ I ¸YMZ gvb eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Kiv|
6. me©¯„Í ii Kgx©„`i g„a¨ mymgš^q eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ cքqvRbxq KwgwU ev Av„jvPbv mfvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
7. wba©vwiZ D„Ï„k¨i Av„jv„K mwVK djvdj g~j¨vqb Kiv|
we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbvi mv„_ RwoZ KZ©cÿ„K `yÕfv„M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v―
1. c„ivÿ KZ©cÿ (Indirect Authority)
2. cÖZ¨ÿ KZ©cÿ (Direct Authority)
c„ivÿ KZ©cÿ n„jv wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, wkÿv Awa`ßi, wkÿv ƒevW©, ƒRjv wkÿv Awdm, e¨vb„eBm I Dc-AvÂwjK
cwiPvjK| GmKj KZ©cÿ bxwZ wba©viYmn wewfbœ Av„`k-wb„`©k w`„q _v„Kb| Ab¨w`„K we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbvq
cÖZ¨ÿfv„e RwoZ _v„Kb we`¨vj„qi cÖavb wkÿK, wkÿKe›` I we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwU (SMC)| we`¨vjq
e¨e¯‹vcbvq G„`i fwgKv I Kvh©vewj LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZ

wkÿvƒÿ„Îi m„e©v”P KZ©cÿ we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbvi bxwZ wba©viY K„ib| evsjv„`„k wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq m„e©v”P KZ©cÿ wkÿv
gš¿Yvjq (Ministary of Education)| Avevi A„bK wm×všÍ Av„m miKv„ii D”P ¯Íi ƒ_„K| wkÿv ƒÿ„Î Ggb A„bK
bxwZ i„q„Q hv cÖavbgš¿xi mfvcwZ„Z¡ gwš¿mfv Aby„gv`b K„i _v„K| MnxZ Gme bxwZ ev¯Íevq„bi `vwqZ¡ eZ©vq wkÿv
gš¿Yvj„qi Ici| wkÿv gš¿Yvjq wb„gœv³ ƒÿ„Î GKK KZ©Z¡ iv„L―
1. bxwZ wba©viYx wm×všÍ|
2. AvšÍtgš¿Yvj„qi cvi¯úwiK ƒhvMv„hvM mgybœZ ivLv I wkÿvi mv„_ mswkøó mgm¨v mgvavb|
3. wkÿvi mv„_ mswkøó Kg©m~wP I cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb|
4. wkÿvi mv„_ mswkøó bxwZ wba©viYx wm×všÍmg~n ch©„eÿ„Yi e¨e¯‹vKiY|

130
†emiKvwi we`¨vjq cwiPvjbvi wewa-weavb
ƒKv„bv msMVb, ms¯‹v, `ßi ev cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi wKQy wewae× wbqg-Kvbyb Awbevh©fv„eB cÖPwjZ _v„K| ƒemiKvwi
wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ƒÿÎwUI Gi e¨wZµg bq| miKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb Z_v miKvwi `ßi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ƒhgb mywbw`©ó I
myweb¨¯Í AvBbKvbyb I wewa-weavb i„q„Q, ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ƒÿ„Î Zv ZZUv mg× bv n„jI cÖPwjZ i„q„Q,
ƒek wKQy wewa-cÖwewa, mvKz©jvi BZ¨vw`| G cv„V K„qKwU ƒg‡wjK wewa-weavb wb„q ms„ÿ„c Av„jvPbv Kiv n„”Qhv
ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb, we„klZ gva¨wgK I wbgœ gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I gv`ivmv cwiPvjbvi ƒÿ„Î GKvšÍB Acwinvh©|
 ¯^xK…wZcÖvß †emiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‥zj wkÿK‡`i PvKwiwewa-1979
evsjvƒ`„ki gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW©mg~n KZ©K miKv„ii c~e© Aby„gv`bµ„g 1979 wLª. GwU Rvwi Kiv
nq| GKB eQ„i evsjv„`k gv`ivmv wkÿv ƒevW© KZ©K ƒemiKvwi gv`ivmvmg~„ni Rb¨ cքhvR¨ Abyi€c GKwU wewa
Rvwi Kivnq| cieZx©„Z 1980 wLª. G wewa ƒgvZv„eK miKvwi ƒM„RU cÖKvwkZ nq| ƒemiKvwi mKj wkÿK„`i
wb„qvMKvix KZ©cÿ, PvKwii kZ©vejx, c„`i `vq-`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨, k•Ljvg~jK e¨e¯‹vi weavb, QywUi myweavw`,
Aemi MÖn„Yi eqmmxgv, PvKwii ƒgqv` ewa©ZKiY BZ¨vw` cÖvq mKj wel„q mswÿß cwim„i G wewa„Z D„jøL
i„q„Q| mg„qi weeZ©„b G wewai ƒKv„bv ƒKv„bv aviv AKvh©Ki n„q ƒM„Q miKv„ii GZ`msµv„šÍ cieZx© Av„`k
Rvwii ƒcÖwÿ„Z| D³ wewai Ab¨Zg aviv wkÿ„Ki ƒkªwYwefvM, ƒhvM¨Zv I AwfÁZv AskwU„Z cÖ_„g miKvi KZ©K
RvwiK‚Z ÷vwds c¨vUvb©, 1 Rvbyqvwi 1982 Ges cieZx©„Z RvwiK‚Z Rbej KvVv„gv I ƒeZbfvZvi miKvwi As„ki
bxwZgvjv 1995-G e¨vcK cwieZ©b Avbv nq| GQvov ƒÿÎwe„k„l AvswkK cwieZ©b wfbœ Ab¨vb¨ avivmg~n GL„bv
ƒgvUvgywU envj I cÖPwjZ i„q„Q| 16 côvq gyw`ªZ G g~j wewawU gva¨wgK I wbgœ gva¨wgK we`¨vj„qi cÖavb„`i cVb
I we„køl„Yi gva¨„g my¯úó aviYv AR©b e¨envwiK ƒÿ„Î GKvšÍ Acwinvh©|
 ¯^xK…wZcÖvß †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi g¨v‡bwRs KwgwU †i¸‡jkb- 1977, 2009
GwUI gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK ƒevW©mg~n KZ©K 1977 mv„j cÖYxZ ƒemiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~„ni GKwU
ƒg‡wjK wewa| wcÖRvBwWs Awdmvi wb„qvM, GWnK KwgwUi AwffveK m`m¨ g„bvbqb, g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi mfvcwZ
g„bvbq„bi cÖ¯vÍ e MÖnY, KwgwUi cÖ_g mfv Abyôv„bi mgqmxgv cÖfwZ DwjøwLZ ƒQvULv„Uv cwieZ©„bi ƒÿ„ÎI GK
GK ƒevW© Zv„`i wbR¯^ ÿgZv e„j G„KK iK„gi cwieZ©b mvab K„i„Q| mfvcwZ g„bvbq„bi wb„`©„k cwiewZ©Z
I cÖwZ¯‹vwcZ n„q„Q| Gme cwieZ©b msµvšÍ Av„`kvewj Ges g~j KwgwU/Mfwb©s ewW MVbK„í gv`ivmv wkÿv ƒevW©
KZ©K Rvwi Kiv nq 1979 mv„j GKwU wewa hv gv`ivmv cÖavb„`i g„bv„hv„Mi mv„_ Aa¨qbc~e©K my¯úó aviYv AR©b
cքqvRb|
AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿bvjq 6 Rvbyqvwi 2009 wLª./ 23 ƒc‡l 1415 e½v㠃emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb
cwiPvjbv KwgwU Aa¨v„`k 2009 (2009 m„bi 1bs Aa¨v„`k ) Rvwi K„i hvi Øviv ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb
cwiPvjbv KwgwU MVb, ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj msµvšÍ wewaweavb mymsnZ nq|
 †emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi wkÿK-Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZbfvZvi miKvwi Ask cÖ`vb I Rbej KvVv‡gv
msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv-1995 I 2013
ƒemiKvwi ¯ˆzj, K„jR, gv`ivmv I KvwiMwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„b ƒKvb ƒKvb ƒkªwYi I ƒhvM¨Zvi wkÿK Kg©Pvix _vK„e
(hviv miKvwi ƒeZb fvZvi Ask cÖvc¨ n„eb) Zvi cwic~Y© bxwZgvjv wkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ©K wba©vwiZ nq 24 A„±vei
1995 Zvwi„L| ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK I Kg©Pvix„`i ƒeZb fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖ`vb Ges Rbej
KvVv„gv m¤úwK©Z bxwZgvjv wk„ivbv„g| cieZx©„Z ms„kvabxi gva¨„g G„Z AviI wKQy ms„hvRb Kiv nq|
wkÿv gš¿bvj„qi AwakvLv-13 ¯§viK bs- wkg/kv: 13/ GgwcI bxwZgvjv ms„kvab/ 2122/87 ZvwiL: 10 …PÎ
1419 e½vã/ 24 gvP© 2013 wLª. ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb(¯ˆzj, K„jR, gv`ivmv I KvwiMwi wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n)
wkÿK-Kg©Pvix„`i ƒeZbfvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖ`vb I Rbej KvVv„gv m¤ú©wKZ wb„`©wkKv-i cwicÎ Rvwi K„i|
 †emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb (wbgœ gva¨wgK, gva¨wgK I `vwLj gv`ivmv―cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wewaweavb)
miKvi KZ©K AbymZ bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb (¯ˆzj, K„jR I gv`ivmv) cwiPvwjZ n„q _v„K|
gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ßi Ges wkÿv ƒevW©mg~n ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi AbygwZ I ¯^xK‚wZ cÖ`vb K„i,
wkÿv gš¿Yvjq ƒemiKvwi wkÿK„`i AbyK„j ƒeZb I fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask eve` Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb K„i Ges
cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi mivmwi ZË¡veav„b ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„b e¨wqZ wecyj cwigvY
miKvwi A„_©i m`&e¨q wbwðZKiYmn wkÿvi gvb, wkÿv cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbvi Dbœqb mva„b GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fwgKv
cvjb K„i _v„K|

131
 AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿bvjq 6 Rvbyqvwi 2009/ 23 ƒc‡l 1415 e½v㠃emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb
cwiPvjbv KwgwU Aa¨v„`k 2009 (2009 m„bi 1bs Aa¨v„`k ) Rvwi K„i hvi Øviv ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖw Zôvb
cwiPvjbv KwgwU MVb, ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj msµvšÍ wewaweavb mymsnZ nq| ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv, AbygwZ,
¯^xK‚wZ, wkÿvi gv„bvbœqb, Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb, e¨wqZ wecyjcwigvY miKvwi A„_©i m`&e¨q Ges myôz cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ miKvi wewfbœ mg„q wewa weavb, bxwZgvjv, cwicÎ Rvwi K„i„Q| GQvovI mg„qi cքqvR„b wewfbœ mg„q wkÿv
gš¿Yvjq ƒ_„K bZzb bZzb wb„`©kbv I wm×všÍmn AmsL¨ ms„kvabx, cÖÁvcb, e¨vL¨v, ƒiRy„jkb BZ¨vw` Rvwi Kiv
n„q„Q|
†emiKvwi we`¨vjq cwiPvjbvi bxwZgvjv
ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi ƒÿ„Î ƒh mg¯Í bxwZgvjv AbymiY Kiv nq, wb„P mswÿßvKv„i Zv eY©bv Kiv n„jv―
 †emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb (wbgœ gva¨wgK, gva¨wgK I `vwLj gv`ivmv) ¯^xK…wZ, envj I bevqb m¤úwK©Z
wewaweavb
ƒh mg¯Í Avek¨K kZ© c~iY Ki„j ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ¯^xK‚wZ jvf Kiv hvq ƒm mg¯Í k„Z©i e¨Z¨q NU„j
cÖwZôv„bi ¯^xK‚wZ bevqb A„hvM¨ n„q c„o| ƒKv„bv ƒKv„bv mgq ¯^xK‚wZ envj ivLvi ƒhvM¨Zv nvivq| Kv„RB
¯^xK‚wZ jv„fi ci ¯^xK‚wZ envj ivL„Z n„j ¯^xK‚wZi AZ¨vek¨K kZ©mg~n m¤ú„K© my¯úó I me©„kl wewaweavb
m¤ú„K© mg¨K aviYv _vKv Avek¨K| wb„P ¯^xK‚wZ cÖ`vb, envj I bevqb m¤úwK©Z wkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ©K
23/04/1997 Bs ZvwiL wkg/kv: 11/wewea-39/96/230 (606) bs ¯§vi„K RvwiK‚Z me©„kl cÖÁvc„bi wfw˄Z
¯^xK‚wZ envj I bevq„bi Rb¨ b~¨bZg Pvwn`v/kZ© m¤ú„K© Z_¨ cwi„ekb Kiv n„jv| wkÿv gš¿bvj„qi ¯§viK bs-
wkg/kv: 11/ wewea-39/ 96/181 ZvwiL: 11 …Rô¨ 1404 e½vã/ 25 ƒg 1997 wLª. Øviv ms„kvwaZ|
 †emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb (wbgœ gva¨wgK, gva¨wgK I `vwLj gv`ivmv)-Gi wkÿK I Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb-fvZvw`i
miKvwi Ask cÖ`vb I Rbej KvVv‡gv m¤úwK©Z wewaweavb : 01/01/1980 ZvwiL ƒ_„K ƒemiKvwi wkÿv
cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK-Kg©Pvix„`i Rb¨ cÖ_g ƒeZb wewa I ƒeZbµg Pvjy nq| cieZx©„Z 01/01/1982 Zvwi„L
Ges me©„kl 24/10/1995 Zvwi„Li kvt-11/wewea-5/94(Ask-6)/394-397 cwic„Î ƒeZbwewa msµvšÍ
bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Kiv nq, hv eZ©gv„b Pvjy Av„Q| G wewa Abyhvqx ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖvwßi Rb¨
ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„ni (¯ˆzj, K„jR, gv`ivmv) wkÿK I Kg©Pvix„`i wbgœwjwLZ kZ©vewj c~iY
Avek¨K|
(1) ¯^xK…wZ : wkÿv cÖwZôvb„K Aek¨B mswkøó wkÿv ƒevW© ev h_vh_ KZ©cÿ (wbgœ gva¨wgK we`¨vjq„K gva¨wgK I D”P
wkÿv Awa`ßi, gva¨wgK we`¨vjq„K mswkøó gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi, gva¨wgK we`¨vjq„K mswkøó
gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒevW© Ges `vwLj gv`ivmv„K evsjv„`k gv`ivmv wkÿv ƒevW©) KZ©K ¯^xK‚wZ cÖvß n„Z
n„e Ges nvjbvMv` ch©šÍ ¯^xK‚wZ bevqb _vK„Z n„e|
(2) QvÎQvÎx msL¨v : wkÿv cÖwZôv„b Aek¨B mswkøó KZ©cÿ cÖYxZ ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯^xK‚wZ cÖweavb/bxwZgvjv
(wkg/kv-11/wewea-39/96/230 (606) ZvwiL 23/4/1997) Abyhvqx b~¨bZgmsL¨K wkÿv_©x _vK„Z n„e| (¯^xK‚wZ
envj I bevqb kZ©-1 `ªóe¨)|
(3) wkÿvµg I mnwkÿvµwgK Kvh©µg : ƒemiKvwi cÖwZôvb mswkøó KZ©cÿ cÖYxZ ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯^xK‚wZ
cÖweavb/bxwZgvjv (wkg/kvt 11/wewea-39/96/230 (606) ZvwiL 23/4/1997) Gi eY©bv ƒgvZv„eK wkÿvµg I
mnwkÿvµwgK Kvh©µg Pvjy _vK„Z n„e| (¯^xK‚wZ envj I bevqb kZ© bs-6-7 `ªóe¨)|
(4) wnmveiÿY I Avq-e¨q wbixÿv : ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„b mswkøó KZ©cÿ cÖYxZ ƒemiKvwi cÖwZôv„bi wnmveiÿY
c×wZ Òwb„`©wkKvÓ (wkg/kvt 4/10/Gg-50/83/560 (15000) wkÿv, ZvwiL 10/6/1984) Abyhvqx wnmve
msiÿY I Avq-e¨q wbixÿv e¨e¯‹v Pvjy _vK„Z n„e| (hvi D„jøL„hvM¨ Ask mshy³ Kiv n„jv cwiwkó L, côv bs
13-16 `ªóe¨)|
(5) e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU : †emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb„K Aek¨B mswkøó wkÿv ƒev„W©i e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwU m¤úwK©Z cÖwewagvjv
Abyhvqx (gva¨wgK we`¨vj„qi ƒÿ„Î mswkøó gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv ƒev„W©i Òg¨v„bwRs KwgwU ƒi¸„jkb 77,
`vwLj gv`ivmvi ƒÿ„Î evsjv„`k gv`ivmv wkÿv ƒev„W©i ÒMfwb©s ewW Ges g¨v„bwRs KwgwU ƒi¸„jkb 79Ó, wbgœ

132
 gva¨wgK we`¨vj„qi ƒÿ„Î Dc-cwiPvjK gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`߄ii weavb) Aby„gvw`Z e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwU
_vK„Z n„e Ges mg„q mg„q miKvi cÖ`Ë mKj wb„`©kbv mswkøó ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb„K Aek¨B cvjb Ki„Z
n„e|
(6) cixÿvi djvdj: (K) ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖvwßi Rb¨ wbgœ gva¨wgK, gva¨wgK I `vwLj gv`ivmv„K
wbgœwjwLZfv„e mswkøó wkÿv ƒev„W©i AvIZvaxb cvewjK cixÿvq I cÖwZôv„bi evwl©K cixÿvq b~¨bZg djvdj
AR©b Ki„Z n„e|
cixÿvi aib evwl©K cixÿvi cv‡mi
cvewjK cixÿvi djvdj
µ. bs

b~¨bZg nvi
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1 GmGmwm 15 30% 80%
2 `vwLj 5 20% 70%
3 ƒkªwYmg~„ni cixÿv ― ― 80%
(L) ƒKv„bv ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖvwßi ci 5 (cuvP) eQ„ii g„a¨ mswkøó wkÿv
ƒevW© KZ©K cwiPvwjZ cvewjK cixÿvq ƒev„W©i evwl©K cv„mi nv„ii 50% djvdj AR©b Ges ZrcieZx©„Z Zv
msiÿY Ki„Z n„e|
(7) Rbej KvVv‡gv: ƒemiKvwi wbgœ gva¨wgK, gva¨wgK I `vwLj gv`ivmg~„ni mKj wkÿK I Kg©Pvix„K Aek¨B
wbgœwjwLZ Rbej KvVv„gv Abyhvqx wb„qvwRZ n„Z n„e-
cÖwZôvbwfwËK gšÍe¨
c` msL¨v
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mycvwi„›Ub„W›U
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2 cÖkvmwbK (Avewk¨K) ― 1 1
mnKvix mycvwi„›Ub„W›U
mnKvix wkÿK (MwYZ
3 1 1 1
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4 mnKvix ƒg‡jfx ― ― 3
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we`¨vj„q b~¨bZg 60 Rb QvÎQvÎx
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_vK„j cÖwZ a„g©i Rb¨ AwZwi³ 1
Rb agx©q wkÿK cÖvc¨|
mnKvix wkÿK 1 1 1 * wbgœ gva¨wgK I gva¨wgK
9 (Avewk¨K)
(kixi PP©v) we`¨vj„q Aby„gvw`Z cÖwZ kvLvi
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10
_vK„j cքhvR¨) (Kw¤úDUvi) cv„e|
11 Ge„Z`vqx cÖavb ― ― 1
12 Rywbqi wkÿK ― ― 1 * cÖwZ ƒkªwY„Z 80 Rb QvÎ n„j
13 Rywbqi ƒg‡jfx ― ― 1 1wU kvLv Ges 120 Rb n„j 2wU
14 K¡vix Ge„Z`vqx ― ― 1 kvLv ƒLvjv hv„e|
15 K¨vUvjMvi ― 1 ―
133
 16 Z‚Zxq ƒkªwYi Kg©Pvix wbgœgvb mnKvix 1 1 1
GgGjGmGm/ MvW©/
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gvjx/ Svo–`vi
ƒKej evwjKv wkÿv
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(K) DcwiD³ Rbej KvVv„gv Abyhvqx Kg©iZ wkÿK I Kg©Pvix„`i mswkøó MÖæc I c`exi wecix„Z c`vqb Ki„Z
n„e|
(L) cÖvc¨Zv wba©vi„Yi ci ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖvß wkÿK I Kg©Pvixi msL¨v hw` Rbej KvVv„gvi
cÖvc¨Zvi AwZwi³ nq Z„e AwZwi³ c`mg~n DØË c` e„j cwiMwYZ n„e| G ai„bi DØË c„` wb„qvwRZ wkÿK-
Kg©Pvixi c` k~b¨ n„j bZzbfv„e H c„` Avi ƒjvK wb„qvM Kiv hv„e bv| D`vniY¯^i€c, gva¨wgK we`¨vj„qi
Rywbqi wkÿ„Ki c` bZzb Rbej KvVv„gv Abyhvqx DØË c` e„j wPwýZ nIqvq G c„` Kg©iZ KviI c` k~b¨ n„j
H c„` Avi ƒjvK wb„qvM Kiv hv„e bv|
(M) Z„e G Rbej KvVv„gv Abyhvqx c`vq„bi ci c` k~b¨ _vK„j Zv„Z 1/1/1982 Gi wb„qvM wewa I
24/10/1995 Bs Zvwi„Li Rbej KvVv„gv AbymiYc~e©K ƒhvM¨Zvm¤úbœ wkÿK/Kg©Pvix wb„qvM Ki„Z n„e|
(N) hw` ƒKv„bv wkÿv cÖwZôvb DcwiD³ Rbe„ji AwZwi³ wkÿK I Kg©Pvix Kg©iZ ivL„Z Pvq Z„e wba©vwiZ
Rbe„ji AwZwi³ wkÿK-Kg©Pvix„`i ƒeZb-fvZvw`i 100% mswkøó wkÿv cÖwZôvb„K enb Ki„Z n„e|
(9) wb‡qvM wewa : ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n wkÿK I Kg©Pvix„`i wb„qvM Aek¨B mswkøó KZ©c„ÿi 1/1/1982
Zvwi„Li bs 01 (weÁwß) g/01/1400g RvwiK‚Z wb„qvM wewa I c×wZ ƒgvZv„eK wb„qvMcÖvß n„Z n„e (cwiwkó
ÔMÕ mshy³ côv bs-17)|
(10) †hvM¨Zv I AwfÁZvm¤úbœ wkÿK/Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM : ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi Rbej KvVv„gv m¤úwK©Z
24/10/1995 Bs Zvwi„Li RvwiK‚Z bxwZgvjvq ewY©Z wb„qvM ƒhvM¨Zv I AwfÁZv m¤úwK©Z cwiwkó ÔKÕ ƒgvZv„eK
ƒhvM¨Zvm¤úbœ wkÿK-Kg©Pvix wb„qvM Ki„Z n„e (mshyw³ côv bs-7-12)|
(11) wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi 2/4/2003 Zvwi‡Li ¯§viK bs-kv : 11/6(2)/2002/347 (13) Abyhvqx ƒemiKvwi wkÿv
cÖwZôv„b wb„qv„Mi ƒÿ„Î wkÿv Rxe„b ƒh ƒKv„bv GKwU cixÿvq GKwU Z‚Zxq ƒkªwY/wefvM cÖvß e¨w³MYI wkÿK
wn„m„e wb„qvM„hvM¨ we„ewPZ n„eb Ges Zviv GgwcI cÖvc¨ n„eb|

wkÿK I Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb wba©viY

1| 60 eQi eqm ch©šÍ wkÿK I Kg©PvixMY miKvwi ƒeZb I fvZvw` cv„eb| 60 eQ„ii c„i
cybtwb„qvMcÖvß/Pzw³wfwËK wb„qvMcÖvß wkÿK I Kg©PvixMY ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cv„eb bv| Z„e ƒKej
gvÎ Bs„iwR gva¨„g wkÿv cÖvß wkÿK Bs„iwR wel„qi wkÿK wn„m„e wbqgvbyhvqx Pzw³wfwËK/cybtwb„qvMcÖvß n„j
65 eQi eqm ch©šÍ ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖvc¨ n„eb|
2| ƒKv„bv AemicÖvß miKvwi Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„b wb„qvM jvf Ki„j Zuvi ƒcbkb eve` cÖvß A_©
ev` w`„q Aewkó Ask (hw` _v„K) ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Aski€„c cv„eb|
3| ƒKv„bv c„` Kg©iZ ƒKv„bv wkÿK/Kg©Pvix Zuv„`i cÖwkÿY/AwfÁZvi Rb¨ D”PZi ƒ¯ˆj ev ewa©Z ƒeZb cvIqvi
ƒhvM¨ n„j ƒhvM¨Zv AR©„bi ci mswkøó KZ©c„ÿi Aby„gv`„bi ZvwiL ƒ_„K Zuvi ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask
cv„eb|
4| ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖvwßi Rb¨ Av„e`bKvix wkÿK/Kg©Pvix GKB mv„_ GKvwaK PvKwi„Z/A_©Kix ƒckvq
wb„qvwRZ _vK„Z cvi„eb bv|
5| wkÿK I Kg©Pvix„`i AwfÁZv Zuv„`i ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖvwßi Rb¨ GgwcIfyw³i ZvwiL ƒ_„K MYbv
Kiv n„e|

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6| ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖvß ƒKv„bv wkÿv cÖwZôv„b PvKwiiZ Ae¯‹vq cÖwZôvb cÖav„bi AbygwZµ„g ƒKv„bv
wkÿK/Kg©Pvix Ab¨ ƒKv„bv wkÿv cÖwZôv„b mgc„` ev EaŸ©Zb c„` wb„qv„Mi Rb¨ Av„e`b Ki„j Zv„K wefvMxq
cÖv_©xi€„c MY¨ Kiv n„e| Gi€c cÖv_©x ƒh wkÿv cÖwZôv„b wb„qvwRZ n„eb ƒm wkÿv cÖwZôvb ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi
Ask cÖvß n„j c~„e©v³ cÖwZôv„bi QvocÎ MÖnY I Ab¨vb¨ ƒhvM¨Zv c~iY mv„c„ÿ wZwb mgnv„i/wba©vwiZ nv„i bZzb
cÖwZôv„b ƒhvM`v„bi ZvwiL ƒ_„K ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cÖvc¨ n„eb| Z„e GK cÖwZôvb ƒ_„K PvKwi Z¨vM
Kivi ci Ab¨ cÖwZôv„b ƒhvM`vbKvjxb mg„qi e¨eavb 6 (Qq) gv„mi AwaK n„j D³ ƒgqv` AwfÁZvi ƒÿ„Î MY¨
n„e bv Ges G mg„qi ƒeZb-fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask MÖnY Kiv hv„e bv|
wkÿKZvi welq wba©viYx
1| cÖwZwU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I `vwLj gv`ivmvi cÖavb I mnKvix cÖav„bi mvßvwnK K¬vm/wcwiqW 29 Ges wbgœ gva¨wgK
we`¨vj„qi cÖav„bi 20 Ges Ab¨vb¨ wkÿK„`i K¬vm/wcwiqW 32 (ewÎk) Gi Kg n„e bv|
2| wkÿK„`i„K Aek¨B mswkøó MÖæ„ci b~¨bZg GKwU cvV¨ wel„q ƒg‡wjK `ÿZv _vK„Z n„e| ZvQvov wkÿvµg I
cvV¨m~wPi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ Ab¨vb¨ wel„qi g„a¨ b~¨bZg 3 (wZbwU) wel„q cvV`v„bi `ÿZv _vK„Z n„e|
3| cքZ¨K wkÿK„K cÖwZôv„bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ I Ab¨vb¨ AbymiYxq mnwkÿvµwgK wel„qi b~¨bZg GKwU wel„q `vwqZ¡
cvjb Ki„Z n„e|
†emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi wnmve msiÿY I Avq-e¨q wbixÿvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask
1| ev„RU cieZx© A_©eQ„ii m¤¢ve¨ Avq-e¨„qi Ici wfwË K„i eQi ïiæi c~„e©B ev„RU cÖYqb K„i cwiPvjbv
KwgwUi Aby„gv`b wb„Z n„e| hw` ƒKv„bv mgq cÖK‚Z Avq Aby„gvw`Z ev„R„Ui m¤¢ve¨ Avq A„cÿv Kg nq Z„e
cքZ¨K Lv„Z cքqvRbxq e¨q ms„KvP„bi gva¨„g G NvUwZ c~iY Ki„Z n„e|
2| cÖwZôv„bi hveZxq …`bw›`b Av„qi UvKv h_v QvÎ ƒeZb, miKvwi Aby`vb, Puv`v I Ab¨vb¨ Avq mivmwi wbKU¯‹
e¨vs„K Rgv w`„Z n„e Ges cքqvRb ƒgvZv„eK e¨vsK ƒ_„K D„Ëvjb K„i LiP Ki„Z n„e|
3| …`bw›`b Li„Pi Rb¨ Avqb-e¨qb Awdmvi (cÖwZôvb cÖavb) KZ UvKv nv„Z ivL„Z cvi„eb Zv cwiPvjbv KwgwU
w¯‹i Ki„eb Ges ƒmB Abyhvqx wZwb bM` UvKv e¨vsK ƒ_„K D„Ëvjb K„i nv„Z ivL„Z cvi„eb| Z„e ƒKv„bv
Ae¯‹v„ZB Zv 300/- UvKvi E„aŸ© n„e bv|
4| …`wbK Avq-e¨„qi wnmve K¨vk eB I mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ ƒiwR÷v„i h_v¯‹v„b Aby¯^vÿimn wjwce× Ki„Z n„e Ges
gvmv„šÍ K¨vk eB„Z gvwmK Avq-e¨„qi wnmve m¤úbœ (close) Ki„Z n„e| GB wnmv„e gvwmK LvZIqvix
D؁Ë/NvUwZ wba©viY Kiv n„e| Avqb-e¨qb Awdmvi Z_v cÖwZôvb cÖavb cÖwZ gvmv„šÍ K¨vk eB„Z ZvwiLmn ¯^vÿi
Ki„eb|
5| gvm ƒk„l e¨vsK G„÷U„g›U G„b K¨vk eB-Gi m„½ wgwj„q ƒ`L„Z n„e Ges ƒKv„bv cÖKvi Miwgj n„j e¨vs„Ki
mv„_ ƒhvMv„hvM K„i ms„kvab Ki„Z n„e|
6| K¨vk eB Ges Ab¨vb¨ ƒiwR÷ªvi ï×fv„e Kvwj„Z ¯úóvÿ„i wjL„Z n„e| NlvgvRv ev IfviivBwUs MÖnY„hvM¨ bq|
Aï× Gw›Uª KvUevi mgq Zvi cv„Vvc„hvwMZv eRvq ƒi„L GK `v„M KvU„Z n„e Ges ï× Gw›Uªi Ici jvj Kvwj„Z
wj„L AYy¯^vÿi cÖ`vb Ki„Z n„e|
7| miKvwi Aby`v„bi UvKv ƒh Lv„Zi Rb¨ gÄyi Kiv n„q„Q Zv ƒKej ƒm Lv„ZB e¨q Ki„Z n„e|
8| webv iwm„` ƒKv„bv UvKv MÖnY Kiv hv„e bv| iwm„` ƒKej wjwLZfv„e `vwqZ¡cÖvß Av`vqKvixB ¯^vÿi K„i UvKv
Av`vq Ki„Z cvi„eb| Qvcv„bv iwm` eB e¨envi Ki„Z n„e| cÖwZwU iwm„` iwm` bs, eB bs, Qvcv„bvfv„e D„jøL
_vK„e| eQiv„šÍ ÷K ƒUwKs KwgwU e¨eüZ iwm` cÎ I iwm` eB ƒR„ii mv„_ wgwj„q ƒ`L„eb|
9| miKvwi Aby`v„bi ƒÿ„Î K¨vk eB„Z ƒg„gv bs I ZvwiL D„jøL Ki„Z n„e|
10| iwm` eB„qi wnmve GKwU c_K ƒiwR÷ªv„i msiÿY Ki„Z n„e Ges Zv„Z KZ Zvwi„L KZK¸„jv iwm` eB
Qvcv„bv n„jv, ƒKvb Zvwi„L KZ b¤^i iwm` eB e¨env„ii Rb¨ ƒei Kiv n„jv Zv cÖwZôvb cÖav„bi ¯^vÿimn
wjwce× Ki„Z n„e| Ae¨eüZ iwm` eB cÖwZôvb cÖav„bi ƒndvR„Z _vK„e| ermiv„šÍ ÷K ƒUwKs KwgwU mswkøó
ƒiwR÷ªv„ii Ae¨eüZ iwm` eB„qi ƒR„ii mv„_ cÖK‚Z ƒR„ii wgj Av„Q wKbv cixÿv Ki„eb|
11| Av„qi cքZ¨K Lv„Zi Rb¨ Avjv`v ƒiwR÷ªvi e¨envi Ki„Z n„e Ges Zv„Z fvDPvi/iwm` b¤^i BZ¨vw` D„jøL
Ki„Z n„e| eQiv„šÍ LvZIqvwi Av„qi UvKvi wnmve Ki„Z n„e Ges K¨vk eB„qi mv„_ Zv wgjv„Z n„e| cÖwZ
ƒiwR÷ªv„i cÖwZw`„bi Gw›Uª ƒk„l cÖwZôvb cÖavb ¯^vÿi Ki„eb|
12| cքZ¨KwU Li„Pi Rb¨ fvDPvi msiÿY Ki„Z n„e| cÖwZwU fvDPv„ii UvKv cÖ`vbKvix Kg©KZ©vi UvKv cÖ`v„bi
Av„`k Ges UvKv cwi„kv„ai ci Ôcwi„kvwaZ I evwZj Kiv n„jvÕ g„g© cÖwZôvb cÖav„bi cÖZ¨qb _vK„Z n„e,
hv„Z D³ fvDPvi fwel¨„Z cwi„kv„ai Rb¨ Dc¯‹vcb Kiv bv hvq|

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13| ƒKv„bv GKK LiP 500/- UvKv wKsev Z„ZvwaK n„j ƒUÛvi/ƒKv„Ukb AvnŸvb K„i e¨q Ki„Z n„e| cwiPvjbv
KwgwUi GKRb m`m¨, cÖwZôvb cÖavb I GKRb MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³„K wb„q ƒUÛvi KwgwU MwVZ n„e| D³ ƒUÛvi
KwgwU `icÎ evQvB„qi gva¨„g me©wbgœ `icÎ`vZv„K g„bvbxZ Ki„eb| ƒKv„bv Kvi„Y me©wbgœ `icÎ MÖnY„hvM¨ bv
n„j ƒUÛvi KwgwUi mfvq Zvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki„Z n„e| Kvh©v„`k cwiPvjbv KwgwUi cieZx© mfvq Aby„gv`b K„i
wb„eb| ƒewk A„¼i UvKv Li„Pi mgq Le„ii KvM„R `icÎ w`„Z n„e|
ev¯Íe Kvi„Y ƒUÛv„ii gva¨„g enr e¨q wb®úbœ m¤¢e bv n„j ƒcÖv„R± KwgwUi gva¨„gI e¨q wb®úbœ Kiv hvq|
cwiPvjbv KwgwUi wm×všÍ ƒgvZv„eK cÖwZôvb cÖavbmn ƒcÖv„R± KwgwU MVb Kiv ƒh„Z cv„i| ƒcÖv„R± KwgwU wewfbœ
mfvq wgwjZ n„q e¨„qi c~„e© G m¤úwK©Z wm×všÍ MÖnY I e¨„qi ci e¨q m¤úwK©Z Z`viwK Ki„eb| ƒcÖv„R±
KwgwUi mKj m`„m¨i ¯^vÿ„i fvDPvi cvk n„Z n„e|
14| ågY fvZv wej cwiPvjbv KwgwUi mfvcwZi Aby„gv`bµ„g MÖnY Ki„Z n„e|
15| cÖwZôvb cÖavb K¨vk eB I Ab¨vb¨ ƒiwR÷ªvi c~iY I msiÿ„Yi Rb¨ `vqx _vK„eb| wZwb I wnmveiÿ„Y wb„qvwRZ
Kg©Pvix Aek¨B cÖwZ Zvwi„Li wnmve-wbKvk mgš^qc~e©K mB Ki„eb| cÖwZwU fvDPvi Ges K¨vk eB-Gi cÖwZwU
wnmv„ei A„¼ Aby¯^vÿi ƒ`„eb|
16| K¨vk eB I ƒiwR÷ªvimg~n fv„jv Pvgovi euvavBhy³ n„Z n„e| cÖ_g côvq Gi côv msL¨v m¤ú„K© cÖwZôvb cÖavb
cÖZ¨qb Ki„eb Ges K„e ƒ_„K ƒjLv ïiæ n„jv Zv D„jøL Ki„eb|
17| Pvgovi euvavB Kiv ƒjRvi KvM„R cÖ¯Z Š K‚Z Ges cwi`k©b I wbixÿv Awa`ßi Aby„gvw`Z QKwewkó ƒiwR÷ªv„i
mKj wkÿ„Ki fwel¨r Znwe„ji e¨w³MZ wnmve ivL„Z n„e| wkÿK„`i cքZ¨„Ki bv„g fwel¨r Znwe„ji Rb¨
c_K e¨vsK wnmve Lyj„Z n„e Ges msMnxZ UvKvi mgcwigvY A_© cÖwZôvb n„Z cÖ`vb K„i fvDPvi gvidZ LiP
ƒ`Lv„Z n„e| cÖwZ Qq gvm AšÍi GKevi e¨vsK KZ©K cÖ`Ë my` wnmve K„i Rgv w`„Z n„e| fwel¨r Znwe„ji
Rb¨ miKvwi Aby`vb ƒc„j K¨vk eB„Z Zv Rgv I LiP ƒ`wL„q mswkøó wkÿK-Kg©Pvixi e¨vsK GKvD„›U Rgv w`„Z
n„e| cÖwZôvb cÖavb fwel¨ Znwe„ji GKvD›U cwiPvjbv Ki„jI cwiPvjbv KwgwUi Aby„gv`b Qvov fwel¨r Znwej
ƒ_„K UvKv ƒZvjv hv„e bv|
18| mvewmwWqvwi Znwej (h_v―fwel¨r Znwej, µxov Znwej, wUwdb Znwej BZ¨vw`)-Gi Rb¨ Avjv`v ƒiwR÷ªvi
ƒLvjv ƒh„Z cv„i| fwel¨r Znwej Qvov Gme Znwe„ji Rb¨ ƒKv„bv e¨vsK GKvD›U ƒLvjvi cքqvRb ƒbB| mgy`q
bM` A_© GKwU gvÎ e¨vsK wnmv„e Rgv ivL„Z n„e|
19| AvmevecÎ, …eÁvwbK hš¿cvwZ I Ab¨vb¨ wRwbmc„Îi Rb¨ Aby„gvw`Z Q„K c_K c_K ÷K ƒiwR÷ªvi msiÿY
Ki„Z n„e|
20| jvB„eªwii Rb¨I Aby„gvw`Z QK wewkó ÷K ƒiwR÷ªvi _vK„Z n„e|
21| wkÿK-Kg©Pvix‡`i nvwRiv LvZv: mvßvwnK I wewfbœ AeKvk QywU wPwýZ K„i evwK w`b¸„jv„Z mKj wkÿK-Kg©Pvix
nvwRiv LvZvq ¯^vÿi Ki„eb| wkÿK-Kg©Pvix„`i gÄywiK‚Z QywU nvwRiv LvZvq D„jøL _vK„e|
22| QywUi †iwR÷ªvi: cքZ¨K wkÿK-Kg©Pvixi Rb¨ c_K c_K côvq bvg D„jøL K„i cÖwZ eQ„ii Rb¨ QywUi ƒiwR÷ªvi
evbv„Z n„e, hv„Z cքZ¨K wkÿ„Ki gÄywiK‚Z QywUi wnmve D„jøL _v„K|
23| †eZb wewj eB: gvmv„šÍ cÖwZwU wkÿK-Kg©Pvix„K ƒeZb wewj eB„Z ivR¯^ wUwK„Ui Ici ¯^vÿi MÖnYc~e©K ƒeZb
cwi„kva Ki„Z n„e| miKvwi Aby`v„bi Rb¨ wbgœi€c Kjvgwewkó c_K ƒeZb wewj eB e¨envi Ki„Z n„e| [ƒg„gv
bs I ZvwiL| eivÏK‚Z gvm| bvg| c`ex| wkÿvMZ ƒhvM¨Zv| Kg©w`em| ƒ¯ˆj| Aby`vb MÖn„Yi nvi| gnvN© fvZv|
evwo fvov fvZv| wPwKrmv fvZv| GKwU Bbwµ„g„›Ui mgcwigvY cÖ`vbK‚Z A_©| MÖm cvIbv| e„Kqv cvIbv|
KZ©b„hvM¨ n„j KwZ©Z UvKvi cwigvY| wbU cvIbv| ivR¯^ wUwK„U ¯^vÿi| gšÍe¨|]
24| QvÎ fwZ© eB: Pvgovi fv„jv euvavBK‚Z Aby„gvw`Z QK Abyhvqx fwZ© eB msiÿY Ki„Z n„e|
25| QvÎ †eZb eB: GB ƒiwR÷ªv„i ZvwiL Ges ƒkªwY Abyhvqx …`bw›`b QvÎ ƒeZb, fwZ© wdm Ges Ab¨vb¨ Av`vqK‚Z
A_© iwm` Abyhvqx D„jøL _vK„Z n„e|
26| QvÎ e„wË cÖ`vb eB: h_vkxNÖ QvÎ ewË cÖ`vbc~e©K GB ƒiwR÷ªv„i ewËcÖvß Qv΄`i ¯^vÿi msiÿY K„i ivL„Z n„e|
27| QvÎ nvwRiv LvZv: ƒkªwY I kvLvIqvwi QvÎ nvwRiv LvZv _vK„e, hv„Z ƒkªwY wkÿK Qv΄`i Dcw¯‹wZ I Abycw¯‹wZ
wPwýZ Ki„eb| e`wj cÎ MÖnY Ki„j GB LvZv ƒ_„K Zvi bvg ev` w`„Z n„e|
28| e`wj cÎ †iwR÷ªvi : ZvwiL Ges e`wj c„Îi b¤^i D„jøLc~e©K e`wj cÎ eB msiÿY Ki„Z n„e| hv„Z GK
bR„i ƒKvb eQ„i KZRb QvÎQvÎx e`wj cÎ wb„q„Q Zv wbi€cY Kiv hvq| fwZ© ƒiwR÷ªv„iI e`wjK‚Z Qv„Îi
bv„gi wecix„Z e`wj c„Îi b¤^i D„jøL K„i gšÍe¨ ivL„Z n„e|
29| †bvwUm eB : hveZxq ƒbvwUm/Av„`k G eB„Z ƒjLv _vK„e|
30| cwi`k©b eB : cwi`k©b Kg©KZ©vi cwi`k©„bi ZvwiLmn gšÍe¨ GB eB„Z ƒjLv _vK„e|

