AP SCERT

Physical Science
Study Material
CLASS:8
 Chapter: 1
Force and Pressure
Question 1.Give two examples of each of situations in which you push or pull to change the
state of motion of objects.
Answer.(1) If a rubber ball or marble is placed on a very smooth surface and given a small push,
it starts moving with some speed. If we keep an obstacle in the way of motion of the marble/ball,
the marble/ball will stop moving at the obstacle. Here a push is given to the marble/ball at rest to
change its state of rest to motion.

(2) If a child is placed on a hanging swing in the state of rest and the swing is pulled again and
again by a rope, the swing will move to and fro with a speed. If the pull is bigger, the swing will
move at a bigger distance. This is an example of a pull that changed the state of an object from
the rest of the motion.

Question 2. Give two examples of situations in which applied force causes a change in the
shape of an object.
Answer.1.If an inflated balloon is taken and pressed from two sides with a hand, its shape
changed, i.e., the figure is disturbed. If the inflated balloon is pressed with more force, the
balloon will burst.
2.If a plate of steel is beaten with a hammer, after four-five big blows the plate’s shape will
change.
Question 3.
Fill in the blanks in the following statements:

1. To draw water from a well, we have to pull at the rope.

2. A charged body attracts an uncharged body towards it.
3. To move a loaded trolley, we have to pull/push it.
4. The north pole of a magnet repels the north pole of another magnet.

Question 4.An archer stretches her bow while taking aim at the target. She then releases the
arrow, which begins to move towards the target. Based on this information fill up the gaps in
the following statements using the following terms: muscular, contact, non-contact, gravity,
friction, shape, attraction.

1. To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its shape
2. The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of muscular force.
3. The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the arrow is an
example of a contact force.
4. While the arrow moves towards its target, the forces acting on it are due to gravity and
friction that due to of air.

Question 5.In the following situations identify the agent exerting the force and the object on
which it acts. State the effect of the force in each case.
(a) Squeezing a piece of lemon between the fingers to extract its juice.
(b) Taking out paste from a toothpaste tube.
(c) A load suspended from a spring while its other end is on a hook fixed to a wall.
(d) An athlete making a high jump to clear the bar at a certain height.

Answer.

Agent exerting the Object on which

S. No. Form of effect
force it acts
(a) Fingers Lemon as whole Change in shape
(b) Fingers Tube as whole Change in shape
(c) Load Spring Change in shape
(d) Athlete Bar High jump
Question 6.A blacksmith hammers a hot piece of iron while making a tool. How does the force
due to hammering affect the piece of iron?
Answer. The shape of the hot piece of iron changes. It flattens and becomes thinner than earlier.
This is the effect of force due to hammering the piece of iron.
Question 7.An inflated balloon was pressed against a wall after it has been rubbed with a
piece of synthetic cloth. It was found that the balloon sticks to the wall. What force might be
responsible for the attraction between the balloon and the wall? Answer. Electrostatic force.
Question 8. Name the forces acting on a plastic bucket containing water held above ground
level in your hand. Discuss why the forces acting on the bucket do not bring a change in its
state of motion.
Answer.The forces that act on the bucket are as follows:
The pressure of water contained in it exerted on its wall and on the base of the bucket.
Force of gravity exerted by earth.
Muscular force by my hand.
The water is contained in a bucket and the pressure is exerted by water on the walls of the
bucket, which is sufficient to take it as a force. This force is counterbalanced by the force exerted
by the walls of the bucket on water. As the bucket (with water) is held in my hand, so I overcome
the force of gravity of the earth.
Thus, it can be concluded that there is no net effect of forces acting on the bucket full of water.
That is why these forces do not bring a change in its state of motion.
Question 9. A rocket has been fired upwards to launch a satellite in its orbit. Name the two
forces acting on the rocket immediately after leaving the launching pad.
Answer. The two forces that are acting on the rocket immediately after leaving the launching
pad are:(1).Force of gravity of earth acting down-ward (2).The frictional force produced by air
particles.
Question 10.When we press the bulb of a dropper with its nozzle kept in water, the air in the
dropper is seen to escape in the form of bubbles. Once we release the pressure on the bulb,
water gets filled in the dropper. The rise of water in the dropper is due to
(a) pressure of water (b) the gravity of the earth
(c) the shape of a rubber bulb (d) atmospheric pressure
Answer. (a) the pressure of water.
 Chapter: 2
Friction
Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Friction opposes the relative motion between the surfaces in contact with each other.
2. Friction depends on the smoothness or irregularities or nature of surfaces.
3. Friction produces heat
4. A sprinkling of powder on the carrom board reducesfriction.
5. Sliding friction is less than the static friction.

