DC Machine

Construction of DC Machine
Rotor of DC Machine
Armature Winding
Commutator of DC Machine
Carbon Brushes
Brushes placed on DC machine
Cut way of DC Machine
Single Turn Alternator
• Single-turn rectangular copper coil
ABCD rotating about its own axis in a
magnetic field provided by either
permanent magnet is or
electromagnets.
• The two ends of the coil are joined to
two slip-rings ‘a’ and ‘b’ which are
insulated from each other and from the
central shaft.
• Two collecting brushes (of carbon or
copper) press against the slip-rings.
Their function is to collect the current
induced in the coil and to convey it to
the external load resistance R.
• Magnet is called as field magnet.
• Rotating coil is called armature

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 Working
• Coil is rotating in clock wise direction. As coil
assume successive position in the field the
flux linked with it changes.
• An emf induced in it which is proportional to
rate of change of flux linkage. (e=NdØ/dt).
• When coil is at position 1, flux linked with
the coil is maximum but rate of change of
flux linkage is minimum. The coil side AB and
DC do not cut the flux. Hence there is no
induced emf in the coil.
• A coil continue to rotate change of flux
linkage increase and reach maximum at ‘3’,
at θ=900. at this point flux linked with the coil
is minimum and but rate of change of flux
linkage is maximum.
Direction of current ABMLCD
For negative cycle direction of current DCLMBA
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 DC generation
• For making the flow of current unidirectional in the external circuit, the
slip-rings are replaced by split-rings.
• The split-rings are made out of a conducting cylinder which is cut into two
halves or segments insulated from each other by a thin sheet of mica or
some other insulating material
 DC generation

• In first half revolution

current flows along
ABMLCD, brush 1 is in
contact with segment ‘a’
acts as +ive end of supply
and ‘b’ as the –ive end.
• In the next half revolution
the direction of the
induced current in the coil
has reversed. But at the
same time, the positions of
segments ‘a’ and ‘b’ have
also reversed. Now brush 1
comes in contact with the
segment which is +ive (i.e.
‘b’)
EMF induced in DC Machine
 Types of DC generator
Generally DC generators are classified according to the ways of
excitation of their fields. There are three methods of excitation.
• Field coils excited by permanent magnets – Permanent
magnet DC generators.
• Field coils excited by some external source – Separately
excited DC generators.
• Field coils excited by the generator itself – Self excited DC
generators.

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Manoj Badoni, EIED
 Permanent magnet DC generators.
• When the flux in the magnetic circuit is established by the help of
permanent magnets then it is known as Permanent magnet DC
generator.
• It consists of an armature and one or several permanent magnets situated
around the armature. This type of DC generators generates very low
power. So, they are rarely found in industrial applications. They are
normally used in small applications like dynamos in motor cycles.

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 Separately excited DC generators
• These are the generators whose field magnets are energized by some external
DC source such as battery.
• The separately excited field winding consists of several hundred turns of fine
wire and is connected to a separate or external dc source.
• Voltage of the external dc source has no relation with the armature voltage.

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Current and voltage relationship of Separately excited DC Generator
𝑉𝑓
Field current, 𝑖𝑓 = =constant
𝑅𝑓
Rf-resistance of field winding
The flux produced in the air gap is
proportional to the field current.
hence with constant field current air
gap flux will remain constant.
Armature Current
Armature current (Ia)=load current (IL)
If load is purely resistive
𝐸 − 𝑉𝑡
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝑎
Internally induced emf
𝑃𝜙𝑁𝑍
𝐸=
60𝐴

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 Self excited DC generators
• When the field winding is excited by its own armature,
the machine said to be a self-excited dc machine.
• These are the generators whose field magnets are
energized by the current supplied by themselves.
• In these type of machines field coils are internally
connected with the armature. Due to residual
magnetism some flux is always present in the poles.
• When the armature is rotated some emf is induced.
Hence some induced current is produced. This small
current flows through the field coil as well as the load
and thereby strengthening the pole flux. As the pole flux
strengthened, it will produce more armature emf, which
cause further increase of current through the field.
• This increased field current further raises armature emf
and this cumulative phenomenon continues until the
excitation reaches to the rated value.
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According to the position of the field coils the
self-excited DC generators may be classified as
• Series wound generators
• Shunt wound generators
• Compound wound generators

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Series wound generators
• In these type of generators, the field windings are connected in series with
armature conductors as shown in figure below. So, whole current flows
through the field coils as well as the load.
• As series field winding carries full load current it is designed with
relatively few turns of thick wire. The electrical resistance of series field
winding is therefore very low (nearly 0.5Ω ).