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31| †iRywjDkb eB : cwiPvjbv KwgwUi mfvq MnxZ wm×všÍmg~n µwgK b¤^i I ZvwiLmn GB eB„Z ƒjLv _vK„e|
cÖwZ mfvq MnxZ cÖ¯vÍ emg~„ni weeiYx ƒk„l ƒgvU MnxZ cÖ¯vÍ „ei msL¨v K_vq wjL„Z n„e| cÖ¯vÍ „ei gv„S KvM„R
ƒKv„bv duvKv RvqMv ivLv hv„e bv| G eB„Z NlvgvRv, KvUv„Quov, ms„hvRb A_ev cwieZ©b Kiv hv„e bv| cքqvRb
n„j cwiewZ©Z bZzb wm×všÍ ƒbIqv hv„e| ƒKv„bv mfvq mfvcwZ Dcw¯‹Z n„Z bv cvi„j cieZx© mfvq Abycw¯‹Z
mfvi Kvh©weeiYx Aby„gv`b Kiv„Z n„e Ges D³ mfvq MnxZ wm×v„šÍ Zuvi Aby„gv`bm~PK ¯^vÿi msMÖn Ki„Z n„e|
32| †PK eB †iwR÷ªvi : ƒPK eB ƒiwR÷ªv„i ƒPK bs mn D„ËvwjZ UvKvi cwigvY wjL„Z n„e| ƒKv„bv e¨w³i bv„g
ƒPK Bmy¨ Kiv n„j Zvi bvg ƒjLv _vK„e|
33| ¯’vqx m¤ú‡`i †iwR÷ªvi: cքZ¨K cÖwZôv„b ¯‹vqx m¤ú`, h_v― Rwg, Ni BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ GKwU ƒiwR÷ªvi ivL„Z
n„e| D³ ƒiwR÷ªv„i gvwjKvbv, g~j¨ I `wjjvw`i we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY _vK„e|
34| wkÿK-Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM †iwR÷ªvi: GB ƒiwR÷ªv„i wkÿK-Kg©Pvix„`i c~Y© bvg I wVKvbv, wkÿvMZ ƒhvM¨Zv,
AwfÁZv, cÖwZôv„b ƒhvM`v„bi ZvwiL, cwiZ¨v„Mi ZvwiL, ƒ¯ˆj, cÖwkÿY, bgybv ¯^vÿi I 1 Kwc d„Uvmn wkÿK-
Kg©Pvix„`i wb„qvM I Kvh©Kvj mswkøó mKj Z_¨ _vK„e|
35| wkÿK-Kg©Pvixi e¨w³MZ dvBj: cքZ¨K wkÿK-Kg©Pvixi Rb¨ c_K e¨w³MZ dvBj _vK„Z n„e| Zv„Z cwÎKvi
weÁwß, cÖv_©x wn„m„e `iLv¯Í, evQvB KwgwUi wm×všÍ, cwiPvjbv KwgwUi Aby„gv`b, wb„qvMcÎ, ƒhvM`vbcÎ, QywUi
`iLv¯Í, ƒKv„bv Awf„hvM _vK„j Zvi weeiY wjwce× _vK„e|
36| Ab¨vb¨ †iwR÷ªvi: cքqvRb„ev„a cÖkvmwbK Kv„Ri myweav„_© AviI ƒiwR÷ªvi ivLv ƒh„Z cv„i|
37| ÷K †UwKs: cÖwZôv„bi hveZxq mvR-miÄvg, AvmevecÎ cÖwZ eQiv„šÍ GKwU KwgwUi gva¨„g ÷K ƒiwR÷ªv„ii
mv„_ wgwj„q ƒ`L„e Ges mswkøó ÷K ƒiwR÷ªªv„i Zuviv cÖZ¨qb Ki„e| ÷K ƒUwKs wi„cvU© cwiPvjbv KwgwUi mfvq
ƒck Ki„Z n„e|
hw` ƒKv„bv wRwb„mi NvUwZ ƒ`Lv hvq Z„e NvUwZi KviY D`NvUbc~e©K Zv c~i„Yi e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z n„e| AvqË
ewnf©Z NvUwZ„K cwiPvjbv KwgwUi Øviv ivBU-Ad Kiv„Z n„e| ÷K ƒiwR÷ªvi ms„kvabc~e©K mgvwß ƒRi Uvb„Z
n„e|
38| `vwqZ¡ n¯ÍvšÍi: cÖwZôvb cÖavb e`„ji mgq wegy³ Kg©KZ©v I bewbhy³ Kg©KZ©v wbgœi€c Dcv„q `vwqZ¡ n¯ÍvšÍi I
MÖnY Ki„eb|
(K) K¨vk eB Avc-Uz-ƒWU K„i ZvwiL ms„hvRbc~e©K K¨vk eB„qi e¨vjvÝ I bM` e¨vjvÝ D„jøLc~e©K Df„q ¯^vÿi
Ki„eb|
(L) Ae¨eüZ ƒP„Ki msL¨v hvPvB K„i cÖwZwU e¨vsK GKvD„›Ui e¨vjvÝ mvwU©wd„KU msMÖn K„i ZvwjKv …Zwi K„i
Df„q ¯^vÿi Ki„eb|
(M) n¯ÍvšÍwiZ hveZxq ƒiKW© c„Îi ZvwjKv …Zwi K„i Df„q ¯^vÿi Ki„eb|
(N) mvR-miÄvgvw`i ¯ˆU ƒiwR÷ªvi cÖ¯Z Š K„i ev¯Íe cÖZ¨ÿvax„b (Physical verification) Df„q ¯^vÿi
Ki„eb|
(O) `vwqZ¡ n¯ÍvšÍ„ii ci `vwqZ¡ MÖnYKvix K¨vk eB I Ab¨vb¨ wnmve cixÿv K„i wb„eb| ƒKv„bv cÖKvi Miwgj
`wó„MvPi n„j Zv cwiPvjbv KwgwU„K AewnZ Ki„eb|
(P) `vwqZ¡ MÖn„Yi ci mg¯Í `vq-`vwqZ¡ MÖnYKvixi Ici b¨¯Í n„e|
(Q) `vwqZ¡ MÖn„Yi ci n¯ÍvšÍwiZ cÖZ¨qbc„Î Df„q ¯^vÿi Ki„eb Ges cwiPvjbv KwgwUi mfvcwZi ¯^vÿi msMÖn
K„i Zv msiÿY Ki„eb|
(R) hw` ƒKv„bv we`vqx Kg©KZ©v (cÖwZôvb cÖavb) ƒKv„bv Kvi„Y `vwqZ¡ eywS„q bv hvb, Z„e bewbhy³ Kg©KZ©v
cwiPvjbv KwgwUi gva¨„g GKwU wbi„cÿ Z`šÍ KwgwU MVb K„i cÖwZôv„bi hveZxq m¤ú„`i GKwU wdwiw¯Í
…Zwi K„i Z`šÍ KwgwU I cwiPvjbv KwgwUi Øviv mZ¨vwqZ K„i ƒb„eb Ges G„Z ƒKv„bv Am½wZ aiv co„j Zv
ZvrÿwYKfv„e wjwce× Kiv„eb| hw` GB mgq we`vqx Kg©KZ©vi ƒKv„bv A†ea Kvh©Kjvc `wó„MvPi nq Z„e
ƒ`„ki cÖPwjZ AvBb Abyhvqx Zuvi weiæ„× ƒd‡R`vwi/ƒ`Iqvwb gvgjv iæRy Kievi h_vh_ e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Ki„eb|
39| Af¨šÍixY AwWU: 3 gvm AšÍi wkÿK„`i mgš^„q GKwU Af¨šÍixY AwWU KwgwUi mvnv„h¨ wnmve cixÿv Kiv„Z
n„e| mKj wkÿK„KB ch©vqµ„g GB `vwq„Z¡i AšÍfy©³ Ki„Z n„e| hv„Z mKj wkÿKB wnmve m¤ú„K© AeMZ nq|
40| g~j¨evb KvMRcÎ Pzwii †ÿ‡Î MÖnYxq e¨e¯’v: A„bK mgq wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi mKj/KwZcq ƒiKW©cÎ nvwi„q hvIqv
ev Pzwi nIqvi K_v Rvbv„bv nq| cÖgvY wn„m„e _vbvq Wv„qwi Kiv n„q„Q e„j Rvbv„bv nq| GwU h„_ó e„j MY¨
Kiv hvq bv| G ƒÿ„Î AbwZwej„¤^ cwiPvjbv KwgwUi mKj m`„m¨i Dcw¯‹wZ„Z welqwU ch©v„jvPbv K„i GKwU
Z`šÍ KwgwU MVb K„i Z`šÍ Kvh© m¤úv`„bi gva¨„g `vqx e¨w³„`i wPwýZc~e©K cքqvRbxq AvBbMZ e¨e¯‹v MÖnY
Ki„Z n„e| ƒiKW©cÎ msiÿY e¨e¯‹v h„_ó wQj wKbv Zv Z`šÍ Ki„Z n„e, fwel¨„Z hv„Z Abyi€c NUbvi
137
 cybivewË bv nq Zvi Dchy³ e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Ki„Z n„e| G e¨vcv„i cÖwZôvb KZ©c„ÿi ƒKv„bv Kg©KZ©vi MvwdjwZ
Z`„šÍ cÖKvwkZ n„j Zvi weiæ„× AvBbvbyM kvw¯Íg~jK e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Ki„Z n„e| Pzwi hvIqvi wnmve Ges ƒiKW©cÎ
Aek¨B cybM©Vb K„i cwiPvjbv KwgwUi cÖ¯vÍ „ei gva¨„g cvk Kiv„Z n„e| miKvwi Aby`v„bi ƒg„gv, GKzB„UÝ
ƒivj, e¨vsK wnmve ƒ÷U„g›U, wewea fvDPv„ii Abywjwc BZ¨vw` …Zwi K„i wb„Z n„e| ƒKv„bv e¨„qi cwiPvjbv
KwgwUi cÖ¯vÍ „ei gva¨„g e¨„qi As„¼i Aby„gv`b MÖnY Ki„Z n„e| Abyi€c e¨e¯‹v GKgvm mg„qi g„a¨ MÖnY K„i
wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi cwi`k©b I wnmve wbixÿv Awa`ßi„K Rvbv„Z n„e|

†emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b wkÿK-Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM, k„•Ljv, `Ð, QywU, fwel¨r Znwej, Aemi, MÖ¨vPzBwU,
†h․_wegv welqK PvKwi wewai mvaviY ÁvZe¨ welq
1| wkÿK wb‡qvM
(K) k~b¨ c„`i wfw˄Z mswkøó wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cwiPvjbv cwil` miKvi KZ©K cÖ`Ë wb„qvM wewa Ges bxwZgvjv
Abymv„i wkÿK wb„qvM Ki„eb|
(L) wb„qvMK‚Z wkÿK cÖ_„g 2 eQ„ii Rb¨ A¯‹vqxfv„e wb„qvMcÖvß n„eb|
(M) m„šÍvlRbK 2 eQi A¯‹vqx wkÿK wn„m„e PvKwi Kivi ci mswkøó wkÿ„Ki PvKwi ¯‹vqxKi„Yi welq cwiPvjbv
KZ©cÿ KZ©K we„ewPZ n„e|
(N) hw` 2 eQi ci ƒKv„bv wkÿ„Ki PvKwi m„šÍvlRbK we„ewPZ bv nq Z„e cÖwZôvb KZ©cÿ mswkøó wkÿK„K
AviI GK eQi A¯‹vqx wn„m„e PvKwii my„hvM w`„Z cv„ib|
(O) wb„qvM`vbKvix KZ©cÿB mswkøó wkÿ„Ki PvKwi ¯‹vqxKiY KZ©cÿ e„j we„ewPZ n„e|
(P) cwÎKvi mKj Z_¨vw` D„jøLc~e©K wb„qvM weÁwß cÖKvk Ki„Z n„e|
2| †eZb fvZvw` I wb‡qvMKvjxb kZ©
(K) wb„qvMc„Î wkÿ„Ki ƒeZb fvZvw`i cwigvY D„jøL _vK„e Ges mswkøó wkÿK miKvi KZ©K wba©vwiZ ƒeZb
fvZvw` cv„eb|
(L) wb„qvMc„Î A¯‹vqx PvKwii ƒgqv` I Ab¨vb¨ kZ©vewj _vK„j Zv my¯úófv„e D„jøL _vK„Z n„e|
3| wkÿKM‡Yi `vwqZ¡ IKZ©e¨
(K) cvV¨µg, wm„jevm Ges K¬vk iæwUb ƒgvZv„eK ƒkªwYK„ÿ wkÿv`vb, ƒbvU cÖ`vb, `jMZ Av„jvPbv, wUD„Uvwiqvj,
ƒmwgbvi, cÖ`k©b BZ¨vw`i gva¨„g Qv΄`i wkÿv`vb Ki„eb|
(L) wkÿv_©x„`i MvBW ev cwiPvjbv Kievi Rb¨ Zv„`i m„½ wkÿKMY mivmwi ms„hvM ivL„eb|
(M) cixÿv cwiPvjbv, M„elYvi iÿYv„eÿY I Ab¨vb¨ cvV¨m~wPi AšÍM©Z mKj wµqvKjvc myôyfv„e m¤úv`„bi
Rb¨ wkÿK cÖwZôvb KZ©cÿ„K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki„eb|
(N) wkÿv_©x„`i cvV¨µg ewnf©~Z wµqvKjv„ci Drmvn cÖ`vb, ZË¡veavb Ges cwiPvjbv Ki„eb|
(O) cÖwZôvb cÖavb cÖwZôvb KZ©cÿ KZ©K Rb¯^v„_© cÖ`Ë ƒh ƒKv„bv KvR m¤úbœ Ki„eb|
(P) miKvi KZ©K Rb¯^v„_© ƒh ƒKv„bv KvR m¤úv`b Ki„eb|
4| M„n wkÿKZv
(K) mswkøó wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi c~e©vbygwZ Qvov ƒKv„bv wbqwgZ wkÿK Mn wkÿKZv ev ƒKvwPs ƒm›Uv„i wkÿKZv Ki„Z
cvi„eb bv|
5| cÖKvkbv
ƒKv„bv mvgwqKx/cwÎKv wKsev eB cÖKv„ki Rb¨ wkÿKM„Yi AbygwZi cքqvRb n„e|
6| c`Z¨vM
ƒKv„bv wkÿK B”Qv Ki„j wb„gœ ewY©Z kZ© mv„c„ÿ ƒKv„bv wkÿv cÖwZôvb n„Z c`Z¨vM Ki„Z cvi„eb|
(K) ƒKv„bv ¯‹vqx wkÿK wkÿv eQ„ii 1g Aa©vs„k c`Z¨vM Ki„Z PvB„j wZwb ƒh ZvwiL n„Z c`Z¨vMc~e©K
Ae¨vnwZ ƒc„Z Pvb Kgc„ÿ Zvi GK gvm c~„e© G e¨vcv„i wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cwiPvjbv cwil„`i wbKU Av„e`b
ƒck Ki„eb|
(L) ƒKv„bv ¯‹vqx wkÿK wkÿve„l©i ƒkl Aa©vs„k c`Z¨vM Ki„Z PvB„j, Zvi Kgc„ÿ 3 gvm c~„e© G e¨vcv„i wkÿv
cÖwZôv„bi cwiPvjbv cwil„`i wbKU Av„e`b ƒck Ki„Z n„e|

138
 (M) ƒKv„bv A¯‹vqx wkÿK c`Z¨vM Ki„Z B”QyK n„j wZwb ƒh ZvwiL n„Z Ae¨vnwZ ƒc„Z Pvb ƒm Zvwi„Li Kgc„ÿ
1 gvm c~„e© mswkøó we`¨vj„qi cwiPvjbv cwil„`i wbKU Zv„K Av„e`b Ki„Z n„e|
(N) Dc„i ewY©Z kZ© Qvov ƒKv„bv wkÿK c`Z¨vM Ki„j wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi mswkøó cwiPvjbv cwil` D³ wkÿK„K
Zvi PvKwi n„Z Ae¨vnwZ Z_v QvocÎ cÖ`vb Ki„Z eva¨ _vK„eb bv Ges Gi€c ƒÿ„Î mswkøó wkÿK wkÿv
cÖwZôvb cwiZ¨vM Ki„j wZwb ƒh gv„m we`¨vjq cwiZ¨vM Ki„eb, ƒm gv„mi ƒeZb-fvZvw` `vwe Ki„Z cvi„eb bv|
(O) we„kl Ae¯‹vi ƒcÖwÿ„Z wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv cwil` B”Qv Ki„j ewY©Z kZ©vw` c~iY Qvov c`Z¨v„M B”QyK
wkÿK„K Zvi c` n„Z Ae¨vnwZ Z_v QvocÎ cÖ`vb Ki„Z cvi„eb|
7| GK wkÿv cÖwZôvb n‡Z Ab¨ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b †hvM`vb
(K) ƒKv„bv wkÿv cÖwZôv„b Kg©iZ ƒKv„bv wkÿK Ab¨„Kv„bv wkÿv cÖwZôv„b wb„qvMcÎ ƒc„j wZwb Av„e`b KiZ
Zvi eZ©gvb wkÿv cÖwZôvb n„Z Ae¨vnwZ jvf K„i QvocÎ MÖnY KiZ wb„qvMcÖvß cÖwZôv„b ƒhvM`vb Ki„eb|
(L) Qvoc„Î my¯úófv„e mswkøó wkÿ„Ki Kvh©Kvj, ƒhvM`v„bi ZvwiL, Ae¨vnwZi ZvwiL, ƒeZb ƒ¯ˆj I ƒgvU
ƒeZb-fvZvw`i D„jøL _vK„Z n„e| cքZ¨K wkÿ„Ki mvwf©m eyK ev PvKwii LwZqvb ewn _vKv evÃbxq| Ki
LwZqvb ewn _vKv evÃbxq|
8| k„•Ljv
ƒemiKvwi cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK wb„gœv³ Kvi„Y `ÐcÖvß n„Z cv„ib|
(K) ƒkªwYK„ÿ cvV`vbmn Ab¨vb¨ Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ mwVK mg„q cvjb bv Kiv|
(L) KZ©c„ÿi AbygwZ QvovB KZ©e¨ Kv„R Abycw¯‹Z _vKv|
(M) wewa ewnf©Zfv„e QywU ew×i cքPóv|
(N) `jxq ev e¨w³MZfv„e wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cÖavb wKsev cwiPvjbv cwil„`i wewam¤§Z Ges hyw³m½Z wb„`©k
cvj„b Abxnv cÖKvk Kiv|
(O) cwiPvjbv cwil„`i m`m¨, cÖavb wkÿK, mnKgx© Ges Qv΄`i Awffve„Ki cÖwZ i€p AvPiY Kiv|
(P) kvixwiK ev gvbwmK …eKj¨ A_ev Amy¯‹Zvi Rb¨ wbR `vwqZ¡ cvj„b Aÿg n„j|
(Q) e¨w³MZ ev ivR†bwZK ¯^v_© nvwm„ji D„Ï„k¨ wkÿK I Qv΄`i g„a¨ we„f` mwó KiZ Zv„`i g„a¨ D„ËRbv
mwó Ki„j|
(R) ƒKv„bv K„g©i Øviv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK Ges Qv΄`i g„a¨ wek•Ljv mwó ev Zv„`i …bwZK Pwi„Îi Aeÿq
NUv„bv|
(S) wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi m¤úwË mswkøó KZ©c„ÿi AbygwZ Qvov e¨envi Kiv|
(T) ƒKv„bv AvBbm½Z KviY e¨wZ„i„K miKv„ii ƒKv„bv Av„`k, cwicÎ Ges wb„`©kvewj„K AeÁv Kiv|
(U) RvZxq wbivcËvi cÖwZ ÿwZKviK ƒKv„bv K„g© wjß nIqv|
(V) cÖKvk¨ Av„qi m„½ AmvgÄm¨c~Y© Rxeb hvcb Kiv|
(W) `ybx©wZi Awf„hv„M Awfhy³ nIqvi ci `ybx©wZ cÖgvwYZ nIqv|
(X) ƒKvU© KZ©K `ÐcÖvß ev mvRvcÖvß|
9| `‡Ûi cÖKvi‡f`
GKRb wkÿK/Kg©Pvix„K wbgœi€c mvRv cÖ`vb Kiv ƒh„Z cv„i―
(K) wZi¯ˆvi;
(L) wbw`©ó mg„qi Rb¨ evwl©K ewa©Z ƒeZb ¯‹wMZKiY;
(M) wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖavb ev miKvwi Av„`k Agvb¨ ev Ae„njv Kivi `iæb msMwVZ wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ev miKv„ii
Avw_©K ÿwZi Askwe„kl ev m¤ú~Y© Ask ƒeZb ev Avby„ZvwlK n„Z Av`vqKiY;
(N) PvKwi n„Z AcmviY;
(O) PvKwi n„Z eiLv¯Í|
we. `ª. miKvwi weavb g„Z Acmvi„Yi ƒÿ„Î mswkøó wkÿK fwel¨„Z Ab¨ ƒKv„bv c„` wb„qvMcÖvß n„Z cv„ib| G„ÿ„Î
Zvi PvKwii c~e© AwfÁZv we„ewPZ nq bv| ƒKv„bv wkÿK PvKwi n„Z eiLv¯Í n„j wZwb Ab¨ ƒKv„bv cÖwZôv„b PvKwi
cvIqvi A„hvM¨ e„j we„ewPZ nb|
139
10| Z`šÍ c×wZ
(K) wkÿ„Ki weiæ„× k•Ljv wel„q GK ev GKvwaK Awf„hvM DÌvwcZ n„j cwiPvjbv cwil„`i m¤§wZµ„g wkÿv
cÖwZôvb cÖavb Awfhy„³i weiæ„× AvbxZ Awf„hvMmg~n wjwLZfv„e Awfhy³„K Rvbv„eb Ges 7wU Kvh©w`e„mi g„a¨
Awf„hv„Mi Reve cÖ`v„bi Rb¨ Awfhy³„K ƒbvwUk cÖ`vb Ki„eb| G e¨vcv„i Z`šÍ I wm×všÍ MÖn„Yi Rb¨ GKRb
wkÿK cÖwZwbwamn g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi mfvcwZ I GKRb m`m¨ mgš^„q wZb m`m¨wewkó GKwU KwgwU MVb Kiv
ƒh„Z cv„i|
11| †emiKvwi wkÿ‡Ki QywU wewa
miKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿKMY miKvwi PvKwi wewa Ges 1959 m„bi wba©vwiZ QywU wewa ƒgvZv„eK QywU ƒfvM
K„ib| wKšŠ ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿKMY wkÿv ƒev„W©i AvBb ƒgvZv„eK QywU cÖvc¨ nb Ges ƒfvM K„ib|
(G) QywU AwaKvi bq
QywU GKwU cÖvwZôvwbK myweav n„jI Zv AwaKvi wn„m„e `vqx Kiv hv„e bv| cÖvwZôvwbK ¯^v„_© wb„qvMKvix KZ©cÿ
QywU gÄywii Av„e`b cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki„Z cv„ib| GgbwK gÄywiK‚Z QywUi Av„`k evwZj K„i wkÿK/Kg©Pvix„K Kv„R
ƒhvM`v„bi wb„`©k w`„Z cv„ib|
(we) QywU cÖvwßi b~¨bZg PvKwiKvj
wkÿK wn„m„e 2 eQi c~Y© bv nIqv ch©šÍ ƒKv„bv wkÿ„Ki …bwgwËK QywU I c„b„iv w`„bi wPwKrmv QywU e¨ZxZ Ab¨
ƒKv„bv QywU cÖvc¨ n„e bv|
(wm) QywUi cÖKvi‡f`
ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK/Kg©Pvix wb„gœv³ ai„bi QywU cÖvc¨ n„eb― …bwgwËK QywU, AwR©Z QywU, wPwKrmv
QywU, cÖmeKvjxb QywU, wkÿv/Aa¨qb QywU, wWDwU wjf/KZ©e¨ QywU, AmvaviY QywU I AeKvk QywU|
(wW) •bwgwËK QywU
…bwgwËK Kvi„Y ƒh QywU cvIqv hvq Zv„K …bwgwËK QywU e„j| GLv„b …bwgwËK ej„Z ƒQvULv„Uv Amy¯Z ‹ v, ¯^í
mg„qi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK BZ¨vw`i cքqvRb ƒevSvq| ¸iæZi Amy¯Z ‹ v A_ev `xN©w`„bi cքqvRb …bwgwËK
wn„m„e MY¨ bq| ƒm‡i eQ„i …bwgwËK QywU 20 w`b| cքqvR„b GK m„½ 10 w`b ch©šÍ gÄyi„hvM¨| GB QywUi m„½
ƒh ƒKv„bv GKw`„K miKvi/mvßvwnK QywU mshy³ Kiv hvq| …bwgwËK QywU wb„q we„`k Mgb Kiv hv„e bv| …bwgwËK
QywU wb„q Kg©¯j‹ Z¨vM Kivi Rb¨ KZ©c„ÿi AbygwZ Avek¨K| ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ƒKv„bv wkÿK„K
cwiPvjbv cwil„`i Aby„gv`bµ„g Amy¯‹Zv ev e¨w³MZ cքqvR„b …bwgwËK QywU gÄyi Kiv hvq|
(K) GKRb wkÿK„K GK cwÄKv e„l© me©vwaK 20 (wek) w`b (miKvwi wb„`©k ƒgvZv„eK GB w`„bi msL¨v
cwiewZ©Z n„Z cv„i) …bwgwËK QywU gÄyi Kiv hvq|
(L) …bwgwËK QywURwbZ Abycw¯‹wZ„K Kv„R Abycw¯‹Z wn„m„e MY¨ Kiv nq bv Ges KZ©„e¨ Kg©iZ wn„m„e we„ePbv
Kiv nq weavq ƒKv„bv wkÿ„Ki …bwgwËK QywU ƒfv„Mi Kvi„Y mswkøó wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿv`vbmn mswkøó
Ab¨vb¨ wµqv e¨vnZ nIqvi Avk¼v _vK„j …bwgwËK QywU gÄyi Kiv hv„e bv|
(M) ƒKv„bv wkÿK„K GKm„½ 10 (`k) w`„bi ƒewk …bwgwËK QywU ƒ`Iqv hv„e bv|
(N) ƒKv„bv wkÿK Av„e`b Rvbv„j m„e©v”P 3 (wZb) w`„bi …bwgwËK QywU GK ev GKvwaKevi ƒKv„bv mvßvwnK QywU
ev miKvwi QywU ev gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ßi KZ©K cÖYxZ ZvwjKvfy³ Ab¨vb¨ QywUi c~„e© A_ev c„i
mshyw³i AbygwZ ƒ`Iqv hv„e|
(O) …bwgwËK QywUi Dfq w`„K Ab¨ ƒKv„bv cÖKvi QywU mshy³ Kiv hv„e bv|
(P) KZ©cÿ ev cwiPvjbv cwil`-Gi c~e©vbygwZ Qvov …bwgwËK QywU ƒfvMKvix ƒKv„bv wkÿK wbR Kg©¯‹j Z¨vM Ki„Z
cvi„eb bv|
(Q) …bwgwËK QywU„Z _vKvKv„j we„`k åg„Yi AbygwZ ƒ`Iqv hv„e bv Ges ƒ`„ki wfZ„i wbR Kg©¯‹j ƒ_„K Ggb
`~i„Z¡ hvIqvi AbygwZ ƒ`Iqv hv„e bv ƒhLvb n„Z mswkøó wkÿ„Ki Kg©¯„‹ j ƒcu‡Q„Z ¯^vfvweKfv„e 48 NÈvi
ƒewk mgq jv„M|
140
(B) AwR©Z QywU
(K) wkÿv wefvM AeKvk wefvM weavq ƒKv„bv wkÿK ¯^qswµqfv„e AwR©Z QywUi AwaKvix n„eb bv| Z„e ƒKv„bv
wkÿK hw` miKvwi wb„`©„k ev hyw³m½Z Kvi„Y cÖwZôv„bi cwiPvjbv cwil„`i wb„`©„k ƒKv„bv c~Y© AeKvk ev
AeKv„ki Askwe„kl ƒfvM Ki„Z bv cv„ib, Z„e wZwb AeKvk ƒfvM K„ib bvB Ggb w`„bi Rb¨ AwR©Z QywUi
AwaKvix n„eb|
(Gd) †gwW‡Kj QywU/¯^v¯’¨MZ Kvi‡Y QywU
(K) ¯^v¯‹¨MZ Kvi„Y `vwqZ¡ cvj„b Aÿg n„j ƒiwR÷ªvW© ƒgwW„Kj Awdmvi KZ©K cÖ`Ë mvwU©wd„K„Ui wfw˄Z
ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK„K c~Y© Mo ƒeZ„b GK gvm I Aa© Mo ƒeZ„b wZb gvm ƒgvU Pvi gvm
ƒgwW„Kj QywU/¯^v¯‹¨MZ Kvi„Y QywU gÄyi Kiv hvq|
(L) 7 (mvZ) w`„bi AwZwi³ ¯^v¯‹¨MZ Kvi„Y QywUi ƒÿ„Î ƒhvM`v„bi c~„e© ƒiwR÷ªvW© ƒgwW„Kj Awdmvi/ƒgwW„Kj
ƒevW© KZ©K cÖ`Ë wdU„bm mvwU©wd„KU `vwLj Ki„Z nq|
(M) ƒÿÎ we„k„l cwiPvjbv cwil` ƒKv„bv wkÿK„K my¯‹ bv nIqv ch©šÍ webv ƒeZ„b wPwKrmv QywU gÄyi Ki„Z
cv„i|
(wR) msµvgK †ivM wb‡iva QywU
(K) miKvwi wkÿ„Ki cwiev„ii ƒKv„bv m`m¨ msµvgK e¨vwa (h_v― ¸wUemšÍ, K„jiv, ƒcøM, UvBd„qW R¡i,
ƒmwieªvj ƒgwbbRvBwUm) Øviv AvµvšÍ n„j ƒiwR÷ªvW© ƒgwW„Kj Awdmvi KZ©K cÖ`Ë mvwU©wd„K„Ui wfw˄Z
mswkøó wkÿK„K c~Y© ƒeZ„b me©vwaK 21 w`b Ges we„kl ƒÿ„Î 30 w`b msµvgK ƒivM wb„iva QywU gÄyi Kiv
hvq|
(GBP) cÖm~wZ QywU
(K) ƒKv„bv wkwÿKv cwiPvjbv cwil` KZ©K GKmv„_ Pvi gvm Ges mviv PvKwi Rxe„b AvU gvm c~Y© ƒeZ„b cÖm~wZ
QywU MÖnY Ki„Z cv„ib|
wkÿv gš¿bvj„qi ¯§viK bs- wkg/kv: 11/ 3-9/ 2011/682 ZvwiL: 30-09-2012 wLª. Gi cwicÎ ƒgvZv„eK
cÖm~wZ QywU 6 gvm Kiv nq|
(L) ƒKv„bv wkwÿKv Zvi PvKwiKv„j 2 (`yB) ev„ii ƒewk cÖm~wZ QywU ƒfvM Ki„Z cvi„eb bv|
(M) cÖm„ei w`„bi c~e©w`b ch©šÍ ƒh wkÿK Kgc„ÿ 9 (bq) gvm PvKwi K„i„Qb Zvi cÖm~wZ QywU gÄyi Kiv hvq|
(AvB) Aa¨qb QywU
(K) miKvi KZ©K Av„ivwcZ kZ© ƒgvZv„eK A_ev ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cwiPvjbv cwil„`i wm×všÍ ƒgvZv„eK
ƒKv„bv wel„q Aa¨q„bi Rb¨ Aa¨qb QywU gÄyi Kiv hvq|
(L) miKvwi ev cwiPvjbv cwil„`i g„bvbqbµ„g weGW, wewcGW, GgGW BZ¨vw` ƒKv„m© fwZ©i my„hvM _vK„j
cÖwkÿYwenxb ƒR¨ôZg wkÿK mswkøó ƒKv„m© fwZ©i Rb¨ g„bvbqb cÖvwßi ƒhvM¨ e„j MY¨ n„e|
(M) miKvi/K„jR cwiPvjbv cwil`/gv`ivmv cwiPvjbv cwil` hw` g„b K„i ƒh, ƒKvb cÖfvlK/mnKvix
Aa¨vcK/mn„hvMx Aa¨vcK ƒKv„bv wel„q D”PZi wWwMÖ (Gg/wdj, wc GBPwW BZ¨vw`) jvf Ki„j Zuvi ƒckvMZ
Ávb Ges `ÿZv ew× cv„e Zvn„j Zuvi Aa¨qb QywU gÄyi Ki„Z cv„i|
(N) QywUcÖvß mswkøó wkÿK G g„g© A½xKvi cÖ`vb Ki„eb ƒh Aa¨qb ƒk„l wZwb mswkøó wkÿv cÖwZôv„b Kgc„ÿ 5
(cuvP) eQi PvKwi Ki„eb|
(†R) KZ©e¨iZ QywU
wb„gœv³ wel„q ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK„K KZ©e¨iZ QywU gÄyi Kiv hvq|
(K) cixÿv cwiPvjbv|
(L) miKvwi cwiPvjbv cwil`, wkÿv ƒevW©, wek¦we`¨vjq ev ƒh ƒKv„bv AvBbm½Z ms¯‹v KZ©K Av„qvwRZ m¤¢ve¨
ƒmwgbv„i ƒhvM`vb|
(M) wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi gva¨„g cÖvß Av`vj„Zi Av„`k e„j Av`vj„Z Rywi ev ivRmvÿx wn„m„e Dcw¯‹Z nIqv|
(N) cvwikªwgK Qvov miKvi ev miKvwi ms¯‹v ev wkÿv ƒevW© ev wek¦we`¨vjq KZ‚K
© MwVZ ƒKv„bv KwgwUi mfvq m`m¨
wn„m„e ƒhvM`vb|
141
 (O) mswkøó wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ev wkÿv ƒev„W©i ev wek¦we`¨vj„qi ev miKv„ii cÖwZwbwa wn„m„e AvBbm½Z ƒKv„bv
ms¯‹v ev mwgwZ„Z ƒhvM`vb|
(†K) AmvaviY QywU
(K) ƒKv„bv wkÿK„K wewa ƒgvZv„eK QywU gÄyi Kiv m¤¢e bv n„j ev mswkøó wkÿK wb„R Av„e`b Ki„j Zvi
AmvaviY QywU gÄyi Kiv hvq|
(L) AmvaviY QywU ƒfvMKv„j mswkøó wkÿK ƒeZb I fvZvw` cv„eb bv Ges D³ mgqKvj Zvi PvKwii ƒR¨ôZv
wba©vi„Y we„ewPZ n„e bv| ƒh QywUi mgq ƒeZb fvZvw` cvIqv hvq bv Zv„K AmvaviY QywU e„j| cÖvc¨ QywU bv
_vK„j A_ev Aby„gvw`Zfv„e Abycw¯‹Z _vK„j A_ev mvgwqKfv„e eiLv¯ÍKvjxb mgq (Z`„šÍ Aciva cÖgvwYZ
n„j) webv ƒeZ„b QywU gÄyi Kiv hvq|
(Gj) AeKvk QywU
wkÿv cÖwZôvb, wkÿv ƒevW© I RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©K ƒNvwlZ `xN© AeKvk QywU ƒfvM K„i| ƒh mKj wkÿK
AeKvk ƒfvM K„i Zviv Mo ƒeZ„bi QywU AR©b Ki„e bv| Z„e kZ© mv„c„ÿ Aa© Mo ƒeZ„bi QywU AR©b Ki„e|
AeKvk QywU ïiæ nIqvi c~„e© ƒkl Kg©w`e„m Ges wkÿv cÖwZôvb ƒLvjvi w`b Kg©¯„‹ j Dcw¯‹Z _vKv mv„c„ÿ
AeKvkKvjxb mgq KZ©e¨Kvj wn„m„e MY¨ n„e| ƒh mKj wkÿK AeKvk ƒfvM Ki„eb bv Zviv mswkøó eQ„ii c~Y©
Mo ƒeZ„b QywU AR©b Ki„eb|
12| fwel¨r Znwej
(K) cքZ¨K ¯‹vqx wkÿ„Ki Rb¨ fwel¨r Znwe„ji e¨e¯‹v _vK„e| D³ Znwe„j cքZ¨K wkÿK Zvi gvwmK g~j
ƒeZ„bi 0.10% Ges mswkøó cÖwZôvb mgcwigvY A_© cÖwZgv„m Rgv w`„eb|
13| mvwf©m eyK ev PvKwi LwZqvb ewn cքZ¨K wkÿ„Ki _vKv cքqvRb| G LwZqvb ewn¸„jv wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cÖavb
msiÿY Ki„j fv„jv nq| wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cÖavb KZ©K wkÿK„`i evwl©K ƒMvcbxq cÖwZ„e`b wjLvi e¨e¯‹v _vKv cքqvRb|
14| Aemi MÖn‡Yi mgq
(K) ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK Zvi eqm 60 eQi c~Y© n„j Aemi MÖnY Ki„eb|
(L) (1) ƒKv„bv wkÿ„Ki 60 eQi eqm nIqvi ciI cwiPvjbv cwil` Zv„K ƒhvM¨ g„b Ki„j ƒiwR÷ªvW© ƒgwW„Kj
Awdmvi KZ©K mswkøó wkÿ„Ki kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK ƒhvM¨Zvi mvwU©wd„K„Ui wfw˄Z 2 eQi+2 eQi+1
eQi G bxwZ„Z ƒgvU cuvP eQi Zvi PvKwiKvj ewa©Z Ki„Z cvi„e| Z„e G e¨vcv„i mswkøó wkÿK ƒeZb
I fvZvw`i miKvwi Ask cv„eb bv|
(2) 60 eQi eqm AwZµvšÍ nIqvi ci ƒKv„bv wkÿ„Ki PvKwiKvj GKevi 2 (`yB) eQ„ii AwaK ew× Kiv hv„e bv
Ges cÖwZevi PvKwiKvj ewׄZ ƒgwW„Kj mvwU©wd„KU Ges cwiPvjbv cwil„`i Aby„gv`„bi cքqvRb n„e|
(3) 65 eQi eqm AwZµvšÍ nIqvi ci ƒKv„bv wkÿ„Ki PvKwiKvj ƒKvb µ„gB ew× Kiv hv„e bv|
15| MÖvPzBwU
(K) ƒKv„bv wkÿ„Ki gZy¨ n„j ev `yN©UbvRwbZ Kvi„Y/`xN©w`„bi Amy¯Z
‹ vi Kvi„Y PvKwi Ki„Z Aÿg n„j, PvKwi mswkøó
cÖwZôv„bi Znwej msKzjv„bi wfw˄Z wewa Abyhvqx mswkøó wkÿK„K MÖvPzBwU ƒ`Iqv hv„e|
16| †h․_ wegv
cքZ¨K wkÿv cÖwZôv„b wkÿK„`i Rb¨ ƒh‡_ wegvi e¨e¯‹v _vK„e| miKvi/wkÿv ƒevW© KZ©K cÖYxZ/cÖ¯vÍ weZ bxwZ
Ges c×wZ ƒgvZv„eK ƒh‡_ wegvi e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Ki„Z n„e|
wb‡qvM c×wZi mvaviY ÁvZe¨ welq
1| cwÎKv ej„Z …`wbK RvZxq cwÎKv ƒevSv„e| wKšŠ _vbv, ƒRjv ev AÂjwfwËK cÖKvwkZ ev ¯‹vbxqfv„e cÖKvwkZ
cwÎKv MÖnY„hvM¨ bq e„j we„ewPZ n„e|
2| (K) †iRy‡jkb: evQvB KwgwU KZ©K MnxZ ƒiRy„jk„bi fvlv ƒevaMg¨ bv n„j ev A¯úó _vK„j ev NlvgvRv BZ¨vw`
RwbZ Kvi„Y ƒKv„bv ai„bi m„›`„ni AeKvk _vK„j Zv MÖnY„hvM¨ e„j we„ewPZ n„e bv|
142
 (L) whwb miKvwi cÖwZwbwa wn„m„e evQvB KwgwU„Z KvR Ki„eb Zvi h_vixwZ g„bvbqb _vK„Z n„e|
(M) •ea †iRy‡jkb: wb„gœv³ ƒÿÎmg~„n ƒiRy„jkb …ea wn„m„e MÖnY„hvM¨ bq|
1) weÁwß I evQvB„qi Rb¨ cքqvRbxq mgq ƒ`Iqv bv n„j|
2) evQvB cÖwZ„hvwMZvi gva¨„g n„Z n„e, ƒhgb― GKwU wel„q GKRb cÖv_©x Dcw¯‹Z _vK„j Zv we„ePbvq
Avm„e bv|
3) ƒh wel„q weÁwß ƒ`Iqv n„jv, ƒhgb―Bs„iwR, ƒm welq Qvov Ab¨ wel„qi cÖv_©x„K ƒhgb A_©bxwZ
weÁvwcZ wel„qi wecix„Z wbe©vPb Kiv hv„e bv|
(N) miKvwi cÖwZwbwa: cÖv_©x wbe©vP„bi mgq ƒh wel„q miKvwi cÖwZwbwa mvÿvrKv„ii Rb¨ Dcw¯‹Z _vK„eb Zv„K
Aek¨B mswkøó wel„qi wkÿK n„Z n„e, ƒhgb― BwZnvm wel„q cÖfvlK wb„qvMKv„j miKvwi cÖwZwbwa wn„m„e
BwZnvm Qvov Ab¨ ƒKv„bv wel„q wkÿK evQvB KwgwU„Z g„bvbqb cv„eb bv| GgbwK DcwiD³ wel„q
Bmjv„gi BwZnvm _vK„jI| GB wbqgwU K„j„Ri ƒÿ„ÎI cքhvR¨ n„e|
3| AwfÁZv: AwfÁZv MYbvi g~j wfwË n„jv GgwcIfyw³| ƒh w`b n„Z wkÿK-Kg©Pvix GgwcIfy³ n„q„Q ƒmw`b Zvi
AwfÁZv MYbv Kiv n„e| PvKwiiAwfÁZvi ƒÿ„Î GgwcIfyw³ bv n„j c~„e©i PvKwiKvj AwfÁZv n„Z ev` hv„e|
4| wb‡qvM †evW© ev KwgwU MVb: cuvP m`m¨wewkó wb„qvM ƒevW© cwiPvjbv cwil` MVb Ki„Z cv„i| cuvP m`m¨wewkó
KwgwU„Z mfvcwZ, cÖwZôvb cÖavb I welq we„klÁwn„m„e ƒev„W©i cÖwZwbwa m`m¨ Avewk¨Kfv„e _vK„e| wkÿv
gš¿Yvjq Gi bs:kv.-11/wewea-39/96 (Ask-1)/34 (650) wkÿv, ZvwiL : 13-01-99Bs|
30% gwnjv wkÿK wb‡qvM cÖm‡½: ƒemiKvwi D„`¨v„M wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi cÖkvmwbK AvIZvaxb wkÿv cÖwZôvb (¯ˆzj,
K„jR, gv`ivmv) ¯‹vcb, PvjyKiY I ¯^xK‚wZ cÖ`v„bi ƒÿ„Î AbymiYxq bxwZgvjv| wb„`©kµ„g DcwiD³ wel„q DwjøwLZ
bxwZgvjvwU AvswkK ms„kvabµ„g 4(7) bs µwg„Ki ci wb„gœv³ `ywU µwgK ms„hvRb Kiv n„jv| D„jøL¨, bxwZgvjvi
Ab¨vb¨ kZ© AcwiewZ©Z _vK„e|
(K) bZzb wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯‹vc„bi ƒÿ„Î ÷vwds c¨vUvb© Abyhvqx we`¨gvb wkÿ„Kic`mg~„ni g„a¨ 30% gwnjv _vK„Z
n„e|
(L) B„Zvg„a¨ ƒhme wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯‹vwcZ n„q„Q, ƒmme wkÿv cÖwZôv„b ƒgvU wkÿ„Ki c„`i 30% gwnjv bv _vK„j
gZz¨RwbZ ev Aemi MÖnYRwbZ ev Ab¨ ƒKv„bv Kvi„Y c` k~b¨Zvi ƒÿ„Î gwnjv wkÿK wb„qvM Ki„Z n„e hZÿY ch©šÍ
bv 30% gwnjv ƒKvUv c~iY nq|
wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi ¯§viK bs wkg/kv:-11/5-1(Ask)/516 ZvwiL: 14-05-2009 Gi GK cÖÄvc„b gnvbMi I ƒc‡i
GjvKvi cÖwZôv„b eZ©gv„b gwnjv wkÿK c`msL¨v ƒgvU c„`i 40% Kiv n„q„Q|
eZ©gv‡b GbwUAviwmG-i gva¨‡g †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM †`qv n‡q _v‡K| ZvB wb‡qv‡ni
†ÿ‡Î GbwUAviwmG-i wb‡qvM wewa/bxwZgvjv cÖ‡hvR¨|