Question 2.Four children were asked to arrange forces due to rolling, static, and sliding
frictions in decreasing order. Their arrangements are given below. Choose the correct
arrangement.
(a) rolling, static, sliding (b) rolling, sliding, static
(c) static, sliding, rolling (d) sliding, static, rolling
Answer.(c) static, sliding, rolling.

Question 3.Alida runs her toy car on the dry marble floor, wet marble floor, newspaper, and
towel spread on the floor. The force of friction acting on the car on different surfaces in
increasing order will be
(a) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper, and towel,
(b) Newspaper, towel, dry marble floor, wet marble floor.
(c) towel, newspaper, dry marble floor, wet marble floor,
(d) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, towel, newspaper.
Answer.(a) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper, and towel.
Question 4.Suppose your writing desk is tilted a little. A book kept on it starts sliding down.
Show the direction of frictional force acting on it.
Answer.The frictional force will act parallel to the inclined surface, opposite to the direction of
the sliding of the book.

Question 5. You spill a bucket of soapy water on a marble floor accidentally. Would it make it
easier or more difficult for you to walk on the floor? Why?
Answer. It is difficult to walk on a soapy floor because a soapy floor applies very little friction
and hence we can slip on such floors.

Question 6.Explain why sportsmen use shoes with spikes.

Answer. Sportsmen use shoes with spikes because spikes produce the desired frictional force
and thus help in holding the ground firmly.

Question 7.Iqbal has to push a lighter box and Seema has to push a similar heavier box on the
same floor. Who will have to apply a larger force and why?
Answer. We know that the force of friction is increased if the two surfaces are pressed harder. A
heavier box will apply more pressure on the floor and hence Seema will experience more
frictional force.

Question 8.Explain why sliding friction is less than static friction.

Answer. Friction is caused by the interlocking of irregularities in the two surfaces. When the
object starts sliding, the contact points on its surface, do not get enough time to lock into the
contact points of the other surface. So, the sliding friction is slightly smaller than the static
friction.

Question 9. Give examples to show that friction is both a friend and a foe.
Answer.Friction is both friend and foe, that is why it is said that friction is a necessary evil.

1. Friction as a friend:

 To hold a glass, we have ridges on our palm, which increase the friction between palm and
glass.
 We are able to write anything with a pen or pencil because there is friction between the
surfaces of paper and the point of a pen (nib) or pencil.
 A teacher can write on the blackboard with chalk because of the friction between the black-
board surface and the chalk.
 If there is no friction, then a moving body would never stop.
 A nail could not be fixed in the wall, or a knot could not Be tied, had there been any friction.
 No building could be constructed without friction.
2. Friction as a foe:

 Friction wears out materials, whether they are screws, ball-bearings, or soles of shoes.
 Friction can also produce heat, which increases the wear and tear of machine parts. It also
causes much wastage of energy, because this heat is not utilized.
Question 10.Explain why objects moving in fluids must have special shapes.
Answer. Birds and the fishes have to move about in fluids all the time. Thus, their “bodies have
evolved to shapes which make them not to lose much energy in overcoming fluid friction. Such
shapes are called streamlined. Cars are also designed so that their shapes resemble the
streamlined shapes of birds, fishes, etc.

Chapter: 3
Coal and Petroleum
Question 1: What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?
Answer:The advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels are as follows:
(1).These are clean fuels. (2)These are low-cost fuels.(3).These are available easily.
(4).These can be used directly for burning in homes and factories where it can be supplied through pipes.
Question 2.Name the petroleum product used for surfacing roads.
Answer: A petroleum product ‘Bitumen’ is used for surfacing of roads.
Question 3: Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called?
Answer: About 300 million years ago, the earth was having dense forests in low-lying wetland
areas. Due to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, these forests got buried under the soil. As more
soil deposited over them, they were compressed.
The temperature also raised as they sank deeper and deeper. Due to high temperature and lack of
oxygen, dead plants inside the earth got slowly converted to coal. As coal contains mainly
carbon, the slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonization.
Question 4.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Fossil fuels are coal, petroleum. and natural gas.
(b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called refining
(c) Least polluting fuel for a vehicle is CNG.