Ia=Ise=IL=I

Voltage across the load

V=Eg-I(Ra+Rse)

Power Developed Pg=Eg*I

Power Delivered
PL=V*I

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Shunt Wound DC Generators
• In these type of DC generators the field windings are connected in parallel
with armature conductors as shown in figure below. In shunt wound
generators the voltage in the field winding is same as the voltage across the
terminal.
Let, Rsh = Shunt winding resistance
Ish = Current flowing through the shunt field

Armature current
Ia=Ish+IL
The effective power across the load will
be maximum when IL will be maximum.
So, it is required to keep shunt field
current as small as possible.
For this purpose the resistance of the
shunt field winding generally
kept high (100 Ω) and large no of turns
are used for the desired emf.
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Ish=Ia

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 Compound Wound DC Generator
• Compound wound generators have both series field winding and
shunt field winding. One winding is placed in series with the
armature and the other is placed in parallel with the armature. This
type of DC generators may be of two types-
• short shunt compound wound generator, with the shunt field
winding in parallel with the armature alone
• long shunt compound wound generator, with shunt field winding in
parallel with both the armature and series field winding.

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Manoj Badoni, EIED
• Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator

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• Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator

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 Armature Reaction
• By armature reaction is meant the effect of magnetic field setup by current in
armature on the distribution of flux under main pole of a generator.
• The armature magnetic field has two effects
1. It demagnetize or weakens the main field flux----this leads to reduced
generated voltage.
2. It cross magnetise or distort it---this leads to the sparking at the brushes.

GNA (Geometrical Neutral Axis)-This is along the quadrature axis of the DC

machine.
MNA (Magnetic neutral axis)- this is defined as the axis along which no emf is
produced in the armature conductor.
Or
MNA is the axis which is perpendicular to the flux passing through the armature.
Brushes are always placed along MNA, hence MNA is also called ‘axis of
commutation’.
 Armature Reaction
Fig. a shows the flux path for the main poles of a 2-pole machine at no load,
i.e. with no armature currents. This main field flux, produced by field mmf IfNf
is shown by horizontal phasor OA=Øf
• When DC machine is loaded, current start flow in the armature windings.
These currents are shown by dots under S-pole and cross under N-pole.
• These currents setup armature flux , shown by vertical flux lines , with
field winding unexcited.
• Flux Øa is shown by vertical phasor OB=Øa is produced by armature mmf
IaNa.
• When current flows in both armature and field windings , the resulting
flux is distribution is obtained by superimposing the two fluxes.
• Armature flux aids the main field flux at the upper end of N-Pole and at
the lower end of S-pole. Therefore at these poles the armature flux
strengthens the main field flux.
• Likewise the armature flux weakens the main field flux at the lower ends
of N-pole and upper end of S-pole. Therefore at these poles flux weakens
the main filed flux.
 Commutation
• The reversal of current in the armature coil by means of brush
and Commutator bars is called commutation process.
• Good commutation means no sparking at the brushes and
with commutator surface remaining unaffected during
continuous operation of the DC machine.
The physical concept of commutaion can be understand as,
• lap connected windings are assumed.
• The brush width is equal to the bars width
• The mica insulation between the bars is of negligible
thickness.
• Current density (j) at the surface of brush is constant.
• Practical case : when brush leave Commutator segment 1 and moved to 2,
the has not fully reversed (reverse partially, Ic’), if that is the case then
when commutator segment break at the end of commutation then there
will be sparking. The amount of sparking current is the gap between –Ic
and –Ic’. This is called under commutation and sparking can distroy the
commutation surface.
• Reason: A coil will have leakage inductance of L-C. this causes delay
current undergoing commutation.
Compensation using Interpole
Compensating Winding