6.2 we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU f‚wgKv I `vwqZ¡

we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU MVb, `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨
e¨vb„eBR me©„kl 2016 wLª. 'Educational Survey 2016’ ev wkÿvg~jK Rwic 2016 cwiPvjbv K„i evsjv„`„k
wewfbœ cÖKv„ii ƒgvU 1,67,454 wU wkÿv cÖwZôvb Lyu„R cvq, 2015 mv„j hvi msL¨v wQj 1,62,512wU|
2016 mv„j evsjv„`„k wb¤œ gva¨wgK I gva¨wgK ch©v„qi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi msL¨v wQj 20,449wU hvi g„a¨ 602wU
miKvwi we`¨vjq ƒhLv„b 6ô ƒ_„K 8g ƒkÖwY ch©šÍ cvV`vb Kiv nq| 1995 mv„j GB msL¨v wQj 12,012wU| GB mg„qi
g„a¨ wkÿv cÖwZôvb ew×i cvkvcvwk wkÿv_x© I wkÿK msL¨vI ew× ƒc„q„Q| 2016 mv„j cÖwZôvb cÖwZ Mo wkÿv_x©
msL¨v wQj 498 Rb, ƒgvU fwZ©K‚Z wkÿv_x© msL¨v 10.18 wgwjqb (1 ƒKvwU 18 jÿ) hvi g„a¨ bvix wkÿv_x©i msL¨v
5.47 wgwjqb (53.77%) Ges bvix wkÿv_x©i m~PK 1.16%|

143
e¨vb„eB„Ri 2004 mv„ji c„KU eyK Ab GWy„Kkbvj ÷¨v„UmwUKm-Gi wnmve Abyhvqx ƒ`„k 317wU miKvwi I
17,069wU ƒemiKvwimn ƒgvU 17,386wU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq i„q„Q| hw` gva¨wgK ¯Íi„K wkÿv KvVv„gvi ƒgiæ`Ð wn„m„e
MY¨ Kiv nq, Z„e GB KvVv„gvi wmsnfv„Mi AwaKvix (98.17%) ƒemiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸„jvB cÖK‚Zc„ÿ Avmj
ƒgiæ`Ð| GB me ƒemiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq ¯^-¯^ g¨v„bwRs KwgwU (SMC) Øviv cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n„q Avm„Q|
SMCg~jZ GKwU wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi e¨e¯‹vcbv cwiPvjbvi `vwq„Z¡ wb„qvwRZ| GB KwgwU GKwU we`¨vj„qi myôz
e¨e¯‹vcbv, cwiPvjbv I ZË¡veavb wbwðZ Ki„Z cv„i Ges Gi Ici wkÿvi gvb Dbœqb we„kl K„i ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb
eûjvs„k wbf©ikxj|
evsjvƒ`„ki gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸„jvi e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwU bvbv Kvi„Y AZ¨šÍ `ye©j, `ybx©wZMÖ¯,Í eûwea mgm¨vq RR©wiZ,
GgbwK A„bK ƒÿ„Î G„Kev„i AKvh©Ki| ¯ˆzj e¨e¯‹vcbv Kvh©µg, mswkøó AvBbKvbyb, wewaweavb, iæjm-ƒi¸„jkb,
mvKz©jvi; g¨v„bwRs KwgwU MVb cÖK‚wZ, ÿgZv, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ BZ¨vw` welq¸„jv m¤ú„K© e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwUi A„bK
m`m¨, m`m¨ mwPe Ges mfvcwZi mg¨K aviYvi Afv„ei Kvi„Y eZ©gv„b e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwUi GB `yie¯‹v| KwgwUi
ƒPqvig¨vb, m`m¨ mwPe I m`m¨e„›`i wK wK KiYxq, wKi€„c ƒm¸„jv myôzfv„e m¤úv`b Kiv hvq, Zv„`i ÿgZv, ÿgZvi
mxgv, ¯ˆzj cÖav„bi ÿgZv, ÿgZvi mxgv BZ¨vw` cքqvRbxq welq¸„jv m¤ú„K© Zv„`i my¯úó aviYv _vKv cքqvRb|

¯‥zj g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi ÁvZe¨ KwZcq welq

g¨v„bwRs KwgwU Z_v Gi mfvcwZ, m`m¨ mwPe Ges mvaviY m`m¨M„Yi wbgœwjwLZ welq¸„jv m¤ú„K© mg¨K aviYv _vKv
Avek¨K|
 g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi AvBbMZ wfwË I MVbZš¿ : miKvi AvB„bi gva¨„g (Aa¨v„`k) gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK
wkÿv ƒevW©mg~n cÖwZôv K„i„Q Ges ƒ`„ki ƒemiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯ˆzjmg~„ni cwiPvjbv, wbqš¿Y Ges Dbœq„bi
`vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K„i„Q| GB wkÿv ƒevW©¸„jv Avevi SMC Regulations,1977-Gi Regulation-3 Gi gva¨„g
Aaxb¯‹ ¯^xK‚wZcÖvß ƒemiKvwi ¯ˆzj¸„jvi e¨e¯‹vcbvi ZË¡veavb I cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ ¯^-¯^ ¯ˆzj g¨v„bwRs
KwgwUi Ici b¨¯Í K„i„Q| g~jZ SMC Regulations,1977 ¯ˆzj g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi AvBbMZ wfwË Ges
e¨e¯‹vcbv cwiPvjbvi MVbZš¿|
 KwgwUi KZ©e¨ I `vwqZ¡ wba©viK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewaweavb : wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~n myôzfv„e cwiPvjbvi
j„ÿ¨ miKvi Ges mswkøó wkÿv KZ©cÿ wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ AvBb Kvbyb, wewaweavb, iæjm-ƒi¸„jkbm,
mvKz©jvi Ges cÖkvmwbK AW©vi Rvwi Ges ejer K„i„Q| Gme AvBbKvbyb Ges wewaweavb¸„jv cwiewZ©Z
Ae¯‹vi ƒcÖwÿ„Z cքqvR„b ms„kvab Kiv n„q„Q| SMC-Gi KZ©e¨ I `vwqZ¡ wba©vi„Yi ƒÿ„Î ƒhme AvBbKvbyb,
wewaweavb AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ƒm¸„jv wbgœi€c-
(K) The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (Managing Committee of the
Recognized Non-Goverment Secondary Schools) Regulations, 1977Ges Gi wewfbœ ms„kvabxmg~n|
(L) The Recognized Non-Govt. Secondary Teachers Terms and Conditions of Service
Regulatons, 1979.
(M) Conditions of Admission and Transfer of Students Regulations, 1966|
(N) ƒemiKvwi ¯ˆzj wkÿK-Kg©Pvixi ƒeZ„bi miKvwi Ask I Rbej KvVv„gv msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv-1995 Gi cieZx©
ms„kvabxmg~n|
(O) BISE Ordinance, 1961|
(P) Aby`vb gÄywii MvBW jvBb Ges wnmveiÿY c×wZ I wdbvbwmqvj iæjm|
(Q) ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv KwgwU Aa¨v„`k, 2009|
g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi MVb I Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv: SMC Regulations, 1977-G KwgwUi KvVv„gv, MVb c×wZ, ƒPqvig¨vb,
m`m¨ mwPe I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨M„Yi wbe©vPb/g„bvbqb c×wZ, m`m¨ K¨vUvMwi, m`m¨ msL¨v, m`m¨ ƒhvM¨Zv, KwgwUi
ƒgqv`, KwgwU evwZj, KwgwUi ÿgZv, mxgve×Zv, KwgwUi mfv AvnŸvb, cwiPvjbv, Kg©c×wZ, ƒKvivg BZ¨vw` hveZxq
ƒg‡wjK I AvBbMZ w`Kwb„`©kbv i„q„Q|
144
¯‥zj KwgwUi m`m¨c`, †hvM¨Zv Ges A‡hvM¨Zv (SMC Regulations, 1977): g¨v„bwRs KwgwU we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbvi
ZË¡veav„bi `vwqZ¡ cvjbmn ¯ˆz„ji Rb¨ myôz bxwZ Ges w`K`k©„bi `vwqZ¡cÖvß| ZvB jÿ¨ ivL„Z n„e hv„Z mgv„Ri
myL¨vwZm¤úbœ e¨w³ KwgwUi m`m¨ n„Z cv„ib| Zv„K h„_ó D„`¨vMx, wkÿvbyivMx nIqv evÃbxq| KwgwU hv„Z Amr,
`vwqZ¡ÁvbewR©Z, ivR†bwZK `j„Nlv UvDU, mš¿vmx e¨w³ m`m¨ n„Z bv cv„i, ƒmw`„K jÿ jvL„Z n„e| ¯§iYxq ƒh,
`yRb© me©`vB cwiZ¨vR¨| KwgwUi m`m¨ wbe©vP„b Ggb e¨w³„K Luy„R wb„Z n„e whwb ¯ˆz„ji wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kv„R
BwZevPK I MVbg~jK fwgKv Ges Ae`vb ivL„Z mÿg nb| cքZ¨K„K ƒh D”P wkwÿZ n„Z n„e Ggb bq, Z„e b~¨bZg
GKv„WwgK ƒhvM¨Zv _vKv Avek¨K| KwgwU„Z bvix„`i AskMÖnYI cքqvRb| ƒhvM¨, MVbg~jK g„bvfvem¤úbœ wkwÿZ
gwnjv„K KwgwU„Z m¤ú³ Kiv mgxPxb| ƒ`„ki AvBb Øviv A„hvM¨ we„ewPZ bb Ggb mvevjK e¨w³ KwgwUi m`m¨ n„Z
cv„ib| wZwb Aek¨B evsjv„`„ki ¯‹vqx bvMwiK n„eb Ges ¯ˆzj ƒh GjvKvq Aew¯‹Z ƒm GjvKvi evwm›`v n„eb|
wbgœwjwLZ e¨w³ m`m¨ c„`i ƒhvM¨ n„eb bv hw` wZwb―
 ƒd‡R`vwi Aciv„ai Acivax Ges Aciv„ai Rb¨ ÿgv bv ƒc„q _v„Kb|
 ƒ`Dwjqv n„q _v„Kb Ges `vqgy³ bv n„q _v„Kb|
 bvevjK, gvbwmKfv„e AcÖK‚wZ¯‹ e¨w³ n„q _v„Kb|
 ivóªwe„ivax Kvh©Kjv„c mn„hvwMZv K„ib ev RwoZ n„q _v„Kb|
 PvwiwÎK öj„bi Rb¨ Av`vjZ KZ©K mvRvcÖvß nb|
 Avw_©K ev e¨emvqx m~„Î KwgwU ev ¯ˆz„ji mv„_ RwoZ _v„Kb|
 mfvcwZi AbygwZ e¨ZxZ cici wZb mfvq Abycw¯‹Z _v„Kb|
g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi mfv cwiPvjbv: g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi MVbZ„š¿ mfv cwiPvjbv I Kvh©wbe©vnx c×wZ msµvšÍ wewaweavb I
c×wZ ewY©Z i„q„Q| g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi MVbZ„š¿ Ggb wKQy bxwZMZ KvVv„gv cÖYqb Kiv n„q„Q hv„Z KwgwUi Kvh©vewj
m¤úv`b H KvVv„gvi g„a¨ ƒ_„KB cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| ¯ˆz„ji wKQy Dcwewa/c×wZ _vK„Z cv„i| Z„e Gme Dcwewa,
c×wZ Aek¨B ƒev„W©i GZ`msµvšÍ ƒi¸„jk„b ewY©Z weavbvewji cwicwš‹ ev ewnf~©Z n„e bv| SMC Regulations,
1977-Gi ƒi¸„jkb-12ƒZ mfv AvnŸvb, cwiPvjbv, Kg©c×wZ BZ¨vw` wel„q D„jøL i„q„Q|
 g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi ƒPqvig¨vb, Zvi Abycw¯‹wZ„Z fvBm ƒPqvig¨vb, g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi mfvq mfvcwZZ¡ Ki„eb|
ƒPqvig¨vb, fvBm ƒPqvig¨vb Df„qi Abycw¯‹wZ„Z wkÿK cÖwZwbwa Ges m`m¨ mwPe e¨ZxZ Ab¨ m`m¨MY
wb„R„`i ga¨ ƒ_„K GKRb„K mfvq mfvcwZZ¡ Kivi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Ki„eb|
 cuvPRb m`„m¨i Dcw¯‹wZ„Z KwgwUi mfvq ƒKvivg n„e| Z„e KwgDwbwU ¯ˆz„ji ƒÿ„Î 7 Rb cքqvRb| KwgwU
cքqvR„b eQ„i hZevi B”Qv ZZevi KwgwUi mfv AvnŸvb Ki„Z cvi„e| Z„e eQ„i b~¨bZg 6wU mfv AbywôZ
n„e| ƒh ƒKv„bv `yB mfvi gvSLv„bi e¨eavb 60 w`„bi ƒewk n„e bv|
 m`m¨ mwPe ƒPqvig¨v„bi m„½ Av„jvPbvµ„g mfvi mgq, ZvwiL I Av„jvP¨m~wP wba©viY Ki„eb| ƒPqvig¨vb
wb„Ri D„`¨v„MI mfv AvnŸvb Ki„Z cv„ib| mfv AvnŸv„bi Rb¨ 7 w`„bi ƒbvwUk cքqvRb n„e|
 ƒPqvig¨v„bi m„½ Av„jvPbvµ„g m`m¨ mwPe, A_ev cքqvR„b ƒPqvig¨vb wb„R 24 NÈvi ƒbvwU„k Riæwi mfv
AvnŸvb Ki„Z cv„ib| QywUi mg„qI Riæwi mfv AvnŸvb Kiv hvq| Z„e Riæwi mfvq MnxZ wm×všÍ cieZx©
mvaviY mfvq Aby„gvw`Z n„Z n„e|
 b~¨bZg 2/3 Ask m`„m¨i wjwLZ Zjwe ƒbvwU„k, we„kl mfv AvnŸvb Kiv ƒh„Z cv„i| m`m¨ mwPe mfvi
wjwLZ Pvwn`v cÖvwßi 15 w`„bi g„a¨ GB we„kl mfv AvnŸvb Ki„eb|
 mfvi ƒbvwUk Av„jvP¨m~wP (G„RÛv) AvKv„i cÖ`vb Ki„Z n„e| ƒbvwU„k ewY©Z Av„jvP¨m~wP ewnf©Z ƒKv„bv
Kvh©µg mfvq we„ewPZ n„e bv, Z„e 2/3 Ask m`„m¨i m¤§wZi wfw˄Z mfvq Av„jvP¨m~wP ewnf©Z welq
we„ewPZ n„Z cv„i|
 wkÿK wb„qvM, AcmviY/eiLv¯Í, QvÎ ewn®ˆvi/ivw÷„Kkb m¤úwK©Z welq¸„jv mfvi ƒbvwU„k wjwLZfv„e
G„RÛvi AšÍf³ y© bv _vK„j Zrwel„q ƒKv„bv Av„jvPbv I wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hv„e bv|
 mfvi mfvcwZ A_ev whwb mfvq mfvcwZZ¡ Ki„eb wZwb ƒKv„bv ƒÿ„Î ƒfvU mgvb n„j ƒmLv„b wb„R wØZxq
ƒfvU ev Kvw÷s ƒfvU w`„Z cvi„eb|

145
  cքZ¨KwU mfvi Kvh©weeiYx m`m¨ mwPe euvavB Kiv cvKv ƒiwR÷ªv„i wjwce× I msiÿY Ki„eb| cÖwZwU mfvi
Kvh©weeiYx cieZx© mfvq ¯‹vqx/KgdvigW n„Z n„e Ges mfvcwZ I m`m¨ mwPe KZ©K ¯^vÿwiZ n„Z n„e|
 KwgwUi mKj mfv ¯ˆzj cÖv½„Y AbywôZ n„e|
 cÖwZwbwaZ¡: ¯ˆzj GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| ZvB ¯ˆzj KwgwU me©`v enËi Rb„Mvôxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK nIqv
evÃbxq| ¯ˆz„ji Kj¨vY Ges me©v½xY DbœwZi j„ÿ¨ KwgwU„Z hZ AwaKmsL¨K Drmvnx, D„`¨vMx Ges MVbg~jK
e¨w³, ƒMvôx ev `„ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡ _vK„e KwgwUi Rb¨ ZZB fv„jv| KwgwU„Z m`m¨ msL¨v Kvg¨ gvÎvq _vKv
DwPZ| KwgwU ƒQvU n„j AcÖwZwbwaZ¡ ev Ach©vß cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK nq| Avevi eo n„j gZcv_©K¨ I we„iv„ai
mwó nq, d„j wm×všÍ MÖn„Y mgm¨v I wej¤^ N„U| KwgwU„Z wbgœwjwLZ `j/ƒMvôxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ _vKv cքqvRb : ]
 RbmvaviY;
 ¯‹vbxq miKvi/cwil`;
 AwffveK;
 cÖv³b QvÎx;
 wkÿKgÐjx;
 ¯‹vbxq we„`¨vrmvnx I wkÿvbyivMx e¨w³;
 ¯‹vbxq wkwÿZ gwnjv BZ¨vw`|
¯‥zj cÖavb Ges g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi m¤úK©: cÖavb wkÿK GKvav„i ¯ˆz„ji cÖavb Kvh©wbe©vnx, Ab¨w`„K ¯ˆzj e¨e¯‹vcbv
ZË¡veav„bi `vwq„Z¡ wb„qvwRZ g¨v„bwRs KwgwU„Z c`vwaKvi e„j m`m¨ mwPe| wZwb KwgwUi m`m¨ wn„m„e KwgwUi c„ÿ
mKj KvR Ki„eb Ges KwgwUi hveZxq mvwPweK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki„eb| ¯ˆzj cÖav„bi m„½ KwgwUi m¤úK© n„”Q
cvi¯úwiK `vq-`vwq„Z¡i wfw˄Z Askx`vwi„Z¡i m¤úK©| cÖavb wkÿK …`bw›`b cÖkvmwbK KvR cwiPvjbv Ki„eb, wZwb
cÖwZôv„bi ÔGKv„WwgK cÖavbÕ wn„m„e KvR Ki„eb| AwaKšŠ cÖavb wkÿK ¯ˆzj I g¨v„bwRs KwgwU; ¯ˆzj I gš¿Yvjq,
ƒevW©mn Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv KZ©c„ÿi mv„_ ƒhvMv„hvM gva¨g| cÖavb wkÿK ¯ˆzj e¨e¯‹vcbv m¤ú„K©, ¯ˆz„ji hveZxq
Dbœqbg~jK KvR m¤ú„K©, mKj mgm¨vi wel„q KwgwU„Z Z_v KwgwUi mfvcwZ„K AewnZ Ki„eb, h_vh_ civgk© ƒ`„eb
Ges KwgwU„K mPj I MwZkxj ivL„Z cքqvRbxq mKj Z_¨ mieivn Ki„eb| cÖavb wkÿ„Ki GKwU cÖavb `vwqZ¡ n„jv
g¨v„bwRs KwgwU„K KwgwUi wewaMZ `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ Ges KwgwUi mKj Kg©-m¤úv`„bi ƒÿθ„jv„K mnRZi K„i ƒ`Iqv,
mn„hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
cÖavb wkÿK„K me©`v g„b ivL„Z n„e ƒh, ¯ˆz„ji cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vewj, GKv„WwgK Kvh©vewj, Avw_©K Kvh©vewj, Dbœqbg~jK
Kvh©vewj, cÖwZôv„bi k•Ljv weavb, ƒjLvcovi gvb wbwðZKiY Ges wkÿvi cwi„ek Dbœqb BZ¨vw` welq¸„jvi
ZË¡veav„bi `vwqZ¡ cvj„bi Rb¨ g¨v„bwRs KwgwU MwVZ n„q„Q| g¨v„bwRs KwgwU wkÿK-Kg©Pvix„`i wb„qvMKvix KZ©cÿ,
we`¨vj„qi Rb¨ Znwej msMÖn Ges we`¨vj„qi mKj m¤úwËi msiÿK| ZvB cÖavb wkÿK„K g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi
Kvh©m¤úv`„b me©cÖKvi mn„hvwMZv I mnvqZv `vb Kiv DwPZ| cÖavb wkÿK/m`m¨ mwPe wn„m„e Zvi K„qKwU we„kl
`vwqZ¡ wbgœi€c :
(K) KwgwUi ƒPqvig¨v„bi mv„_ Av„jvPbv K„i mfv AvnŸvb Kiv;
(L) KwgwUi Aby„gv`bµ„g evwl©K ev„RU cÖYqb;
(M) ¯ˆz„ji Avq-e¨„qi evwl©K wnmve …Zwi Ges KwgwUi mfvq Aby„gv`„bi Rb¨ Dc¯‹vcb;
(N) ¯ˆzj Kvh©vewj m¤ú„K© wbqwgZ cÖwZ„e`b cÖYqb I mfvq Dc¯‹vcb|
Aciw`„K g¨v„bwRs KwgwU Ges Gi mKj m`m¨„KI ¯§iY ivL„Z n„e ƒh, cÖavb wkÿK AvBbMZfv„e ¯ˆz„ji wbe©vnx
cÖavb, GKv„WwgK cÖavb Ges g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi GKRb m`m¨| cÖavb wkÿK ¯ˆzj dvÛ, gvwjKvbv msµvšÍ `wjj,
AvBbMZ WKz„g›Um Ges ¯ˆzj m¤úwK©Z mKj ƒiKW©cÎ msiÿ„Yi `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©v (ƒi¸„jkb-16(1))| GKv„WwgK
cÖavb wn„m„e cÖavb wkÿK„K ¯ˆz„ji …`bw›`b cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv, QvÎQvÎx fwZ©, ƒkªwY cքgvkb, wewfbœ ƒevW© cixÿvq cÖv_©x
wbe©vPb, mgqm~wP cÖYqb BZ¨vw` `vwqZ¡¸„jv cvj„bi GK”QÎ GLwZqvi ƒ`Iqv n„q„Q| KwgwU„K GB mKj ƒÿ„Î
ƒKv„bvµ„gB n¯Í„ÿc Kiv Pj„e bv| cÖwZôv„bi mvgwMÖK Dbœqb I wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb wbwðZK„í cÖavb wkÿK Ges
g¨v„bwRs KwgwU Dfq„K mw¤§wjZfv„e cvi¯úwiK mn„hvwMZv I mg„SvZvi gva¨„g G„K A„b¨i cwic~iK I m¤ú~iK
wn„m„e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki„Z n„e| g„b ivL„Z n„e ƒh, cÖavb wkÿK Ges KwgwUi ga¨Kvi Ø›Ø, Kjn, `jv`wj we`¨vj„qi
me©bvk ƒW„K Av„b|

146
g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi ÿgZv : ¯ˆzj cwiPvjbvq g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi ÿgZv Ges Zvi mxgv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| cÖwZôvb cÖavb
Ges g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi ÿgZvi eÈb we„ePbvcÖm~Z nIqv DwPZ| A„bK mgq ƒ`Lv hvq KwgwUi wbKU ÿgZv AwaK
gvÎvq ƒKw›`ªfZ _vK„j KwgwUi ƒ¯^”QvPvwiZvq Ges Abwf„cÖZ n¯Í„ÿ„ci Kvi„Y ¯ˆz„ji cÖkvmwbK, GKv„WwgK Ges
Avw_©K A½„b wek•Ljv ƒ`Lv ƒ`q, cÖavb wkÿK I KwgwUi g„a¨ ؄›Øi mwó nq Ges mvgwMÖKfv„e ¯ˆzj ÿwZi m¤§yLxb n„q
_v„K| ZvB ÿgZvi mxgv wel„q Dfq c„ÿi g„a¨ mg„SvZv _vKv cքqvRb| ¯ˆzj g¨v„bwRs KwgwU ƒi¸„jkb-1977 Gi
ƒi¸„jkb-18ƒZ g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi ÿgZvi weeiY ƒ`Iqv n„jv-
(K) ¯ˆz„ji Rb¨ Znwej msMÖn I Gi myôz e¨e¯‹v ;
(L) wkÿKM„Yi wb„qvM, mvgwqK eiLv¯Í, AcmviY I eiLv¯Í;
(M) …bwgwËK QywU e¨ZxZ Ab¨ QywU gÄyi;
(N) Dbœqb cÖKímn Dbœqb ev„RU I evwl©K ev„RU Aby„gv`b;
(O) wUPvm© KvDw݄ji mycvwi„ki Av„jv„K QvÎQvÎx„`i webv ƒeZ„b Aa¨q„bi AbygwZ;
(P) QywUi ZvwjKv Aby„gv`b;
(Q) KwgwUi wbKU Dc¯‹vwcZ ¯ˆzj cÖvmw½K Ab¨vb¨ welqvewj we„ePbv;
(R) QvÎQvÎx„`i ¯‹vb msKzjvb I wkÿKM„Yi evm¯‹v„bi e¨e¯‹v;
(S) we`¨vj„qi Rb¨ Rwg, feb, ƒLjvi gvV, eB-cy¯ÍK, jB„eªwi, j¨ve„iUwi, hš¿cvwZ, …eÁvwbK miÄvgvw` Ges
Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv DcKi„Yi e¨e¯‹v;
(T) wiRvf© dvÛ, ƒRbv„ij dvÛ, wewìs dvÛ, ƒLjvayjvi dvÛ, jvB„eªwi dvÛ, cyi¯ˆvi dvÛ, cÖwf„W›U dvÛ, MÖvPzBwU
dvÛ, cixÿv dvÛ, ƒi„bf„j›U dvÛ Ges Ab¨vb¨ cքqvRbxq dvÛ msMÖn I iÿYv„eÿY Kiv;
(U) ¯ˆz„ji hveZxq m¤ú` I m¤úwËi iÿK wn„m„e KvR Kiv;
(V) ¯ˆzj feb, ƒLjvi gvV Ges ¯ˆz„ji Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwË h_vh_fv„e msiÿY;
(W) gv„mi cÖ_g mßv„ni g„a¨B wkÿK-Kg©Pvix„`i ƒeZb-fvZv wbqwgZfv„e cwi„kv„ai e¨e¯‹v wbwðZ Kiv;
(X) ¯ˆz„ji Kvh©µg m„šÍvlRbK I myPviæi€„c m¤úv`b wbwðZ Kiv;
(Y) Abv`vqx FY gIKzd, ÿqcÖvß/e¨envi Abyc„hvMx hš¿cvwZ I miÄvgvw` wb®úwË Ges `vq cwi„kva Kiv;
(Z) cÖavb wkÿK I wkÿKgÐjxi mn„hvwMZvq cÖvK-wkÿvel© Kbdv„iÝ Av„qvRb Kiv Ges cieZ©x eQ„i Kvh©µg
Av„jvPbv Kiv;
(_) miKvi I ƒevW© KZ‚©K mgq mgq RvwiK‚Z iæjm, ƒi¸„jkb Ges wb„`©kbvewj Av„jv„K g¨v„bwRs KwgwU
DcwiD³ ÿgZv cքqvM I Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b Ki„eb|
g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi ÿgZv ewnf‚©Z †ÿÎ: g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi m`m¨MY„K g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi MVbZš¿/ƒi¸„jkb fv„jvfv„e
cov `iKvi Ges KwgwUi ÿgZv Ges mxgve×Zv¸„jv wPwýZ K„i Zrwel„q AewnZ _vKv cքqvRb| KwgwU„K GKwU welq
¯§iY ivL„Z n„e ƒh, ¯ˆz„j cÖavb wkÿK ƒev„W©i wewag~„j [(ƒi¸„jkb-16)2] ¯ˆz„ji GKv„WwgK cÖavb| QvÎfwZ©, ƒkªwY
cքgvkb, ƒevW© cixÿvq cixÿv_©x wbe©vPb, mgqm~wP cÖYqb Ges Ab¨vb¨ GKv„WwgK welq cÖavb wkÿ„Ki GLwZqvify³|
Gme GKv„WwgK wel„q g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi n¯Í„ÿc Kiv Pj„e bv| ƒkªwY cքgvkb Ges ƒevW© cixÿvq cixÿv_©x wbe©vPb
wel„q cÖavb wkÿK wkÿKgÐjxi m„½ mfvq e„m civgk© K„i wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki„eb|
miKv„ii wjwLZ AbygwZ Qvov KwgwU ¯ˆz„ji m¤úwË weµq ev n¯ÍvšÍi Ki„Z cvi„e bv A_ev ƒKv„bv m¤úwËi AwaKv„ii
weiæ„× Awf„hvM Avb„Z cvi„e bv| KwgwUi m`m¨MY„K g„b ivL„Z n„e ƒh, Zv„`i ÿgZvi Drm n„”Q KwgwUi ƒh‡_
Aw¯ÍZ¡| wZwb KwgwUi m`m¨ wn„m„e KwgwUi c„ÿ mKj KvR Ki„eb, e¨w³MZfv„e wZwb KwgwUi c„ÿ ƒKv„bv KvR
Ki„Z cvi„eb bv|
KwgwUi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq Ges Zvi ÿgZv cքqv„Mi ƒÿ„Î DcwiD³ mxgve×Zv¸„jv ƒg„b Pj„Z n„e| KviY ¯ˆzj
cÖav„bi m„½ KwgwUi m¤úK© n„”Q cvi¯úwiK `vq-`vwq„Z¡i wfw˄Z Askx`vwi„Z¡i m¤úK©|
g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨mg~n
SMC Regulation, 1977-Gi Regulation-3 (The management of a recognized non-government
secondary school shall vest in the committee) gva¨„g ƒemiKvwi ¯ˆz„ji GB ƒi¸„jkb SMC-Gi `vwqZ¡ I
KZ©„e¨i w`Kwb„`©kK|
¯ˆzj e¨e¯‹cbvi cÖavb ƒÿθ„jv wbgœi€c-
 ¯ˆz„j hveZxq m¤ú„`i myôz `vqe× e¨envi wbwðZKiY;
 ¯ˆz„ji AeKvVv„gv/ƒf‡Z myweavi Dbœqb;

147
  ¯ˆz„ji cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹cbv Dbœqb;
 wkÿvµg, cvV¨m~wP I wkÿv DcKi„Yi mdj ev¯Íevqb;
 ¯ˆz„ji GKv„WwgK e¨e¯‹vcbvi Dbœqb;
 wkÿKM„Yi ƒckvM` `ÿZvi Dbœqb;
 ƒkªwYK„ÿ cvV`vb c×wZ, wkLb-ƒkLv„bv Kvh©µg Ges wewfbœ Kjv„K‡k„ji gvb Dbœqb;
 A_© I m¤ú` e¨e¯‹vcbvi Dbœqb;
 wkÿvi AbyKj cwi„ek Dbœqb;
 ¯ˆzj Kg©Kv„Ð mgvR m¤úw³/MYAskvq„bi e¨e¯‹v|
¯ˆzj e¨e¯‹vcbvi DcwiD³ ƒÿθ„jvi mymgwš^Z DbœqbB n„”Q ¯ˆzj g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi ƒg‡wjK `vwqZ¡| GB ƒg‡wjK
`vwqZ¡/fwgKv„K m¤cÖmviY Ki„j g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi wbgœwjwLZ KZ©e¨ I `vwqZ¡¸„jv cvIqv hv„e-
 AvBb e„j g¨v„bwRs KwgwU ¯ˆz„ji AwffveK Ges hveZxq m¤ú`-m¤úwËi wR¤§v`vi ZvB KwgwUi cÖav„bi `vwqZ¡ I
KZ©e¨ n„jv ¯ˆz„ji Rb¨ gvbm¤úbœ m¤ú` msMÖn Ges hveZxq m¤ú`mg~„ni myôz mبenvi wbwðZ Kiv|
 eZ©gv„b cÖPwjZ Ges mgq mgq cÖPjb„hvM¨ wkÿv KZ‚©cÿ KZ‚K © RvwiK‚Z AvBb, wewaweavb, iæjm-ƒi¸„jkb I
mvKz©jv„ii Av„jv„K myôzfv„e ¯ˆzj cwiPvjbv Kiv| KwgwUi MVbZš¿ Ges wkÿv m¤úKx©q cÖwewai mxgvi ga¨ ƒ_„K
¯ˆzj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cքqvRbxq mvaviY bxwZgvjv, Dcwewa BZ¨vw` cÖYqb Kiv|
 wbqwgZfv„e g¨v„bwRs KwgwUi mfv AvnŸvb Kiv (eQ„i b~¨bZg 6wU mfv)|
 wb„qvMKvix KZ‚c © ÿ wn„m„e h_vh_ wb„qvMwewai Av„jv„K m¤ú~Y© wbi„cÿ I mKj cÖKvi Pvc I cÖfvegy³ n„q `ÿ
I ƒhvM¨Zvm¤úbœ wkÿK-Kg©Pvix wb„qv„Mi e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
 wkÿKM„Yi Kg©KvÐ Ges we`¨vj„qi ƒjLvcovi ¸YMZ gvb ch©v„jvPbv Kiv Ges Dbœq„bi c`„ÿc ƒbIqv|
wkÿKM„Yi weiæ„× wewaweav„bi Av„jv„K k•Ljvg~jK e¨e¯‹v ƒbIqv|
 ¯ˆz„ji wewfbœ dvÛ/Znwej h_vh_fv„e msMnxZ, msiwÿZ I e¨eüZ n„”Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ Kiv| mKj wnmvecÎ,
Avq-e¨q h_vwbq„g msiÿYmn ¯ˆz„ji Avw_©K e¨e¯‹vcbvq k•Ljv, ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZvi e¨e¯‹v wbwðZ Kiv|
 ¯ˆz„ji mKj Znwej cÖavb wkÿK KZ‚K © h_vh_fv„e cwiPvwjZ n„”Q wKbv Ges mKj wnmvecÎ, Avq-e¨q h_vh_
wbq„g msiÿY Kiv nq wKbv Zv wbwðZ Kiv|
 mswkøó wkÿv KZ‚c © „ÿi Pvwn`v g„Zv wewfbœ wi„cvU©, Awdm Kg©KvÐ m¤úK©xq wi„cvU©, AwWU wi„cvU© BZ¨vw` h_vmg„q
h_vwbq„g mieivn Kiv n„”Q wKbv Zv ƒ`Lv|
 ¯ˆz„ji cÖavb ¯ˆz„ji myôz cwiPvjbvi ¯^v„_© Ges KwgwU KZ‚K © Dchy³ wm×všÍ MÖn„Yi ¯^v„_© KwgwUi Kv„Q cքqvRbxq
nvjwdj Z_¨ Dc¯‹vcb Kiv|
 weMZ eQ„ii e¨„qi ƒh‡w³KZv hvPvB„qi Rb¨ eQi ƒk„l wewfbœ m¤ú`, cwim¤ú` I ƒf‡Z myweavi Rwic Pvjbvi
e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
 g¨v„bwRs KwgwU AvBbMZfv„e ¯ˆz„ji hveZxq m¤ú„`i Kv÷wWqvb ev msiÿK| ZvB gvbm¤§Z m¤ú` AvniY,
Dbœqb, myôz mبenvi wbwðZKiY KwgwUi Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡| KwgwU KZ‚K © wewfbœ Dcvq, c×wZ, Kjv„K‡kj ƒei K„i
¯ˆz„ji m¤ú`, Avw_©K Znwej ew×i e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
 ¯ˆz„ji Av„qi mv„_ m½wZ ƒi„L Dbœqb cÖKí cÖYqbmn Dbœqb ev„RU, evwl©K ev„RU Aby„gv`b Kiv| A_© -DcKwgwU
MVb Kiv, wewfbœ mve-KwgwU MVb Kiv Ges Gme mve-KwgwU¸„jvi KgKvÐ Z`viwK Kiv| ¯§iY ivL„Z n„e ƒh,
we`¨vj„qi hveZxq Avw_©K Awbq„gi Rb¨ SMCGes cÖavb wkÿK AvBbMZfv„e `vqe×|
 ¯ˆz„ji QvÎ-QvÎx„`i Rb¨ mKj cÖKvi ƒf‡Z myweav Ges cwi„ek Dbœq„bi e¨e¯‹v MÖnY SMC Gi Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡|
 ¯ˆz„ji wkÿvi AbyKj cwi„ek mwói c`„ÿc ƒbIqv| QvÎ-QvÎx„`i ¯ˆz„j AvMgb/wbM©gb G cքqvRbxq wbivcËvi
e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
 ¯ˆz„j we„bv`bg~jK I mnwkÿvµwgK Kvh©vewji e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
 ƒLjvi gvV, ƒLjvi mvgMÖx msMÖn Kiv, ¯ˆz„ji Rb¨ jvB„eªwi, j¨ve„iUwi, wkÿv DcKi„Yi e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
 Avw_©K ƒÿ„Î hveZxq AcPq I Awbqg ƒiv„ai e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
 ƒeZ„bi miKvwi As„ki UvKv Qvo Kivi e¨e¯‹v, Zv MÖnY Ges weZi„Yi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv| fyqv wkÿK ƒ`wL„q
MPO MÖn„Yi cÖeYZv eÜ Kiv|
148
 cÖavb wkÿK, wkÿKgÐjx, AwffveK Ges KwgwUi g„a¨ cvi¯úwiK Ø›Ø, Kjn `~i K„i ¯ˆz„ji ¯^v„_© mK„ji g„a¨
mn„hvwMZv I mngwg©Zvi g„bvfve mwó Kiv|
 ¯ˆzj e¨e¯‹vcbv I cwiPvjbvq mgvR m¤úw³/MYAskvqb wbwðZ Kiv|
MVbZ„š¿ KwgwU„K cÖ`Ë ÿgZv I ÿgZvi mxgve×Zvi ga¨ ƒ_„K GKwU kw³kvjx KwgwU we`¨vj„qi mvgwMÖK gvb Dbœq„b
D„jøL„hvM¨ fwgKv I Ae`vb ivL„Z mÿg|
ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv KwgwU Aa¨v„`k 2009-Gi 19 bs avivq cwiPvjbv KwgwUi ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡ 6wU
ƒÿ„Î mywbw`©ó Kiv n„q„Q| G ƒÿθ„jv n„jv-
(K) wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv,
(L) Avw_©K I cÖkvmwbK Kvhv©w`
(M) ƒjLvcovi gvb I mncvV¨µwgK Kvh©µg wbwðZKiY
(N) k•Ljv iÿv,
(O) Dbœqb I iÿYv„eÿY
(P) wewea|

6.3 AwffveK-wkÿK mwgwZ

mvgvwRK Rxe wn„m„e Rb¥MÖn„Yi ci ƒ_„K gvby„li mvgvwRKxKiY ïiæ nq| ax„i ax„i eo nIqvi mv„_ mv„_ Zvi
AvZ¥xqZvi eÜb ƒhgb evo„Z _v„K ƒZgwb cwievi ƒ_„K ïiæ K„i cvov, gnjøv, MÖvg, BDwbqb, ƒc‡imfv, Dc„Rjv,
ƒRjv, wefvM, cք`k, ƒ`k I AvšÍRv© wZK we„k¦i mv„_ Zvi m¤úK© I ƒhvMv„hvM N„U| Aciw`„K GKB mv„_ mgv„Ri
ey„K we`¨gvb ¯ˆzj, K„jR, gv`&ivmv, wek¦we`¨vjq, gmwR`, gw›`i, wMR©v cÖfwZ bvbv cÖwZôv„bi mv„_ Zvi AskMÖnY ïiæ
nq| hLb ƒm Kg©ÿg nq ZLb ƒckvwfwËK Rxeb eÜb M„o I„V GgbwK AvšÍ„ckvi gvby„li mv„_ we¯Í‚Z m¤úK© ¯‹vwcZ
nq| Gi€„c GKRb e¨w³ Zvi Rxe„bi MwÐ AwZµg K„i me©Rbxb n„q I„V|
Wikipedia-i g„Z AwffveK-wkÿK mwgwZ n„jv - A parent-teacher association/organization is a formal
organization composed of parents, teachers and staff that is intended to facilitate parental
participation in a school.
mvgvwRKxKiY I me©RbxbZv jv„fi ïiæ ƒ_„K GKRb e¨w³i ƒKvb Aej¤^„bi cքqvRb nq| Avi ƒmB Aej¤^b Av„m
Awffve„Ki wbKU ƒ_„K| gv_vi Ici QvZv ƒhgb gvbyl„K ƒiv`-ewói Avc` ƒ_„K iÿv K„i ƒZgwb AwffveK Zvi
ƒQ„j-ƒg„q ev ƒcvl¨„K mvgvwRK bvbv `vq-ƒ`bv, wec`-Avc` I evjv-gywQeZ ƒ_„K wbivc` ƒi„LA_© m¤ú` I g„bvej
Øviv M„o DV„Z mvnvh¨ K„i|
PTA is an organization of local groups of teachers and the parents of their pupils that works for the
improvement of the schools and the benefts of the pupils.

AwffveK (Gardian)
e¨vcK A„_© evev, gv, fvB-ƒevb, `v`v-`vw`, bvbv-bvwb, PvPv-PvwP, gvgv-gvwg, Lvjv, Lvjy, k¦ïi-kvïwo A_©vr i³ I
…eevwnK m¤úK© Øviv Ave× AvZ¥xq¯^Rb GgbwK AvZ¥xqZvi eÜbgy³ `ËK A_ev `i`x I ¯^Rb e¨w³i mvnvh¨cyó iÿv
e¨e¯‹v„K AwffveK e„j| mxwgZ A„_© Avw_©K, gvbwmK I mvgvwRK eÜb I `vq mg× cwiPvjbv Øviv KvD„K M„o Zzj„Z
whwb m`v cÖ¯Z
Š _v„Kb wZwbB AwffveK| Z„e mvaviY A„_© evev-gv„K Ges AwZ wbKU Rb„K AwffveK ejv nq|
„emiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv KwgwU Aa¨v„`k, 2009 g„Z AwffveK n„jv-
(A) ƒKvb wkÿv_©xi wcZv ev gvZv
(Av) ƒKvb wkÿv_©xi wcZv ev gvZv RxweZ bv _vwK„j Guardians and words Acts 1890 (Act no. v111
of 1890) Gi weavb Abymv„i Ab¨ ƒKvb e¨w³, A_ev
(B) ƒKvb bvix wkÿv_©x weevwnZ nB„j Zvnvi ¯^vgx, Z„e Zvnvi ¯^vgx GKB wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wkÿv_©x nB„j wcZv ev gvZv.