Question 5:Tick True/False against the following statements:

(a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory. (False)
(b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol. (False)
(c) Coke is almost pure form of carbon. (True)
(d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances. (True)
(e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel. (False)
Question 6: Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources.
Answer: Fossil fuels are present in nature in limited quantity and are being exhausted
abundantly by us. That is why fossil fuels are called exhaustible natural resources.

Question 7: Describe characteristics and uses of coke.

Answer: Coke is a tough, porous, and black substance. It is an almost a pure form of carbon.
“Coke is obtained by heating soft coal in the absence or little supply of air”.It is used in the
manufacture of steel and in the extraction of many metals.

Question 8: Explain the process of the formation of petroleum.

Answer: Petroleum is formed from organisms living in the sea. When these organisms died,
their bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over
millions of years, they were transformed into petroleum and natural gas under the absence of air
and the presence of high temperature and pressure.

Question 9: The following table shows the total power shortage in India from 1991-1997.
Show the data in the form of a graph. Plot shortage percentage for the years on the Y-axis and
the year on the X-axis.
Answer.
S.No Year Shortage(%) S.No Year Shortage(%) S.No Year Shortage(%)
1 1991 7.9 4 1994 7.4 7 1997 11.5

2 1992 7.8 5 1995 7.1

3 1993 8.3 6 1996 9.2

 Chapter 4
Synthetic Fibers and Plastics

Question 1.
Explain why some fibres are called synthetic.
Answer.Since man-made fibres are synthesised from petrochemicals, they are called synthetic
fibres.
Question 2.
Mark the correct answer.
Rayon is different from synthetic fibres because
(a) it has a silk-like appearance (b) it is obtained from wood pulp
(c) its fibres can also be woven like those of natural fibres
Answer:(b) It is obtained from wood pulp.
Question 3.Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
Synthetic fibres are also called artificial or man-made fibers.
Synthetic fibres are synthesised from raw material called petrochemicals.
Like synthetic fibres, plastic is also a polymer.
Question 4.Give examples which indicate that nylon fibres are very strong.
Answer:They are used to make parachutes, and ropes for rock climbing.
Question 5.Explain why plastic containers are favoured for storing food.
Answer: Three main advantages of using plastic containers for storing food are:
They do not react with food items.
They do not get rusted.
They are light, strong and durable.
Question 6.Explain the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics.
Answer:Thermoplastics can be softened on heating and can be bent easily whereas
thermosetting plastics cannot be softened on heating and breaks when forced to bend.
Question : 7.Explain why the following are made of thermosetting plastics.
(1) Saucepan handles
(2) Electric plugs Iswitches /plugboards.
Answer:The above articles are made up of bakelite (a thermosetting plastic) because it is—
(i) The bad conductor of heat.(ii) Poor conductor of electricity.
Question 8.Categorise the materials of the following products into ‘can be recycled’ and
‘cannot be recycled’:
Telephone instruments, plastic toys, cooker handles, carry bags, ballpoint pens, plastic bowls,
plastic covering on electrical wires, plastic chairs, electrical switches.
Answer.
Can be recycled Cannot be recycled

Toys carry bags, plastic Telephone instruments,

bowls, electric wire cooker handles, ballpoint
covering, plastic chairs. pens, electrical switches.

Question 9.Rana wants to buy shirts for summer. Should he buy cotton shirts or shirts made from
synthetic material? Advise Rana, giving your reason.
Answer: I would advise Rana to buy cotton shirts as cotton shirts absorb the sweat and thus endorse
cooling. Besides, they also provide aeration.
Question 10.Give examples to show that plastics are noncorrosive in nature.
Answer.
(1).It does not react with the chemical or other items stored in the containers made of it.
(2). It does not get rusted when exposed to moisture and air.(3).It does not decompose when left in
open for a long period.
Question 11.Should the handle and bristles of a toothbrush be made of the same material?
Explain your answer.
Answer: The handles and bristles of a toothbrush should be made of a material which has
lightweight good strength and is hygiene. “But the bristles should be soft enough so that” they do
not harm gums while the handle should be quite stiff so that it may not get bent while brushing.
Question 12.‘Avoid plastics as far as possible.’ Comment on this advice.
Answer:Since plastic takes several years to decompose, it is not environment friendly. It causes
environmental pollution. Besides, when the synthetic material is burnt it takes a long time to get
completely burnt. In the process, it releases a lot of poisonous fumes into the atmosphere causing
air pollution.
Question 13.Match the terms of Column A correctly with the phrases given in Column B.
Column A Column B

(i) Polyester (a) Prepared by using wood pulp

(ii) Teflon (b) Used for making parachutes andstockings

(iii) Rayon (c) Used to make non-stick cookwares

(iv) Nylon (d) Fabrics do not wrinkle easily

Answer.

