Object Oriented Programming
Object Oriented Programming (Java)
Module 6
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Understand the importance of using Encapsulation in
creating Java Programs
Create multi-level inheritance and defined different
restriction and rules
Apply the knowledge of object oriented programming in
writing Java programs
Encapsulation
6.1
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Encapsulation
ØThe meaning of Encapsulation, is to make sure that
"sensitive" data is hidden from users. To achieve
this, you must:
• declare class variables/attributes as private (only
accessible within the same class)
• provide public setter and getter methods to
access and update the value of a private variable
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Get and Set
ØPrivate variables can only be accessed within the
same class (an outside class has no access to it)
ØHowever, it is possible to access them if we provide
public getter (accessor) and setter (mutator)
methods.
ØThe get method returns the variable value, and
the set method sets the value.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Get and Set
public class Person {
private String name; // private = restricted access The get method returns the value
of the variable name.
// Getter
public String getName() {
return name; The set method takes a parameter
} (newName) and assigns it to
// Setter the name variable.
public void setName(String newName) {
this.name = newName;
} The this keyword is used to refer to
} the current object.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Get and Set
public class MyClass { However, as the name variable is
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person myObj = new Person(); declared as private,
myObj.name = "John"; // error we cannot access it from outside
System.out.println(myObj.name); // error this class.
}
}
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Get and Set
If the variable was declared as public, we would expect the following output:
However, as we try to access a private variable, we get an error:
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Get and Set
public class MyClass {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person myObj = new Person(); Instead, we use
myObj.setName("John"); // Set the value of the name variable to "John"
System.out.println(myObj.getName()); the getName() and setName()
}
} methods to acccess and
update the variable.
// Outputs "John"
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Why Encapsulation?
ØBetter control of class attributes and methods
ØClass variables can be made read-only (if you omit
the set method), or write-only (if you omit
the get method)
ØFlexible: the programmer can change one part of
the code without affecting other parts
ØIncreased security of data
Encapsulation and Inheritance
6.2
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Inheritance
ØThe technique of deriving new class definitions
from an existing class definition.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
ØThe following are the benefits of using class
inheritance in OOP:
•Re-use of predefined and well-tested classes
•Standardization of behaviors across a group of
classes
•Ability to use members of a family of classes
interchangeably in methods
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Superclasses and Subclasses
ØSuperclass is the class from which another class
inherits properties. This is a class that is on top of a
hierarchy.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Superclasses and Subclasses
ØSubclass is a class that inherits all the non-private
attributes and methods, except constructors from a
superclass. This class has the ability to override
methods of the superclass.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Vehicle Class Hierarchy
Vehicle
Water Vehicle Land Vehicle Air Vehicle
Truck Car
Family Car Luxury Car Sports Car
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Syntax for Implementing Inheritance:
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Types of Inheritance:
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Types of Inheritance:
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Take Note:
Java does not support multiple inheritance,
however, Java provides same effects and benefits of
multiple inheritance through the use of interface.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
The this and the super Keywords:
Øthis – contains a reference to the current object
being constructed. It represents an instance of the
class in which it appears. It can be used to access
class variables and methods.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
The this and super Keywords:
Øsuper – contains a reference to the parent class
(superclass) object. It is used to access
members of a class inherited by the class in which it
appears. It explicitly call a constructor of its
immediate superclass. A super constructor call in the
constructor of a subclass will result in the execution
of relevant constructor from the superclass, based on
the arguments passed.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Defining Superclasses
public class Person
{
protected String name;
protected String address;
/* Default constructor*/
public Person(){
System.out.println(“Inside person:Constructor”);
name = "";
address = "";
}
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
/*Constructor with 2 parameters*/
public Person( String name, String address ){
this.name = name;
this.address = address;
}
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
/*Accessor and Mutator methods*/
public String getName(){
return name;
}
public String getAddress(){
return address;
}
public void setName( String name ){
this.name = name;
}
public void setAddress( String add ){
this.address = add;
}}
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Defining Subclasses
public class Student extends Person
{
public Student(){
System.out.println(“Inside Student:Constructor”);
//some code here
}
// some code here
}
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Defining Subclasses
When a Student object is instantiated, the default constructor of its superclass is
invoked implicitly to do the necessary initializations. After that, the statements
inside the subclass are executed.
public static void main( String[] args ){
Student anna = new Student();
}
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Defining Subclasses
In the code, we create an object of class Student. The output
of the program is,
Inside Person:Constructor
Inside Student:Constructor
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Defining Subclasses
In the code, we create an object of class Student. The output
of the program is,
Inside Person:Constructor
Inside Student:Constructor
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Program Flow
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
super keyword
public Student(){
super( "SomeName", "SomeAddress" );
System.out.println("Inside Student:Constructor");
}
This code calls the second constructor of its immediate
superclass (which is Person) and
executes it.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
super keyword
Another sample code shown below,
public Student(){
super();
System.out.println("Inside Student:Constructor");
}
This code calls the default constructor of its immediate
superclass (which is Person) and
executes it.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
There are a few things to remember when using the
super constructor call:
1. The super() call MUST OCCUR THE FIRST STATEMENT
IN A CONSTRUCTOR.
2. The super() call can only be used in a constructor
definition.
3. This implies that the this() construct and the super()
calls CANNOT BOTH OCCUR IN
THE SAME CONSTRUCTOR.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Inheritance
Another use of super is to refer to members of the
superclass (just like the this
reference ).
For example,
public Student()
{
super.name = “somename”;
super.address = “some address”;
}
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Overriding Methods
A subclass can override a method defined in its superclass by providing a
new implementation for that method.
Suppose we have the following implementation for the getName method in
the Person superclass,
public class Person
{
:
:
public String getName(){
System.out.println("Parent: getName");
return name;
}
:
}
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Overriding Methods
To override, the getName method in the subclass Student, we write,
public class Student extends Person
{
:
:
public String getName(){
System.out.println("Student: getName");
return name;
}
:
}
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Overriding Methods
So, when we invoke the getName method of an object of class Student, the
overridden method would be called, and the output would be,
Student: getName
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Final Methods and Final Classes
In Java, it is also possible to declare classes that can no longer be
subclassed. These classes are called final classes.
To declare a class to be final, we just add the final
keyword in the class declaration. For example, if we want the class Person
to be declared
final, we write,
public final class Person
{
//some code here
}
Encapsulation and Inheritance
Final Methods and Final Classes
It is also possible in Java to create methods that cannot be overridden.
These methods are what we call final methods. To declare a method to
be final, we just add the final keyword in the method declaration.
For example, if we want the getName method in
class Person to be declared final, we write,
public final String getName(){
return name;
}
Static methods are automatically final. This means that you cannot
override them.
Encapsulation and Inheritance
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