149
Awffve‡Ki cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Gardian)
Awffve„Ki ƒkªwYwefvM Kiv KwVb KvR| Z„e AwffveK mvaviYZ Pvi ai„bi n„q _v„K| ƒhgb―
K) Rb¥m~„Î AwffveK,
L) i„³i m¤úK©hy³ AwffveK;
M) …eevwnK m~„Î AwffveK;
N) mvgvwRK I Avw_©K eÜbhy³ AwffveK| Z„e KvD„K M„o ƒZvjvi ƒÿ„Î m„Pó I mZK© cwiPvjbKvix
Awffve„Ki ƒkªwYwefvM Kiv `yi€n e¨vcvi|

AwffveK-wkÿK mwgwZ MVb I Kvh©vewj (Formation of PTA and Activities)

we`¨vj„q wkÿvi gvb Dbœq„bi j„ÿB AwffveK-wkÿK mwgwZ MVb Kiv nq| nsKs 1993 mv„j ‘Committee on Home
School Co-operation (CHSC)’ MVb K„i| CHSC- KZ‚K © cÖKvwkZ ‘Parent-Teacher Association Handbook’
AwffveK-wkÿK mwgwZ MVb, D„Ïk¨, Kvh©vewj, A„_©i Drm, evrmwiK Kg©Kv„Ði weeiY BZ¨vw`i GKwU MVbg~jK
KvVv„gv cÖ`vb Kiv n„q„Q| DwjøwLZ n¨vÛKzK Gi w_g (theme) n„jv-‘Unity of home and school, life with love and
care.’ we`¨vjq, mgvR I mgv„Ri gvby„li g„a¨ GKwU cÖwZôvbMZ I AvwZ¥K eÜb …Zwi K„i PTA. weMZ kZel© a„i
wbDwRj¨v„Ûi wkÿv Dbœq„b PTA ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fwgKv cvjb K„i hv„”Q| Zv„`i g„Z, we`¨vjq I AwffveK„`i ƒK›`ªB n„jv
wkÿv_©x| PTA MV„bi g~j D„Ïk¨B we`¨vjq-wkÿv_©x-wkÿK I AwffveK„`i g„a¨ m¤úK© Dbœqb, hv wkÿvq Dbœq„b
fwgKv ivL„e|
New Zealand Gi ƒK‡kjMZ wkÿv cwiKíbvq (Strategic plan) PTA -Gi fwgKv PgrKvifv„e e¨vL¨v Kiv n„q„Q-
 The Role of Board is to Govern the school
 The role of Principal is to manage The School
 The Role of PTA, Parents, Family, and community is to support These by being involved in the
school.

we`¨vj‡q PTA-i m¤¢ve¨ f‚wgKv/Kvh©vewj (Possible Roles of the PTA in School)

we`¨vj„q PTA ƒhmKj fwgKv ivL„Z cv„i Zv n„jv-
 AwffveK„`i mKj ƒÿ„Î AskMÖn„Y DrmvwnZ Kiv
 we`¨vj„qi bxwZMV„b Dc„`óvi gZ mnvqZ Kiv
 we`¨vjq mswkøó Ges AwffveKwfwËK Av„jvPbvq fwgKv ivLv
 we`¨vj„q Avw_©K Dbœq„b KvR Kiv
 mvgvwRK Kvh©µ„g we`¨vjq„K mshy³ Kiv
 we`¨vjq mswkøó„`i AwffveK/hvRK (Pastoral) myjf fwgKvq AeZxY© nIqv
 we`¨vj„q AwffveK„`i gyLcvÎi€„c KvR Kiv|

PTA-i cÖ‡qvRb †Kb (Why have a PTA)

we`¨vj„qi eûgyLx cքqvR„b PTA fwgKv ivL„Z cv„i| evsjv„`„ki Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR†bwZK cwiw¯‹wZ PTA-i gZ
GKwU msMVb LyeB Kvh©Ki n„Z cv„i| KviY we`¨vj„q A„bK mgq A„bK AbvKvw•ÿZ cwiw¯‹wZi D™¢e nq hvi mv„_
AwffveK„`i mswkøóZv _v„K| ƒhgb- we`¨vj„q fwZ©, wbqgwZ ƒeZb cÖ`vb bv Kiv, Am`ycv„qi `v„q kvw¯Í cÖ`vb, evwl©K
cքgvkb, wewfbœ cixÿvq Kg©wdjvf, wewfbœ w`em cvjb BZ¨vw`| Gme ƒÿ„Î PTA LyeB Kvh©Kifv„e BwZevPK fwgKv
ivL„Z cv„i| we`¨vj„q PTA-i fwgKv„K wb¤œi€cfv„e kbv³Kiv hvq| h_v-
 we`¨vj„q AwffveK, wkÿK, wkÿv_©x I m¤úª`v„qi g„a¨ Askx`vwiZ¡„K DrmvwnZ K„i
 wkÿv_©xi mgm¨v I wkÿvi jÿ¨ AR©b eyS„Z mnvqZv K„i
 we`¨vj„q wkÿv_©xi m„e©vËg wkÿv AR©b Ki„Q-G Rb¨ Zv„`i kvixwiK, gvbwmK I ƒe‡w×K mnvqZv cÖ`vb
150
  AwffveK„`i ÔAwffveKÕ nIqvi mnvqZv Kiv hvi Rb¨ cw_ex„Z ƒKvb cÖwkÿY ƒbB
 AwffveK, wkÿK I m¤úª`vqK„K Zv„`i AvMÖn Abyhvqx AvbyôvwbK Av„jvPbvi my„hvM K„i ƒ`qv
 we„k¦i ƒcÖwÿ„Z we`¨vj„q wkÿv wb„q ƒKvb ai„bi Kg©KvÛ Pj„Q ƒm m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vw` AwffveK„`i ÁvZ Kiv
 we`¨vj„qi Znwej ewׄZ mnvqZv Kiv| ƒhgb-GKKvjxb A_©`vb, gvwmK, evwl©K Puv`v cÖ`vb, ƒKvb m¤ú` `vb
Kiv BZ¨vw`|
we`¨vj„q AwffveK- wkÿK mwgwZ MV„bi g~j D„Ïk¨ (Prime goals) n„jv we`¨vjq mswkøó„`i g„a¨ GKwU ƒhvMv„hvM
Rvj (Communication Network) M„o ƒZvjv| AwffveMY ¯‹vbxq Awaevmx nIqvq `ªæZ we`¨vj„q cքqvR„b wb„R„`i
wb„qvwRZ Ki„Z cv„ib| G„ÿ„Î we`¨vjq KZ‚©cÿ„K PTA-ƒK KvR Kivi my„hvM w`„Z n„e|

AwffveK I wkÿv cÖwZôvb (Gardians and School)

we`¨vjq GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| ZvB mvgvwRKfv„e wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~„ni mgm¨v hZ mn„R `~i Kiv m¤¢e
cÖkvmwbKfv„e Zv m¤¢e bq| KviY mgv„Ri g„a¨B wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi Ae¯‹vb| ZvB mgv„Ri ¯úk© wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi ƒ`„n
m`vme©`v ƒj„M _v„K| Aciw`„K cÖkvm„bi nvZ j¤^v n„jI ƒm nv„Zi g~j _v„K wkÿv cÖwZôvb ƒ_„K A„bK `~„i| Avi
ZvB Gi ¯úk© Nwbô nq bv, AvjMv _v„K| d„j mgv„Ri Kv„Q wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi Pvwn`v GKUz ƒewk| G Pvwn`vi myeY© ƒÿÎ
wbweo n„q M„o bv DV„jI AvR ¯ˆzj I wkÿK Ges Ab¨w`„K evwo I AwffveK I `y„qi Ae¯‹vbMZ myweavi Kvi„Y
ci¯ú„ii g„a¨ mn„hvwMZv cքqvRb| GUv mg„qi `vwe| G„`i mn„hvwMZv ïay QvÎ-QvÎxi Rb¨B Kj¨vYKi bq, wkÿv
cÖwZôv„bi cwi„ek I ƒf‡Z AeKvVv„gvMZ Dbœq„bi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K| evwo I ¯ˆz„j …bKU¨, wkÿK I Awffve„Ki
mn„hvwMZv wkÿv_©xi cքqvRb wbY©„q we„kl fwgKv ivL„Z cv„i| ƒhgb-ƒkªwYK„ÿ DbœZ cvV`vb, ¯ˆz„j Dcw¯‹wZ, S„i
covi mgm¨v, wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi `ye©j KvVv„gv BZ¨vw`i mgvavb `ycÿ wg„jB Ki„Z cv„i|
¯ˆz„ji Avw_©K Afve AbUb Kvw•ÿZ Dbœq„bi cÖwZeÜK| wkÿK AwffveK-wg„j G mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv LyeB mnR|
K_vq Av„Q-Ô`„ki jvwV G„Ki ƒevSv|Õ DbœZ ƒ`„k ¯‹vbxq KZ‚©cÿ I ƒK›`ªxq miKv„ii `vwqZ¡ cvj„b ¯‹vbxq KZ‚c
© „ÿi
fwgKvB wmsnfvM| ¯‹vbxq KZ‚c
© „ÿi fwgKv ƒRvi`vi Kivi e¨vcv„i AwffveK„`i m¤ú³ Kivi ƒÿ„Î mKj c_ A„š^lY
Ki„Z n„e| mwVK c_ I cš‹v n„jv wkÿK-AwffveK HKgZ¨ cÖwZôv Ges wg„jwg„k KvR Kiv|
wkÿv_©xi ag©xq g~j¨‡eva RvMi‡Y Awffve‡Ki f‚wgKv
wkÿvi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n„jv wkÿv_©x„`i …bwZK I ag©xq g~j¨„eva RvwM„q ƒZvjv| g~j¨„evanxb wkÿv_©x mgv„Ri `vq-m¤ú`
bq| wkÿvi cvkvcvwk …bwZK g~j¨„eva I ag©xq wkÿv GKw`„K evwo„Z Ges Ab¨w`„K we`¨vj„q PP©v Kiv n„q _v„K|
mnbkxjZv, mngwg©Zv, kª×v I j¾v ƒ`Lv„bvi wkÿv cwievi ƒ_„KB ƒQ„j„g„qiv wk„L _v„K| Aciw`„K ¸iæRb„K
m¤§vb Kiv, mgv„Ri k•Ljv ƒg„b Pjv, civ„_© AvZ¥Z¨v„Mi g„bvfve M„o ƒZvjv Ges mvgvwRK Dbœqbg~jK Kv„Ri cÖwZ
kª×v I kª„gi cÖwZ AvMÖn wkÿv cÖwZôv„b wkÿvi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xMY AR©b K„i _v„K| ag©xq wkÿvi cÖ_g cvV nq
evwo„Z| evev-gv„qi KvQ ƒ_„K wkïiv mwó I mªóvi K_v Rvb„Z cv„i| evev-gv„qi mvwbœ„a¨ wkïiv ag©xq AvPvi
Abyôvb¸„jv cvjb K„i _v„K| Gi€„c M„o I„V mªóvi cÖwZ wek¦vm I wbôv| wkÿv cÖwZôv„b ag©xq cvV wkÿv_©xi cÖv_wgK
wkÿv„K gReyZ K„i Ges wek¦v„mi wfw˄K kw³kvjx K„i ƒZv„j|
myZivs evwo I we`¨vjq, wkÿK I AwffveK wew”Qbœ ƒKv„bv e¨vcvi bq| eis wkÿv_©xi …bwZK I ag©xq wkÿvi e¨vcv„i
G„`i Ae`vb mgvšÍivj| Zv„`i G Ae`v„bi Kvi„Y wkÿv_©xiv wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi wbqgKvbyb ƒg„b Pj„Z wk„L| ƒhLv„b
Gi mydj cքqvM ƒ`Lv hvq ƒmLv„b cÖwZôv„bi cwi„ek nq myk•Lj|

Awffve‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi c×wZ

wkÿv cÖwZôvb I wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ ƒhgb AwffveK„`i `vwqZ¡ i„q„Q, ƒZgwb wkÿK„`i cÖwZI AwffveK„`i `vwqZ¡
i„q„Q| Z„e e¨vcviwU GKZidv wKQy bq, eis cvi¯úwiK| A_©vr wkÿK„`iI AwffveK„`i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ i„q„Q| we„kl
K„i AwffveK„K wkÿv cÖwZôvbgyLx K„i M„o ƒZvjvi e¨vcv„i cÖwZôvb I cÖavb I wkÿK„`i fwgKv wb„Z n„e| G
fwgKv Kxfv„e ƒbIqv hvq ƒmwUB gyL¨ we„eP¨ welq| G e¨vcv„i bvbv w`K ƒ_„K D„`¨vM ƒbIqv ƒh„Z cv„i| ƒhgb―
1) wkÿK-Awffve„Ki gv„S mym¤úK© M„o ƒZvjv| G e¨vcv„i wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖavb I wkÿK„`i mv„_ Awffve„Ki
ƒhvMv„hvM I ƒ`Lv-mvÿvr, ƒgjv„gkv mnR, mij I Aeva nIqv cքqvRb|
151
2) wkÿK I AwffveK ƒdvivg MVb Kiv| G ƒdviv„g cÖvß civgk© I MnxZ D„`¨vMmg~n„K ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ ƒh‡_
cÖqvm MÖnY Kiv|
3) wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi mKj Dbœqb Kg©Kv„Ð AwffveK„`i m¤ú³ K„i Zv„`i mycivgk© g„Zv KvR Kiv|
4) wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖavb I wkÿK„`i `vq`vwqZ¡ mwVKfv„e cvjb K„i AwffveK„`i gv„S wek¦vm„hvM¨Zv mwó Kiv
Ges wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖavb I wkÿK„`i ¯^-¯^ fwgKv h_vh_ cvj„bi gva¨„g Revew`wnZv M„o ƒZvjv|
5) AwffveK„`i civgk© I mn„hvwMZvi g~j¨vqb Kiv Ges Zv„`i `vq`vwqZ¡ cvj„b DrmvwnZ Kiv|
6) ¯‹vbxqfv„e wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi mgm¨v mgvav„bi Rb¨ AwffveK„`i wb„q cÖv_wgK D„`¨vM MÖnY Kiv|
7) wkÿv_©x„`i cv„Vvbœq„bi AMÖMwZi Rb¨ AwffveK wkÿK gZvgZ wewbgq mfv AvnŸvb Kiv|
8) evwl©K wfw˄Z we`¨vj„q ƒLjvayjv, weÁvb ƒgjv, mvwnZ¨ mvs¯ˆ‚wZK cÖwZ„hvwMZvi Av„qvRbc~e©K AwffveK„`i
m¤ú³ Kiv|
9) Abycw¯‹wZ I `ye©j wkÿv_©xi e¨vcv„i AwffveK„`i mv„_ mivmwi I ƒLvjv„gjv Av„jvPbv Kiv|
10) wkÿv_©xi cv„VvbœwZi AMÖMwZi wi„cvU© Kv„W© Awffve„Ki gZvgZ I ¯^vÿi ƒbIqvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
11) cքqvRbxq ƒÿ„Î g¨v„bwRs KwgwU ev Mfwb©s ewW„K m¤ú³ Kiv|
12) we`¨vj„qi cwi„ek„K AvKl©Yxq I g„bvgy»Ki K„i ƒZvjvi Rb¨ ¯ˆz„ji g¨v„bwRs KwgwU ev Mfwb©s ewWi mv„_
AwffveK„`i m¤ú³ Kivi e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
13) wkÿv_©xiv hv„Z wbivc„` wkÿv cÖwZôv„b Avmv hvIqv Ki„Z cv„i ƒm e¨vcv„i mKj Awffve„Ki m`v mZK© `wó
M„o ƒZvjvi D„`¨vM MÖnY Ki„Z n„e| A_©vr AwffveK ïay Zv„`i mšÍv„bi ƒjLvcovi cÖwZ AvMÖnx n„eb ZvB bq
eis cvov-cÖwZ„ekxi mšÍvb„`i ƒjLvcovi cÖwZI hZœevb n„eb Ges eLv„U ƒQ„j„g„q hv„Z ƒKv„bv wkÿv_©x„K
D˨³ bv K„i ƒmw`„K c`„ÿc MÖnY Kiv|
14) we`¨vjq Mn ƒgivgZ, we`¨vj„qi AvwObv cwi”Qbœ ivLv Ges we`¨vj„qi m¤ú` I m¤úwËi iÿYv„eÿ„Yi cÖwZ
AwffveKe„›`i AvMÖnx K„i Zzj„Z n„e|
15) we`¨vjq„K ¯‹vbxq ƒckvRxex gvbyl Ges GjvKvevmxi MVbg~jK mvgvwRK, A_©†bwZK, wkÿv I mvs¯ˆ‚wZK Kv„Ri
Rb¨ kw³kvjx ƒK›`ª wn„m„e M„o ƒZvjvi c`„ÿc wb„Z n„e|
mnRfv‡e Awffve‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb
AwffveK hv„Z cÖwZôv„bi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvj„bi KvR„K `yi€n g„b bv K„ib ƒmw`„K cÖwZôvb cÖavb„K ƒLqvj ivL„Z
n„e| Zv„`i nv„Z Ggb KvR b¨¯Í Kiv hv„e bv hv Zviv ƒev„Sb bv ev Ki„Z cvi„eb bv| Awffve„Ki ƒKv„bv mšÍvb Øviv
we`¨vj„qi wbqg f½ bv nq, ƒjLvcovi Dbœq„b gZvgZ MÖnY Ges we`¨vj„qi Dbœq„b h_vmva¨ Avw_©K I mvgvwRK
mn„hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kivi KvR Zv„`i Ici ƒ`Iqv ƒh„Z cv„i| we„kl K„i Zvi wb„Ri ƒQ„j ev ƒg„q wVKfv„e evwo„Z
ƒjLvcov K„i wKbv Ges we`¨vj„q hv„Z wbqwgZ Dcw¯‹Z _v„K ƒmw`„K AwffveK„K ƒewk ƒewk Rov„bv ƒh„Z cv„i|
ZvQvov c„_Nv„U wkÿv_©xe›` we„kl K„i QvÎxiv hv„Z ƒKv„bv eLv„Ui Drcv„Zi wkKvi bv nq ƒmw`„K jÿ ivLvi Rb¨
Zv„`i `vwqZ¡ ƒ`Iqv ƒh„Z cv„i|
wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b Awffve‡Ki e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡
gvbyl ƒhgb cig wek¦v„m Zvi AwR©Z A_© wbivc` Kivi Rb¨ e¨vs„K wnmv„e ƒi„L ƒ`q ƒZgwb GKRb AwffveK Zvi
mšÍvb„K gvbyl Kivi cÖZ¨„q ¯ˆz„j fwZ© K„i ƒ`q| we`¨vj„qi cv„VvbœwZi Rb¨ mycivgk© ƒ`Iqv Ges mva¨g„Zv we`¨vj„qi
Dbœq„bi Rb¨ Avw_©K mvnvh¨ ƒ`Iqv GKRb myAwffve„Ki `vwqZ¡|wkÿK I QvÎQvÎxe›` hv„Z wbwe©„Nœ hvZvqvZ Ki„Z
cv„i, ƒmRb¨ iv¯ÍvNvU ƒgivgZ I ms¯ˆvi, iv¯Ívi gv„S ƒKv„bv ƒbvsiv AveR©bv bv ivLv, eLv„Ui DrcvZ eÜ Kivi e¨e¯‹v
Kiv, cixÿvi mgq cixÿvi cwi„ek hv„Z ƒKv„bvfv„e wewNœZ bv nq ƒm e¨vcv„i mRvM `wó ivLv, miKvwi ƒh ƒKv„bv
D„`¨vM ƒhgb-ewË, DcewË, Dbœqbg~jK KvR, wbqg-k•Ljv iÿv BZ¨vw` ƒÿ„Î ƒKv„bv Awbqg hv„Z bv N„U ƒmw`„K
mRvM `wó ivLv mKj Awffve„Ki ƒg‡wjK `vwqZ¡|

152
cwi‡ek Dbœqb I AwffveK
evsjvƒ`„k wkÿvi cwi„ek bó n„”Q we„kl K„i ivRbxwZi Abycքe„ki gva¨„g| wkÿK„`i g„a¨ ƒKD ƒKD `jxq
ivRbxwZi Ave„Z© Rwo„q c„o wkÿv I wkÿv cÖkvmb„K KjywlZ K„i Zzj„Qb| QvÎQvÎxivI ivRbxwZi ƒeovRv„j Ave×
n„q wkÿv ƒ_„K `~„i m„i hv„”Q| ZvB wkÿv cÖwZôv„b cvV`vb, wkÿvi cwi„ek Ges cixÿv e¨e¯‹vq bvbviKg Awbqg
ƒ`Lv hvq| Aciw`„K wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖavb Ges wkÿK„`i D`vmxbZvi Kvi„Y wkÿv½b I ƒkªwYK„ÿ a~jvevwj I gqjv
AveR©bv Ges wbqg-k•LjviAfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq hv wkÿv½b„K `wób›`b bv K„i `wóKUz K„i Zzj„Q| d„j wkÿv_©xiv
wkÿv MÖn„Y AvMÖn I Avb›` cv„”Q bv, Avivg„eva Ki„Q bv| G Ae¯‹vi cwieZ©b Avb„Z n„j wkÿK I AwffveKmn
mKj„K GwM„q Avm„Z n„e| ivbRxwZi Abycքek eÜ K„i wkÿvi cwi„ek DbœZ Ki„Z n„e| Avi cÖwZôv„bi
cvwicvwk¦©K cwi„e„ki Dbœqb NwU„q wkÿv cÖwZôvb„K AvKl©Yxq K„i Zzj„Z n„e| wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cwiPvjbv cwil`
AwffveK I wkÿK„`i wb„q Kg©m~wP MÖnY K„i G Ae¯‹vi Aemvb NUv„Z cv„ib|

6.4 GKv‡WwgK cwiKíbv

wkÿvi ƒK›`ª wkÿvjq ev we`¨vjq| we`¨vjq„K wN„iB AvewZ©Z nq wkÿv Kvh©µg| we`¨vj„qi mv„_ RwoZ _v„K wkÿK-
wkÿv_©x, wkÿvµg I we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv KwgwU| we`¨vj„qi Kg©Pvixe›` I cvk¦©eZ©x RbmvaviYI we`¨vj„qi GKwU
Dcv`vb| GQvov we`¨vjq mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv cÖkvmb ms¯‹vmg~nI we`¨vj„qi mv„_ RwoZ _v„K| mwVK I my›`ifv„e
GKwU we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv GKwU `yi€n KvR, Z„e Am¤¢e bq| we`¨vjq cwiPvjbvi mv„_ RwoZ cÖavb wkÿK, we`¨vjq
e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨MY hw` cÖÁvevb nb Zvn„j we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv KvRwU mnR n„q hvq|
mwVKfv„e we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv wbf©i K„i KZK¸„jv cwiKíbv I Dbœqbg~jK Kg©m~wPi Ici| ƒhgb-we`¨vj„qi
GKv„WwgK cwiKíbv, wkÿv`vb cwiKíbv, we`¨vj„qi mgqm~wP, GKv„WwgK I cÖkvmwbK ZË¡veavb, ƒckvMZ Dbœqb,
cixÿv MÖnY I dj cÖKvk, bZzb cÖewZ©Z avivevwnK g~j¨vqbBZ¨vw`i Ici|
we`¨vj„qi gvb A„bKvs„k wbf©i K„i welq wkÿK (Subject teacher)-Gi Ici| we`¨vj„qi A„bK wel„q welqwfwËK
wkÿK ƒbB| GKRb wkÿK„K cÖwZw`b GKvwaK wel„q cvV`vb Ki„Z nq| d„j ƒKv„bv wel„qB GKRb wkÿK m¤ú~Y©
`ÿ n„q I„Vb bv| we`¨vj„q A„bK wel„q ƒKv„bv welqwfwËK wkÿK wb„qvM Kiv nq bv| d„j mvwe©Kfv„e we`¨vj„qi
gvb fv„jv nq bv|
GKv‡WwgK cwiKíbv (Academic Plan)
ƒKv„bv wkÿvg~jK, mvs¯ˆ‚wZK A_ev we„kl ivRKxq Kg©Kv„Ði cÖwZôvb n„jv GKv„Wwg| GKv„Wwgi KvR myôz I
D„Ïk¨vbyMZfv„e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ avivevwnK cÖwµqvi i€c„iLv GKv„WwgK cwiKíbv| ƒKv„bv cÖwZôv„bi mvwe©K
cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq„bi nvwZqvi I c×wZ n„”Q Kg©cwiKíbv| Drcv`b ev e¨e¯‹v cÖwZôv„bi ƒhgb, wkÿv cÖwZôv„bI
ƒZgb GKwU jÿ¨ _v„K Ges ƒmB jÿ¨wfwËK mvwe©K mvaviY cwiKíbv _v„K| GB jÿ¨ AR©„bi Rb¨ Ges cwiKíbv
ev¯Íevq„bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ mg„qi g„a¨ MnxZe¨ I m¤úvw`Ze¨ Kvh©vewji mywPwšÍZ Ges mycwiKwíZ Abym~wP„K
Kg©cwiKíbv ejv hvq| GwU KiYxq Kv„Ri GKwU mgqve× QK (Time bound table) |
An academic master plan is a core component of robust integrated university planning linking visions,
priorities, people, services, resources, and the physical institution in a flexible process of evaluation,
decision making and action.-Wikipedia
GKv‡WwgK cwiKíbvi Dcv`vb
we`¨vj„qi GKv„WwgK cwiKíbvi g~j Dcv`vb 3wU| G¸„jv n„jv―
1. evwl©K Kvh©µ„gi K¨v„jÛvi ev evwl©K Kg© cwiKíbvi QK
2. …`bw›`b K¬vm iæwUb
3. cvV cwiKíbv|
evwl©K Kvh©µ‡gi K¨v‡jÛvi: evwl©K Kg© cwiKíbvi QK †Zwii we„eP¨ welq¸„jv n„jv―QywUi ZvwjKv, wkÿK msL¨v,
ƒkªwYK„ÿi msL¨v,cv„Vi welqe¯Ši cwigvb, K¬v„mi w¯‹wZKvj, Kg©w`e„mi msL¨v, we`¨vj„qi mgqm~wP, we`¨vj„qi wewfbœ
Kg©KvÐ h_v-QvÎ fwZ©, iæwUb …Zwi, cixÿv, mncvVµwgK Kvh©vewj, eB„gjv, weÁvb ƒgjv, µxov I mvs¯ˆ‚wZK Abyôvb,
AwffveK mfv, wkÿK mfv, wkÿK cÖwkÿY, RvZxq w`em D`&hvcb, we„kl ƒKvwPs, ewa©Z K¬vm BZ¨vw`|
153
evwl©K Kg© cwiKíbvi QK (bgybv)
Kv‡Ri aib Kv‡Ri eY©bv KvR KvR †kl cÖ‡qvRbxq `vwqZ¡cÖvß cÖZ¨vwkZ Kg©
ev AvB‡Ug ïiæi nIqvi A‡_©i e¨w³
ZvwiL ZvwiL cwigvY
GKv„WwgK/ iæwUb …Zwi, cixÿvi cÖkœ
cÖYqb, cixÿv MÖnY,
cÖkvmwbK
evwl©K µxov Abyôvb, QvÎ
fwZ©, eB„gjv, weÁvb
ƒgjv, cÖ_g ce© cixÿvi
dj cÖKvk
•`bw›`b K¬vm iæwU‡bi bgybv
kwbevi iweevi †mvgevi g½jevi eyaevi e„n¯úwZevi
w`b NÈv
wkÿK

cÖavb wkÿK we`¨vj„qi GKv„WwgK Ges cÖkvmwbK Dfqwea evwl©K Kg© cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki„eb| GRb¨ wZwb mnKvix
cÖavb wkÿKmn Ab¨vb¨ wkÿK„`i mnvqZv Ki„eb| evwl©K Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq„bi `vwqZ¡ mw¤§wjZ, mK„j
wg„jB G¸„jv m¤úbœ Ki„Z n„e| Z„e G e¨vcv„i ƒbZ‚Z¡ I wb„`©kbv ƒ`„eb we`¨vj„qi cÖavb|
cÖavb wkÿK Afxó jÿ¨ AR©„bi Rb¨ eQi ïiæ nIqvi Av„MB A_©vr c~e©eZ©x eQi ƒkl nIqvi Av„MB KZK¸„jv KwgwU
MVb Ki„eb| KwgwU¸„jvi D„Ïk¨ I `vwqZ¡ mswkøó mKj„K eywS„q w`„eb|
cÖavb wkÿK wbqwgZ KwgwU¸„jvi KvRKg© Z`viwK I wbqš¿Y Ki„eb| wewfbœ KwgwUi Kv„Ri g„a¨ mgš^q mvab
Ki„eb| cքZ¨K KwgwU„K cքqvRbxq mnvqZv ƒ`„eb| m¤¢ve¨ KwgwUi bvg
1. GKv„WwgK KvDwÝj
2. k•Ljv KwgwU
3. iæwUb KwgwU
4. evwl©K Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb KwgwU
5. µxov KwgwU
6. mvs¯ˆ‚wZK KwgwU
7. wgjv` KwgwU/ c~Rv KwgwU
8. A_© KwgwU
9. µq KwgwU
10. fwZ© KwgwU
11. cixÿv KwgwU
12. RvZxq w`em D`&hvcb,
13. ƒnv„÷j KwgwU (m¤¢ve¨ ƒÿÎ)|
154
evwl©K cvV ev wkÿv`vb cwiKíbv (Annual Academic Plan)
cvV¨m~wP Abymi„Y iwPZ cvV¨cy¯Í„Ki welqe¯Ši eQie¨vcx cvV`vb Ges eQ„ii ƒKv„bv gv„m, ƒKv„bv cixÿv AbywôZ n„e
BZ¨vw` m¤^Üxq cwiKíbv„K evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv ejv nq|
ƒKv„bv ƒkªwYi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ ƒKv„bv wel„qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK mviv eQ„i m¤ú~Y©wU cvV`vb K„i wba©vwiZ mg„q cixÿv MÖnY Kiv
m¤¢e n„j, Avkv Kiv hvq ƒh, welqwU H ƒkªwY„Z cvV`v„bi D„Ïk¨ mdj n„q„Q Ges wkÿv_©x cieZ©x ƒkªwY„Z DËxY©
nIqvi ƒhvM¨Zv AR©b K„i„Q| cvV¨m~wP„Z ƒh me welq AšÍf³ y© n„q„Q ƒm¸„jv hw` mviv eQi cwo„q ƒkl bv nq Z„e
wkÿv_©x cieZ©x ƒkªwYi cvV MÖn„Yi ƒhvM¨Zv AR©„b mÿg n„e bv| Gme ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K ƒhgb h_vmg„q ƒkªwY cvV`vb
m¤úbœKiY, nv„Z-Kj„g wkÿv`vb Ges cixÿvi gva¨„g hvPvB Kivi j„ÿ¨B cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kivi `iKvi nq|
wkÿv`vb cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
1. evwl©K cvV cwiKíbvi Afv„e mviv ƒ`„ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj„q GKB cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯ÍK e¨envi nIqv m„Ë¡I
wewfbœ we`¨vj„q cv„Vi AMÖMwZ„Z ZviZg¨ cwijwÿZ nq|
2. Avevi ƒKv„bv ƒKv„bv we`¨vj„q A„bK wel„qi cvV Amgvß ƒ_„K hvq| Aciw`„K AwaKvsk ƒÿ„Î eQ„ii ƒklvs„k
Amgvß cvV Zvovû„ov K„i ƒkl Kivi cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
3. GI ƒ`Lv hvq ƒh, GKB we`¨vj„q ƒKv„bv ƒkªwYi ƒKv„bv wel„qi cvV m¤úbœ K„i GKvwaKevi cov„bv n„q„Q,
Ab¨w`„K ƒKv„bv welq GKeviI ƒkl nqwb|
4. cvV cwiKíbvi Afv„e kn„i I cwjø GjvKvq wkÿv_©xi wkLb AMÖMwZi gvÎvi ZviZg¨ ƒe„oB P„j„Q|
5. cwi`k©K we`¨vjq cwi`k©bKv„j cvV cwiKíbv Abymv„i cVb cvV„bi AMÖMwZ m¤ú„K© aviYv jvf Ki„Z cv„ib Ges
cքqvRbxq civgk© I w`Kwb„`©kbv w`„Z cv„ib|
6. evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv e¨envi Kivi d„j mKj we`¨vj„q cVb-cvVb AMÖMwZ n„”Q Ges cvV Amgvß ivLvi cÖeYZv n«vm cv„”Q|

evwl©K wkÿv`vb cwiKíbv cÖYqb c×wZ

1| cÖ_„g el©cwÄ, QywUi ZvwjKv I K¬vm iæwUb ƒ`„L mviv eQ„i ƒKv„bv wel„q cvV`v„bi Rb¨ KZwU Kvh©w`em cvIqv
hv„e Zv wnmve K„i ƒei Ki„Z n„e| eQ„i 52 mßv„n 52wU ïµevi I 85 w`b bvbv DcjÿwfwËK QywU| Zvn„j
mvßvwnK I DcjÿwfwËK QywU ev` w`„q _v„K {365-(52+85)}= 228 w`b| G ƒ_„K Rvbyqvwi gv„m wkÿv mßvn,
eb„fvRb, evwl©K µxovbyôvb I Ab¨vb¨ Abyôvbvw` eve` 12 w`b Ges wW„m¤^i gv„mi `yB mßv„n ƒkªwY ewnf©Z
Kvh©vewj nv„Zi KvR, weZK©, Awfbq, AvewZ, we`¨vjqwfwËK cwi®ˆvi-cwi”QbœZv BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ 12 w`b eivÏ ivLv
n„q„Q| myZivs mviv eQ„i 228- (12+12) = 204wU Kvh©w`em cvIqv hv„”Q|
AZGe ƒh wel„q iæwU„b cÖwZw`b GKwU K„i wcwiqW Av„Q ƒm wel„qi Rb¨ mviv eQ„i 204wU Kvh©w`em cvIqv
hv„e| Abyi€cfv„e ƒh me wel„q mßv„n 3wU I 2wU wcwiqW Av„Q G¸„jvi Kvh©w`em n„e h_vµ„g 204-Gi A„a©K
(204/2) = 102 Ges (204/3) = 68 w`b| Gfv„e cքZ¨K wel„qi Rb¨ Kvh©w`em wn„me Ki„Z n„e|
2| cÖwYavb„hvM¨ ƒh ƒKejgvÎ cvV`v„bi Rb¨ Ges wKQyw`b cvV ch©v„jvPbvi Rb¨ me¸„jv Kvh©w`em e¨envi Kiv hv„e
bv| Gme w`em ƒ_„K cքqvRbxq msL¨K w`b cixÿvi Rb¨ wba©viY Ki„Z n„e| eQ„i cixÿvi Rb¨ ƒgvU 12 + 12
+ 12 = 36 w`b| 2017 wLª. Rb¨ gvDwk wba©viY K„i w`„q„Q A_©vr cÖ_g mvgwqK cixÿvi Rb¨ 12 w`b, wØZxq
mvgwqK cixÿvi Rb¨ 12 I cÖvK wbe©vPwb cixÿvi Rb¨ 12 w`b Ges evwl©K cixÿv I wbe©vPwb cixÿvi Rb¨ 12
w`b| myZivs cixÿvi w`b¸„jv ev` w`„q ƒgvU ƒkªwY cvV`v„bi Rb¨ Kvh©w`em n„jv (204-36) = 168 w`b| wKšŠ
Rvbyqvwi gv„mi 12 w`b Ges wW„m¤^„ii ƒkl 12 w`b ƒkªwY cvV`vb ewnf©Z Kvh©vw`i Rb¨ eivÏ ivLv n„q„Q| G Qvov
3wU cixÿvi Rb¨ gvDwk KZ‚K© wba©vwiZ 36 w`b we`¨vj„qi Kvh©w`e„mi AvIZvfy³ i„q„Q|
3| GLb mviv eQiwU„K 3wU cixÿvi Rb¨ 3 fv„M fvM Ki„Z n„e| 1 Rvbyqvwi ƒ_„K 30 GwcÖj ch©šÍ cÖ_g mvgwqK
cixÿvi Rb¨, 1 ƒg ƒ_„K 14 AvM÷ ch©šÍ wØZxq mvgwqK cixÿvi Rb¨ Ges 15 AvM÷ ƒ_„K 15 wW„m¤^i ch©šÍ
evwl©K cixÿvi Rb¨ gvDwk-Gi 2017 mv„ji cwic„Î wba©viY K„i w`„q„Q| 2017 mv„ji Rvbyqvwi ƒ_„K wW„m¤^i
ch©šÍ evwl©K I DcjÿwfwËK QywU ev„` Kvh©w`em wnmve K„i ƒ`Lvb n„jv|

155
 cÖ_g mvgwqK wØZxq mvgwqK Z…Zxq mvgwqK
1-1-2017 ƒ_„K 1-5-2017 ƒ_„K 15-8-2017 ƒ_„K
30-4-2017 ch©šÍ 14-8-2017 ch©šÍ 31-12-2017 ch©šÍ
AvMó-13 w`b
Rvbyqvwi-17 w`b ƒg-18 w`b
ƒm„Þ¤^i-25 w`b
ƒdeªæqvwi-24 w`b Ryb-07 w`b
A„±vei-16 w`b
gvP©-23 w`b RyjvB-27 w`b
b„f¤^i-11 w`b
GwcÖj-23 w`b AvMó-12 w`b
wW„m¤^i-13 w`b
ƒgvU-87 w`b ƒgvU-64 w`b ƒgvU-77 w`b
c~„e©B D„jøL Kiv n„q„Q ƒh, Rvbyqvwi gv„mi 12 w`b cvV`vb ewnf©Z Kvh©vw` m¤úv`„bi Rb¨| wW„m¤^„ii ƒkl 12 w`b
Ab¨vb¨ Kv„Ri Rb¨ eivÏ ivLv n„q„Q|
4| Gevi wbgœewY©Z QK Abyhvqx wewfbœ wel„qi evwl©K wkÿv`vb cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki„Z n„e|

cÖ_gZ, wkÿKe›` wgwjZfv„e Dc„ii K I L Aby„”Q„` ewY©Z wnmve Abymv„i eQ„ii ƒgvU Kvh©w`em wZbwU mvgwqKxi
mgq, ch©v„jvPbv Ges cixÿvi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ mgq wVK Ki„eb|
wØZxqZ, cքZ¨K wkÿK K¬v„m iæwUb AbymiY K„i ¯^-¯^ wel„qi cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki„eb Ges mw¤§wjZ mfvq e„m
Av„jvPbvi gva¨„g P~ovšÍ Ki„eb|
Z…ZxqZ, Q„Ki ƒkl `yB Kjvg cvV ƒkl K„i wkÿK c~iY Ki„eb|
evwl©K wkÿv`vb cwiKíbvi GKwU bgybv GLv„b ƒ`Iqv n„jv-
evwl©K wkÿv`vb cwiKíbv-2017
lô ƒkªwY, welq: evsjv (Pvi€cvV)
mvgwqK cixÿv I wcwiqW cvV mgvwßi
welqe¯‘/cvV gšÍe¨
Kvh© w`em msL¨v ZvwiL
wkÿv mßvn, eb„fvRb, evwl©K µxov 12 w`b
I Ab¨vb¨ Abyôvbvw`i Rb¨
M`¨
Avgv„`i wcÖq evsjv„`k 5Ó
mZZvi cyi¯ˆvi 3Ó
cÖ_g mvgwqK cixÿv i„³„jLv gyw³hy× 5Ó
1-1-2017 ƒ_„K bZzb `v 6Ó
30-4-2017 ch©šÍ gv`vi ƒZ„imv 5Ó
mvMi R„ji bvbv cÖvYx 7Ó
Rvbyqvwi ........... 17 w`b bxjb` Avi wcivwg„Wi ƒ`k 7Ó
„deªqvwi .......... 24 w`b KweZv
gvP© ............... 23 w`b R„b¥wQ GB ƒ`„k 3Ó
GwcÖj ..............23 w`b cwiPq 3Ó
ƒgvU = 87 w`b I„`i Rb¨ ggZv 3Ó
evsjv fvlv 3Ó
myL 3Ó
ch©„jvPbv 12 Ó
cixÿv 12 Ó
ƒgvU 87 w`b

156
 M`¨
GK m~„Î 10 w`b
Rvbv ARvbvi my›`ieb 5Ó
wØZxq mvgwqK cixÿv gnvKwe AvjvDj 10 Ó
ƒg ................ 18 w`b cvwL„`i wb„q 6Ó
KweZv
Ryb ................07 w`b mKvj 3Ó
RyjvB ..............27 w`b wcÖq ¯^vaxbZv 4Ó
AvMó .............12 w`b wVKvbv 3 Ó
ƒgvU = 64 w`b …gÎx 3Ó
ch©v„jvPbv 8Ó
cixÿv 12 Ó
ƒgvU 64 w`b
M`¨
cv„qi wb„P Gfv„i÷ 7 w`b
gnvb weÁvbx RM`xk 11 Ó
Z…Zxq mvgwqK (evwl©K) Rxe„bi Rb¨ 5Ó
cixÿv Mv„eªv„fv evmxi imiwmKZv 6Ó
AvM÷ .............13 w`b B„jKUªwbKm Gi hv`yi ƒQuvqvq 8Ó
ƒm„Þ¤^i...........25 w`b KweZv
A„±vei ...........16 w`b ƒbvjK 3Ó
b„f¤^i ............11 w`b Rxe„bi wnmve 4Ó
wW„m¤^i ...........13 w`b gvbyl RvwZ 4Ó
ƒgvU = 77 w`b ƒn wK„kvi ƒkv„bv 4Ó
ch©v„jvPbv 13 Ó
cixÿv 12 Ó
ƒgvU 77 w`b
we‡kl `ªóe¨: mswkøó M`¨ wKsev KweZv cvV`v„bi g„a¨ kãv_©, cvV cwiwPZ, ƒjLK cwiwPwZ I Abykxjb AšÍf³
y© K„i
cvV`v„bi wcwiqW msL¨v wba©viY Kiv n„q„Q|
evwl©K wkÿv`vb cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb †K․kj
1. Gi€c evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb I e¨env„ii Rb¨ gnvcwiPvj„Ki Awa`ßi ƒ_„K GKwU wbe©vnx Av„`k AvÂwjK
Dc-cwiPvj„Ki gva¨„g ƒ`„ki mKj miKvwi I ƒemiKvwi wbgœ gva¨wgK, gva¨wgK Ges D”P gva¨wgK K„jR msjMœ
wbgœ gva¨wgK I gva¨wgK we`¨vj„qi Rb¨ Rvwi Ki„Z n„e|
2. Gi€c evwl©K cvV cwiKíbvi cyw¯ÍKv/bgybv cÖwZ eQi mieivn Kiv m¤¢e n„e bv| myZivs cieZ©x eQi¸„jvi
cwiewZ©Z QywUi ZvwjKv (mvßvwnK I DcjÿwfwËK) Ges cvV¨cy¯Í„Ki/cvV¨m~wPi cwieZ©„bi wbix„L evwl©K cvV
cwiKíbvi ms„kvab K„i e¨envi Ki„Z n„e|
3. G cwiKíbvq Rvbyqvwi gv„mi 12 w`b Ges wW„m¤^i gv„mi ƒkl 12 w`b we`¨vjq ewnf©Z Kvh©w`e„mi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ|
G Rb¨ ¯^ ¯^ we`¨vj„q cÖvß ev¯Íe myweavw`i wfw˄Z cÖavb wkÿ„Ki ƒbZ‚„Z¡ wkÿKgÐjx wewfbœ cÖKvi Kvh©vewj kbv³
K„i Av„jvPbvi gva¨„g P~ovšÍ I ev¯Íevqb Ki„eb|
4. gva¨wgK we`¨vjq cwi`k©bKv„j cwi`k©K Kg©KZ©vMY evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv Abymi„Y cvV`vb Kiv n„”Q wKbv Ges
ev¯Í„e cv„Vi AMÖMwZ ƒkªwYK„ÿi cvV`vb ch©„eÿY K„i hvPvB Ki„eb Ges cքqvRbxq civgk© `v„bi e¨e¯‹v
ƒb„eb|
5. evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv m¤ú„K© cÖKífy³ mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj„qi cÖavb wkÿK, cÖKí Kg©KZ©v, wcwUG mfvcwZ I
ƒRjv wkÿv Awdmvie›` mw¤§wjZ mfvq AvnŸvb K„i ¯^-¯^ `vwqZ¡ KZ©e¨ m¤ú„K© AewnZKi„Y Ges ƒm¸„jv
ev¯Íevq„b h_vh_ fwgKv cvj„b DØy× Ki„eb|
6. cÖK„íi AvIZvfy³ we`¨vjqmg~„ni mvwe©K g~j¨vq„b evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv AbymiY Ges Z`bymv„i wkL„bi
AMÖMwZ„K GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb wePvh© welq wn„m„e MY¨ Ki„Z n„e|
7. GQvov cÖKí KZ‚K © KiYxq Kvh©vw`i mv„_ evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb mnvqK c`„ÿc¸„jv GKB gvb`„Ûi
wbwi„L MY¨ Ki„Z n„e|