Column A Column B

(i) Polyester (d) Fabrics do not wrinkle easily

(ii) Teflon (c) Used to make non-stick cookwares

(iii) Rayon (a) Prepared by using wood pulp

(b) Used for making parachutes and

(iv) Nylon
stockings

Question 14.‘Manufacturing synthetic fibres are actually helping conservation of forests. ’

Comment.
Answer.The synthetic fibres are made up of petrochemicals. So, manufacturing synthetic fibres
does not depend upon plants. These synthetic fibres cater to the need of people up to great extent.
Thus, the forests are not destroyed to manufacture clothes and other items. So, indirectly, we can
come to the conclusion that manufacturing synthetic fibres is actually helping the conservation of
forests.

Question 15.Describe an activity to show that thermoplastic is a poor conductor of electricity.

Answer.A thermoplastic (or plastic) is a poor conductor of electricity as shown in Figure. If we
place a piece of copper in the gap touching points A and B , we observe that bulb glow. If we
place plastic in the gap between A and B, we observe that the bulb will not glow. It means plastic
is a poor conductor.

Chapter: 5
 Sound
Choose the correct answer:
Sound can travel through
(a) gases only (b) solids only (c) liquids only (d) solids, liquids and gases
Answer.(d) solids, liquids and gases.
Question 2.Voice of which of the following is likely to have minimum frequency?
(a) Baby girl (b) Baby boy (c) A man (d) A woman
Answer. (b) Baby boy.
Question 3.In the following statements, tick ‘T’ against those which are true, and ‘F’ against
those which are false:
Sound cannot travel in a vacuum. (T)
1.The number of oscillations per second of a vibrating object is called its time period. (F)
2.If the amplitude of vibration is large, the sound is feeble. (F)
3.For human ears, the audible range is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. (T)
4.The lower the frequency of vibration, the higher is the pitch. (F)
5.Unwanted or unpleasant sound is termed music. (F)
6.Noise pollution may cause partial hearing impairment. (T)
Question 4.Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
Time taken by an object to complete one oscillation is called time period
Loudness is determined by the amplitude of vibration.
The unit of frequency is Hertz (Hz)
Unwanted sound is called noise
The shrillness of a sound is determined by the frequency of vibration.
Question 5.A pendulum oscillates 40 times in 4 seconds. Find its time period and frequency.
Answer.

Question 6.The sound from a mosquito is produced when it vibrates its wings at an average
rate of 500 vibrations per second. What is the time period of the vibration?
Answer.
Question 7. Identify the part which vibrates to produce sound in the following instruments:
1. Dholak= Stretched membrane
2. Sitar= String of sitar
3. Flute= Air column
Question 8.What is the difference between noise and music? Can music become noise sometimes?
Answer.The unpleasant sound is called noise, whereas a pleasant sound is called music. Noise can
produce so many health hazards, whereas music brings about a soothing effect. Yes, music can become
noise sometimes when the musical instruments produce very high volume sounds.
Question 9. List sources of noise pollution in your surroundings.
Answer.Following are the major sources of noise pollution:
(1).Sounds of vehicles.(2).Sounds of the bursting of crackers and explosives.(3).Sounds of loudspeakers,
TVs, transistors.(4).Sounds of kitchen appliances.(5).Sounds of desert coolers, air conditioners etc.
Question 10.Explain in what way noise pollution is harmful to humans.
Answer.(a)Noise pollution may cause many health-related problems.

(b).Lack of sleep, hypertension (high blood pressure), anxiety, etc. are some of the problems
that may be caused due to noise pollution.

(c)A person who is exposed to a loud sound continuously may get temporary or even
permanent deafness.

Question 11.Your parents are going to buy a house. They have been offered one on the
roadside and another three lanes away from the roadside. Which house would you suggest
your parents should buy? Explain your answer.
Answer.I would suggest my parents buy the house which is three lanes away from the roadside.
This would protect us from noise pollution which is maximum on the roadside.

Question 12.Sketch the larynx and explain its function in your own words.
Answer.In humans, the sound is produced by the voice box or the larynx. It is situated in the
throat. Below it is the windpipe. The two vocal cords are stretched across the voice box or larynx
in such a way that it leaves a narrow slit between them for the passage of air when the lungs
force air through the slit, the vocal cords vibrate and the vibration results in sound.

Question 13.Lightning and thunder take place in the sky at the same time and at the same
distance from us. Lightning is seen earlier and thunder is heard later. Can you explain why?
Answer.The light travels at the speed of 3 x 10s ms -1, which is very large in comparison to the
speed of sound which travels at the rate of 330 ms -1 in the air. That is why lightning is seen
earlier and thunder is heard later.
 Chapter: 6
Materials: Metals and Non-Metals

Question 1.
Which of the following can be beaten into thin sheets?
(a) Zinc (b) Phosphorus (c) Sulphur (d) Oxygen
Answer: (a) Zinc.

Question 2.Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) All metals are ductile. (b) All non-metals are ductile.
(c) Generally, metals are ductile. (d) Some non-metals are ductile.
Answer:(c) Generally, metals are ductile.
Question 3.Fill in the blanks.
1. Phosphorus is a very reactive non-metal.
2. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity
3. Iron is more reactive than copper.
4. Metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas.
Question 4.Mark T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false.
(a ) Generally, non-metals react with acids. [F]
(b) Sodium is a very reactive metal. [T]
(c) Copper displaces zinc from zinc sulphate solution. [F]
(d) Coal can be drawn into wires. [F]
Question 5: Some properties are listed in the following Table. Distinguish between metals and
non-metals on the basis of these properties.

Properties Metals Non-metals

1. Appearance
2. Hardness
3. Malleability
4. Ductility
5. Heat Conduction
6. Conduction of Electricity
Answer.

Properties Metals Non-metals

have
1. Appearance metallic dull
luster
2. Hardness hard soft
 3. Malleability malleable non-malleable

4. Ductility ductile non-ductile

5. Heat good
bad conductors
Conduction conductors

6. Conduction good Bad

of Electricity conductors conductors/insulators

Question 6: Give reasons for the following.

1. Aluminium foils are used to wrap food items.
2. Immersion rods for heating liquids are made up of metallic substances.
3. Copper cannot displace zinc from its salt solution,
4. Sodium and potassium are stored in kerosene.
Answer.
1. It maintains the temperature of food items intact as it is a good conductor of heat.
2. Metals are good conductors of electricity. That is why immersion rods are made up of metals.
3. It is because copper is less reactive than zinc.
4. It is because sodium and potassium react vigorously when coming in contact with air or water.
Question 7: Can you store the lemon pickle in an aluminium utensil? Explain.
Answer: Aluminium is a metal. Metals are more reactive to acids. That is why acidic foodstuffs
like lemon pickles must not be stored in aluminium utensils.

Question 8: Match the substances given in Column A with their uses given in Column B.

Column A Column B

(i) Gold (a) Thermometers

(ii) Iron (b) Electric wire
(iii) Aluminium (c) Wrapping food
(iv) Carbon (d) Jewellery
(v) Copper (e) Machinery
(vi) Mercury (f) Fuel

Answer: (i)-d,(ii)-e,(iii)-c,(iv)-f,(v)-b,(vi)-a

Question 9:What happens when

(1) Dilute sulphuric acid is poured on a copper plate?
(2) Iron nails are placed in copper sulphate solution?
Write word equations of the reactions involved.
Answer.
1. Copper sulphate is formed and hydrogen gas is released.
Copper + dil. sulphuric acid → Copper sulphate + Hydrogen (gas)
2. Brown coating is deposited on the iron nails. This is because of the displacement of copper from
copper sulphate solution by iron.
Iron + Copper sulphate (solution) → Iron sulphate (solution) + Copper
Question 10: Saloni took a piece of burning charcoal and collected the gas evolved in a test tube.
(1) How will she find the nature of the gas?
(2) Write down word equations of all the reactions taking place in this process.
Answer.1.She will bring a wet litmus paper in contact with the gas. If the gas turns wet blue
litmus paper into red, the gas will be acidic.
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide + Water → Carbonic acid.
Question 11: One day Reeta went to a jeweller’s shop with her mother. Her mother gave old
gold jewellery to the goldsmith to polish. The next day when they brought the jewellery back,
they found that there was a slight loss in its weight. Can you suggest a reason for the loss in
weight?
Answer:In polishing, the jeweller put the gold jewellery in a mild acidic solution, which in
reaction with acid goes into the solution. So, in this process, a certain amount of gold is lost to
the acidic solution.