157
 cÖkœgvjv
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv ej„Z Kx ƒevSvq ?
2. we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv MVb D„jøL Kiæb|
3. we`¨vj„qi aiY Abymv„i KZ ai„Yi e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwU MwVZ n„Z cv„i ? D„jøL Kiæb|
4. †bwgwËK QywU I Aa¨qb QywU Kx?
5. we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwUi `yBwU cÖkvmwbK I `yBwU Avw_©K `vwqZ¡ D„jøL Kiæb|
6. we`¨vj„q wkÿvi gv„bvbœ„q wkÿK-Awffve„Ki fwgKv eY©bv Kiæb |
7. Õwe`¨vjq GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbÕ we„kølY Kiæb|
8. GKv„WwgK cwiKíbv Kx?
9. GKv„WwgK cwiKíbvq we„eP¨ welq Kx Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. we`¨vjq e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwUi MVb, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. QywU Kx ? ÔQywU Kx AwaKviÕ- D˄ii mc„ÿ hyw³ w`b|
3. wewfbœ cÖKvi QywU wewa Av„jvPbv Kiæb|
4. we`¨vjq cwiPjbvq GKRb cÖavb wkÿ„Ki f~wgKv eY©bv Kiæb|
5. we`¨vjq cwiPjbvq wkÿK-AwffveK mwgwZi cքqvRbxqZv I Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6. Avcbvi we`¨vj„qi 2018 wkÿve„l©i evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv …Zwi Kiæb|

158
 BDwbU 7 : evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK wkÿvq P¨v‡jÄmg~n
evsjv„`„ki wkÿv„ÿ„Îi me„P„q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯Íi gva¨wgK wkÿvq eûwea P¨v„jÄ i„q„Q| ƒ`„ki RbmsLvi GKwU eo
Ask GB eqtKvVv„gvi g„a¨ i„q„Q| GQvovI i„q„Q we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x,c_wkï I ÿy`ª b„Mvôx-G„`i
mwVKfv„e cwiPvjbv Ki„Z bv cvi„j fwel¨„Z A„bK mgm¨vi mwó n„Z cv„i| wkÿv cÖwZôv„b S„o cov I ¸YMZ
wkÿv AR©b GKwU eo P¨v„jÄ| G Aa¨v„q wkÿv_x©„`i eûwea P¨v„jăK mvg„b ƒi„L KiYxq cÖYq„b welqe¯Š„K 4wU
cv„V wef³ K„i Av„jvPbv Kiv n„q„Q| G¸„jv n„jv-

7.1 ƒRÛvi b¨vhZv I mgZv ƒUKmBKiY Ges MÖvgxb I kniv„ji `wi`ª Rb„Mvwô
7.2 we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x
7.3 c_wkï I ÿy`ª b„Mvôx
7.4 S„o cov I ¸YMZwkÿv

7.1 †RÛvi b¨vhZv I mgZv †UKmBKiY Ges MÖvgxb I kniv‡ji `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwô
wkÿv„ÿ„Î G„KK mgq wKQy kã Ges kãMZ A_© we„kl Av„jvob ƒZv„jԃRÛviÕ kãwU ƒZgwb eZ©gv„b GKwU
Av„jvwPZ I Av„jvwoZ kã| ԃRÛviÕ kãwU ƒ`„ki wkwÿZ gn„j eûj cwiwPZ| evsjv I Bs„iwR e¨vKi„Y ԃRÛvi ev
wj½Õ wel„q welqMZ Ávb AR©b Ki„Z n„q„Q| wKšŠ eZ©gv„b G kãwU Av„jvPbvq Avmvi KviY n„jv Gi A_©MZ
wfbœZv| ƒRÛvi (Gender) A_© wj½ bv n„q GwU Øviv ÔmvgvwRKfv„e bvix I cyiæ„li mó fwgKv ev `vwqZ¡Õ„K ƒevSvq|
Avi wj½ ƒevSv„Z 'Sex' kãwU e¨eüZ nq| 'Sex'kãwU D”Pvi„Y GLbI Avgiv GK ai„bi j¾v Abyfe Kwi| 1970
wLª.Ann Oakley ԃRÛviÕ kãwU cÖ_g wfbœv„_© e¨envi K„ib| PROMOTE-cÖK„íi Kj¨v„Y wUPvm© ƒUªwbs
K„jR¸„jv„Z ԃRÛviÕ kãwU `ªæZ RbwcÖqZv jvf K„i| PROMOTE ƒRÛvi MÖæc, ƒRÛvi m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ DcKiY
mieivn K„i| G e¨vcv„i wkÿK I wkÿv_©x„`i m„PZb K„i|

†RÛvi Kx
Awfav„b ԃRÛviÕ kãwU ƒKv„bv we„kl¨ ev we„kl¨evPK k„ãi wj½ ev wj½nxbZv wPwýZ Ki„Z e¨eüZ nq| mvaviYZ
e¨vKi„YI ƒRÛvi kãwU e¨eüZ nq wj½wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ ƒhgb―cyswj½, ¯¿xwj½, wK¬ewj½ BZ¨vw`| wKšŠ mgvRweÁv„b
ƒRÛvi k„ãi wfbœ e¨envi cwijwÿZ nq| mgv„R bvix I cyiæ„li ga¨Kvi we`¨gvb cv_©K¨„K wPwýZ Ki„Z
mgvRweÁvbxiv ƒRÛvi kãwU„K e¨envi K„ib| Avi ZvB ƒRÛvi Ges wj½„K AvcvZ`wó„Z mgv_©K g„b n„jI Gi
e¨envwiK cv_©K¨ A„bK| ƒm Kvi„Y ƒRÛvi I wj½ G cÖZ¨q `ywUi e¨vL¨v cwi®ˆvifv„e Rvbv `iKvi|
wj½ ev ƒm· n„”Q cÖvK‚wZK ev …RweK Kvi„Y mó bvix-cyiæ„li …ewkó¨m~PK wfbœZv ev kvixwiK …ewk„ó¨i wfw˄Z bvix I
cyiæ„li ¯^vZš¿¨Zv; wKsev kvixiewËqfv„e wba©vwiZ bvix-cyiæ„li …ewkó¨hv Rb¥MZ Ges AcwieZ©bxq| Avi ƒRÛvi
n„”Q mvgvwRKfv„e M„o IVv bvix-cyiæ„li cwiPq; mvgvwRKfv„e wba©vwiZ bvix-cyiæ„li ga¨Kvi m¤úK©, mgvR KZ©K
wba©vwiZ bvix-cyiæ„li fwgKvhv cwieZ©bxq Ges mgvR-ms¯ˆ‚wZ ƒf„`/wewfbœ n„q _v„K|
ԃg„qÕ ev ÔbvixÕ G kã D”Pvi„Yi m„½ m„½ GKwU wbw`©ó wj½„K ƒevSv hvq| wKšŠ hLb ԃg„qwjÕ kãwU e¨envi Kiv nq
ev ejv nq ZLb Zv ƒRÛvi„K wb„`©k K„ihv GKRb bvixi wj½xq …ewkó¨„K Qvwc„q Av„iv A„bK wKQy cÖKvk K„i hv
wKbv mvgvwRKfv„e mó| wKšŠ ƒRÛvi ƒm·/wj½ Gi cwiYwZ bq| ƒKbbv bvixi kvixwiK …ewkó¨ KLbI Zvi mvivRxeb
MnK„g© Ave× _vKvi KviY n„Z cv„i bv, wKsev Zv Zvi evB„ii Kv„R AskMÖn„Yi Rb¨ ƒKv„bv evavI bq| GKBfv„e
cyiæ„li kvixwiK …ewkó¨ Zvi MnKg© m¤úv`„b ƒKv„bv evav bq| G evav ev wewai mwó mgv„R hv wKbv bvix I cyiæ„li
Kg©„ÿÎ, wePiY„ÿÎ, AvPiY, `vq-`vwqZ¡ BZ¨vw`„K mywbw`©ófv„e Avjv`v K„i ƒi„L„Q Avi GUvB n„”Q ƒRÛvi| ƒRÛvi
ZvB bvix-cyiæ„li ga¨Kvi mgvR mó m¤úK© Ges wj½ n„”Q bvix I cyiæ„li Rb¥MZ ev …RweK …ewkó¨|

159
†RÛvi mvg¨Zv/b¨vqcivqYZv (Gender Equity)
ƒRÛvi mvg¨Zv ev b¨vqcivqYZvi A_© n„jv bvix-cyi„y li Pvwn`v Abyhvqx AwaKvi, my„hvM-myweav I `vwqZ¡MZ w`K ƒ_„K
mgZzj¨ my„hvM hv bvix I cyiy„li GKB ai„Yi Kv„R HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK mó Amyweavmg~n `~i K„i cwic~Y©g~jK ¯^”Q
e¨e¯‹v wbwðZ K„i|
Ab¨fv„e ejv hvq, ƒRÛvi mvg¨Zv ev b¨vqcivqYZv bvix-cyiy„li Pvwn`v„K c_K c_K fv„e we„ePbvq ƒi„L Ggb GKwU
Ae¯‹v …Zwi K„i ƒhLv„b bvix-cyiyl mgfv„e AskMÖnY Ki„Z cv„i Ges mvgvwRK I A_©†bwZK m¤ú„` mKj AwaKvi jv„f
mÿg nq|
Gender equity denotes the equivalance in life outcomes for women and men recognizing their different
needs and interests, and requiring a redistribution of power and resources, the gaol of gender equity,
sometimes called substantive equality, moves beyond equality of oppotunity, by requiring
transformative change. It recognizes that women and men have different needs, preference, and interests
and that equality of out comes may necessitate different treatment of men and women. [DAC, 1998]
ƒRÛvi mvg¨ n„”Q bvix-cyiyl„K b¨v„qi `wó„Z ƒ`Lvi GKwU cÖwµqv| mgv„Ri myweavewÂZ gvby„li fvM¨ cwieZ©„bi j„ÿ
Dbœq„bi myd„ji b¨vh¨ kwiKvbv Ges ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vbB n„”Q ƒRÛvi mvg¨| Gi A_© n„”Q hv„`i Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq Kg
Av„Q, Zv„`i„K cքqvRb Abymv„i m¤ú„`i fvM ƒ`Iqv Ges cքqvR„b we„kl c`„ÿc MÖn„Yi gva¨„g bvixi mvgwRK I
HwZnvwmK eÂbvi ÿwZc~iY Kiv| Gme eÂbv Ges Amg e¨e¯‹vi cÖfv„e bvix I cyiyl mgv„R mgfv„e f~wgKv cvj„b evavMÖ¯‹
n„”Q| g„b ivL„Z n„e ƒh, ƒRÛvi mvg¨ n„”Q ƒRÛvi mgZv AR©„bi GKwU mnvqK cÖwµqv ev c×wZ|
evsjv„`„k miKvwi I ƒemiKvwi Lv„Z bxwZwbav©iYx chv©„q bvixi AskMÖnY bMY¨| miKvwi ƒm±„i bvixi msL¨v ew×i j„ÿ¨
evsjv„`k miKvi bvixi Rb¨ msiwÿZ c` mwó K„i ƒKvUv c×wZi cÖeZ©b K„i„Q| ƒRÛvi mvg¨ cÖwZôvi GB D„`¨vM
miKvwi Lv„Z wm×všÍ cÖwµqvq bvixi Ask ƒbIqvi my„hvM mwó K„i„Q| GUv evsjv„`k miKvi MnxZ GwU we„kl e¨e¯‹v|
wm×všÍ MÖnY ch©v„q bvixMY ƒh HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZvi m¤§yLxb nb, ƒm¸„jvi `~i Ki„Z evsjv„`k miKvi GB
we„kl c`„ÿc MÖnY K„i„Q| ƒgv`©vK_v, ƒRÛvi mvg¨Zvi `wó„Z Dbœq„bi mKj„ÿ„Î bvix-cyiy„li b¨vq m½Z mgAwaKvi
_vK„e| ivóªxq bxwZ wbav©iY ƒ_„K ïiy K„i me©Î cyiy„li I bvixi AwaKv„ii mvg¨Zv wbwðZ Ki„Z n„e| Z„e Gme ƒÿ„Î
ev¯ÍeZv I AvMÖn„K cÖvavb¨ ƒ`qv ƒh„Z cv„i|
g„b ivL„Z n„e ƒRÛvi mvg¨ n„”Q ƒRÛvi mgZv AR©„bi GKwU cÖwµqv| ƒRÛvi mvg¨ A_© bvix I cyiy„li Pvwn`v Abyhvqx
AwaKvi, my„hvM-myweav I `vwqZ¡MZ w`K ƒ_„K mgZzj¨ my„hvM ev bvix cyiy„li GKB ai„Yi Kv„R HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK
fv„e …Zwi Amyweavmg~n `~i K„i cwic~iKg~jK ¯^”Q e¨e¯‹v wbwðZ Kiv| GKwU D`vni„Yi gva¨„g e¨vcviUv ¯úó Kiv-
evsjv„`„k PvKwi cvIqvi ƒÿ„Î bvix-cyiy„li mgvb AwaKvi i„q„Q| wKQz ev¯Íe ƒÿ„Î PvKzixcÖvwßi ƒÿ„Î bvixiv cyiy„li
Zzjbvq A„bK wcwQ„q Av„Q, miKvi ZvB PvKzixi wewfbœ ƒÿ„Î gwnjv„`i Rb¨ ƒKvUv msiÿY K„i„Q ƒhb GKmgq
PvKzix„Z cyiyl-bvixi AbycvZ mgvb nq| miKv„ii GB e¨e¯‹vi d„j miKvwi PvKzix„Z ƒg„qiv A„bK GwM„q„Q|
Development Assistance Committee (DAC), 1998 Zvu„`i Evaluation of the Thinking and Approaches
on Equality Issues’wi„cv„U© ƒRÛvi mvg¨Zvi jÿ¨ m¤ú„K© e„jb-Gender equity goals are seen as being more
political than gender equality goals, and are hence are generally less accepted in mainstream
development agencies.
†RÛvi mgZv/mgAwaKvi (Gender Equality)
ƒRÛvi mvg¨/mg-AwaKvi cwic~Y© gvbevwaKvi wbwðZKi„Y mvgvwRK, A_©†bwZK, ivR†bwZK I mvs¯ˆ‚wZK Dbœq„b Ae`vb
ivL„Z Ges Gi myweav„fvM bvix-cyiy„li mg Ae¯‹vb wbwðZ K„i| A_©vr GwU mgv„R bvix-cyiy„li mv`k¨-…emv`k¨ I
Zv„`i m¤úvw`Z f~wgKvi mg-g~j¨vqb K„i| GwU Zv„`i cwiev„i Ges mgv„R mg-Askx`vwi„Z¡i Dci wbf©ikxj| g~jZ
ƒRÛvi mgAwaKvi ïiy nq ƒQ„j-ƒg„qi mgg~j¨vq„bi gva¨„g|ƒRÛvi mvg¨ n„”Q mgv„R bvix cyiy„li Ggb GKwU mg
Ae¯‹vb hv wKbv Zv„`i„K mvgvwRK, A_©†bwZK, ivR†bwZK Dbœq„b Ges cwic~Y© gvbevwaKvi wbwðZKi„Y Ges Zvi dj
ƒfv„M mnvqZv K„i| A_©vr GwU mgv„R bvix-cyiy„li, bvix-cyiy„li mv`k¨-…emv`k¨ I Zv„`i m¤úvw`Z f~wgKvi mg-
g~j¨vqb K„i| GwU Zv„`i cwievi Ges mgv„R mg-Askx`vwi„Z¡i Dci wbf©ikxj| g~jZ ƒRÛvi mg-AwaKvi ïiy nq
ƒQ„j-ƒg„qi mg-AwaKvi g~j¨vq„bi gva¨„g|

160
Gender equality denotes women having the same opportunities in life as men, including the ability to
participate in the public sphere. This expresses a liberal feminist idea that removing discrimination in
opportunities for women allows them to achieve equal status to men. In effect progress in women’s
status is measured against male norm. Equal opportunities policies and legeslation tackle the problem
through measures to increase women’s participation in public life. [DAC, 1998]
ƒRÛvi mgZv bvix-cyiy„li gv„S mgZvi bxwZ„Z G aviYvi D„`ªK K„i„Q ƒh, mgv„R cÖPwjZ Awbqg wWw½„q ¯^vaxbfv„e
e¨w³MZ ƒhvM¨Zvi Dbœqb I ƒ¯^”Qvq Zv„`i cQ„›`i welq wbe©vPb Ki„Z cvi„e| ƒRÛvi mgZv nj bvix-cyiy„li wfbœ wfbœ
Avkv- AvKv•ÿv, PvIqv-cvIqv I Pvwn`v¸„jv GKB iKgfv„e we„ewPZ I g~j¨vwqZ n„e| Gi gv„b GB bq ƒh Zviv GKB
ƒmªv„Z wg„k hv„e| cքZ¨„Ki wbR¯^Zv eRvq ƒi„L cvkvcvwk Ae¯‹vb K„i ci¯úi„K kª×vkxjfv„e mnvqZv
Ki„e|ƒRÛvi mvg¨Zv (Gender equity)I ƒRÛvi mgZv (Gender Equality) GK K_v bq| mvg¨Zv ev BKz¨wU ƒ_„K
Avgiv mgZvq (Equality)Avm„Z cvwi| Gi mv„_ RwoZ cÖvmw½KZv I ev¯ÍeZv| GKRb cyiyl I GKRb gwnjv
ƒnv„U„j `ycy„i ƒL„Z em„j mvaviYZ ƒ`Lv hvq cyiyl gvbylwU ƒewk Lv„”Q| GLv„b mvg¨Zvi bxwZ gvb„jI mgZv Avbv
m¤¢e bq| KviY …RweKfv„e Zv„`i ƒh wfbœZv Zv AbwZµg¨| Ab¨w`„K, GKB mg„q GKRb cyiyl I GKRb gwnjv hw`
GKB KvR K„i Zvn„j Zv„`i wfbœ wfbœ gRyix ƒ`qv hv„e bv, w`„j Zv mvg¨Zvi ei„Ljvc n„e|

†RÛvi mgZv I mvg¨Zvi cv_©K¨

ƒRÛvi mgZv n„jv my„hv„Mi mgZv| A_©vr bvix-cyiyl ev ƒg„q-ƒQ„j my„hvM cÖvwßi ƒÿ„Î ƒhb ƒKvb …elg¨i mwó bv nq|
AvBbMZ w`K ƒ_„K- Gender equality is reffered to as formal equality.
Gender equality denotes women having the same opportunities in life as men, including the ability to
partipate in the public sphere. Gender equity denots the equivalence in life outcomes for women and
men, recognizing their different needs and interests, and requiring a redistribution of power and
resources.
ƒRÛvi mgZv n„jv Dbœqb cÖwKªqvi gvbyl wn„m„e cwic~Y© m¤¢vebv AR©b I weKvk NUv„Z bvix-cyiyl„K GKB my„hvM
mgvbfv„e ƒ`Iqv| mnR K_vq, ƒRÛvi mgZvi A_© n„”Q-bvix I cyiy„li g„a¨ mgvb my„hv„Mi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv| GB
aviYvi gva¨„g ejv nq ƒh, bvix I cyiy„li i„q„Q GKB-
AwaKvi(Rights): mvgvwRK, A_©†bwZK, ivR†bwZK I AvBb msµvšÍ AwaKvi AR©b| D`vniY wn„m„e ejv hvq, Rwgi
gvwjKvbv, m¤úwË e¨e¯‹vcbv, e¨emv cwiPvjbv wKsev Pjv„divi mgvb my„hvM|
m¤ú` (Resources): wkÿv, f~wg, Z_¨ I Avw_©K m¤ú`mn Drcv`bg~jK m¤ú`¸„jvi Ici KZ‚©Z¡ AR©b|
Kɯ^i (Voice): cwievi, mgvR I RvZxq chv©„q m¤ú` wewb„qvM I eivÏ msµv¯Í wewfbœ wm×všÍ„K cÖfvweZ Kiv wKsev
gZvgZ cÖKvk Kivi AwaKvi AR©b| evsjv„`k msweav„bi 28 b¤^i Aby„”Q„` ejv n„q„Q-҃Kej ag©, ƒMvôx, eY©,
bvix-cyiyl„f` ev Rb¥¯‹v„bi Kvi„Y ƒKv„bv bvMwi„Ki cªwZ ivóª …elg¨ cÖ`k©b Kwi„eb bv|Ó G QvovI ƒ`„ki ƒg‡wjK
AvBb e„j„Q-Òivóªxq I RbRxe„bi me©¯Í„i bvix I cyiy„li mgAwaKvi _vK„e|Ó G K_v ev¯Íevq„b wewfbœ ƒK‡kjMZ
c`„ÿc ƒbIqv n„q„Q|
†RÛvi mgZv †_‡K †hme myweav cvIqv hvq
1. GKRb bvix„K wkwÿZ K„i ƒZvjvi gva¨„g GKwU RvwZ„K wkwÿZ K„i ƒZvjv hvq| GKRb wkwÿZ
bvixcwiev„i mywPwšÍZ wm×všÍ MÖn„Yi gva¨„g mgvR„K mg× K„i ƒZv„jb|
2. GKRb wkwÿZ ƒg„q wkïi gva¨„g GKwU wkwÿZ cwievi MwVZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v„K| ¯ˆz„j Aa¨qbiZ ƒg„q
wkïi weevwnZ Rxeb ƒ`wi K„i ïiy Kivi d„j ƒm Kg mšÍv„bi gv nq Ges cwiYwZ„Z gv„qi ¯^v¯‹¨ mgm¨vi
AvksKv K„g hvq| Gi d„j gv I wkïi Rxe„bi gvb DbœZ nq|
3. bvix„`i wkÿvjv„fi ƒÿ„Î cyiy„li mgvb my„hvM ƒ`Iqv n„j, wewfbœ Kg©KvÛ msµvšÍ cÖwkÿY/ewË bvixiv
mgvbfv„e ƒc„j, Drcv`b gva¨„gi Ici cy„iv wbqš¿Y ƒc„j, Kg©Rxex gv„q„`i chv©ß mvnvh¨-mn„hvwMZv
Ki„j Ab¨vb¨ myweavi g„a¨ Ab¨Zg ƒh myweav mwó n„e, Zv n„”Q-Zviv Drcv`bg~jK Kv„R cy„ivgvÎvq Ask
wb„Z cvi„eb Ges G ƒ_„K cÖvß mydj Kv„R jvwM„q Zviv Rxeb gvb DbœZ Kivi my„hvM cv„eb| A_©†bwZK
KvR¸„jv„Z RbmsL¨vi A„a©K„K, A_©vr bvix„`i„K cy„ivgvÎvq Ask ƒbIqvi chv©ß my„hvM ƒ`Iqv n„j Zv
ƒ`„k `ªyZ Dbœqb NUv„Z mnvqK n„e|
161
 4. bvix-cyiyl Z_¨ Ges cÖhyw³ MÖn„Yi myweav mgvbfv„e ƒc„j mgv„Ri mKj As„ki gvbyl ƒ`„ki Dbœq„bi Rb¨
cքqvRbxq cwieZ©b¸„jvi m„½ Lvc LvB„q wb„Z mÿg n„e| cwiev„ii I Kg©„ÿ„Î mwnsm AvPiY ƒ_„K bvix I
wkï„`i iÿv Kiv n„j Zv mvwe©Kfv„e mwnsmZvi mvgvwRK ÿwZ I A_©†bwZK gvïj `yB n«vm Ki„Z cv„i|
5. bvix I wK„kvix„`i Rbcwim„i Pjv„div ¯^vaxbZv ƒ`Iqv n„j Zviv A_©†bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR†bwZK
KvRK„g© mwµqfv„e Ask wb„Z cvi„eb| Gi d„j Zviv Avq ea©bg~jK KvR ¸„jv„ZI Ask wb„Z mÿg n„eb
Ges wm×všÍ ƒbIqvi my„hvM cv„eb hv Zv„`i mvgvwRK Ae¯‹vb DbœZ Ki„Z mnvqK n„e| m„ev©cwi, Zviv ¯^v¯‹¨
I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK ƒmev MÖnY Ki„Z mÿg n„eb hv Zv„`i Rxebgvb ewׄZ h„_ó mnvqK n„e|
6.

†RÛvi b¨vhZv I mgZv †UKmBKi‡Yi Dcvq

we`¨vj„q ƒRÛvi b¨vhZv I mgZv ƒUKmBKi„Y wbgœi€c c`„ÿc ƒbIqv hvq―
1. wkÿK„`i ƒRÛvi m¤ú„K© aviYv `v„bi Rb¨ IqvK©m„ci e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
2. ƒRÛvi m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ DcKiY cÖ`vb;
3. wkÿK„`i gvbwmKZvq cwieZ©b;
4. ƒRÛvi m¤ú„K© wkÿK-wkÿv_©x gy³ Av„jvPbvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
5. we`¨vj„q 40% gwnjv ƒKvUv c~iY Kiv;
6. cÖavb wkÿ„Ki D`vi `wófw½;
7. wkÿvi Rb¨ Gender 'Friendly Environment' eÜzZ¡fvevcbœ cwi„ek …Zwi|

MÖvgxb I kniv‡ji `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwô

evsjv„`k GKwU Rbeûj MÖvgcÖavb ƒ`k| ƒ`„ki AvqZ„bi Zzjbvq RbmsL¨vq NbZ¡ LyeB ƒewk| ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi fv„i
evsjv„`„ki Dbœqb ÿwZMÖ¯Í n„”Q| wkÿv, ¯^v¯‹¨mn Ab¨vb¨ ƒg‡wjK LvZmg~n Kvw•ÿZ gvÎvq Dbœqb Ki„Z cvi„Q bv|
Ab¨w`„K ƒ`„ki Dbœqb I AMÖMwZ„Z MÖvg I kn„ii g„a¨ i„q„Q cÖKU …elg¨| ƒ`„ki ƒgvU RbmsL¨vi 70/75 fvM
MÖv„g evm K„i| wKšŠ Dbœqb Lv„Zi e¨„qi mvgvb¨ AskB e¨q nq MÖvgxY Dbœqb Lv„Z| ƒ`„ki Dbœqb I AMÖMwZi Rb¨
wkÿvi ƒKv„bv weKí ƒbB| wkÿvi nvi `ªæZ evo„jI MÖvg I kn„i wkÿvi nv„ii cv_©K¨ ƒ_„KB hv„”Q| 1990 mv„j
eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv AvBb cvk n„q 1992 mvj ƒ_„K Kvh©Ki n„jI Zvi cÖZ¨vwkZ mydj cvIqv hvq wb| wb„Pi
D`vniY ƒ_„K welqwU ¯úó n„e―
cÖvBgvwi wkÿvi mvd„j¨i Ici wbf©i K„i gva¨wgK wkÿvi mvdj¨| KviY cÖv_wgK wkÿvi AvDUcyU (Out put) n„jv
gva¨wgK wkÿvi BbcyU (In put)| Kv„RB cÖv_wgK wkÿvq ƒKv„bv mgm¨v _vK„j gva¨wgK wkÿvq Zvi cÖfve co„eB|
MÖvgxY GjvKvq gva¨wgK wkÿvq AbMÖmiZvi Ab¨Zg KviY n„jv MÖvgxY `wi`ª Rb„Mvôx Ges Zv„`i AÁZv I
Am„PZbZv| gva¨wgK we`¨vj„qi wkÿv_©x„`i AwffveKMY Am„PZb nIqvq Zviv Zv„`i mšÍvb„`i wkÿvi e¨vcv„i
AvMÖnx bb| Avevi Gme AwffveK ƒQ„j„`i wkÿvi e¨vcv„i AvMÖnx n„jI ƒg„q„`i wkÿvi e¨vcv„i Zviv MiivwR
_v„Kb| Ab¨w`„K we`¨vjq I wkÿv DcKiY m¤úwK©Z e¨q m¤ú„K©I Zviv D`vmxb _v„Kb| wkÿv_©x„`i we`¨vjq ƒeZb I
Ab¨vb¨ wd«, hvZvqvZ LiP, wUwdb, ƒcvkvK, eB-cy¯ÍK, mylg Lv`¨, evowZ wUDUi ivLv BZ¨vw` Lv„Z Zviv Li„Pi e¨vcv„i
Kvc©Y¨ K„i _v„Kb|
eZ©gvb hyM weÁvb I cÖhyw³i| G mgq cÖhyw³MZ we„bv`b MÖvg ch©v„q m¤cÖmvwiZ n„q„Q| wUwf, B›Uvi„bU,wfwWI ƒMg I
MÖvgxY mKj ƒLjv Zv„`i nv„Zi bvMv„j| d„j wkÿv_©xiv we`¨vj„q hvZvqvZ c„_ ƒh„Kv„bv ƒLjvq wbgMœ n„Z cv„i|
d„j Zv„`i ƒjLvcovq weNœ N„U|
MÖvgxY gva¨wgK wkÿvi Amyweavmg~n wbgœi€cfv„e wPwýZ Kiv hvq―
1. we`¨vj„qi AeKvVv„gvMZ myweavi Afve|
2. ƒkªwYK„ÿ ch©vß Avmevec„Îi Afve|
3. ƒkªwYK„ÿ cvV`vb mnvqK cwi„e„ki Afve| ƒhgb…e`y¨wZK cvLv, evwZ, Rvbvjv, ƒfw›U„jkb e¨e¯‹v, eø¨vK„evW© BZ¨vw`|
4. we`¨vj„q welqwfwËK wkÿK bv _vKv|
5. wkÿK„`i wbgœ wkÿvMZ ƒhvM¨Zv|
6. cÖwkÿYcÖvß wkÿ„Ki Afve|
7. wkÿK„`i AvšÍwiKZvi Afve|
8. wbqwgZ cvV`vb Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ bv nIqv|
162
9. cv„V DcKiY e¨envi bv Kiv|
10. cvV cwiKíbv I c×wZ ƒgvZv„eK cvV`vb bv Kiv|
11. GKv„WwgK ZË¡veavb bv _vKv|
12. ƒkªwY„Z ch©vß wkÿv_©x bv _vKv|
13. wkÿv_©x„`i wbqwgZ Dcw¯‹wZi Afve|
14. AwffveKMY wkÿvi e¨vcv„i AvMÖnx bv nIqv|
15. wkÿK-AwffveK gZwewbg„qi ev ƒhvMv„hvM bv _vKv|
16. we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv KwgwUi Z`viwK bv _vKv|
17. MÖv„g hÎZÎ we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nIqv|
18. jvB„eªwi, weÁvbvMvi bv _vKv|
19. mswkøó KZ©c„ÿi MÖvgxY we`¨vj„qi cÖwZ D`vmxbZv|
20. wkÿK„`i Ach©vß Avw_©K myweav`vb BZ¨vw`|

MÖvgxY gva¨wgK wkÿvi Amyweav `~i Kivi Dcvq

mgm¨v _vK„j Zvi mgvavbI _vK„e| evsjv„`„ki A_©†bwZK Ae¯‹vi ƒcÖwÿ„Z mKj mgm¨vi ZvrÿwYK mgvavb Kiv
m¤¢e bq| Z„e miKvi I RbM„Yi mw¤§wjZ cÖqv„mi gva¨„g Gi mgvavb Am¤¢e bq| MÖvgxY gva¨wgK wkÿvi
mgvavbK„í ƒhme c`„ÿc ƒbIqv hvq Zv n„jv―
1. we`¨vj„qi ƒf‡Z I cwi„ekMZ gvb Dbœqb|
2. RbmsL¨vi cքqvRb Abyhvqx we`¨vjq ¯‹vcb|
3. we`¨vj„qi ch©vß AvmevecÎ, wkÿv DcKiY I wkÿv mvgMÖxi ms¯‹vb Kiv|
4. Dchy³ welqwfwËK wkÿK wb„qvM Kiv|
5. wkÿK„`i cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb|
6. we`¨vjq g¨v„bwRs KwgwU„K mwµq Kiv|
7. wkÿK-AwffveK m¤úK© Dbœqb Kiv|
8. wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ I gh©v`v m¤ú„K© wkÿv_©x I AwffveK„`i m„PZb Kiv|
9. cvV`v„bi gvb Dbœqb Øviv we`¨vj„q wkÿv_©x„`i wbqwgZ Dcw¯‹wZ wbwðZ Kiv|
10. we`¨vjq mswkøó KZ©c„ÿi wbqwgZ Z`viwKi e¨e¯‹v Kiv|
11. we`¨vj„qi cvk¦©eZ©x GjvKvi RbMY„K we`¨vj„qi Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z Kg©Kv„Û m¤ú³ Kiv BZ¨vw`|

kni A‡ji `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx (Poor People of Urban Region)

evsjv„`„ki RbmsL¨vi GKUv weivU Ask kn„i evm K„i| ¯^vaxbZvi ci G„`„ki RbmsL¨vi 20% MÖv„g emevm
Ki„jI eZ©gv„b Zv A„bK ƒe„o„Q| Avwki `k„K evsjv„`„ki RbRxe„b e¨vcK cwieZ©b N„U| A_©†bwZK, mvgvwRK I
ivR†bwZK ƒÿ„Î G mgq N„U hvq GK ai„bi wecøe| mv„eK 21wU ƒRjv cwiYZ n„q„Q 64wU ƒRjvq| Dc„Rjv e¨e¯‹v
cÖewZ©Z nIqvq bvMwiK myweav ƒcu‡„Q ƒM„Q gvby„li nv„Zi bvMv„j| Ab¨w`„K MÖvgxY A_©†bwZK Kg©Kv„Ûi we¯Ívi bv NUvq
knigyLx Rb„mªvZ `ªæZ ew× cv„”Q| MÖv„g ch©vß Kg©ms¯‹vb bv _vKv, b`x fvOb, wd eQi eb¨vq ÿwZMÖ¯Í nIqvq MÖv„gi
ƒjvKRb Kg©mÜv„b `ªæZ knigyLx n„”Q| MÖv„gi Rb„Mvôxi cwievi cÖwZ RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨ I Zv„`i `vwi„`ª¨i Ab¨Zg
KviY| Gme `wi`ª Rb„Mvôx Avkªq wb„”Q wbKUeZ©x wKsev eo eo kn„i| kn„i Rxebhvcb e¨q MÖv„gi Zzjbvq A„bK
ƒewk| d„j MÖvg ƒ_„K AvMZ Rb„Mvôx kn„ii wbgœ Av„qi GjvKv ev ew¯Í„Z Avkªq wb„”Q| G mKj ew¯Í„Z ƒKv„bv
bvMwiK myweav ƒbB ej„jB P„j| ƒhLv„b RxebaviYB eo K_v ƒmLv„b wkÿvi welqwU G„Kev„iB ƒM‡Y|
evsjv„`„ki eo kni¸„jv ƒhgb XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, ewikvj, wm„jU, iscyi, gqgbwmsn, Kzwgjøv, dwi`cyi,
h„kvimn Ab¨vb¨ kni¸„jv„Z ƒgvU RbmsL¨vi GKUv weivU Ask `wi`ª Rb„Mvôx| we„klÁ„`i g„Z evsjv„`„ki
kni¸„jv„Z `wi`ª Rb„Mvôxi msL¨v Avwk jÿ ƒ_„K GK ƒKvwUi ƒewk| G Rb„Mvôxi Avevi GKwU eo Ask
we`¨vjqMvgx wkÿv_©x| G mKj Rb„Mvôx wkÿvi Av„jv ƒ_„K A„bK `~„i i„q„Q| ƒh„nZz Zv„`i g„a¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi
nvi D„jøL„hvM¨ bq ƒm„nZz gva¨wgK wkÿvi nviI Aby¨bœ|
163
kni A„ji `wi`ª Rb„Mvôxi gva¨wgK wkÿvi Amyweavmg~n„K wbgœi€cfv„e wPwýZ Kiv hvq-
1. wkÿvi AwaK e¨q: kn„i wkÿvi e¨q MÖv„gi Zzjbvq A„bK ƒewk| MÖvg ƒ_„K hviv kn„i Av„m Zviv Ggwb„ZB
`wi`ª| Avevi A„b„KB kn„i Av„m wbt¯^ n„q| d„j Zviv hv Avq K„i Zv w`„q Rxebhvc„bi LiP ƒk„l wkÿv
mvgMÖx µq, wUDU„ii ƒeZb BZ¨vw`i LiP ƒRvMv„Z bv ƒc„i Zvi cov„jLv eÜ Kiv„KB AwffveKMY ƒkªq e„j g„b
K„ib|
2. AwffveK‡`i wbgœ Avq: kn„ii `wi`ª Rb„Mvôxi …`wbK ev gvwmK Avq Lye ƒewk bq| wiKkv Pvjv„bv, ƒVjv-Mvwo
Pvjv„bv, gRyi LvUv, wS„qi KvR Kiv, Mv„g©›Um wk„í Kg gRywii PvKwi„Z Zviv wb„qvwRZ _v„K| d„j mšÍv„bi
ƒjLvcovi LiP Pvjv„bv Zv„`i c„ÿ m¤¢e bq|
3. wkÿvi e¨vcv‡i AÁZv: `wi`ª Rb„Mvôx wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ fv„jv g„Zv eyS„Z cv„i bv| GKRb gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii wkÿv_©x„K
we`¨vj„q cvVv„bvi ƒP„q Kv„R cvVv„bv„KB Zviv DËg e„j g„b K„ib| `xN©„gqvw` jv„fi ƒP„q ¯^í„gqvw` jvfB
Zv„`i Kvg¨|
4. wkÿvi cwi‡e‡ki Afve: kn„ii `wi`ª Rb„Mvôx ƒhme GjvKvq evm K„i ƒmLv„b wkÿvi ƒKv„bv cwi„ek _v„K bv|
Aí RvqMvq ƒewk gvbyl Mv`vMv`x K„i evm K„i| wPrKvi, nBPB me mgq ƒj„MB _v„K| GQvov A„bK ew¯Í„Z
gv`K`ªe¨ ƒmebmn bvbvi€c ƒbkvi AvÇv R„g| d„j wkÿvq cwi„ek `viæYfv„e wewNœZ nq|
5. we`¨vj‡qi Afve: kni A„ji `wi`ª Rb„Mvôxi Rb¨ Avjv`v ƒKv„bv we`¨vjq ƒbB ƒhLv„b Zviv Kg Li„P ev webv
Li„P cov„jLv Ki„Z cv„i| kn„ii bvwg ev fv„jv ¯ˆzj¸„jv„Z Zviv fwZ© n„Z cv„i bv| d„j B„”Q _vK„jI ¯ˆz„ji
Afv„e Zv„`i cov„kvbv Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
6. D‡`¨v‡Mi Afve: ƒh„Kv„bv Kv„Ri mdjZv Av„m h_vh_ D„`¨v„Mi gva¨„g| kn„ii `wi`ª Rb„Mvôxi wkÿvq wcwQ„q
covi Ab¨Zg KviY ƒmLv„b ƒKv„bv Kvh©Ki D„`¨vM ƒbB| Zv„`i mgm¨v I mgvav„b ƒKvb ev¯ÍewfwËK c`„ÿc
ƒbIqv nq bv| ivR†bwZK D„Ï„k¨ ƒKv„bv c`„ÿc wb„jI A„bK ƒÿ„Î Zv ev¯ÍevwqZ nq bv|
7. cÖK…Z Z‡_¨i Afve: kni A„j `wi`ª Rb„Mvôxi ƒgvU msL¨v KZ, Zviv ƒKvb ƒKvb GjvKvq emevm Ki„Q, Zv„`i
eqmwfwËK RbmsL¨vi nvi KZ, gva¨wgK we`¨vjqMvgx wkÿv_©xi msL¨v KZ, G„`i g„a¨ KZRb ƒQ„j, KZRb
ƒg„q, KZRb we`¨vj„q hvq, KZRb hvq bv, we`¨vj„q bv hvIqvi KviY wKGi€c ƒKv„bv mwVK Z_¨ I cwimsL¨vb
bv _vKvq Kvh©Ki ƒKv„bv c`„ÿc ƒbIqv hvq bv|
7.2 we‡kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x
ƒh„Kvb wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi g~j Dcv`vbwkÿv_©x Zv„`i ƒK›`ª K„iB hveZxq wkÿv msµvšÍ AvbyôvwbKZv¸„jv cwiPvwjZ n„q
_v„K| GB wkÿv_©x„`i mK„jB GKB ƒgav, ƒhvM¨Zv I myweavcªvß ZvI bq| wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯‹v, kvixwiK,
gvbwmK I `~N©Ubvi Kvi„Y wkÿv_©x„`i wkLb Pvwn`vi wfbœZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| GKRb mvaviY c_wkïi wkÿv Pvwn`v Avi
cªwZeÜx wkïi wkÿv Pvwn`v GK iKg bq| GB we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i wkÿv Pvwn`vi wfbœZv gva¨wgK wkÿvi
GKwU we„kl mgm¨v| d„j gva¨wgK wkÿvi g~j jÿ¨ AR©„b evavMÖ¯‹ n„”Q|
we‡kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©xi aviYv
A„bK ai„bi Pvwn`v-m¤úbœ wkï„`i we„kl Pvwn`v-m¤úbœ wn„m„e we„ePbv Kiv hvq| wkLb-„kLv„bv cªwµqv ev K¬v„m cvV
cwiPvjbvKv„j Ggb A„bK wkÿv_©xiv ƒ`Lv hvq hviv Ab¨ wkÿv_©x„`i Zyjbvq Avjv`v| G mKj wkÿv_©xiv ƒ`wi„Z ƒev„S,
D`vmxb _v„K, wkÿ„Ki wb„`©kbv AbymiY Ki„Z cv„i bv, eq„mi mv„_ fvlv `ÿZv Kg, wewÿß AvPiY K„i BZ¨vw`|
mvaviY wkï„`i ƒ_„K wfbœZi Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkï hviv wkLb-„kLv„bv cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY K„i Zv„`i„K we„kl Pvwn`v
m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x ev e¨wZµgx wkÿv_©x e„j we„ePbv Kiv nq| Ggb wkÿv_©x„`i wkÿv Pvwn`vI wfbœ n„q _v„K| we„kl
Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i A„b„K Av„Q eyw× mgm¨v m¤úbœ wkï| GQvovI i„q„Q Kg ƒevSvi mgm¨v ƒ_„K Pig mgm¨v,
Kg ƒ`Lvi mgm¨v ƒ_„K GKev„i AÜ wkï, Kg ƒkvbvi `ÿZv ƒ_„K GK`g bv ƒkvbvi AmÿgZv, g‚` fvlvi `ÿZv ƒ_„K
ej„Z bv cvivi AÿgZv| G„`i„K we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_©x ejv n„q| wcwQ„q cov wkÿv_©x, cÖwZfvevb
wkÿv_©x, weP¨yZ AvPiY ev AcivacÖeY wkÿv_©x, c_wkï wkÿv_©x, ew¯Íevmx wkÿv_©x, Pv evMv„bi wkÿv_©x, cvnvox GjvKvi
wkÿv_©x mevB we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x| hv„`i wkÿv Pvwn`vq i„q„Q wewfbœZv| ƒhgb AbMÖmi ev ¯^¤ú eyw×i
wkÿv_©x„`i Rb¨ ƒhgb we„kl ƒK‡kj Aej¤^b Ki„Z nq ƒZgwb cÖwZfvevb wkÿv_©x„`i evowZ Pvwn`v c~i„Y AwZwi³
Kv„Ri cwiKíbv I wfbœ ƒK‡k„ji cքqvM Ki„Z nq| ZvB cքqvRb we„kl cvV cwiKíbv I wkLb-„kLv„bv c×wZi
Kvh©Ki e¨envi| we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©xi K_v n„j mvaviYfv„e A„b„KB g„b K„ib wkÿv_©x ev wkïwU Kx Kx
Ki„Z cv„i bv| we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x gv„b ïay Òbv cvivi mgwó bvÕÕ eis ZviI mvg_¨© I mÿgZv i„q„Q Ges ƒm
wfbœfv„e mÿg| G„ÿ„Î GKRb wkÿ„Ki we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i wkLb Pvwn`v m¤úwK©Z Ávb I `ÿZv _vKvUv
cքqvRb|
164
cªwZeÜx bq-we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkÿv_©x
mvaviYfv„e mgv„R AÜ, Kvbv, ƒevev, ƒLvov, cvMj, Kvjv, Vmv BZ¨vw` kã cªPwjZ Av„Q hv cÖwZeÜx„`i Rb¨ e¨envi
Kiv nq| ƒh e¨w³i ƒh mgm¨v Av„Q Zv„K H bv„g A„bK ƒÿ„Î m„¤^vab Kiv nq| G mKj k㠃bwZevPK A_© ev
`‚wófw½ enb K„i Ges hv„K GB bv„g m„¤^vab Kiv nq ƒm mgv„Ri Kv„Q ƒnq cÖwZcbœ n„q _v„K| G Rb¨ we„kl
Pvwn`vi wkÿv_©x„`i wkÿvi g~j avivq Avb„Z mgm¨v nq Ges Zviv wkÿv Kvh©µg ƒ_„K S„i c„o| GB mKj wkï„`i
cÖwZeÜx ejv n„jI cÖwZeÜx kãwU„Z ƒbwZevPK aviYv cvIqv hvq| ƒKvb KvR Kivi ƒÿ„Î G mKj wkÿv_©x„`i evav
Av„Q e„jB Zviv cÖwZeÜx | Z„e Zviv cv„i bv Zv ¸iyZ¡ w`„q ejv hvq bv| Zv„`i wfbœfv„e KvR Kivi mvg_¨© I we„kl
Pvwn`v Av„Q| ZvB Zviv we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x| Zv„`i wKQy my„hvM-myweav w`„j ZvivI Ab¨„`i gZ mvaviY
Rxeb-hvcb Ki„Z cv„i| wkLb-„kLv„bv Kvh©µ„g Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_©x„`i mv„_ AskMÖnY Ki„Z cv„i| G Kvi„Y Gme
wkÿv_©x„`i cÖwZeÜx ev Ab¨vb¨ ƒbwZevPK k„ã we„klvwqZ bv K„i Ôwe„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœÕ wkÿv_©x e„j AwfwnZ Kiv
cքqvRb hvi d„j mK„ji gv„S GKwU BwZevPK cªfve co„e|