Chapter: 7
Light
Question 1.Suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see objects in the room? Can you see
objects outside the room? Explain.
Answer.We cannot see objects in the darkroom. But, we can see objects outside the room, in
case there is light outside the room. It is so because to see an object, we need light which gets
reflected from the object and enters our eyes.

Question 2.Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffused reflection
mean the failure of the laws of reflection?

Answer.No, diffused reflection does not mean, failure of the laws of reflection. It is due to
irregularities in the reflecting surface, like that of cardboard.

Question 3.Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflection will
take place when a beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in each case.

1. Polished wooden table

2. Chalk powder
3. Cardboard surface
4. Marble floor with water spread over it
5. Mirror
6. Piece of paper
Answer.

1. Polished Wooden Table: Regular reflection will take place. This is because a polished
wooden table will have a plane surface.
2. Chalk Powder: Diffused reflection because the surface of the chalk powder is not smooth.
3. Cardboard Surface: Diffused reflection since cardboard has a rough surface,
4. Marble Floor with Water Spread Over it: Regular reflection as it will act as a plane
surface.
5. Mirror: Regular reflection because the mirror has a shiny surface which is even.
6. Piece of Paper: Diffused reflection because the surface of the paper is rough.

Question 4.State the laws of reflection.

Answer.The laws of reflection are as follows:

1. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.

2. The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence, and the reflected ray all lie in the same
plane.

Question 5.Describe an activity to show that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal
at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
Answer.

Question 6.Fill in the blanks in the following:

1. A person 1 m in front of a plane mirror seems to be 2 m away from his image.

2. If you touch your left ear with your right hand in front of a plane mirror it will be seen in the
mirror that your right ear is touched with left hand
3. The size of the pupil becomes lessor when you see in dim light.
4. Night birds have…………..cones than rods in their eyes.

Choose the correct option in Questions 7 and 8.

Question 7.The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection:

(a) Always (b) Sometimes (c) Under special conditions (d) Never
Answer.(a) Always.

Question 8.The image formed by a plane mirror is

(a) virtual, behind the mirror and enlarged,
(b) virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
(c) real at the surface of the mirror and enlarged.
(d) real, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
Answer.(b) Virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.

Question 9.Describe the construction of a kaleidoscope.

Answer.A kaleidoscope is an optical instrument used to see a number of beautiful patterns. It is
made up of a circular cardboard tube or tube of thick chart paper in which rectangular mirror
strips are joined together to form a prism. At one end of the tube, touching these mirrors, a
circular plane glass plate is fixed and several, small pieces of colored glass (broken pieces of
colored bangles) are placed upon it. This end is closed by a ground glass plate and beautiful
patterns are seen through the other end of the kaleidoscope.

Question 10.Draw a labelled sketch of the human eye.

Answer.

Question 12. Explain how you can take care of your eyes.
Answer.The following measures should be taken to keep our eyes healthy and free from any
defect:
1. We should not look at the sun or a powerful light source directly.
2. We should not try to see in too little or too much light. It is bad for the eyes. Insufficient light
causes eye strain and headaches.
3. Too much light, like that of the sun, or powerful lamps, can injure the retina, which is very
delicate.
4. If advised, suitable spectacles should be used.
5. We should wash our eyes frequently with clean water.
6. We should always read from a normal distance for distinct vision and not by bringing the book
too close or keeping it too far.
7. We should never rub our eyes if any small particle of dust goes into the eyes. Instead, eyes
should be washed with clean water and if the condition does not improve, a doctor should be
consulted.
8. If food is deficient in some components, the eye may also suffer. Lack of vitamin A in our diet
is responsible for many eye troubles. Most common amongst thorns is night blindness.
Therefore, to get rid of this, we must include in our diet components that have vitamin A.

Question 13.What is the angle of incidence of a ray if the reflected ray is at an angle of 90° to
the incident ray?
Answer.

Question 14.How many images of a candle will be formed if it is placed between two
parallel plane mirrors separated by 40 cm?
Answer.The infinite number of images of the candle will be formed if it is placed between
two parallel plane mirrors.

Question 15.Two mirrors meet at right angles. A ray of light is incident on one at an angle of
30° as shown in Figure. Draw the reflected ray from the second mirror.

Answer.

Question 16.Boojho stands at A just on the side of a plane mirror as shown in Figure.Can he
see himself in the mirror? Also can he see the image of objects situated at P, Q and R?
Answer.
No, He can see images of objects at P but not of Q and R.

Question 17.
(a) Find out the position of the image of an object situated at A in the plane mirror .
(b) Can Paheli at B see this image?
(c) Can Boojho at C see this image?
(d) When Paheli moves from B to C, where does the image of A move?

Answer.(a) Below Figure (b) Yes (c) Yes (d) No change as the position of A is not changing
 Chapter: 8
Chemical Effects of Electric Current
Question 1.Fill in the blanks:
1.Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of acids, bases and salts.
2.The passage of an electric current through a solution causes Chemical effects.
3.If you pass current through copper sulphate solution, copper gets deposited on the plate
connected to the negative terminal of the battery.
The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of
electricity is called electroplating
Question 2.When the free ends of a tester are dipped into a solution, the magnetic needle shows
deflection. Can you explain the reason?
Answer.Yes, it is because the solution conducts electricity.
Question 3.Name three liquids, which when tested in the manner shown in Figure may cause the
magnetic needle to deflect.

Answer.Tap water/sodium chloride solution, hydrochloric acid.

Question 4.The bulb does not glow in the setup shown in Figure. List the possible reasons.
Explain your answer.
Answer.List of possible reasons:
The liquid solution might be conducting electricity, but the current produced is too small so that
the filament of the bulb does not get heated and the bulb does not glow.
Or, it is possible that the connections are loose.
Or, the bulb is fused.
Or, the cells are used up.
Question 5.A tester is used to check the conduction of electricity through two liquids, labelled
A and B. It is found that the bulb of the tester glows brightly for liquid A while it glows very
dimly for liquid B. You would conclude that
(i) liquid A is a better conductor than liquid B. (ii) liquid B is a better conductor than liquid
A.
(iii) both liquids are equally conducting. (iv) conducting properties of liquid cannot be
compared in this manner.
Answer.If the bulb glows brightly with liquid A, it means that liquid A is a better conductor of
electricity than B. So the answer will be (i).

Question 6.Does pure water conduct electricity? If not, what can we do to make it conducting?
Answer.Pure water does not conduct electricity. It can be made conducting if acid, base, or salt
is dissolved.

Question 7.In case of a fire, before the firemen use the water hoses, they shut off the main
electrical supply of the area. Explain why they do this.
Answer.The water used in water hoses is not pure water and it conducts electricity. Firemen shut
off the main electrical supply of the area because if the supply of electricity continues there may
be a high risk of electrocution in the whole area due to water.

Question 8.A child staying in a coastal region test the drinking water and also the seawater
with his tester. He finds that the compass needle deflects more in the case of seawater. Can
you explain the reason?
Answer.The impure water is the conductor of electricity. Seawater contains more impurity (salt)
than drinking water. Therefore, seawater conducts more electricity than drinking water. That is
why the compass needle deflects more in the case of seawater.

Question 9.Is it safe for the electrician to carry out electrical repairs outdoors during heavy
downpours? Explain.
Answer.It is not safe for the wireman to carry out electrical repairs outside during heavy
downpours. Because during heavy downpour there is a high risk of electrocution.

Question 10.
Paheli had heard that rainwater is as good as distilled water. So she collected some rainwater
in a clean glass tumbler and tested it using a tester. To her surprise, she found that the
compass needle showed deflection. What could be the reasons?
Answer.Rainwater is, of course, as good as distilled water but, when it passes through the
atmosphere, it dissolves a lot of dust, dirt, and impurities and becomes conductive. So, when
Paheli used a tester, its compass showed deflection

Question 11.Prepare a list of objects around you that are electroplated.