we‡kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x‡`i †kÖwYwefvM

we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i K„qKwU fv„M fvM Kiv hvq| ƒhgb-
K) cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_©x
L) Aciva cÖeY wkÿv_©x
M) Zxÿè eyw× m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x
N) ÿxY eyw× m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x
O) AbMÖmi wkÿv_©x
K) cÖwZeÜxwkÿv_©x: we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i GKwU ƒkªwY nj cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_©x hviv kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv„e
¯^vfvweK ev cwic~Y© bq | ƒhgb ƒKD nqZ ƒPv„L Kg ƒ`„L, Kv„iv evK cÖwZeÜKZv i„q„Q, Kv„iv kªeYkw³i mgm¨v
Av„Q, Kv„iv kvixwiK A½-cÖZ½ weKvk ¯^vfvweK gvby„li gZ bq| Avevi GgbI Av„Q hv„`i ƒgavi weKvk my¯‹ I
¯^vfvweK bq| G„`i„K kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv„e cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_©x ejv nq| we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_©x„`i
cvuPwU ƒkªwY„Z fvM K„i Av„jvPbv Kiv hvq| ƒhgb-
1. kvixwiK mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x
2. `‚wóMZ mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x
3. kªeY mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x
4. evK& mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x
5. Av„ewMK mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x
GmKj wkÿv_©x„`i hviv g„a¨ hviv g‚`y cÖwZeÜx Zviv mvaviY ¯ˆy„ji wkÿv_©x„`i mv„_ ƒjLvcov Ki„Z cv„i| Gi Rb¨
cքqvRb we„kl AvMÖn I mn„hvwMZv| GQvovI ƒh mKj wkÿv_©x ƒewk gvÎvq cÖwZeÜx Zviv we„kl ¯ˆyj ƒ_„K wkÿv MÖnY
Ki„Z cv„i ƒhLv„b Zv„`i Rb¨ i„q„Q we„kl e¨e¯‹v|
1) kvixwiK mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x: kvixwiK AÿgZv ev kvixwiK weKjv½Zv„K kvixwiK mgm¨v wn„m„e ƒ`Lv nq| GB
AÿgZv ev weKjv½Zv ƒcvwjI, wkïKvjxb cywói Afve, bvbv iKg `~N©Ubv ev Rb¥MZfv„e ÎywUi Kvi„Y ƒ`Lv hvq|
GB AÿgZv Rb¨ Zv„`i †`bw›`b Rxe„b Ab¨vb¨ KvR Ggbfv„e evavMÖ¯‹ nq ƒh Zv„`i we„kl Kvh©µg, cÖwkÿY,
hš¿cvwZ I Ab¨vb¨ myweavi cքqvRb c„o| GB ai„bi wkÿv_©xiv kvixwiK mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x| nv„Zi weKjv½Zv
Rb¨ wjL„Z Amyweav nq| cv„qi mgm¨vi Rb¨ Pjv„div I wmwou e¨envi Ki„Z mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq| ƒgiy`„Ûi
nv„oi AwaK ew×i Rb¨ em„Z Amyweav nq| Avevi Kyu„Rv nIqvi Kvi„YI wkÿv_©x„`i Pjv„div mxwgZ n„q hvq|
kix„ii IRb, eB„qi e¨vM enb Ki„Z Amyweav ƒeva K„i|
2) `…wóMZ mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x: `‚wó mgm¨v n„”Q ƒKvb wkÿv_©xi `y„Pv„LiB Kg„ewk ƒ`Lvi mgm¨v| Zviv ¯^vfvweK
gvby„li PvB„Z Kg ƒ`„L ev G„Kev„iB ƒ`L„Z cvq bv| Zv„`i GB `‚wó kw³i ÿwZMÖ¯‹Zvi d„j m‚ó mgm¨vB
¯^vfvweK Rxebaviv„K evavMÖ¯‹ K„i ciwbf©ikxj K„i ƒZv„j| hv„`i ¯^í ƒ`Lvi mgm¨v Av„Q Zviv mvaviY
wkÿv_©x„`i mv„_ cov„jLv Ki„Z cv„i| Avi hviv G„Kev„iB ƒ`L„Z cv„i bv Zv„`i„K we„kl ¯ˆy„j fwZ© K„i
cov„jLvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv hvq| ¯^í `‚wói wkÿv_©xiv ƒKvb wKQy ƒ`Lvi mgq Kv„Q wb„q ƒ`„L| covi mgq eB Kv„Q
ƒPv„Li Kv„Q wb„q Av„m| ƒPvL eo eo K„i ZvKvq| åy KyuPKvq ev Dci-wbP K„i _v„K| wKQy co„Z w`„j fyj
covi m¤^vebv _v„K| covi MwZ Ab¨„`i Zyjbvq Kg nq| Aí„ZB gv_v e¨_v ïiy nq| K¬v„m ƒev„W©i ƒjLv ¯úó
165
 ƒ`L„Z cv„i bv| G Kvi„Y gy„L kã K„i eo eo Aÿ„i ƒev„W© wjL„Z n„e| d„j ¯^í `‚wói wkÿv_©xiv ƒev„W© Kx
ƒjLv Zv mn„R eyS„Z cv„i bv| `k©b µywUi Kvi„Y GB wkÿv_©xiv Kvjvi eøvBÛ n„q _v„K| Giv K¬v„m I K¬v„mi
evwn„i ¯^vfvweKfv„e Pjv„div Ki„Z cv„i bv, ƒnvuPU Lvq| A„b¨i mvnv„h¨ wb„q _v„K ev mv`vQwo mvnvh¨ wb„q
Pjv„div K„i| hviv `‚wókw³ AwaK gvÎvq nvwi„q„Q Zv„`i„K we„kl ¯ˆy„j †e«Bj c×wZ‡Z wkÿvjv„fi my„hvM
cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| Ggb wkÿv_©x„`i Rb¨ kªeY wbf©i wkÿv mnvqK DcKiY ƒhgb- AwWI, ƒUc„iKW©vi, mvDÛ e·
BZ¨vw`i mvnvh¨ MÖnY Kiv hvq|
3) kªeY mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x: ƒkvbvi mgm¨v kªeY mgm¨v bv„g cwiwPZ| GKB gvÎvi kã hv A„b¨iv ƒkv„b, kªeY
mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkïiv Zv ïb„Z cvq bv| Lye Kg msL¨K kªeY cÖwZeÜx Av„Q hviv wKQyB ïb„Z cvq bv| AwaKvskB
wKQy bv wKQy ïb„Z cvq| kªeY mgm¨vi Rb¨ hw` ƒKvb wkÿv_©x A„b¨i Dci wbf©ikxj n„q c„o ev ¯^vfvweK Rxeb
evavMÖ¯‹ nq, Z„e ƒmB wkÿv_©x„K kªeY mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x ejv nq| Ggb wkÿv_©x„`i cÖavb mgm¨v nj fv„ei
Av`vb-cÖ`v„bi mgm¨v| ƒh„nZy Zviv e³vi e³e¨ wVKgZ ïb„Z cvq bv ZvB Kx DËi Ki„e ƒmUvI wVK gZ eyS„Z
cv„i bv| wkÿ„Ki cÖ`Ë wb„`©kbv AbymiY Ki„Z Amyweav ƒeva K„i| G ai„Yi wkÿv_©xiv ƒKvb Av„jvPbv ƒ_„K
welqe¯Š m¤ú„K© Mfx„i ƒh„Z mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq| Zv„`i Rb¨ `k©bg~jK wkÿvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv DËg| ƒhgb-„Kvb
welq Dc¯‹vc„b Qwe, g„Wj, gvbwPÎ BZ¨vw`i mvnvh¨ ƒbIqv hvq| ƒKvb wKQy wjwLZfv„e co„Z ƒ`Iqv hvq|
ƒhgb- cvV¨eB, g¨vMvwRb, n¨vۄbvU BZ¨vw`| A„bK mgq ƒevSvi myweav„_© evi evi cÖkœ K„i _v„K| e³v wKQy
ej„j Zvi gy„Li w`„K Kvb ƒc„Z K_v ïb„Z ƒPóv K„i| Ggb wkÿv_©x„`i K¬v„m cÖ_g mvwi¸„jv„Z em„Z w`„Z
nq| ƒhb wkÿ„Ki mv„_ wkÿv_©xi fvj ƒhvMv„hv„Mi ¯‹vwcZ nq| G„ÿ„Î ƒnqvwis wWfvBm A„bK ƒewk djcÖm~|
kªeY mgm¨vRwbZ Kvi„Y Zv„`i fvlv weKvk evavMÖ¯‹ n„q wgmK„gDwb„Kkb n„q _v„K|
4) evK& mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x: K_v ej„Z bv cviv ev K_v ej„Z A¯úóZv evK mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x wn„m„e
cwiwPZ| GB ai„bi Ae¯‹vq Rb¨ Zvi …`bw›`b RxebaviY evavMÖ¯Í n„q c„o ZvB we„kl cÖwkÿY I Ab¨vb¨
myweavi cքqvRb c„o| G ai„Yi wkÿv_©xiv wVKgZ ƒhvMv„hvM Ki„Z cv„i bv weavq Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_©xi Kv„Q ƒnq
cÖwZcbœ nq Ges ƒkªwYK„ÿ PycPvc _v„K| `jMZ Kv„R ¯^ZsùyZ©fv„e AskMÖnY Ki„Z cv„i bv| ƒevev, ƒZvZjv
wkÿv_©xiv wkÿ„Ki e³e¨ eyS„Z bv cvi„jI cÖkœ Ki„Z Pvq bv, ms„KvP ƒeva K„i|
5) Av‡ewMK mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x: Giv mvaviY wkÿv_©x„`i gZ AvPiY Ki„Z cv„i bv| mgeq„mi wkÿv_©x„`i
AvPi„Yi ƒP„q Kg eq„mi wkÿv_©x„`i gZ AvPiY Ki„Z ƒ`Lv hvq| ¯^í eyw×i cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_©x„`i wkL„bi MwZ
Zyjbvg~jK Kg n„q _v„K| G„`i ¯§‚wZkw³ ÿxY nq, K¬v„m g„bv„hvM w`„Z cv„i bv, welqe¯Ši cÖwZ AbvMÖn ƒ`Lv
hvq, fve„jknxbfv„e ZvKvq, ƒK‡Z~nj cÖewË ƒ`Lv hvq bv| K¬v„mi mncvVx„`i mv„_ ƒgjv„gkv Ki„Z cQ›` K„i
bv, K¬v„m AvZ¥„Kw›`ªK Ges eq„m ƒQvU wkÿv_©x„`i mv„_ ƒLjva~jv I ƒgjv„gkv Ki„Z c”Q›` K„i|

L) Aciva cÖeY wkÿv_©x: AcivacÖeY wkÿv_©x ej„Z Zv„`i ƒevSvq hviv we`¨vj„qi ¯^vfvweK Kvh©µ„gi cwicš‹x KvR
K„i _v„K| Ggb wkÿv_©xiv mvaviY GKUy PÂj cÖK‚wZi n„q _v„K| we`¨vjq, cwievi I mgv„R bvbvwea Dk‚•Lj AvPiY
K„i hv cªvwZôvwbK ixwZbxwZi cwicš‹x| Ggb wkÿv_©xiv mvaviY wkÿv_©x„`i Zyjbvq ƒRw` cÖK‚wZi n„q _v„K| wK„kvi
eq„m A_¨©vr 12-19 eQi GB Aciva cÖeYZv ƒ`Lv hvq| wK„kvi eq„m Pywi Kiv, gvivgvwi Kiv, fvjevmv wb„e`b Kiv,
Bf wUwRs Kiv, Ab¨„`i DZ¨³ Kiv, ¯ˆyj cvjv„bv, ƒbkvMÖ¯‹Zv, gv`Kvm³ nIqv, AvµvgYvZ¥K fve, AevwÂZ AvPiY
Kiv BZ¨vw` GB eq„mi wkÿv_©x„`i g„a¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| hv„`i g„a¨i GB cÖeYZv¸„jv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Zv„`i„K Aciva
cÖeY wkÿv_©x ejv nq|
M) Zxÿœ eyw× m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x: DbœZ eyw× m¤úbœ wkï„`i gvbwmK ÿgZv I we„kl ai„bi gvbwmK Pvwn`vi Rb¨ we`¨vj„q
wKQy mgm¨v m‚wó n„q _v„K| mvaviYi hv„`i ey×v¼ 110 Gi Dci Zv„`i DbœZ eyw×m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x ejv nq| 110 ƒ_„K
120 ch©šÍ ey×v¼ m¤úbœ wkÿv_©xiv we`¨vj„q ƒZgb mgm¨v K„i bv| hv„`i ey×v¼ 120 Gi Dc„i Zv„`i mgm¨v wfbœZi|
Av„M G„`i wb„q ƒZgb wPšÍv bv Ki„jI eZ©gv„b Gme wkï„`i wb„q fvev n„”Q| G„`i †`wnK weKvk Lye ZvovZvwo
nq| Giv A„cÿvK‚Z Kg eq„m nvuU„Z ƒk„L| fvlv weKvk `ªyZ nq Ges k„ãi h_vh_ cքqvM Ki„Z ƒk„L| Giv co„Z
I MYbv Ki„Z wk„L ZvovZvwo| Aí eq„m hyw³m¤úbœ K_v e„j| A„bK mgq eq„m eo ƒQ„j„g„q„`i mv„_ eÜyZ¡ K„i|
N) ÿxY eyw× m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x: mvaviYZ ƒh me wkï„`i ey×v¼ 75-Gi bx„P Zv„`i ÿxY eyw× m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x ejv nq| GB
wkÿv_©xiv we`¨vjq I mgv„R mgm¨v m‚wó K„i _v„K| GB ƒkªwYi wkÿv_©x„`i wZbwU fv„M fvM Kiv n„q _v„K| h_v-
ey×v¼ 25 ev 30-Gi wb„P Zviv Ro eyw× m¤úbœ
ey×v¼ 50-55 ƒ_„K 30-Gi g„a¨ Zviv ƒevanxb
ey×v¼ 70-75 ƒ_„K 50-Gi g„a¨ Zviv¯^í/ÿxY eyw×m¤úbœ |

166
hviv Ro eyw×m¤úbœ Zv„`i wkÿvi ƒZgb my„hvM _v„K bv| KviY Rb¥ve¯‹v ƒ_„KB G„`i Rxe„b mg¯Í AÿgZv ƒ`Lv hvq|
Zviv we`¨vj„qi Avmvi my„hvM cvq| ƒevanxb wkÿv_©x„`i Rxe„b Pjvi Rb¨ wKQy ƒK‡kb ƒkLv„bv hvq| G ƒkªwYi
wkÿv_©x„`i cÖwkÿY„hvM¨ e„j g„b Kiv nq| ¯^¤ú eyw×m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i wkÿvi MwZ gš‹i n„q _v„K| g„bvwe`iv Ggb
wkÿv_©x„`i wkÿY„hvM¨ e„j AvL¨vwqZ Ki„Qb| Ggb wkÿv_©x„`i †`wnK weKv„ki nvi ¯^vfvweK wkï„`i ƒP„q Kg
_v„K| fvlvi weKvk A„cÿvK‚Z axi MwZi nq| A„bK ƒÿ„Î D”Pvi„Yi ÎywU ƒ`Lv hvq| bZyb wRwbm Rvbvi cÖwZ AvMÖn
ƒ`Lv hvq bv| A_¨©vr ƒK‡Z~nj cÖewË Kg _v„K|
O)AbMÖmi wkÿv_©x: wkÿv_©x„`i gvbwmK ev eyw×i w`K ƒ_„K wZb ƒkªwY„Z ƒhgb-mvaviY eyw×m¤úbœ, DbœZ eyw×m¤úbœ I
ÿxY eyw×m¤úbœ Avevi ƒkªwYK„ÿi wkÿvMZ AMÖMwZi w`K we„ePbvqI Zv„`i ƒkªwYwefvM Kiv hvq| ƒhme wkÿv_©x
ƒkªwYK„ÿ Mo djvdj eRvq ivL„Z cv„i Zv„`i„K mvaviY AMÖMwZ m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x ejv nq| Avi hv„`i djvdj
mvavi„Yi AMÖMwZ m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i ƒP„q ƒewk Ges `ªyZ I AwaK cwigv„Y nq Zv„`i AMÖmi wkÿv_©x ejv nq|
Ab¨w`„K ƒhme wkÿv_©x K¬v„mi mvaviY AMÖMwZ aviv ƒ_„K wcwQ„q c„o„Q Zv„`i AbMÖmi wkÿv_©x ejv nq| we„klÁMY
AbMÖmiZvi Rb¨ ƒe‡w×K ¯^íZv„K wPwnèZ K„i _v„Kb| Zuv„`i g„Z ÿxY eyw×m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x I AbMÖmi wkÿv_©xi g„a¨
ƒKvb cv_©K¨ ƒbB| wKšŠ cÖK‚Zc„ÿ GB aviYv wVK bq| wkÿv_©xi AbMÖmiZv ey×xnxbZvi Rb¨ n„Z cv„i, Z„e ƒmUvB
GKgvÎ KviY bq| mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Kvi„YI wkÿv_©xiv AbMÖmi n„q _v„K| ƒh wkï Zvi eqm Abyhvqx ¯^vfvweK
wkÿv¯Í„ii GK eQi bx„Pi Rb¨I ƒhvM¨ bq ƒmB AbMÖmi wkÿv_©x| kvixwiK cÖwZeÜKZvi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x„`i g„a¨
AbMÖmiZv ƒ`Lv hvq| ƒPvL I Kv„bi mgm¨vi Rb¨ wkÿv_©xiv wb„`©kbv AbymiY Ki„Z bv cvivq Zviv Ab¨„`i Zyjbvq
wcwQ„q c„o| fq, Avk¼v, fxiyZv BZ¨vw`i cքÿvwfK Kvi„Y wkÿv_©xi g„a¨ AbMÖmiZv ƒ`Lv ƒ`q| cvwievwiK Kvi„YI
wkÿv_©xiv wcwQ„q c„o| M‚„n cov„jLvi my„hv„Mi Afve, wcZvgvZvi Avw_©K A¯^QjZv, Dchy³ Lv„`¨i Afve, wkÿv
DcKi„Yi Afve, A¯^vfvweK cwi„e„k Rxebhvcb Ki„Z wM„q gvbwmKfv„e wech©¯Í nIqvi Kvi„Y wkÿv_©xiv we`¨vj„q
fvj cvi`wk©Zv ƒ`Lv„Z cv„i bv| we`¨vj„qi wbR¯^ cwi„ekI A„bK ƒÿ„Î AbMÖmiZv Rb¨ `vqx| A¯^v¯‹¨Ki cwi„e„k
we`¨vj„qi Ae¯‹vb, wkÿ„Ki mnvb~f~wZnxb AvPiY, cvV¨µ„gi Aev¯ÍeZv, wkÿY c×wZ BZ¨vw` wkÿv_©x„K AvKl©Y Ki„Z
bv cvivi Kvi„Y Zviv Ag„bv„hvMx n„q c„o| GgbwK we`¨vjq ƒ_„K cvwj„q wM„q Ae¨vnwZ ƒc„Z Pvq| GmKj Kvi„Y
wkÿv_©xiv AbMÖmi n„q hvq|
we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkÿv_©x‡`i ‣ewkó¨
we„kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i wewfbœ ai„bi †ewkó¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| D„jøL„hvM¨ †ewk󨸄jv n„jv-
 mgeqmx Ab¨vb¨ wkï„`i Zyjbvq wkLb-„kLv„bv Kv„R wcwQ„q _v„K|
 AwaK mgq ƒKvb Kv„R g„bv„hvM a„i ivL„Z cv„i bv|
 eq„mi mv„_ mv„_ fvlv `ÿZvi weKvk nq bv|
 wkÿ„Ki ev A„b¨i cÖ`Ë wb„`©kbv AbymiY Ki„Z cv„i bv|
 GKB wb„`©kbv evi evi w`„Z nq|
 ƒe‡w×Kfv„e `ye©j wkÿv_©xiv weg~Z© welq¸„jv eyS„Z cv„i bv|
 ƒKvb wel„q aviYv w`„Z n„j welqwU ƒQvU ƒQvU As„k wef³ K„i wkÿv w`„Z nq|
 ƒKvb m~² KvR Ki„Z cv„i bv|
 AvZ¥„Kw›`ªK nq Ges mvgvwRK ƒhvMv„hv„M wcwQ„q _v„K|
we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkÿv_©x‡`i we‡kl wkÿv Pvwn`v
mvaviY wkÿv_©x„`i ƒP„q we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©xi wkÿv Pvwn`v Avjv`v| ¯^vfvweK wkÿv_©x„`i ƒh mKj Kjv-„K‡kj
ev c×wZ, wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi K„i wkLb-ƒkLv„bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv nq we„kl wkÿv_©x„`i Rb¨ G„ÿ„Î we„kl
e¨e¯‹v Aej¤^b Ki„Z nq| GB Pvwn`v¸„jv„K wkÿvg~jK Pvwn`v I ƒf‡Z Pvwn`v wn„m„e we„ePbv Kiv hvq| wkÿvg~jK
Pvwn`v c~i„YwKQz mnvqK w`K n„Z cv„i-
 we„klvwqZ wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯Í„Ki e¨e¯‹v Kiv;
 Pvwn`vwfwËK wkÿv DcKiY mieivn I h_vh_ e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv;
 wkÿ„Ki we„kl cÖwkÿY _vKv;
 ¯ˆyj I RvZxq ch©v„q g~j¨vqb e¨e¯‹vq cwieZ©b Kiv;
 Dchy³ wkLb-„kLv„bv c×wZ e¨envi Kiv;
 ƒkªwYK„ÿ wbivc` wkLb cwi„ek MVb Kiv;
 wkÿ„Ki BwZevPK `‚wófw½ MVb Kiv;
167
  wkÿv_©x„`i KvDwÝwjs Gi e¨e¯‹v ivLv;
 mvBb j¨vO&¸„q„Ri e¨envi Rvbv;
 ƒeªBj c×wZ„Z cvV cwiPvjbvq `ÿ nIqv;
 we`¨vj„q I K¬v„m cքek c_ myMg Kiv| hv„Z kvixwiKfv„e cÖwZe×x mKj wkÿv_©x cÖwZeÜKZv QvovB
Pjv„div Ki„Z cv„i;
 K¬v„mi Avmb web¨vm wkÿv_©xi Dc„hvMx Kiv;
 AvBwmwU Gi myweav MÖnY Kiv;
 AwWI-wfwWI wkÿv DcKi„Y e¨e¯‹v ivLv|

we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq

mvaviYZ wewfbœ ai„bi we„kl Pvwn`v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©xiv mvaviY wkÿv_©x„`i mv„_ ƒjLvcov Ki„Z cv„i| G„`i„K g~j
wkÿv Kvh©µ„gi mv„_ a„i ivL„Z n„j wkÿ„Ki f~wgKv A„bK ƒewk| wkÿ„Ki AvMÖn, gvbweK `‚wófw½, wkLb-„kLv„bv
cÖwµqvi h_vh_ e¨envi, wkÿv_©x„`i Pvwn`v ƒevSv I cքqvRbxq e¨e¯‹v MÖn„Yi gva¨„g A„bK mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv hvq|
GRb¨ wkÿK„K wkÿv_©x„`i mvgvwRKxKi„Yi Dci ¸iyZ¡ w`„Z n„e Ges Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_©xiv Zv„`i„K ƒhb Dcnvm ev
DZ¨³ bv K„i ƒm welqwU eywS„q w`„Z n„e| kvixwiK mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i Ab¨vb¨„`i mv„_ ƒgjv„gkvi my„hvM
K„i w`„Z n„e| we`¨vj„q hvZvqv„Zi c_, gvV I ƒkªwYKÿ h_vm¤¢e ûBj ƒPqvi, µvP BZ¨vw` wb„q PjvP„ji Dc„hvMx
Ki„Z n„e| ƒKvb ƒkªwY„Z ûBj„Pqvi ev µ¨vP e¨enviKvix ƒKvb wkÿv_©x _vK„j ƒm ƒkªwYKÿwU Aek¨B wbPZjvq
(eûZj feb n„j) ivLvi e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z n„e|
kªeY I evK mgm¨v-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i Rb¨ ¯úófv„e, ax„i ax„i I Zyjbvg~jK ƒRv„i K_v ej„Z n„e| K_v ejv mgq
wkÿK„K cքqvRbxq A½fw½ I DcKi„Yi e¨envi, mnR, mij Ges mvejxj fvlvq cvV cwiPvjbv Ges ƒÿ„Î we„k„l
K_vq cybivewË Ki„Z n„e| wkÿv DcKiY wn„m„e Qwe,wPÎ BZ¨vw` e¨env„i ¸iyZ¡ w`„Z n„e| GB ai„bi wkÿv_©x„`i
mvg„bi mvwi„Z emvi e¨e¯‹v ivL„Z n„e|
`‚wó cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_©x„`i ƒkªwYK„ÿi wewfbœ wRwb„mi mv„_ cwiwPZ Kwi„q ƒ`Iqv wkÿ„Ki GKwU `vwqZ¡| ƒh„nZy `‚wó
mgm¨vhy³ wkÿv_©xiv kã ï„b eyS„Z ƒPóv K„i, ZvB ƒkªwY„Z A„nZyK ƒKvb kã bv nq ƒmB w`„K jÿ¨ ivL„Z n„e| Kg
`‚wó m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x ƒ`Lvi myweavi Rb¨ ƒev„W©i Pvwiw`„K mv`v ev njy` i„Oi eW©vi w`„Z n„e|
„h mKj wkÿv_©x„`i eyw× I Av„ewMK mgm¨v i„q„Q Zv„`i mv„_ ƒhvMv„hv„Mi Rb¨ Bkviv ev A½fw½ e¨envi Ki„Z
n„e| GKB wRwbm cybivq ejv Ges ev¯Íe DcKiY e¨env„i ¸iyZ¡ w`„Z n„e| G ai„bi wkÿv_©xiv ƒjLvcovq wcwQ„q
c„o ZvB ƒK‡k„j G„`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki„Z n„e| wkÿK„`i DbœZ eyw×m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x, ÿxY eyw×m¤úbœ I AbMÖmi
wkÿv_©x„`i e¨vcv„iI we„klfv„e jÿ¨ ivL„Z n„e| DbœZ eyw×m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x„`i Rb¨ cvV cwiKíbv Ggbfv„e MÖnY
Ki„Z n„e ƒhb Zviv KvR¸„jv m¤úv`„b Avb›` cvq| cvV¨ welq Zv„`i gvbwmK ÿgZvi Abycv„Z hw` mnR nq Zvn„j
cv„V Avb›` cvq bv| GB ai„bi wkÿv_©xiv nv„Z-Kj„g KvR Ki„Z fvjev„m| Zv„`i Rb¨ ƒkªwYK„ÿ AwZwi³ KvR ev
Kv„Ri cwiKíbv _vK„Z n„e| A„bK mgq DbœZ eyw×i Rb¨ AvZ¥m„PbZvq AZ¨vwaK AnwgKv ƒ`Lv hvq| wkÿ„Ki KvR
nj Zv„`i g„a¨ `vwqZ¡„eva RvMÖZ Kiv I Zv„`i gZvg„Zi cÖvavb¨ ƒ`qv| ÿxY eyw×i wkÿv_©x„`i Rxeb weKv„k mvnvh¨
Ki„Z n„e| Zv„`i g„a¨ ƒh mKj fvj ¸Y i„q„Q Zv„`i Zvi weKvk NUv„Z n„e| Ggb wkÿv_©xiv mvgvwRK Rxe„bi
Rb¨ Dc„hvMx n„q I„V Ges h_v„hvM¨ AvPiY Ki„Z cv„i ƒmw`„K we„kl bRi w`„Z n„e| Zv„`i gvbwmK ÿgZv
Abyqvqx RxweKv wbe©v„ni Rb¨ wewfbœ ewË MÖnY Ki„Z cv„i, ƒm wel„q wkÿv w`„Z n„e| Avevi ƒkªwYK„ÿ wcwQ„q cov ev
AbMÖmi wkÿv_©xiv Zv„`i wbR¯^ ÿgZv Abyhvqx Ávb AR©b Ki„Z cv„i Ges Zv„`i gvbwmK ÿgZv Abyqvqx we`¨vj„qi
Kv„R cvi`wk©Zv AR©b Ki„Z cv„i, ƒm wel„q wkÿK„K bRi w`„Z n„e| Zv„`i g„a¨ ƒcªlYvi mÂvi Ki„Z n„e|
wkÿv_©x„`i ƒeva¨MgZvi Afve _vK„j Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ wkÿY mnvqK DcKiY ƒekx e¨envi Ki„Z n„e| wkÿK
AbMÖmi wkÿv_©x„`i wkÿvi Rb¨ Zv„`i Dc„hvMx c×wZ wbe©vPb Ki„eb I KvDwÝwjs Gi e¨e¯‹v Ki„eb| g„b ivLv fvj
wkÿv_©xi AbMÖmiZvi mgm¨v wkÿ„Ki Rb¨ GKwU ¯‹vqx mgm¨v| ƒKbbv AvR ƒh wkÿv_©x„K AMÖmi g„b n„”Q,
cieZ©xKv„j ƒm AbMÖmi n„q co„Z cv„i| ZvB G e¨vcv„i wkÿK„K me mgq m„PZb _vK„Z n„e Ges hLbB mgm¨v
ƒ`Lv w`„e, ZLbB h_vh_ e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Ki„Z n„e|

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7.3 c_wkï I ÿy`ª b„‡Mvôx
c_wkï
ƒKvb RvwZi me„P„q g~j¨evb m¤úb nj wkï| wkï„`i ejv RvwZi KY©avi KviY Zv„`i Ic„iB RvwZi fwel¨r wbf©i
K„i Ges RvwZ Avkv-AvKv•Lv, Kj¨vY I kvwšÍ wkï„`i gva¨„gB weKwkZ nq| GKvi„Y mKj ivó«B wkïi wkÿv wbwðZ
Ki„Z Pvq| ƒh„Kvb ƒ`„ki wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi ƒK„›`ª _v„K wkï ev wkÿv_©x| wKšŠ wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK Kvi„Y cÖwZeQi
A„bK wkï we`¨vjq ƒ_„K S„i co„Q| A„b„K Rxeb-RxweKvi ZvwM„` we`¨vj„q bv G„m Kg©Rxeb cքek K„i| G„`i
A„b„K c_wkï n„q AgvbweK Rxebhvcb K„i| BDwb„m„di (UNICEF) wi„c©vU g„Z, 2014 wLª. evsjv„`„k c_wkïi
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K„i| GLv„b Rb¥MÖnYKvix bZyb wkïwU c_wkï n„q hvq, ƒh cvq bv cքqvRbxq Lvevi, Kvco, wPwKrmv, Avevmb I wkÿv|
wkï I c_wkï
RvwZmsN wkï mb„` ewY©Z ƒNvlYv Abyhvqx 18 eq„mi Kg eqmxiv mK„jB wkï| ƒm Abyhvqx evsjv„`„ki ƒgvU
RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 45 fvMB wkï| evsjv„`„ki RvZxq wkïbxwZ-2011 Abyhvqx 18 eQ„ii Kg eqmx„`i wkï we„ePbv
Kiv n„q„Q| RvZxq wkïkªg `~ixKiY bxwZ (2010) ƒZ GB eqm wba©viY Kiv n„q„Q 14 eQi| Avevi evsjv„`„ki bvix
I wkï wbh©vZb `gb AvB„b wkï ej„Z AbwaK 16 eQi eq„mi ƒKvb e¨w³„K ƒevSvq| wkï wba©vi„Y eqm mxgvq gZ
cv_©K¨ _vK„Z cv„i| Z„e Zv KL„bvB 18 eQ„ii D„ש bq|
„h wkïiv c„_B _v„K, c„_B KvR K„i RxweKv wbe©vn K„i ZvivB c_wkï| BDwb„m„di (2009) g„Z ÔÔwho is of the
street and on the street that means who works all day in the street pass their times, eat and go back to
the family at night for sleep are children on the street and those who work, pass time and sleep on
street are children of the street’’.
Gwkïiv Rbmy¤§„L, gv„K©„U ev ƒLvjv RvqMv„Z KvR K„i, Nywg„q c„o| ƒKvb Kvi„Y wkïi GwZg Ae¯‹v, gv-evevi
we„”Q`, evev ev gv„qi `yiv„ivM¨ e¨vwa, wKsev cwiev„ii Avw_©K AbUb BZ¨vw` wewfbœ Kvi„Y wkïiv GK mgq N„i evwn„i
P„j Av„m| c„_ c„_ Ny„i ƒeovq| iv¯Ívq emevm ïiy K„i| ZLb c_ wkï n„q I„V|
`vwi`ªZvi Rb¨ A„bK cwievi mwVKfv„e wkï„`i„K M„o Zyj„Z cv„i bv| Zv„`i msmv„i Afve AbUb Rb¨ ƒQ„j-
„g„q„`i„K wVKgZ Lvevi I Ab¨vb¨ ƒg‡wjK AwaKvi ev my„hvM-myweav cÖ`v„b Ki„Z cv„i bv| Gme wkïivB ZLb Rxeb
msMÖv„g ƒb„g wewfbœ KvR-K„g© Rwo„q c„o| Gme Kv„Ri g„a¨ i„q„Q-Kywj, nKvi, wi·v kªwgK, dyj we„µZv, AveR©bv
msMÖvnK, ƒnv„Uj kªwgK, eybb Kg©x, gv`K evnK,wewo kªwgK, SvjvB KviLvbvi kªwgK BZ¨vw`| G„`i A„bK wewfbœ
SywKc~Y© Kv„RI Rwo„q c„o|
wkïi AwaKvi
RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb` (Convention on the Rights of the Child)1989-G wkïi AwaKvimg~n D„jøL K„i ejv
nq, cÖwZwU ivó« ƒMvÎ, eY©, wj½, fvlv, ag©, ivR†bwZK, RvZxqZv wKsev mvgvwRK cwiPq, ƒkªYx, Rb¥m~Î wKsev Ab¨ ƒKvb
gh©v`v wbwe©„k„l cÖwZwU gvbyl ƒKvb cÖKvi …elg¨ QvovB me ai„bi AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv ƒfvM Ki„e|cÖwZwU wkïB we„kl
hZœ I mnvqZv jvf Ki„e| GB ƒNvlYv Abyhvqx 18 eQ„ii bx„P me gvbemšÍvb„K wkï ejv n„q„Q, hw` bv wkïi Rb¨
cքhvR¨ AvB„bi AvIZvq 18 eQ„ii Av„MI wkï„K mvevjK wn„m„e we„ePbv Kiv nq|GB mb„`i 34wU Aby„”Q„` wkïi
AwaKvi¸„jv D„jøL Kiv n„q„Q| mb„`i Aby„”Q` 28-G wkïi wkÿv jv„fi AwaKvi Ges 29 Aby„”Q„` wkïi wkÿv
ƒKgb n„e ƒm wel„q Av„jvKcvZ Kiv n„q„Q| DwjøwLZ wkÿv jv„fi AwaKvi¸„jv nj-
K) mevi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿv n„e eva¨Zvg~jK Ges mnRjf¨ ৷
L) KvwiMwi I ewËg~jK wkÿvi my„hvM w`„Z n„e|
M) ƒhvM¨Zv Abyhvqx mKj„K wkïi Rb¨ D”Pwkÿvi my„hvM ƒ`Iqv w`„Z n„e|
N) we`¨vj„q Dcw¯‹wZ wbwðZ Ki„Z cքqvRbxq c`„ÿc MÖnY Ki„Z n„e|
evsjv„`k miKv„ii RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ„Z (2010) c_wkï I AwZ ewÂZ wkï„`i K_v we„klfv„e D„jøL Kiv n„q„Q|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ„Z ejv nq- ÔG„`i„K cªv_wgK we`¨vj„q Avbv I a„i ivLvi j„ÿ¨ webv Li„P fwZ©i my„hvM, webvg~„j¨i
wkÿv DcKiY mieivn, `ycy„ii Lvev„ii e¨e¯‹v Ges ewË`vbmn we„kl e¨e¯‹v MªnY Kiv n„e| we`¨vj„q Zv„`i myiÿvi

169
Rb¨ Kvh©Ki e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Kiv n„eÕ| my„hvMewÂZ wkÿv_©x I AbMÖmi A„ji wkÿv_©x m¤ú„K© ejv nq-Ôwewfbœ Kvi„Y
msKywPZ my„hvMewÂZ wkÿv_©x„`i Rb¨ AMªmi wkÿv_©x„`i Abyi€c mg-my„hvM m‚wó Ges wewfbœ iK„gi wkÿv cÖwZôvb Ges
A„ji g„a¨ …elg¨ `~i Kivi j„ÿ¨ cªv_wgK wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î cª¯ÍvweZ c`„ÿcmg~„ni Abyi€c Dchy³ e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Kiv
n„eÕ|
wkÿvbxwZ„Z hw`I mKj wkïi wkÿvi K_v ejv n„q„Q, Z_vwc wKQy cyk d¨v±„ii Rb¨ c_wkïi gZ my„hvMewÂZ
wkÿv_©x„`i wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv hv„”Q bv| BDwb„md, BD„bv„¯ˆv I AvBGjI (2008)-Gi M„elYvq g„Z GB cyk
d¨v±i¸„jv nj-
 Pig `vwi`ª¨ (Extreme poverty)
 cwiev„ii m`„mi g‚Z¨y (Death of earning member in family)
 wcZvgvZv we„”Q` (Parental divorce)
 wcZvgvZvi mšÍvb„K ƒQ„o P„j hvIqv (Abandonment of children)
 A_©†bwZK av°v (Economic shocks)
 cwiev„ii m`m¨iv gvivZ¥K ƒivMe¨vwa AvµvšÍ nIqv (Catastrophic health problems in family)
 cÖvK‚wZK wecR©q (Natural calamities)
cyk d¨v±i¸„jvi cvkvcvwk wKQy cyj d¨v±„ii cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Av„ew`b (2006) wPwýZ cyj d¨v±i¸„jv n„jv-
 `ÿ bv n„qI KvR Kivi my„hvM _vKvq c_wkïiv ¯ˆy„j ƒh„Z Pvq bv|
 ¯ˆy„j hvIqvi ƒP„q Kv„R hvIqv Avw_©Kfv„e AwaK jvfRbK|
c_wkï„`i ¯ˆy„j bv Avmvi wcQ„b Av„iv wKQy KviY Av„Q| BDwb„md, BD„b„¯ˆv, AvBGjI ( 2008) G GB KviY¸„jv
wb„`©k K„i„Q| M„elYvq ƒ`Lv hvq 16.9 kZvsk wkï Mn¯‹jxq A_©†bwZK Kv„R e¨¯Í _vKvq Zviv ¯ˆy„j Avm„Z cv„i bv,
9.6 kZvsk wkï gRywii wewbg„q KvR K„i, 8.2 kZvsk wkï wb„R„`i ƒjLvcovq `ye©j g„b K„i, Ges 7.2 kZvsk g„b
K„i Zv„`i c„ÿ ƒjLvcov m¤¢e bv| cwiev„ii A_©†bwZK Ae¯‹v hw`I wkÿvjv„fi c„_ GKwU eo evuav, ƒmLv„b
wkï„`i Ggb `‚wófw½ M„o IVvi d„j Zv„`i Rb¨ wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv Av„iv KwVb n„q c„o| GgZve¯‹vi ¯ˆyj¸„jv KZUv
Kvh©Ki I GKxf~Z cÖw³qvq gva¨„g wkÿv_©x„`i a„i ƒi„L wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki„Z cv„i Zv GKwU eo P¨v„jÄ|

c_wkï nIqvi KviY

ƒKvb GKK Kvi„Y„KD c_wkï n„q I„V bv| wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK, cÖvK‚wZK, …RweK, `‚wófw½ ev `~N©UbvRwbZ Kvi„Y
GKwU wkï c_wkïi n„q I„V| GKRb wkïi c_wkï n„q IVvi cÖavbZg KviY A_©†bwZK n„jI Lvev„ii Afve, f~wg
nviv„bv, my„hv„Mi ¯^íZv, DbœZ Rxe„bi Avkv, evev-gvi QvovQvwo, eûweevn, `~N©Ubv, wkïcvPvi BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg| `ªvwi`¨
mxgvi wb„P emevm Kivq A„bK cwiev„ii c„ÿ Zvi mšÍv„`i Rb¨ Lvev„ii e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z bv cvivq Zviv wfÿvewË ïiy
K„i| Avevi cwiev„i DcvR©bÿg e¨w³i Afve, wcZv-gvZvi g‚Zz¨ BZ¨vw` Kvi„YI cwiev„i Avw_©K msKU ƒ`Lv hvq|
Gme cwiev„ii mšÍv„biv A„bK mgq RxweKvi ZvwM„` c_wkï n„q hvq| wek¦e¨vcx ƒKvwU ƒKvwU c_wkï Gfv„eB GK
KwVb I wb„®úwlZ Ae¯‹vq Rxebhvcb Ki„Q| mKj wkï mgvb AwaKvi wb„q Rb¥ wb„jI mK„j mgvb my„hvM cvq bv|
GB wkïiv Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯‹vb, wkÿv, wPwKrmv BZ¨vw` ƒg‡wjK AwaKvi ƒ_„K ewÂZ nq| mviv„`„k Ggb A„bK wkï
i„q„Q c„_B hv„`i Rb¥ I emevm| c„_ c„_ ƒe„o IVv Ggb wkï„`i„K ƒUvKvB, c_Kwj, wQbœg~j ev c_wkï ejv n„q _v„K|
wewfbœ cÖvK‚wZK `y„h©vM ƒhgb-eb¨v, Lov, cvnvwo Xj BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ wkïiv c_wkï n„Z ƒ`Lv hvq| b`x ZxieZ©x GjvKvq
emevmiZ Rb„Mvôx eb¨vi Kvi„Y ƒklm¤^j b`xM„f© nvwi„q ƒeu„P _vKvi ZvwM„` knigyLx nq| kn„i KvR bv ƒc„q ax„i
ax„i c_wkï n„q hvq| mnvq m¤^jnxb cwiev„i Rb¥ ƒbIqv wkïwUI c„_B eo nq| A„bK mgq cÖwZeÜx wkïiv cwievi
I mgv„Ri Kv„Q Ae„njv ƒc„q `~„i m„i iv¯Ívi Rxeb„K ƒe„Q ƒbq| G iKg GwZg, cÖwZeÜx, AbMÖmi wkï„`i `vwqZ¡
ƒKD wb„Z Pvq| Zviv c„_ c„_B Ny„i ƒeovq| mšÍv„bi cÖwZ wcZvgvZv AhZœ-Ae„njvi Kvi„Y A„bK ¯^vfvweK cwiev„ii
mšÍv„biv ƒbkvMÖ¯‹ n„q hvq| A„bK mgq Ggb wkïivI cwievi ƒQ„o cvwj„q hvq|

c_wkï‡`i eÂbv
c_wkï„`i Rxebhvcb AZ¨šÍ `ywe©ln| K¨vw¤úi M„elYvq (2005) ƒ`Lv hvq,Street children are a particularly
difficult group to monitor and perhaps the most vulnerable group inthe population| kn„ii ƒLvjv
AvKv„ki wb„P, we«„Ri wb„P, gv„K©U, cvK©, evm I ƒij ƒ÷kbmn wewfbœ ¯‹vb Zv„`i Avkªq emevm ƒK›`«| Zviv mvgvb¨ hv
170
DcvR©b K„i ZvB w`„q iv¯Ívi av„ii Lvev„ii ƒ`vKvb, åvg¨gvY Lvev„ii ƒ`vKvb ƒ_„K Lvevi wK„b Lvq| Avq bv n„j bv
ƒL„qB w`bhvcb K„i| GRb¨ AwaKvsk c_wkï Acywó„Z ƒfv„M Ges Pg©„ivM, Wvqwiqv, VvÛv, R¡i, RwÛmmn bvbv ƒiv„M
Zviv AvµvšÍ nq| Amy¯‹ n„j wPwKrmvi my„hvM ƒ_„K Zviv ewÂZ nq| Ab¨w`„K Pywi ev SyuwKc~Y© Kv„Ri Rb¨ AvBb
cքqvMKvix ms¯‹vi m`m¨„`i nv„Z c_wkïiv cÖwZwbqZ wbh©vZ„bi wkKvi nq| wkï AwaKvi ƒdviv„gi Z_¨ g„Z,
c_wkï„`i 85 fvMB ƒKv„bv bv ƒKv„bv gv`K ƒmeb K„i| weweGm Gi Z_¨ g„Z, ¯ˆy„j hvq bv 24 jvL wkï, gRywi cvq
bv 16 jvL wkï, cwievi„K mnvqZv w`„Z KvR K„i 30 kZvsk wkï, K‚wl I Kj KviLvbvq KvR K„i 65 kZvsk wkï|
hviv g~j wkÿvi Av„jv ƒ_„K ewÂZ n„q AgvbweK Rxeb hvcb K„i| Zv„`i wkÿv I ¯^v¯‹¨ AZ¨šÍ bvRyK Ae¯‹vq _v„K|
c_wkïi wkÿvq KiYxq
evsjv„`„ki A„bK wQbœg~j wkï i„q„Q hviv `y'„ejv ƒcU f„i ƒL„Z cvq bv, hv„`i w`b Kv„U A„bK K„ó| hviv wVKg„Zv
Lvevi ƒhvMv„Z cv„i bv Zviv wKfv„e wkÿvMÖnY Ki„e? GRb¨ GB me wkï„`i„K wkÿvi Rb¨ miKv„ii cvkvcvwk
mevB„K GwM„q Avm„Z n„e|
 c_wkï„`i Rb¨ cքqvRbxq wkÿvi e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z n„e| wkÿvi cÖfv„eB Zviv Kyms¯ˆvi, Ab¨vq, RoZv I nxbZv
ƒ_„K gy³ n„q mwZ¨Kv„ii gvbyl n„Z cv„i| c_wkïiv wkÿvi Av„jvq Av„jvwKZ n„j wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kv„R
AskMÖnY Ki„Z cv„i| Gme wkïiv hw` wkÿvi my„hvM cvq Zvn„j Zviv fvj-g›`, b¨vq-Ab¨vq cv_©K¨ Ki„Z
cvi„e| Zviv ƒh ƒKv„bv SyuwKc~Y© KvR ƒ_„K wb„R„`i„K `~„i mwi„q ivL„Z mÿg n„e|
 „h mKj GjvKvq c_wkï ƒewk ƒ`Lv hvq ƒmLv„b ¯‹vbxq D„`¨v„M c_wkï„`i Rb¨ ¯ˆyj Pvjy Kiv ƒh„Z cv„i|
GB ¯ˆyj¸„jv n„Z cv„i Pvwn`vwfwËK I bgbxq| wkï„`i cQ›`gZ mg„q ¯ˆyj cwiPvjbv Ki„Z n„e|
AwffveKiv ƒQ„j„g„q„`i ¯ˆy„j cvVv„bvi ƒP„q ƒÿ„Z-Lvgv„i I Ab¨ RvqMvq KvR Kiv„bv AwaK jvfRbK
e„j Zviv g„b K„ib| G„Z Zv„`i cwiev„i wKQyUv mvnvh¨ nq e„j Zviv g„b K„i| GRb¨ cwievi¸„jv„K
m„PZb K„i Zv„`i mšÍvb„`i ¯ˆy„j cvVv„Z DØy× Ki„Z n„e|
 KvwiMwi I ewËg~jK wkÿvi gva¨„g c_wkï„`i `ÿ Ki„Z n„e| ewËjv„f KvwiMwi I ewËg~jK wkÿvi weKí
ƒbB| KvwiMwi I ewËg~jK wkÿvi e¨vcK cÖmv„ii gva¨„g wkï„`i„K AvMÖnx Ki„Z n„e| cքqvR„b ewË
cÖ`v„bi e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z n„e|
 c_wkï„`i AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ m¤ú„K© mK„ji gv„S m„PZbZv M„o Zyj„Z n„e| wewfbœ miKvwi my„hvM-
myweav Zv„`i„K w`„Z n„e| webv ƒeZ„b I wkÿvi wewbg„q Lv`¨ Kg©m~wP MÖnY Ki„Z n„e| Dchy³ wkÿv
cÖ`v„bi gva¨„g Zvi ƒhb AvZ¥wbf©kxj gvbyl wn„m„e wb„R„K M„o Zyj„Z cv„i ƒm e¨vcv„i Kvh©Ki c`„ÿc
wb„Z n„e| mgv„R abx-Mwi„ei g„a¨ my¯ú©K †Zwi Ki„Z n„e|
 AwffveK„`i `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi„Y Avq ew×g~jK cÖKí MÖnY Ki„Z n„e| DbœZ ƒ`„k wkïi mg¯Í `vwqZ¡ ivó« enb
K„i| ƒZgwb Avgv„`i ƒ`„ki Ae„nwjZ wkï„`i mg¯Í `vwqZ¡ ivó« wb„Z cv„i| cwimsL¨vb e¨y„ivi GK mgxÿvq
ƒ`Lv hvq, evsjv„`„k wkï kªwg„Ki msL¨v cÖvq 65 jvL (6.5 wgwjqb) hv c‚w_exi ƒgvU wkï kªwg„Ki 2.6
Ask| ƒ`„ki ƒgvU RbmsL¨vi 47 kZvskB wkï, hv„`i eqm ƒlvj eQ„ii Kg| BDwb„m„di wnmve Abyhvqx
2014 wLª. g„a¨ evsjv„`„ki iv¯Ívq wkïi msL¨v 11 jvL 44 nvRvi Qvwo„q ƒM„Q| GB wecyj msL¨K c_wkï
ƒ`„ki Dbœq„b f~wgKv ivL„Z cv„i| ZvB Zv„`i Avw_©K I mvgvwRK fv„e cybe©vmb bv Ki„j ƒ`„ki mvgwMÖK
Dbœqb e¨vnZ n„e|
 Kg©gyLx wkÿv ev¯Íevq„b Rb¨ ch©vß msL¨K KvwiMix I ewËg~jK wkÿvi Dc„hvMx wkÿv cÖwZôvb M„o Zyj„Z
n„e| ¯^í„gqv`x ƒKv„m© Dchy³ ƒU«wbs Gi e¨e¯‹v K„i c_wkï„`i my`ÿ K„i M„o Zyj„Z n„e| Gme Kg©gyLx
wkÿvi cÖwZ c_wkïiv AvMÖnx K„i Zyj„Z n„e Ges c_wkïi wcZvgvZv„KI Kg©gyLx wkÿvq wkwÿZ I `ÿ K„i
Zyj„Z n„e| Zvn„j Zviv mgv„Ri Rb¨ ƒevSv bv n„q m¤ú„` cwiYZ n„e|
 c_wkï„`i Dbœq„bi e¨vcv„i ïay miKvwi Kvh©µg bq RbMY„K m„PZb Ki„Z n„e| A_©vr ƒKD c_wkï n„j
Zv„K cybe©vm„bi e¨e¯‹v Kiv Ki„Z n„e|
 ƒh mKj c_wkï GwZg ev hviv AwffveKnxb Zv„`i„K miKvwi-„emiKvwi D„`¨v„M Avkªq„bi e¨e¯‹v K„i
ƒmLv„bB Zv„`i ƒg‡wjK AwaKvi¸„jv wbwðZ Kiv ƒh„Z cv„i| Avevi ƒm mKj c_wkïi wcZvgvZv ev
AwffveK i„q„Q ƒm„ÿ„Î AwffveK ev wcZvgvZv„K `ÿZv I RxebwfwËK Kv„Ri cÖwkÿY w`„q Avqea©bg~jK
Kv„Ri wb„qvwRZ Ki„Z n„e|
 Child to child approach-Gi gva¨„g ƒh mKj wkïiv ¯ˆy„j hvq Zv„`i gva¨„g c_wkï„`i„K wkÿv MÖn„Y
DrmvwnZ Ki„Z n„e| ¯ˆyjMvgx wkï„`i c_wkï„`i AwaKvi I wkÿvi e¨vcv„i m„PZb K„i Zv„`i `‚wófw½i
cwieZ©b Ki„Z n„e|
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ivó«xq cwiP„q evsjv„`„ki mKj Rb„Mvôx evsjv„`wk bv„g cwiwPwZ n„jI mvs¯ˆ‚wZK cwiP„q Zv„`i g„a¨ wfbœZv
i„q„Q| mvs¯ˆ‚wZK cwiP„q ƒKD evOvwj, ƒKDev ÿy`ª b„Mvôx| ÿy`ª b„Mvôx¸„jvi i„q„Q hv„`i wbR¯^ fvlv, ms¯ˆ‚wZ,
g~j¨„eva, RxebvPvi, ag©xq wek¦vm I U¨vey| 2011 wLª. Av`gïgvwi Z_¨ g„Z ÿy`ª b„Mvôxi msL¨v 15 jÿ hv ƒgvU
RbmsL¨vi 2 kZvsk| A„bK ÿy`ª b„Mvôxi wbR¯^ gvZ‚fvlv Av„Q hv evsjv bq| wKšŠ Zviv Zv„`i gvZ‚fvlvq wkÿvjv„fi
my„hvM cv„”Q bv| d„j fvlv mgm¨vi Rb¨ ÿy`ª b„Mvôx¸„jv wkÿvi my„hvM ƒ_„K ewÂZ n„”Q| GQvovI Av„iv wKQy wkÿv
Pvwn`v Av„Q hv c~iY bv n„j mvgwMÖKfv„e wkÿvi jÿ¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq|
RvwZ wn„m„e M„o IVvi Rb¨ Ôms¯ˆ‚wZÕ GKwU ¸iyZc ¡ ~Y© Dcv`vb| ms¯ˆ‚wZ wewfbœ Dc-Dcv`v„b wef³| ƒhgb- fvlv,
Lv`¨vf¨vm, ƒcvkvK-AvkvK, AvPvi-AvPiY Ges wewfbœ iKg Kjv ƒhgb- wPÎKjv, bZ¨Kjv, msMxZ, mvwnZ¨ BZ¨vw`|
cքZ¨K RvwZi wbR¯^ ms¯ˆ‚wZi Kvi„YB GK RvwZ Aci RvwZ ƒ_„K Avjv`v| bZvwËK ƒMvôx ej„Z RvwZB ƒevSv„bv nq|
hv„`i Avjv`v ms¯ˆ‚wZ, wbR¯^ fvlv I ƒcvkv„Ki HwZn¨,AvPvi-AvPiY, Lv`¨vf¨vm BZ¨vw`„Z hviv Ab¨„`i Zyjbvq wfbœ;
ZvivB wfbœ b„Mvôx| ƒhgb-evsjv„`„k evOvwj, PvKgv, gvigv, Lvwmqv, Mv„iv, mvuIZvj, ivLvBb, cvs„Lvqv wewfbœ b„Mvôxi
evm| evsjv„`„k cÖvq 45wU gZ RvwZmËvi Dcw¯‹wZi ƒ`Lv hvq| bZvwË¡K ƒMvôxi wfbœ wfbœ Rxebaviv, K‚wó, ms¯ˆ‚wZ
evsjv„`k Ki„Q GKwU …ewPΨgq ms¯ˆ‚wZi ƒ`k|

ÿy`ª b„‡Mvôxi wkÿv

RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb` (1989) I mevi Rb¨ wkÿv (1990) ƒNvlYvc„Î cÖwZwU wkïi wkÿvi Dci ¸iyZ¡ w`„q
wkÿv„K A†eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n„q„Q| GLv„b Av„iv ejv n„q„Q, wkïi wkÿv n„e gvbm¤§Z| EFA-Dakar
Framework for Action (2000) m„¤§j„bAv„iv ejv nq kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, ƒe‡w×K, Av„ewMK I fvlvMZ
Kvi„Y ƒKvb wkÿv_©x„K wkÿvjv„fi c„_ ƒKvb evav m‚wó Kiv hv„e bv| GLv„b cÖwZe×x, AwZ ƒgavex, c_wkï, kªgRxex
wkï, myweavewÂZ wkï, `wjZ Rb„Mvôx Ges wewfbœ fvlv, ms¯ˆ‚wZ, ÿy`ª b„Mvôx, cÖvwšÍK ƒMvwôi gvby„li wkÿv wbwðZKi„Y
we„kl Dci ƒRvi ƒ`Iqv n„q„Q| mevi Rb¨ wkÿv ev Education for All gv„b AwaKvs„ki wkÿv bq| GLv„b mKj
wkÿv_©xi AšÍf~w© ³i Dci ¸iyZ¡v„ivc Kiv n„q„Q| mvaviY wkÿv_©x„`i mv„_ ÿy`ª b„Mvôx, cÖvwšÍK mKj wkÿv_©xi wkÿv
MÖnY Ki„Z cvi„e| wkïi wkÿvi Dci wbf©iK„i AvMvgx wkwÿZ RvwZ M„o ƒZvjvi ¯^cœ| ZvB ƒKvb wkÿv_©xB hv„Z
wkÿvi my„hvM n„Z ewÂZ bv nq ƒmw`„K we„kl bRi w`„Z, ƒnvK bv ƒm evOvwj ev b„Mvwô|

evsjv‡`‡k ÿy`ª b„‡Mvôxi wkÿv

evsjv„`„ki wewfbœ ¯‹v„b ÿy`ª b„Mvôxi emevm K„i| hv„`i enr Ask cve©Z¨ GjvKvq emevm Ki„Z ƒ`Lv hvq| GB
b„Mvôx ¸„jvi fvlv I mvs¯ˆ‚wZK …ewP„Ψ Rb¨ GB A„j mevi Rb¨ wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi hv„”Q bv (BDwb„md 2005)|
wkÿv e¨e¯‹vq Avw`evmx„`i fvlv I ms¯ˆ‚wZK cÖwZdjb bv _vKvq Zviv wkÿv MÖnY ƒ_„K wcwQ„q _vK„Q| hw`I
evsjv„`„ki msweav„bi 23K Aby„”Q„` ejv n„q„Q ivó« wewfbœ DcRvwZ, ÿy`ª RvwZmËv, b-„Mvwô I m¤cÖ`v„qi Abb¨
†ewkó¨c~Y© AvÂwjK ms¯ˆ‚wZ Ges HwZn¨ msiÿY, Dbœqb I weKv„ki e¨e¯‹v MÖnY Kivi K_v ejv n„q„Q| hvi cÖwZdjb
wkÿvq e¨e¯‹vq ƒZgb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv| ¯ˆy„ji fvlv I ms¯ˆ‚wZi mv„_ Avw`evmx fvlv I ms¯ˆ‚wZ wgj bv _vKvq Zviv
¯ˆy„j Avm„Z Pvq bv| wkÿvi gva¨g wn„m„e evsjv e¨envi Kiv nq e„j wkÿv_©x„`i wb„`©kbv eyS„Z Amyweav nq|
wkÿv_©xiv wVKgZ eyS„Z cv„i bv Kx cov„bv n„”Q| Zviv GKmgq ¯ˆy„j Avmv eÜ K„i ƒ`q| Gfv„e A„bK wkÿv_©xB
S„i c„o| cveZ¨© GjvKvq GB S„i covi nvi Ab¨vb¨ GjvKv ƒ_„K ƒewk| evsjv„`k miKv„i cÖwZ„e`b (2013)
Abyhvqx mviv„`„k cÖv_wgK we`¨vj„q wkÿv_©x fwZ©i nvi 98.7 kZvsk wKšŠ Avw`evmx wkÿv_©xi nvi 70 kZvsk| Avevi
hviv fwZ© nq Zv„`i 60 kZvsk cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Íi ƒkl nIqvi Av„MB S„i c„o| fvlvMZ `~e©jZvi Rb¨ Zviv K¬vm
cvi`©wkZvq Ab¨„`i ƒP„q wcwQ„q _v„K| A„bK„ÿ„Î Zv„`i wb„Pi K¬v„m bvwg„q ƒ`Iqv nq| ZvB RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ„Z
(2010) Avw`evmx wkï„`i wkÿvi K_v we„klfv„e D„jøL K„i ejv n„q„Q-
 Avw`evmx wkïiv hv„Z wb„R„`i gvZ‚fvlvq wkL„Z cv„i ƒmB j„ÿ¨ Zv„`i Rb¨ Avw`evmx wkÿK I cvV¨cy¯„Í Ki
e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„e| GB Kv„R, we„kl K„i cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYqb, Avw`evmx mgvR„K m¤ú‚³ Kiv n„e|
 Avw`evmx cÖvwšÍK wkï„`i Rb¨ we„kl mnvqZvi e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„e|
172
  Avw`evmx Aa¨ywlZ (cvnvo wKsev mgZj) ƒhmKj GjvKvq cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq ƒbB ƒmmKj GjvKvq cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq ¯‹vcb Kiv n„e| ƒh„nZy ƒKvb ƒKvb GjvKvq Avw`evmx„`i emwZ nvjKv ZvB GKwU we`¨vj„q ch©vß
wkÿv_©x fwZ© nIqvi my„hvM m‚wó Kivi j„ÿ¨ cքqvR„b wkÿv_©x I wkÿ„Ki AvevwmK e¨e¯‹vi w`„KI bRi
ƒ`Iqv n„e|
b„ZvwË¡K Rb‡Mvwôi wkÿv mgm¨v
b„Mvwôi wewfbœ mgm¨vi Ab¨Zg GKwU nj fvlv, Z„e GKgvÎ KviY bq| ƒebmb (2006) mv„j Zvi M„elYvq ƒ`wL„q„Q
fvlv GKwU nvwZqvi hvi gva¨„g mgv„Ri AmgZv `~i Kiv hvq Ges fvlvMZ cv_©K¨ `~i K„i wkÿv„K AwaKZi GKxf~Z
Kiv hvq| wKšŠ wkÿvµ„g ÿy`ª b„Mvôx¸„jv Rxeb, ms¯ˆ‚wZi cÖwZdjb ƒ`Lv hvq bv| GQvovI we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv I
e¨e¯‹vcbvq ¯‹vbxq Rb„Mvôxi AskMÖn„Yi mgm¨v| GB mgm¨v¸„jv„K PviwU Mªy„c fvM Kiv hvq| ƒm¸„jv nj- my„hv„Mi
¯^íZv, wbgœgv„bi wkÿv, ms¯ˆ‚wZK evav I ¯‹vbxq Rb„Mvôxi mxwgZ AskMÖnY|
we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki mxwgZ my‡hvM
 evsjv fvlvq K_v ej„Z bv cvivq ¯ˆyj KZ©‚cÿ Avw`evmx wkÿv_©x„`i we`¨vj„q fwZ© Ki„Z Pvq bv|
 ¯ˆyj K¨v„jÛv„i bgbxqZvi Afve ƒ`Lv hvq| ƒhLv„b ¯‹vbxq Rb„Mvôxi ƒKvb cÖwZdjb ƒ`Lv hvq bv|
 ÿy`ª b„Mvôxi ev Avw`evmx„`i Pvwn`vwfwËK ¯ˆy„ji Afve| ƒhgb- Zv„`i fvlv I ms¯ˆ‚wZi ¯ˆyj|

wbgœgv‡bi wkÿv
 ¯ˆyj¸„jv Avw`evmx wkÿv_©x„`i wkÿv Pvwn`v¸„jv„K ¸iyZ¡ ƒ`q bv|
 ¯^í msL¨K Avw`evmx wkÿK wb„qvM| Avevi wb„qvMcÖvß wkÿ„Ki wbR GjvKvq wb„qvM I e`wji my„hvM Kg
_vKvq wkÿvq ƒbwZevPK cÖfve c„o|
 Avw`evmx ¯ˆyj¸„jv Zyjbvg~jKfv„e Kg mnvqZv ƒc„q _v„K|
mvs¯‥…wZK evuav
 Avw`evmx wkÿv_©x„`i gvZ‚fvlvq we`¨vj„qi wkLb-„kLv„bv Kvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv nq bv|
 ¯ˆyj KvwiKyjv„g ¯‹vbxq ms¯ˆ‚wZ, g~j¨„eva I fvlvq cÖwZdjb ƒ`Lv hvq bv|
 ¯‹vbxq I RvZxq ch©v„q mvs¯ˆ‚wZK †ewP„Î Dbœq„bi cwiKíbvi Afve|
¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi AskMÖn‡Yi Afve
 ¯ˆy„ji Kvh©µ„g wcZvgvZv ev AwffveK BwZevPK f~wgKv ivL„Z cv„i bv| AwffveK I wkÿ„Ki fvlvMZ
cv_¨©„Ki evuav n„q ƒ`Lv ƒ`q|
 wkÿv_©x„`i wbR fvlv I mvs¯ˆ‚wZK Dbœq„bi mxwgZ my„hvM _v„K|
 Awffve„Ki g„b K„ib Zv„`i fvlv I ms¯ˆ‚wZi mv„_ wkÿvi m¤úK© Kg|
gvZ…fvlvwfwËK eûfvwlK wkÿvi myweav
bZvwË¡K Rb„Mvwôiwkÿv_©x„`i fvlv I mvs¯ˆ‚wZK wfbœZvi Rb¨ wkÿv ƒ_„K ewÂZ Kiv hv„e bv| bZvwË¡K Rb„Mvwô
fvlvMZ I ms¯ˆ‚wZK evav DËi„Yi Ab¨Zg Dcvq nj gvZ‚fvlvwfwËK eûfvwlK wkÿv (mother tounge based
multilingual education (MLE)| Avw`evmxi wkÿv_©x„`i ƒÿ„Î Zv„`i gv„qi fvlv n„e cÖ_g fvlv Ges evsjv n„e
wØZxq fvlv| KviY cÖwZwU gvbylB gvZ‚fvlvq wkL„Z ïiy K„i, ƒKvb wKQy eyS„Z wk„L Ges ƒhvMv„hvM Ki„Z wk„L|
Avw`evmx wkÿv_©xiv hLb Ab¨fvlv ƒhgb evsjv fvlv e¨env„i `ÿ nq I„V ZLb Av„¯Í Av„¯Í Zv„`i gvZ‚fvlvi e¨envi
Kwg„q w`„Z n„e| GK mgq Zviv gvZ‚fvlvi gZ evsjv fvlv e¨env„i cvi`k©x n„q I„V| ZvB Avw`evmx wkÿv_©xi
Pvwn`vi we„ePbv K„i gvZ‚fvlv wfwËK eûfvwlK wkÿv ƒ`Iqv cքqvRb| AvbyôvwbK ev DcvbyôvwbK Dfq wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î
cª„hvR¨ GKB K_v cքhvR¨| ƒebmb (2006) M„elYvq ƒ`wL„Qb gvZ‚fvlvq wkÿv w`„j we`¨vj„q wkÿv_©x fwZ© I
Dcw¯‹wZ nvi ew× cvq| Avevi g¨vjb (2005) Gi M„elYvq ƒ`Lv hvq, Dfq fvlv e¨env„ii d„j wkÿv wkÿv_©xiv n„q
I„V ƒ`vfvlx, …ØZ-mvÿwiK I …ØZ-mvs¯ˆ‚wZK|
†`vfvlx (Bilingual): gvZ‚fvlv wfwËK eûfvwlK wkÿvi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xiv cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe„b ƒhvMv„hvM I wkÿv MÖnY
Ki„Z Zv„`i gvZ‚fvlvi cvkvcvwk evsjv fvlv e¨envi AvZ¥wek¦vm n„q D„V|
•ØZ-mvÿwiK (Biliterate): wkÿv_©xiv Zv„`i gvZ‚fvlv I evsjv fvlvq ¯^Zsù~Z©fv„e co„Z I wjL„Z cv„i| Dfq
fvlvq `ÿZv _vKvq A„bK Z_¨ Rvb„Z cv„i I A„bK my„hvM Kv„R jvMv„Z cv„i|
•ØZ-mvs¯‥…wZK (Bicultural): wkÿv_©xiv Zv„`i wbR ms¯ˆ‚wZ I m¤cÖ`vq m¤ú„K© Rvbvi cvkvcvwk evOvwj ms¯ˆ‚wZI
m¤ú„K© Rvb„Z cv„i| Zviv Zv„`i m¤cÖ`v„qi evwn„ii Rb„Mvwôi mv„_ AvZ¥wek¦v„mi mvgvwRK ƒhvMv„hvM iÿv Ki„Z cv„i|
173
wek¦e¨vsK (2005) wkÿvq gvZ‚fvlvq e¨env„ii 5wU BwZevPK w`K wPwýZ K„i„Q| G¸„jv n„jv-
K) wkÿv MÖn„Yi nvi ew× cvq I wkÿv_©x„`i mÿgZv ew× cvq;
L) wkLbdj fvjfv„e AwR©Z nq;
M) S„ii covi nvi n«vm cvq;
N) mvgvwRK-mvs¯ˆ‚wZK mydj cvIqv hvq,
O) mvgwMÖK wkÿv e¨q n«vm cvq|
gvZ…fvlv e¨env‡i Av‡iv wKQy we‡kl w`K nj-
 wkÿv_©x„`i wkLb Kvh©Ki I ƒUKmB nq;
 wkLb-„kLv„bv Kv„h© wkÿv_©x„`i AskMÖnY AwaK nq;
 wkÿv_©xivcv„Vi welq mn„R AvZ¥¯‹ Ki„Z cv„i;
 Avw`evmx wkÿv_©x„`i mvgvwRKxKiY mnR I mvejxj;
 wkÿv_©x fwZ©i nvi ew× cvq I S„i covi nvi K„g hvq;
Z„e gvZ‚fvlvq wkÿv cÖ`v„bi wKQy mgm¨vI Av„Q| mgm¨v¸„jv n„jv-
 cÖv_wgK wkÿv gvZ‚fvlvq cÖ`vb Kiv n„jI cieZ©xKv„j Zv„`i evsjv I Bs„iwR fvlvq wkÿv MÖnY Ki„Z n„e
hv Zv„`i Rb¨ GKwU P¨v„jÄI e„U|
 cÖwZwU ÿy`ª b„Mvwôi wbR wbR fvlvq wkÿv wbwðZ KivI KwVb KvR| A„bK m¤cÖ`v„qi wbR¯^ wjwLZ nid
ƒbB| d„j mK„ji Rb¨ c‚_K cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYqb Kiv m¤¢e bq|
 cÖwZwU m¤cÖ`v„qi wbR¯^ fvlvi wkÿK wb„qvM GKwU `~iæn KvR| A„bK ƒÿ„Î ƒhvM¨Zv m¤úbœ wkÿK cvIqv hvq bv|
evsjv„`k HwZnvwmKfv„e GKwU …ewPΨgq ƒ`k ƒhLv„b wewfbœ fvlv, ag©, ms¯ˆ‚wZi Rb„Mvôx emevm K„i hv„`i Av„Q
wewfbœ bZvwË¡K cwiPq hv evOvwj ms¯ˆ‚wZ„K mg‚× Ki„Q| wKšŠ A„b„Ki AÁZv, …elg¨g~jK `‚wófw½i Kvi„Y Zviv
mvgwMÖK Dbœq„b AskMÖnY Ki„Z cvi„Q bv| GRb¨ mKj„K m„PZb n„Z n„e Ges Zv„`i Dbœq„b ev¯Íeg~Lx c`„ÿc
MÖnY Ki„Z n„e| Avw`evmx mKj Rb„Mvôxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K„i Zv„`i g~j Dbœqb ƒMÖv„Z wb„q Avm„Z n„e| Ab¨_vq
Avw`evmx m¤úwK©Z ƒUKmB Dbœq„bi jÿ¨gvÎvq jÿ¨¸„jv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq|

7.4 S‡i cov I ¸YMZ wkÿv

S‡i cov
wkÿv„ÿ„Î S„i cov bZyb ƒKvb welq bq| wkÿv_©xiv ƒKb S„i c„o ƒm wel„q wekkZ„Ki ïiy ƒ_„KKviY ƒLuvRv n„”Q|
S„i cov ïay evsjv„`„ki Rb¨ GKK mgm¨v Ggb bq| we„k¦i Ab¨vb¨ ƒ`k ƒhgb fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb, kªxjsKv„ZI
wkÿv_©xiv S„i c„o| evsjv„`k miKvi ¯^vaxbZvi ci ƒ_„K cÖwZwU wkï hv„Z wkÿv jvf Ki„Z cv„i, S„i bv c„o Ges
wkÿvi nvi ew× cvq ƒmRb¨ wbijmfv„e KvR K„i hv„”Q| wkÿvLv„Zi Dbœq„bi Rb¨ bvbvgyLx c`ÿ„c MÖnY K„i„Q|
d„j wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n„q„Q| wKšŠ S„i covi Kvi„Y kZfvM wkÿv_©x Kvw•LZ ¯Íi
ch©šÍ wkÿv mgvß Ki„Z cvi„Q bv| eZ©gv„b cÖv_wgK ¯Í„i kZfvM wkÿv_©x fwZ©i mvdj¨ Avm„jI wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK
Kvi„Y cªv_wgK wkÿv Pµ mgvwß c~„e©B A„bK wkÿv_©x S„i co„Q| GKB wPÎ gva¨wgK ¯Í„iI ƒ`Lv hvq| wKšŠ wKQy cyk
d¨v±i, cyj d¨v±i I ƒdBwjs AvDU d¨v±i Gi Rb¨ wkÿv_©xiv S„i co„Q| ZvB S„i cov mgm¨v GKwU wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi
Ab¨Zb GKwU mgm¨v wn„m„e wPwýZ Kiv n„q„Q|
mvaviYfv„e ƒKvb Kvi„Y wkÿv_©xiv ¯ˆy„j hvIqv eÜ K„i w`„j Zv S„i cov e„j we„ePbv Kiv nq| ƒKvb wkÿv_©x Pjgvb
ƒKvb wkÿv Kvh©µg fwZ© n„q Zv m¤ú~Y©iæ„c ƒkl nIqvi c~„e©B _vwg„q w`„j ev wkÿvMÖnY ƒQ„o w`„j H wkÿv_©x S„i
cov wkÿv_©x e„j we„ewPZ n„e| K¨v¤^weªR wWKkbvwi g„Z drop out হল ‘to stop doing something before you
have completely finished’| S„i cov GKwU cªwµqvi gva¨„g m¤úbœ nq| cªv_wgK ¯Í„i wkÿv_©x Lvivc djvdj S„i
covi GKwU Ab¨Zg wb„`©kK| S„i cov ev Wªvc AvDU GB aviYv ƒ`k ƒf„` wfbœ n„q _v„K| b_© K¨v„ivwjbvq S„i
cov ej„Z ԃKvb cÖv_wgK ev gva¨wgK ¯ˆy„j e`wjRwbZ Kvi„Y fwZ© bv n„q ƒKvb wkÿv_©x hw` eZ©gvb ¯ˆy„ji ƒjLvcov
mgvwßi c~„e© ƒKvb Kvi„Y ¯ˆy„j ƒQ„o P„j hvq| wesk kZvãxi ïiy„Z ÔS„i covÕ welqwU„K Ô¯ˆyj Z¨vMÕ wn„m„e we„ePbv
Kiv nZ (dyjvi 1927)|
S‡i covi KviY
S„i cov bZyb ƒKvb welq bq| S„i covi mywbw`ó GKK ƒKvb KviY ƒbB| ƒh Kvi„Y wkÿv_©xiv S„i co„Q ƒm¸„jv„K
S„i covi c~e©eZ©x Ae¯‹v wn„m„e we„ePbv Kiv nq| GKRb wkÿv_©x ƒhw`b ƒ_„K we`¨vj„q Avmv eÜ K„i ƒ`q Zvi Av„M
ƒ_„K GB cÖfve¸„jv KvR K„i| RW©vb I Ab¨vb¨ (1994) Ges IqvU I ƒivwms (1994) mv„j Zv„`i M„elYvq S„i
covi KviY¸„jv„K cyk, cyj I ƒdwjs d¨v±i wn„m„e wPwýZ Ki„Qb|
174
  cyk d¨v±i: we`¨vj„qi cwi„e„ki wewfbœ Dcv`v„bi cÖfv„ei Rb¨ wkÿv_©x Pvc Abyfe K„i| GB
Dcv`vb¸„jv„K cyk d¨v±i ejv nq| we`¨vj„q Dcw¯‹wZ, ¯ˆy„ji wbqg-k‚•Ljv bxwZ, ƒnvg Iqv„K©i Pvc, cixÿvi
Pvc, Uq„jU myweav, wkÿ„Ki Lvivc AvPiY BZ¨vw` Kvi„Y wkÿv_©xiv S„i c„i| GLv„b ¯ˆyj g~j cÖfve„Ki
KvR K„i hvi cÖfv„e wkÿv_©xiv S„i hvq|
 cyj d¨v±i: ¯ˆy„ji evwn„ii cÖfveK¸„jv nj cyj d¨v±i hvi d„j wkÿv_©xiv covïbv ƒkl Kivi Av„MB we`¨vjq
ƒ_„K S„i c„o| A_©†bwZK wPšÍv, ¯ˆy„ji evwn„i KvR Kiv, cwievi cwieZ©b, kvixwiK Amy¯Z ‹ v, GjvKv/kni
cwieZ©b, weevn, `ye©j ¯^v„¯‹¨ BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ wkÿv_©xiv S„i c„o|
 ‡dwjs d¨v±i: cyk I cyj d¨vw±„ii evB„iI wKQy KviY Av„Q hvi d„j wkÿv_©x S„i c„o| A„bK mgq
wkÿv_©xiv cixÿv fvj djvdj Ki„Z bv ƒc„i nZvk n„q c„o| cÖwZôvb fvj bv jvMv, cvwievwiK Kjn,
gv`Kvw³, weP¨yZ AvPiY BZ¨vw` wkÿv_©x„`i g„a¨ ƒjLvcovi cÖwZ AbvMÖn†Zwi K„i| d„j ¯ˆy„ji cÖwZ Drmvn
nvwi„q djvdj Lvivc Ki„Z _v„K| G¸„jv ƒdwjs d¨v±i| e¨w³MZ ev wkÿvg~jK mnvqZvq Afv„ei Rb¨
ƒdwjs d¨v±i¸„jv ƒ`Lv hvq| ƒdwjs W«vcU AvDU Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv ƒhLv„b wkÿv_©xiv ax„i ax„i GKv„WwgK
Kv„R AvMÖn nvwi„q GK mgq ¯ˆyj ƒQ„o ƒ`q|
1966 wLª. ch©šÍ wewfbœ M„elYvq cyj d¨v±i¸„jv„K wkÿv_©x S„i Ab¨Zg KviY e¨vL¨v Kiv n„jI eZ©gv„b cyk d¨v±„ii
cÖfve ƒewk ƒ`Lv hvq („Rvbv_b, 2013)| wewfbœ mg„q M‚nxZ bvbvg~Lx D„`¨v„Mi Rb¨ wek kZ„K c~„e© ƒhLv„b wkÿv_©x
fwZ©i nvi ƒhLv„b GK„Ki N„i wQj Zv `k„Ki N„i DbœZ n„q„Q| M„elYvq ƒ`Lv hvq, wkÿv_©x fwZ© nvi wØZxq
wek¦hy×Kv„j 50 kZvs„k ƒ_„K ew× ƒc„q 1970 wLª.80 kZvs„k Ges 2010 wLª. bvMvZ Zv 89.9 kZvsk ƒc‡u„QQ| wKšŠ
wkÿv_©x S„i cov ƒ_„g ƒbB („eì DBb 1992,P¨vcg¨vb I Ab¨vb¨ 2010)|
S„i covi KviY¸„jv„K Avevi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K `yB fv„M fvM Kiv hvq hv G„K Ac„ii mv„_ m¤úwK©Z|

K. S‡i covi Af¨šÍixY KviY

 we`¨vj„qi MVb I my„hvM-myweav Afve;
 wkÿ„Ki c¨vWv„MvwRK¨vj Áv„bi Afve;
 ¯ˆy„ji e¨e¯‹vcbvq A`ÿZv;
 ch©vß ¯ˆyj I wkÿ„Ki Afve;
 wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi AbycvZ|

L. S‡i covi evwn¨K KviY

wkÿv_©xiv A_©†bwZK I mvgvwRK Ae¯‹v S„i covi Ab¨Zg KviY| Ggb A„bK wkÿv_©x Av„Q hviv cwievi„K mvnvh¨
Kivi Rb¨ ¯ˆyj PjvKvjxb evwn„i KvR Kiv _v„K| evevi Kv„R mvnvh¨ Kiv, ƒ`vKv„b emv, gvQ ai„Z hvIqv, gv„V KvR
Kiv BZ¨vw` Kv„R e¨¯Í n„q hvq| GB wkÿv_©xiv Aí eq„mB A„_©i g~j¨ eyS„Z ƒk„L| d„j ƒjLvcovi ƒP„q Kv„Ri
cÖwZ Zv„`i AvMÖn ƒewk AvMÖn Rb¥vq| ƒQ„j wkÿv_©x S„i covi ƒÿ„Î GB KviY¸„jv cªfve we¯Ívi K„i| Avevi evj¨
weevnRwbZ Kvi„Y ƒg„q wkÿv_©xiv ƒewk S„i c„o| wkÿv_©x Kg fwZ© I D”P S„i covi Av„iKwU KviY nj ƒf‡„MvwjK
Ae¯‹vb| `yM©g GjvKv we„kl K„i cvnvwo GjvKv I Rjve× GjvKv, PivÂj wkÿv_©x S„i covi nvi ƒewk| ƒKvwPs
evwYR¨ I ƒbvU eB Gi Kvi„Y wkÿv e¨q ew× cvIqv Ges wkÿvi mv„_ Kv„Ri wbðqZv bv _vKvq A„bK wkÿv_©x I
Awffve„Ki g„a¨ ƒbwZevPK gvbwmKZv ƒ`Lv hvq| wkÿv_©x I AwffveK Pvc Abyfe K„i| S„i covi Av„iv wKQy KviY
nj-
 wkÿv_©xi bZyb cwi„e„k gvwb„q wb„Z bv cviv;
 wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi Kv„Ri Pvc;
 cwiev„i mnvqZv Kiv;
 eywjs ev f¨vsPv„bvi ms¯ˆ‚wZ;
 wbqwgZ Lvivc djvdj;
 Aciva cÖeYZv;
 AvMքni Afve I cªv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í„i KvwiKyjv„gi mgš^qnxZv|

175
S‡i covi mvgvwRK-mvs¯‥…wZK w`K
cwiev„ii Avw_©K mvg„_©¨i mv„_ wkÿv MÖn„Yi BwZevPK m¤úK© i„q„Q| A„bK `wi`ª cwievi Av„Q hviv Zv„`i mšÍvb„`i
we`¨vj„q cvVvq,Avevi ƒKD cvVvq bv| GKB iKg Avw_©K mvg_¨© _vKv m„Ë¡I AwffveK„`i wkÿvMZ ƒhvM¨Zvi
cv_©„K¨iRb¨ GgbUv ƒ`Lv hvq|
 ƒh mKj wcZvgvZvi wkÿvi ƒKvb AwfÁZv ƒbB Zviv wkÿvi g~j¨ eyS„Z bv ƒc„i mšÍvb„`i ¯ˆy„j ƒh„Z Kg
AvMÖn cÖKvk K„i|
 wbiÿi wcZvgvZvi mšÍv„biv ¯ˆy„j ƒh„Z PvB„j cwiev„ii cª_g cÖR„b¥i wkÿv_©x wn„m„e wKQy evavi m¤§yLxb
n„Z nq| G wkÿv_©xiv cwiev„i m`m¨„`i Kv„Q cov„jLvi e¨vcv„i mn„hvwMZv, Drmvn ƒZgb mnvqZv cvq bv
hv wkïi wkL„bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ cքqvRbxq|
 mwVK mg„q mšÍvb„`i ¯ˆy„j fwZ©i cքqvRbxqZv Aí ƒhvM¨Zv m¤úbœ Awffve„Ki eyS„Z bv cvivi d„j ƒewk
eq„m fwZ© nIqv wkÿv_©x„i S„i covi m¤¢vebvI ƒewk _v„K|
 cÖwZôv„b `wi`ª¨ I wbiÿi cwiev„ii mšÍv„bi wewfbœ mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n„q _v„K| wkÿ„Ki ƒbwZevPK
g„bvfv„ei Rb¨ cÖvwšÍK ƒkªwYi wkÿv_©xiv ¯ˆy„j evuavi cÖvß n„q _v„K| GK M„elYvq (evkvi 2010) ƒ`Lv hvq,
`wi`ª¨ cwiev„i wkÿv_©xiv ¯ˆy„j fvj bv Ki„j wkÿKMY Zv„`i my„hvM I mn„hvwMZv bv w`„q †elg¨g~jK
AvPiY K„i _v„K| Ggb wkÿv_©xiv gvwR©Z AvPiY Ki„Z e¨_© n„j wkÿ„Kiv A†ah¨© n„q c„ob Ges kvw¯Í
w`„Z Pvb| KLb KLb ƒnq cªwZcbœ K„i _v„Kb hv cieZ©x„Z ¯ˆyj Z¨v„Mi KviY n„q ƒ`Lv hvq|
 K¬v„m wkÿv_©x„`i cvi`wk©Zv w`„q wewfbœ ƒkªwY„Z fvM Kiv, Avmb web¨vm Kivi Kvi„YI `wi`ª¨ cwiev„ii
wkÿv_©x„`i gv„S fxwZ KvR K„i| Zv„`i wb„R„`i ƒQvU g„b| cov„jLv Zv„`i Kv„Q KwVb I A_©nxb g„b nq|
 ÿy`ª b„Mvôx I msL¨vjNy wkÿv_©xiv fvlv I mvs¯ˆ‚wZK Kvi„Y S„i c„o| mvgwMÖKfv„e fvlv hw`I S„i covi
Ab¨Zb KviY bq, Z_vwc fvlv cve©Z¨ GjvKvq S„i covi Ab¨Zg KviY|
 evsjv„`„k bvixiv bvbv Kvi„Y wcwQ„q Av„Q| ƒg„q wkÿv_©x„`i Dci evj¨ weev„ni Pv„ci Kvi„Y A„bK mgq
¯ˆyj ƒ_„K S„i c„o| BDwb„m„di (2011) Z_¨ g„Z-GLbI evsjv„`„k evj¨ weev„ni nvi we„k¦ m„e©v”P|
AwffveKMY `yBwU Kvi„Y Zv„`i ƒg„q„`i evj¨ weevn w`„Z DrmvwnZ nb| cª_gZ, ƒg„qi evj¨ weevn w`„Z
cvi„j Zv„`i Avw_©K ƒevSv wKQyUv K„g hv„e| KviY eqm evovi mv„_ mv„_ ƒh‡Zy„Ki UvKvi cwigvY ev„o|
wØZxqZ, ƒh cwiev„i AweevwnZ eq¯ˆ ƒg„q _v„K Zv„`i wee«ZKi cwiw¯‹wZ mvgvj w`„Z nq| we„kl K„i
MÖvgv„j GB cwiw¯‹wZ ƒewk ƒ`Lv hvq| Kg wkÿv Mªn„Yi mv„_ evj¨ weev„ni m¤úK© Av„Q| G ai„Yi
mvgvwRK-mvs¯ˆ‚wZK evavi Kvi„Y ƒg„q wkÿv_©xiv wkÿv ƒ_„K S„i c„o|
 wkï kªg S„i covi Av„iKwU Ab¨Zg KviY| M‚n¯‹vjxq KvR, I„qjwWs ƒgwkb, evUvwi PvwR©s, cwienb ƒnjcvi
KvR, cwi”QbZvi KvR, KviLvbvq KvR, wPswo wk„í KvR, Pv kªwg„Ki KvR, Mvwo ƒgivg„Zi KvR-Giæc
AmsL¨ Kv„R Rwo„q wM„q wkÿv_©xiv ¯ˆy„j hvIqv ƒQ„o w`„”Q|
 wcZvgvZvi we„”Q„`i Kvi„Y cwiev„ii wkïwU ch©vß myiÿv cvq bv ƒc„q Kv„Ri my„hvM LyuR„Z _v„K|

evsjv‡`‡k S‡i covi wPÎ

miKv„ii bvbv D„`¨v„Mi ciI cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I K„j„R wkÿv_©x S„i cov Avkvbyi€c Kg„Q bv| cÖv_wgK wkÿvi
ƒÿ„Î evsjv„`„ki me„P„q eo mvdj¨ cªvq kZfvM fwZ© wbwðZKiY| Z„e cÖv_wgK wkÿvq GKwU ƒbwZevPK w`K n„”Q
A¯^vfvweK nv„i S„i cov| wkÿv gš¿Yvj„qi Aaxb wkÿv Z_¨ I cwimsL¨vb e¨y„iv'i (e¨vb„eBR) Z_¨ Abyhvqx, GL„bv
cªv_wg„K 26 `kwgK 2 fvM wkÿv_©x S„i co„Q| Gi g„a¨ ƒg„q„`i ƒP„q ƒQ„j„`i S„i covi msL¨v ƒewk| Avi
gva¨wg„K cªvq 46 fvM Ges K„jR ch©v„q cÖvq 22 fvM wkÿv_©x S„i co„Q| cÖv_wg„K ƒQ„j„`i S„i covi msL¨v ƒewk
n„jI gva¨wgK I K„j„R ƒg„q„`i S„i covi msL¨v ƒewk| gva¨wgK ¯Í„i 40.44 % ƒQ„j Ges 51.83% ƒg„q
wkÿv_©x S„i c„o|
AwffveK„`i m„PZbZv I DcewË cÖ`v„bi Kvi„Y cÖv_wg„K S„i covi nvi Kg„Q| gva¨wgK ¯Í„ii ƒÿ„ÎI cÖv_wg„Ki
g„Zv `‚k¨gvb cwieZ©b Avbv n„j G ¯Í„iI ƒg„q„`i S„i covi nvi Kgv„bv hv„e| gva¨wgK ¯Íi ƒ_„K D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í„i
`wi`ª cwiev„ii ƒg„q„`i we„q n„q hvIqvi Kvi„Y ƒjLvcov eÜ K„i ƒ`qv nq| wKšŠ gva¨wgK ch©v„q DcewËi
bxwZgvjvq ƒh kZ©v„ivc Kiv n„q„Q Zv„Z `wi`ª cwiev„ii ƒg„q„`i ewË cvIqv KwVb n„q c„o„Q| d„j ewË bv cvIqvi
Kvi„Y ¯ˆy„j Avm„Q bv gva¨wgK I K„j„R hvIqvi Dc„hvMx ƒg„qiv| G Kvi„Y GB `yB ¯Í„i ƒg„q„`i S„i covi nvi
ƒQ„j„`i ƒP„q ƒewk|
176
gva¨wgK ¯Í„i ƒMÖWwfwËK S„i cov jÿ¨ Ki„j ƒ`Lv hvq- 6ô ƒkªwY„Z 4.59%, mßg ƒkªwY„Z 5.02%, 8g ƒkªwY„Z
20.35%, beg ƒkªwY„Z 7.6% Ges `kg ƒkªwY„Z 7.97% S„i c„o„Q| Avi K„jR I gv`ªvmv ch©v„q 21.8% wkÿv_©x
S„i co„Q| wb„P evsjv„`„ki wewfbœ ¯Í„i S„i covi wPÎ Zy„j aiv nj-

K. cÖv_wgK ¯Íi
cÖv_wgK wkÿvq S„i covi nvi 2012-2015
eQi ƒg„q ƒQ„j
2012 24.20 28.30
2013 17.90 24.90
2014 17.50 24.30
2015 17.00 23.90
Drm: evsjv„`k wkÿv cwimsL¨vb, e¨vb„eBR

 cÖv_wgK wkÿvi mKj ¯Í„i 2015 mv„j 6 `kwgK 2 fvM cybivq fwZ© n„q„Q| hv 2012 wLª. 12 `kwgK Qq
fvM wQj|
 2015 mv„j cÂg ƒkªwY ch©šÍ wU„K _vKv wkÿv_©xi nvi `ªyZ ew× ƒc„q 81 `kwgK wZb fv„M DwbœZ n„qwQ hv
2010 wQj 52 fvM|
 cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvwßi nvi 60 fvM ƒ_„K ew× ƒc„q 80 fv„M n„q„Q| ƒhLv„b 76 fvM ƒQ„j Ges 83 fvM
ƒg„q GB wkÿv ¯Íi m¤úbœ K„i„Q|
 mvgwMÖKfv„e cÖv_wgK wkÿvq S„i covi nvi 20 `kwgK Pvi fvM K„g„Q, hv 2005 wQj 47 `kwgK `yB fvM
Ges 2010 wQj 39 `kwgK 8 fvM|

L. gva¨wgK wkÿv
gva¨wgK wkÿvq S„i covi nvi 2010-2015
eQi „g„q „Q„j
2010 53.57 57.29
2011 56.43 46.73
2012 52.36 34.90
2013 48.89 34.18
2014 47.67 34.52
2015 45.92 33.72
Drm: evsjv„`k wkÿv cwimsL¨vb, e¨vb„eBR

M. D”Pgva¨wgK wkÿv
D”Pgva¨wgK wkÿvq S„i covi nvi 2011-2015
eQi „g„q „Q„j „gvU
2011 25.07 26.34 25.77
2012 23.29 20.31 21.80
2013 23.29 20.31 21.80
2014 17.05 25.32 21.37
2015 24.60 16.83 20.70
Drm: evsjv„`k wkÿv cwimsL¨vb, e¨vb„eBR

177
S‡i cov †iv‡a evsjv‡`‡k M…nxZ D‡`¨vM
mK„ji Rb¨ gvbm¤§Z wkÿv wbwðZKi„Y S„i cov ƒiva Kiv GKwU eo P¨v„jÄ| G j„ÿ¨ miKvwi-„emiKvwi ch©v„q
bvbv D„`¨vM MÖnY Kiv n„q„Q| mevi wkÿv Rb¨ wbwðZ Kiv, wkÿvi gvb ew× Kiv, wkÿvq mK„ji my„hvM m‚wó Kiv,
¯ˆy„ji wkÿv_©xi a„i ƒi„L S„i cov Kwg„q Avbv, ƒRÛvi mgZv wbwðZ Kiv, ƒUKmB Dbœq„bi jÿ¨gvÎv AR©b Ki„Z
n„j S„i cov eÜ Ki„Z n„e| GRb¨ miKvi ƒek wKQy D„`¨vM MÖnY K„i„Q| ƒhgb-
 webvg~„j¨ eB weZiY Kiv|
 wkÿvq AvBwmwU e¨envi|
 cªvK-cªv_wgK ¯ˆyj Pvjy Kiv
 mnwkÿv Kvh©µg- ƒLjva~jv I ÷y„W›U KvDwÝj Pvjy Kiv
 ¯ˆyj wdwWs I ¯ˆyj wgj Pvjy Kiv
 cªvBgvwi ¯ˆy„ji `wi`ª ƒQ„j„g„q Ges gva¨wgK ¯Í„i MÖv„gi ƒg„q wkÿv_©x„K kZ© mv„c„ÿ A_© mnvqZv cª`vb|
 gva¨wgK ¯Í„i DcewË cªKí|
 „g„q wkÿv_©x„`i D”Pgva¨wgK ch©šÍ webvg~„j¨ covi my„hvM
 gva¨wg„K Bs„iwR I MwY„Zi AwZwi³ K¬vm ƒbqvi e¨e¯‹v K„i„Q|
G mKj D„`¨v„Mi cvkvcvwk miKvi msweavwbK eva¨evaKZv Ges wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZkªywZ c~i„Y wewfbœ AvBb,
cwjwm, ƒK‡kj I c`„ÿc wb„q„Q hv S„i cov ƒiv„a we„kl f~wgKv cvjb Ki„Q| G¸„jvi g„a¨ i„q„Q-
 eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv AvBb, 1990
 mevi Rb¨ wkÿv RvZxq cwiKíbv Kvh©µg GK I `yB ( 1992-2000, 2003-15)
 RvZxq DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvbxwZ-2006
 DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv AvBb, 2014
 RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010
 RvZxq `ÿZv Dbœqb bxwZ-2011
 lô cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv 2011-2015
 mßg cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv 2015-2020
 i€cKí/cwi„cÖwÿZ cwiKíbv 2011-2021
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ (2010)-G S„i cov mgm¨vi mgvav„b D„jøL K„i ejv n„q„Q-
 `wi`ª ƒQ„j„g„q„`i Rb¨ DcewË m¤cÖmviY Kiv n„e|
 ¯ˆy„ji cwi„ek AvKlY©xq I Avb›``vqK K„i ƒZvjv| GB j„ÿ¨ wkÿv_©x„`i Rb¨ ƒLjvayjvi mye¨e¯‹v, mvs¯ˆ‚wZK
Kg©KvÛ, wkÿv_©x„`i AvMÖn, ggZ¡ I mnvbyf~wZkxj AvPiY Ges cwi”Qbœ ƒf‡Z cwi„ekmn D„jøL„hvM¨
DcKi„Yi Dbœqb NUv„bv n„e| ƒQ„j-„g„q wkÿv_©x„`i Rb¨ gvbm¤úbœ c‚_K Uq„j„Ui e¨e¯‹v Kiv n„e|
kvixwiK kvw¯Í m¤ú~Y©iæ„c wejyß Kiv n„e|
 `ycy„ii Lvev„ii e¨e¯‹v Kiv Riywi| wcwQ„q cov GjvKvmn MÖvgxb mKj we`¨vj„q `ycy„i Lvevi e¨e¯‹v
ch©vqµ„g Pvjy Kiv n„e|
 cvnvwo GjvKvq Ges `~ieZ©x I cÖZ¨šÍ A„ji ƒQ„j„g„q„`i Rb¨ we`¨vj„qi ƒnv÷„ji e¨e¯‹v Kivi w`„K
bRi ƒ`Iqv n„e|
 nvIi, Pi Ges GKm„½ ƒek wKQyw`b a„i cÖvK‚wZK wech©„qi wkKvi nq Ggb GjvKvq we`¨vj„qi mgqm~wP
Ges QywUi w`bmg~n cwieZ©b Kiv my„hvM _vK„e| G mKj wel„q ¯‹vbxq mgvRwfwËK Z`viwK e¨e¯‹vi mycvwi„k
¯‹vbxq ch©v„q wm×všÍ ƒbIqv hv„e|
 „g„q wkï„`i g„a¨ S„i covi cÖeYZv Zyjbvg~jKfv„e AwaK nIqvq Zviv hv„Z S„i bv c„o ƒmw`„K we„kl
bRi ƒ`Iqv n„e| ƒg„q wkÿv_©xiv ƒhb we`¨vj„q ƒKvbfv„e D˳ bv nq Zv wbwðZ Kiv n„e|
 eZ©gvb cÂg ƒkªwY ƒkl Kivi Av„M cÖvq A„a©K Ges hviv cieZ©x ch©v„q hvq Zv„`i cÖvq 40 kZvsk `kg
ƒkªwY ƒkl Kivi Av„M S„i c„o| S„i cov `ªyZ Kwg„q Avbv Riywi| 2018 mv„ji g„a¨ mKj wkÿv_©x ƒhb
Aóg ƒkªwY ƒkl K„i ƒmB j„ÿ¨ Dch©y³ c`„ÿc¸„jvmn Ab¨vb¨ cքqvRbxq e¨e¯‹v `ªyZ MÖnY Kiv n„e|

178
 S‡i cov †iv‡a KiYxq
 S„i cov wkÿv_©x„`i Avevi wkÿvi Kÿc„_ wdwi„q Avb„Z ƒ`„ki wewfbœ Dc„Rjvq 'Avb›` ¯ˆyj' KvR Ki„Q|
Gi evB„i Kg©Rxex wkÿv_©x„`i Rb¨I Avjv`v KvR Pj„Q|
 S„i cov ƒiv„ai GKwU cÖavb Dcvq n„”Q wkï„K Avb›``vqK cv„Vi gva¨„g wkÿvq AvMÖnx K„i ƒZvjv|
we`¨vj„qi cwi„ek I wkÿv„K we„bv`bg~jK Kiv ƒM„j Zvi c„ÿ we`¨vj„q Abycw¯‹Z _vKv ev ƒjLvcov ƒQ„o
ƒ`qv Am¤¢e n„e| miKvi wkï„kªYxi Rb¨ cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿK wb„qvM, cÖwkÿY, DcKi„Yi e¨env„ii Dci
¸iyZ¡ w`„q„Q|
 we`¨vj„qi wkÿK msKU `~i Ki„Z n„e hv„Z wkÿKMY cwiKíbvgvwdK K¬vm wb„Z cv„i|
 ¯ˆyjMvgx `wi`ª¨ cwiev„ii mšÍvb„`i miKvwifv„e GK mšÍv„bi Rb¨ 100 UvKv, `yB mšÍv„bi Rb¨ 125 UvKv
mnvqZv ƒ`Iqv n„”Q| wKšŠ eZ©gvb `ªe¨g~„j¨i m„½ wePvi Ki„j GB eivÏ AcªZyj| cªK‚Z `wi`ª wkÿv_©x wPwýZ
K„i `ªe¨g~„j¨i we„ePbv K„i A_© mnvqZv w`„Z n„e|
 ¯ˆy„j ƒhme `wi„`ªi mšÍvb wbqwgZ ¯ˆy„j hvq, Zv„`i we„kl ƒKvUvq mvnvh¨ ƒ`qv ƒh„Z cv„i| `ycy„ii Lvevi
GKbvMv„o GKB we¯ˆyU bv w`„q Lvev„ii cwieZ©b Ges Uv„M©U GjvKvi m¤cÖmviY Riywi|
 wkÿvLv„Z ev„RU evov„Z n„e|
m¤cÖwZ cªKvwkZ wek¦e¨vsK GK cÖwZ„e`„b S„i cov ƒiv„a wKQy mycvwik Zy„j a„i| G„Z ejv nq, cªv_wgK wkÿvi ƒÿ„Î
wkÿv_©x„`i Av„iv ƒewk mgq ¯ˆy„j a„i ivLvi Dci ƒRvi w`„Z n„e| G„`i g„a¨ cքYv`bv m‚wó Ki„Z cvi„j Zv
wkÿv_©x„`i gva¨wgK wkÿv mgvc„b DØy× K„i Zyj„e| cÖwZwU wkï hv„Z wkÿ„Yi AvIZvq G„m GKwU gReyZ wfZ M„o
Zyj„Z cv„i ƒm Rb¨ D„`¨vM I `ÿZv evov„Z n„e| Avi GwU Ki„Z n„j cքqvRb jÿ¨gyLx cwiKíbv| ƒh me wkÿv_©xiv
S„i c„o wkÿvq Zv„`i AskMÖnY evov„bv m~Î Lyu„R ƒei Ki„Z n„e| Gme ƒMvôxi g„a¨ i„q„Q ew¯Íevmx, cªwZeÜx Ges
wkÿ„Y cÖwZeÜKZvi wkKvi wkïiv| GQvov D”Pwkÿv„K myjf K„i ƒZvjvi Dcvq ƒei Ki„Z cvi„j Zv Av„iv bvMv„ji
g„a¨ P„j Avm„e|
wkÿv_©xiv S„i covi e¨vcKZv bv Kg„jI AwffveKiv Zv„`i mšÍvb„`i ƒjLvcov Kiv„Z Av„Mi Zyjbvq ƒek AvMÖnx|
AwffveKiv `wi`ª n„jI Zv„`i mšÍvb„K kZ K„ói wewbg„qI wkÿvi Av„jvq Av„jvwKZ Kiv„Z Pvb| bvbv cÖwZeÜKZvq
Rb¨ ƒm Av„jv hv„Z wb„f bv hvq ƒmw`„K jÿ¨ ivL„Z n„e| wkÿvjv„fi c„_ ƒh P¨v„jĸ„jv Av„Q ƒm¸„jv `~i Kivi
ga¨ w`„qB S„i cov ƒiva Kiv m¤¢e|

¸YMZ wkÿv
wkÿv nj cwieZ©„bi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi| ƒKvb RvwZ KZ DbœZ Zv wbf©i K„i H ƒ`„ki wkÿve¨e¯‹vi Dci| ƒh ƒ`„ki
wkÿv hZ DbœZ ƒm RvwZ ZZ DbœZ| ƒm ƒ`„ki Rbkw³ ZZ `ÿ| evsjv„`k„K GKwU wbgœ-ga¨g Av„qi ƒ`k ƒ_„K
GKwU w¯‹wZkxj Kj¨vYgyLx DbœZ iv„ó« cwiwYZ Ki„Z n„j Rbkw³ Dbœqb Acwinvh©| GRb¨ wkÿvi ¸YMZ cwieZ©b Kiv
Avek¨K| Gj„ÿ¨ wkÿvi cwigvbMZ w`„Ki ƒP„q ¸YMZ gv„bi w`„Ki AwaK bRi w`„Z n„e| wkÿv e¨e¯‹vi wewfbœ
Dcv`v„bi ¸YMZ cwieZ©b mvab Ki„Z n„e| ¸bMZ wkÿv GKyk kZ„Ki GKwU Ab¨Zg PvIqv|
¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv
mvaviYfv„e ¸YMZ wkÿv nj ƒmB wkÿv hvi gva¨„g mKj wkÿv_©xi mvwe©K Dbœqb Kiv hvq| ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv w`„q
RvwZms„Ni wkÿv wefv„M ejv nq-æObtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people’s
lives and sustainable development”| A_¨©vr gvby„li Rxeb gv„bi DbœwZ Ges ƒUKmB Dbœqb mvab Kiv nj ¸YMZ
wkÿv| GKvi„Y ƒh„Kvb wkÿv e¨e¯‹v mK„ji Rb¨ ¸YMZ wkÿv cÖ`v„bi ƒPóv Kiv nq| A„b„K g„b K„ib kZfvM
mvÿiZv AR©b Kiv Avi wnmve-wbKvk Ki„Z cvivB ¸YMZ wkÿv| wKšŠ ƒUKmB Dbœq„bi `‚wó„Kvb ƒ_„K GB aviYv
msKxY© I cyivZb|
¸YMZ wkÿv Ggb ƒKvb e¨e¯‹v bq hv ïay wkÿv_©x„`i gv„S welqe¯Ši we¯ÍiY NUv„e Ges Zv„`i wjL„Z-co„Z wkLv„e|
eis GwU GKwU cwiKwíZ e¨e¯‹v hvi D„Ïk¨ nj mvgwMÖKfv„e wkÿv_©x„K mvnvh¨ Kiv ƒhb wkÿv_©xiv Zv„`i c~Y© m¤¢vebvi
weKvk NwU„q mgv„R Rb¨ GKRb c~Y©v½ I Drcv`bkxj bvMwiK n„q D„V| ZvB wkÿvq Ggb e¨e¯‹v Ki„Z n„e ƒhb
cªwZwU wkï ¯ˆy„j hvIqvi my„hvM cvq Ges ¯ˆy„ji jä Ávb AR©„bi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xiv fwel¨„Zi Rb¨ Drcv`bkxj
bvMwiK n„q DV„Z cv„i|
„h wkÿv mgv„Ri Rb¨ kvwšÍ I mg‚w× e„q Av„b ZvB ¸YMZ wkÿv| G cªm„½ RvwZms„Ni mv„eK gnvmwPe evb wK gy‡bi
Dw³wU D„jøL„hvM¨| wZwb e„jb-æEducation must fully assume its central role in helping people to
forgemore just, peaceful and tolerant societies”.GKwU kvwšÍc~Y© I mnbkxj mgvR MV„b gvbm¤§Z wkÿvi we„kl
179
f~wgKv i„q„Q| GB wkÿvi ga¨ w`„q e¨w³, mgvR, ivó« ev we„k¦i Pvwn`v c~iY mnvqK n„e Ges cÖwZwU gvbyl wek¦ bvMwiK
n„q DV„e| GLv„b DcKvi ƒfvMx„`i Pvwn`v c~i„Yi ƒPóv Kiv nq| G cªm„½ wkÿvwe` ƒewi (Bayer) e„jb- ÒQuality
in education is an evaluation of the process of educating which enhances the need to achieve and
develop the talents of the customers in the process and at the same time meets the accountability
standards set by the clients who pay for the process on the outputs from the process of educating’’.

¸YMZ wkÿvq wkïi gvbwmK weKv„ki mv„_ Áv„bi weKv„ki Dci ¸iyZ¡ ƒ`Iqv nq| ƒm j„ÿ¨ wkLb-„kLv„bv Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbv Kivi Dci ¸iyZ¡ ƒ`Iqv nq| wkÿv_©xi ¯§‚wZ kw³i Dci ¸iyZ¡ bv w`„q ƒe‡w×K weKv„ki cÖvavb¨ ƒ`Iqv nq|
wkÿv_©x cixÿvq KZ bv¤^i ƒc„q„Q, cªwZ wgwb„U KZ¸„jv kã co„Z cv„i ev ƒKvb welq KZ fvjfv„e gyL¯Í Ki„Z
ƒc„i„Q ¸YMZ wkÿvq G ai„bi cwigvYMZ w`K¸„jv we„ePbv Kiv nq bv| eis GB wkÿvi gva¨„g wkï„K Rxe„bi Rb¨
cÖ¯ŠZ Kiv nq-„Kvb cixÿvi Rb¨ bq| ƒKvb i€c †elg¨ QvovB wkïi mylg weKv„k ¸iyZ¡ ƒ`Iqv nq| wkïi weKv„k ¸iyZ¡
w`„q ASCD (Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development)-G ejv n„q„Q-æA quality
education is one that focuses on the whole child-the social, emotional, mental, physical, and cognitive
development of each student regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or
geographic location. It prepares the child for life, not just for testing”.

¸YMZ wkÿv Ggb GKwU e¨e¯‹v ƒhLv„b cÖwZwU wkïi weKv„ki Rb¨ cª„qvRbxq m¤ú„`i ƒhvMvb _vK„e| cÖwZwU wkï
GKwU ¯^v¯‹¨Ki cwi„e„k we`¨vj„q wkÿv MÖnY Ki„e, DbœZ Rxe„bi PP©v Ki„e| wkLb cwi„ek n„e fxwZnxb| wkÿv_©xiv
mwµqfv„e wkLb-„kLv„bv Kv„R AskMÖnY Ki„e ID”PZi wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ¯ŠZ n„e| cÖwZwU wkÿv_©x we`¨vjq I enËi
mgv„Ri Kv„Ri m¤ú³ n„Z wkL„e| ƒhvM¨ I `ÿ wkÿ„Ki ms¯ú„k© wkÿv_©xiv AvZ¥weKv„ki my„hvM cv„e| Zviv
Kg©Rxe„bi Rb¨ †Zwi n„e Ges †ewk¦K cwi„e„k AskMÖnY Ki„Z mÿg n„e|
¸YMZ wkÿv n„e GKxf~Z ƒhLv„b mKj ai„Yi wkÿv_©xi AskMÖn„Yi my„hvM _vK„e| GLv„b mvaviY wkÿv_©xi mv„_ AwZ
ƒgavex, ÿxY eyw×, we„kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x, c_wkï, kÖgRxex wkï, `wjZ Rb„Mvwô ƒhgb co„Z cvi„e ƒZgwb
wewfbœ RvwZ, eY©, fvlv, ms¯ˆ‚wZi gvbyl wkÿv MÖnY Ki„Z cvi„e| mK„ji mwµq AskMÖn„Yi gva¨„g wkLb cwiPvwjZ
n„e|
¸YMZ wkL„bi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xiv ïay Zv„`i ƒg‡wjK Pvwn`v c~iY Ki„e bv eis mgv„R kvwšÍ I ƒUKmB Dbœq„b mnvqK
f~wgKv ivL„Z wkL„e| GLv„b wkÿv_©xiv Kx wkL„Q Zv g~j¨vq„bi cvkvcvwk ƒkªwYK„ÿ I ¯ˆy„j Kx Kx wkLb AwfÁZvi
AR©b Ki„Q ƒm¸„jvI we„ePbv Ki„Z nq| GmKj AwfÁZvi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xiv AwaKZi ƒhvM¨ I `ÿ n„e I eûgvwÎK
Ávb jvf Ki„e| GKvi„Y ¯ˆyj I Zvi Pvicv„ki wkLb cwi„e„ki g~j AvMքni welq nj wkÿv_©xi wkLb| GLv„b
wkÿv_©xiv h_vh_ Ávb, cv«„qvwMK `ÿZv I mwVK `‚wófw½ MV„bi gva¨„g weKwkZ n„Z wkL„e| G cªm„½ evb©vW (1999)
¸YMZ wkÿvi msÁv w`„q e„jb- ÒIn all aspects of the school and its surrounding education community,
the rights of the whole child, and all children, to survival, protection,development and participation
are at the center. This means that the focus is on learning which strengthens the capacities of children
to act progressively on their own behalf through the acquisition of relevant knowledge, useful skills
and appropriate attitudes; and which creates for children, and helps them create for themselves and
others, places of safety, security and healthy interaction”.
BDwb„m„di (2000) g„Z, ¸YMZ wkÿv ZLbB N„U hLb cÖwZwU wkÿv_©x my¯‹ I wkL„Z AvMÖnx nq; wkÿvi cwi„ek nq
¯^v¯‹¨Ki, wbivc`, ƒRÛvi ms„e`bkxj Ges ch©vß my„hvM-myweav m¤úbœ; wkÿvi welqe¯Š KvwiKyjv„gi Av„jv„K cÖYxZ nq
Ges ch©vß DcKiY e¨env„ii gva¨„g ƒg‡wjK ¯^vÿiZv, wnmve-wbKvk `ÿZv I Rxeb `ÿZv AR©„bi my„hvM N„U;
ƒRÛvi, ¯^v¯‹¨, cywó, GBAvBwf/GBWm cÖwZ„iva I kvwšÍ wel„q Ávb AR©b m¤¢e nq; cÖwkwÿZ wkÿ„Ki gva¨„gi
wkÿv_©x„Kw›`ªK wkLb-ƒkLv„bv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| GB wkÿvq g~j¨vqb e¨e¯‹v n„e h_vh_ hv wkL„b mvnvh¨ K„i Ges
wkÿvq …elg¨ Kwg„q Av„b| GB cÖwµqv wkÿv_©xiv Ávb, `ÿZv I `‚wófw½ m¤úbœ gvbyl n„q RvZxq Dbœq„b mwµqfv„e
AskMÖnY Ki„Z mÿg n„e|
wkÿv gvb evov„bvi Rb¨ 2000 wLª. RvwZmsN wg‡jwbqvg †W‡fjc‡g›U †Mvj ev mnMÖv„ãi jÿ¨gvÎvq me©Rbxb cªv_wgK
wkÿv AR©b Dci ¸iyZ¡ ƒ`Iqv n„q„Q| mnMÖvã Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv¸„jv„K ƒUKmB i€c`v„b j„ÿ¨ 2016-2030 ƒgqv„`
ƒUKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv (GmwWwR) ƒNvlYv Kiv nq| GB ƒNvlYvc„Îi 4bs j„ÿ¨ ¸YMZ wkÿvi we„kl ƒRvi w`„q ejv
n„q„Q- To Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning.

180
Avevi BD„b„¯ˆv (1996) ƒNvwlZ ƒ`ji Kwgk„bi Learning: The Treasure Within (wkLb: AšÍ©wbwnZ m¤ú`)
wi„cv„U wkÿvi Pvi ¯Í„¤¢i K_v D„jøL Kiv n„q„Q| GB PviwU ¯Í„¤¢i mv„_ ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv cvIqv hvq| G¸„jv nj-
1) Rvb‡Z †kLv (learning to know): wkÿv_©xiv wewfbœ ZË¡ I Z_¨ Rvbvi gva¨„g wb„R„`i mg‚× Ki„e| Rxebe¨vcx
wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ¯ŠZ n„e|
2) Ki‡Z †kLv (learning to do): wkÿvjv„fi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xiv Kg©Rxe„bi Rb¨ cÖ¯ŠZ n„e| wewfbœ cwiw¯‹wZ
ƒgvKv„ejvi ƒhvM¨Zv jvf Ki„e Ges mvgvwRK Kvg©Kv„Û AskMÖnY Ki„Z wkL„e|
3) wg‡jwg‡k _vK‡Z †kLv (Learning to live together): wkÿvi gva¨„g wkÿv_©xiv mgv„R m¤cÖxwZ eRvq ivL„Z
wkL„e| A„b¨i g~j¨„eva, wek¦vm I a„g©i cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©Y Ki„Z wkL„e Ges mK„j wg„k my›`i I kvwšÍgq mgv„R MVb
Ki„Z wkL„e|
4) weKwkZ nIqvi Rb¨ wkÿv (Learning to be): wkÿvi gva¨„g wb„R„K Rvb„Z wkL„e| wb„Ri AšÍwb©wnZ
cÖwZfv¸„jv weKwkZ Ki„Z wkL„e| gvby„li mvgvwRK, Av„ewMK, gvbwmK I ƒe‡w×K weKv„k wkÿv f~wgKv cvjb Ki„e|
¸YMZ wkÿv KvVv„gve× aviYv bq| GwU Rxebe¨vcx I eûgvwÎK wkÿv| GB wkÿvq cÖwZwU gvbyl Rxe„bi Rb¨ Rvb„Z
wkL„e, Ki„Z wkL„e, wg„jwg„k emevm Ki„Z wkL„e Ges wb„Ri weKwkZ Ki„Z wkL„e| Gi€c wkÿvi gva¨„g cÖwZwU
gvbyl mgvR, ivó« Z_v we„k¦i Rb¨ wb„R„K GKRb cÖÁvevb, gvbweK, `vwqZ¡kxj bvMwiK wn„m„e M„o Zyj„Z mÿg n„e|

¸YMZ wkÿvi Dcv`vb

¸YMZ wkÿv GKwU cÖwµqv ƒhLv„b i„q„Q wewfbœ iK„gi Dcv`vb| GB Dcv`vb¸„jvi ¸YMZ gv„bi Ici ¸YMZ wkÿv
cªwµqv wbf©ikxj| ƒKvb GKwU gvbm¤§Z Dcv`vb mieivn Ki„jB mgMÖ cªwµqv ¸YMZ n„q hv„e Ggb bq| GB cªwµqvi
cÖwZwU Dcv`vb h_vm¤¢e gvbm¤§Z n„Z n„e| G Dcv`vb¸„jv nj-
 gvbm¤§Z wkÿ„Ki ch©vßZv;
 hy„Mvc„hvMx wkÿvµg cÖYqb;
 gvbm¤§Z wkLb mvgMÖx e¨envi;
 wkLb-„kLv„bv c×wZi I ƒK‡k„ji Kvh©Ki e¨envi;
 wbivc` I mn„hvwMZvg~jK wkLb cwi„ek;
 Dchy³ g~j¨vqb e¨e¯‹v;
 cÖwZôv„bi wkÿK,Kg©KZ©vi I Kg©Pvixi mym¤úK©;
 wkÿK„`i ƒckvMZ Dbœq„bi my„hvM;
 wkÿv cªwZôv„bi AeKvVv„gvMZ myweav;
wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb‡bœvq‡b M…nxZ wewfbœ Kg©m~wP
evsjv„`„ki wkÿvi gvb Dbœq„bi j„ÿ¨ miKv„i wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ D„`¨vM MÖnY Ki„Q| GmKj D„`¨v„Mi gva¨„g
wkÿvi cwigvYMZ I ¸YMZ gvb ew×i ƒPóv Pj„Q| Ggb wKQy D„`¨vM ev Kg©mw~Pi g„a¨ i„q„Q-
 cÖ_g cÖv_wgK wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP-wcBwWwc-1 (1997)
 wØZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP-wcBwWwc-2 (2005)
 gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb cªKí-GmBwWwc (1990)
 wd„gj ƒm„KÛvwi ¯ˆyj A¨vwmmU¨vÝ cքR±-GmGmGwc (1994)
 „cÖvMÖvg di ƒgvwU„fU, ƒU«Bb GÛ Ggcøq wd„gj wUPvi Bb iyivj ƒm„KÛvwi ¯ˆyj-„cÖv„gvU (1997)
 gva¨wgK wkÿv LvZ Dbœqb cÖKí-GmBGmwWwc (1998)
 wd„gj ¯ˆyj A¨vwmmU¨vÝ cքR±-wdGmGmGwc: wØZxq ch©vq (2001)
 wUwPs ƒKvqvwjwU BgcÖyf„g›U Bb ƒm„KÛvwi GWy„Kkb cքR±-wUwKDAvB ƒmc (2005)
 ƒm„KÛvwi GWy„Kkb ƒKvqvwjwU GÛ GK„mm Gbn¨v݄g›U cքR± (2008)
 wUwPs ƒKvqvwjwU BgcÖyf„g›U Bb ƒm„KÛvwi GWy„Kkb cքR±: wØZxq ch©vq(2012)
 nvqvi GWy„Kkb ƒKvqvwjwU BgcÖyf„g›U cքR±-„n„Kc
181
wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZKi‡Y cÖwZeÜKZv
GKyk kZ„Ki we„k¦ ¸YMZ wkÿvi ƒKvb weKí ƒbB| Z„e GB wkÿv cª`v„b wKQy P¨v„jÄ i„q„Q| G¸„jv nj-
 gvbm¤§Z wkÿ„Ki Afve
 wkÿK wb„qvM cªwµqvq A¯^”QZv
 wkÿvi mv„_ K„g©i `yiZ¡
 ÎywUc~Y© g~j¨vqb e¨e¯‹v
 wkÿv ev„R„Ui AcÖZyjZv
 wkÿv½„b AcivRbxwZi we¯Ívi
 cÖvB„fU wUDkb I ƒKvwPs ƒm›Uvi
 Ach©vß AeKvVv„gv
GmKj cªwZeÜKZv¸„jv `~i K„i ¸YMZ wkÿvi cwi„ek m‚wó Ki„Z n„e| ZLb wkÿv n„e ¸YMZ I ƒUKmB| mK„ji
Rb¨ ¸YMZ wkÿv wbwðZ Ki„Z n„j wkÿv Acwinvh© Dcv`vb¸„jvi Dcw¯‹wZ wbwðZ Ki„Z n„e| GKyk kZ„Ki c‚w_ex
`ªyZ cwieZ©bkxj| GB cwieZ©b eûg~Lx| weÁv„bi be Avwe®ˆvi Rxeb„K Ki„Q mnR I my›`i Avevi m‚wó Ki„Q bvbv
iKg msKU| weÁv„bi DrKl©Zvi d„j cÖhyw³ wbf©i Kv„Ri my„hvM m‚wó n„q„Q| G mKj Kv„Ri Rb¨ cքqvRb bZyb Ávb
I `ÿZv AR©b| Rjevqy cwieZ©„bi d„j bvbv iKg cÖvK‚wZK wech©q m‚wó n„”Q| GB cwieZ©b ƒgvKv„ejvq Rxeb
`ÿZvwfwËK wkÿv cքqvRb|
wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ miKv‡ii ( wkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ…K© ) cÖavb D‡`¨vMmg~n-
 gva¨wgK ch©v„q ¯ˆzjwfwËK g~j¨vqb;
 gva¨wgK ch©v„q cixÿv c×wZi ms¯ˆviY;
 ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi e¨e¯‹vcbv KwgwU/Mfwb©s ewW c~Y©tcÖwZôv|
 ƒkªwYK„ÿ cvV`vb gwbUwis Gi Rb¨ KwgwU MVb;
 wkÿK cÖwkÿY ƒRvi`viKiY;
 gv`&ivmv Ges KvwiMwimn cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ch©v„qi wkÿv_©x„`i eQ„ii 1g w`„b eB weZiY;
 gva¨wgK ch©v„qi mvaviY, KvwiMwi I gv`&ivmv wkÿvi KvwiKzjvg AvaywbKvqb;
 ƒemiKvwi wkÿK„`i Aemi myweav Gevs Kj¨vY dvÛ cÖ`vb;
 29wU we„`wk fvlv wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯‹vcb;
 gv`&ivmvmn gva¨wgK ch©v„qi wkÿv cÖwZôv„b cÖvq 20000 Kw¤cDUvi weZiY;
 23 nvRvi 331 wU wkÿv cÖwZôv„b gvwëwgwWqv K¬vmiyg ¯‹vcb
 gva¨wgK chv„qi wkÿK„`i Kw¤cDUvi cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb;
 gva¨wgK ch©v„qi wkÿK„`i welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb;
 wkÿK„`i mRbkxj c×wZi Dci cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb|
cwieZ©bkxj we„k¦i GmKj msKU ƒgvKv„ejvi Rb¨ Av„iv cª„qvRb bZyb Ávb I `ÿZvi AR©b Ges gvbweKZvi Dbœqb
hv ïay cwigvbMZ wkÿv w`„q `~i Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB bZyb cÖRb¥„K ¸YMZ wkÿvi gva¨„g h_vh_ Ávb, `ÿZv I
gvbweKZv Dbœqb NwU„q AvMvgx w`„bi Rb¨ cª¯Z
Í Ki„Z n„e|

182
 cÖkœgvjv

mswÿß cÖkœ
1. ƒRÛvi ej„Z Kx eySvq?
2. ƒRÛvi mgZv I mvg¨Zv Kx?
3. we„klPvwn`vm¤úbœwkÿv_©x ej„ZKx ƒevSvq?
4. we„klPvwn`vm¤úbœwkÿv_©x Kxfv„ewPwýZKivhvq?
5. ÿy`ª b„MvôxiaviYvw`b|
6. gvZ‚fvlvwfwËKeûfvwlKwkÿvmyweav¸„jvwjLyb|
7. RvZxqwkÿvbxwZ 2010 G DxjøwLZc_wkïRb¨ M‚nxZ c`„ÿc¸„jvwjLyb|
8. wkï I c_wkïKviv?
9. ÔS„icovÕkãhyMje¨vL¨vKiyb|
10. S„icovid¨v±i¸„jvwjLyb|
11. evsjv„`„k S„icov ƒiv„a M‚nxZ D„`¨vM¸„jvwjLyb|
12. ¸YMZwkÿviaviYve¨vL¨vKiyb?
13. ƒUKmBDbœqb jÿ¨(GmwWwR) -4 e¨vL¨vKiyb|
14. Ô¸YMZwkÿvq ¸YMZwkLb N„UÕ e¨vL¨vKiyb|

iPbvg~jKcÖkœ
1. „RÛvi, ƒRÛvi mgZv I mvg¨Zv Kx e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. we`¨vj„q ƒRÛvi …elg¨ `~i Kivi Dcvq¸„jv we„kølY Kiæb|
3. we„klPvwn`vm¤úbœwkÿv_©xi wkLbPvwn`vc~i„YGKRbwkÿ„Ki KiYxqw`K¸„jvD„jøL Kiyb|
4. we„klPvwn`vm¤úbœwkÿv_©x„`ig~javivqivLviRb¨ wkÿve¨e¯‹vqKxKx D„`¨vM ƒbIqv cքqvRb- AvcbvimywPwšÍZ
gZvgZw`b|
5. wewfbœRvZxq I AvšÍRv© wZK `wj„ji ƒcÖwÿ„Z ÿy`ª b„MvôxiwkÿvAwaKvim¤ú„K© Av„jvPbvKiyb|
6. mvaviYwkÿv_©xi Zyjbvq ÿy`ª b„Mvwôiwkÿv_©xiv wcwQ„q _vKviKviY¸„jvwe„kølY Kiyb|
7. Ôme©¯„Í igvZ‚fvlvwfwËKeûfvwlKwkÿvcÖPjbKiv cքqvRbÕ-Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
8. c_wkï„`iwkÿv cÖ`v„bKxKx D„`¨vMMÖnYKiv ƒh„Zcv„iAv„jvPbvKiyb|
9. evsjv„`„ki ƒcÖwÿ„Z S„icovimvgvwRK-mvs¯ˆ‚wZKw`K¸„jvwe„kølY Kiyb|
10. wkÿviwewfbœ ¯Í„iS„icoviKviY Av_©-mvgvwRKAe¯‹vi ƒcÖwÿ„Z e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
11. S„icovmgm¨vmgvav„b wkÿvbxwZ-2010 G DwjøwLZ c`„ÿc¸„jvm¤ú„K© gZvgZw`b|
12. BD„b„¯ˆv ƒNvwlZ ƒ`jiKwgk„biLearning: The Treasure Within wi„cv„U©iAv„jv„K ¸YMZwkÿvim¤úK©
we„kølYKiyb|
13. ¸YMZwkÿvDcv`vb¸„jvAv„jvPbvKiyb|
14. Ô¸YMZwkÿvqwkÿv_©x Rxe„biRb¨ cÖ¯ŠZnqcixÿviRb¨ bqÕ-Dw³wU we„kølYKiyb|

183
MÖš’cwÄ

RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, XvKv, evsjv„`k|

RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012, GbwmwUwe, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, XvKv, evsjv„`k|
evsjv„`k wkÿv Kwgkb wi„cvU©, 1974 ,XvKv, evsjv„`k|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwU wi„cvU©, 1997, XvKv, evsjv„`k|
gvmy`v Avn„g`, ƒgvt Avãym mvgv`, Ògva¨wgK wkÿvÓ mvgv` cvewj„Kkb GÛ wiPvm©, 1998
W. ƒgvt ƒMvjvg imyj wgqv, W.Gg.G Inve, Ògva¨wgK wkÿvÓ gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, 2000,
XvKv, evsjv„`k|
wW.Gg. wd„ivR kvn&, gva¨wgK wkÿv, wkÿvµg I wkïi µgweKvk, wgZv ƒUªWvm©, XvKv, 2006|
W. wW.Gg. wd„ivR kvn&, gva¨wgK wkÿv, wgZv ƒUªWvm©, XvKv, 2017
W. wW.Gg. wd„ivR kvn&, ƒRÛvi ÷vwWR, wgZv ƒUªWvm©, XvKv, 2012
wW.Gg. wd„ivR kvn&, wkÿv g„bvweÁvbI wb„`©kbv, wgZv ƒUªWvm©, XvKv, 2004
W. wW.Gg. wd„ivR kvn&, GKxf~Z wkÿv, wgZv ƒUªWvm©, XvKv, 2017
W. Avãyj gv„jK I Ab¨vb¨, wkÿvweÁvb I evsjv„`„k wkÿv,
weòzc` b›`, mviIqvZviv Rvgvb, e¨wZµgag©x wkï,
Rxeb `ÿZv wfwËK wkÿvi mvgMÖx, lô- `kg ƒkÖwY, GbwmwUwe,XvKv
ƒemiKvwi wkÿv cÖwZôv„bi cÖkvmb I e¨e¯‹vcbv, W. dRjyi ingvb, Kvgiæj eyK nvDm, XvKv,2017
I„qemvBU ,wkÿv gš¿Yvjq
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185