Answer.Ornaments, wheel rims of vehicles, the handlebar of cycle and motorcycle, pots of one
metal coated with other, bath taps, kitchen gas burner, the bottom of cooking utensils, handles of
doors, tin cans, etc.

Question 12.The process that you saw in Activity 14.7 (NCERT) is used for the purification of
copper. A thin plate of pure copper and a thick rod of impure copper are used as electrodes.
Copper from impure rod is sought to be transferred to the thin copper plate. Which electrode
should be attached to the positive terminal of the battery and why?
Answer.To perform such activity we have to arrange copper sulphate crystals and two copper
plates each having a size around 10 cm long and 4 cm wide. Now take 250 mL distilled water in
a clean and dry beaker. Dissolve two teaspoonfuls of copper sulphate crystals in it to obtain
copper sulphate solution. (You may add few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to copper sulphate
solution to make it more conducting). Clean each copper plate with sandpaper. Now rinse it with
water. With the help of wires, connect one copper plate to each terminal of two cell batteries
(Take care that the two plates do not touch each other).

Immerse two plates in copper sulphate solution as shown in Fig. 14.3. Allow the current to pass
through for 5 to 7 minutes.

When an electric current is passed through the copper sulphate solution, copper sulphate
dissociates into copper and sulphate. The free copper gets drawn to the plate connected to the
negative terminal of the battery and thus gets deposited on that plate. Gradually, a layer of
copper builds upon the plate.

Chapter: 9
Some Natural Phenomena
Select the correct option in Questions 1 and 2.
Question 1.Which of the following cannot be changed easily by friction?
(a) A plastic scale (b) copper rod (c) An inflated balloon (d) A woolen cloth.
Answer.(b) A copper rod.
Question 2.When a glass rod is rubbed with a piece of silk cloth the rod
(а) and the cloth both acquire a positive charge.
(b) becomes positively charged while the cloth has a negative charge.
(c) and the cloth both acquire a negative charge.
(d) becomes negatively charged while the cloth has a positive charge,
Answer.(d) becomes negatively charged while the cloth has a positive charge.
Question 3.Write T against true and ‘F’ against false in the following statements:
(a) Like charges attract each other. (F)
(b) A charged glass rod attracts a charged plastic straw. (T)
(c) Lightning conductor cannot protect a building from lightning. (F)
(d) Earthquakes can be predicted in advance. (F)
Question 4.Sometimes, a crackling sound is heard while taking off a sweater during winters.
Explain.
Answer.The crackling sound is heard because when the sweater is rubbed while taking it off, it
acquires a small charge.
Question 5.Explain why a charged body loses its charge if we touch it with our hand.
Answer.When we touch a charged body the total charge is transferred into the earth through our
body and it loses its charge.

Question 6.Name the scale on which the destructive energy of an earthquake is measured. An
earthquake measures 3 on this scale. Would it be recorded by a seismograph? Is it likely to
cause much damage?
Answer.The destructive energy of an earthquake is measured on a scale called the Richter scale.
An earthquake that measures 3 on the Richter scale will be recorded by a seismograph. However,
it is not likely to cause much damage.

Question 7.Suggest three measures to protect ourselves from lightning.

Answer.(1).We should not use TV or cable phone during lightning.(2).After hearing the last
thunder, wait for at least 30 minutes before coming out of the safe place.(3)A house or a building
is a safe place. If you are travelling by car or by bus, you are safe inside with the windows and
doors of the vehicle shut.

Question 8.Explain why a charged balloon is repelled by another charged balloon whereas an
uncharged balloon is attracted by another charged balloon?
Answer.A charged balloon is repelled by another charged balloon because both have the same
charge. And we know similar charges repel each other. But a charged balloon attracts an
uncharged balloon and loses its own charge to the other balloon.

Question 9.Describe with the help of a diagram an instrument which can be used to detect a
charged body.
Answer.Electroscope: An electroscope is a device used to detect the presence of charge of an
object.
Principle: It works on the principle that like charges repel while unlike charges attract each other.

Structure and Working: An electroscope has a metal rod with a thin metal strip or leaf attached
to it at the bottom. At the top, the rod enters into a cup. The bottom part of the rod and leaf is
enclosed in a glass box for protection. When the knob of the electroscope is touched with a
charged ebonite or glass rod, the leaves open out or diverge. The extent of divergence depends
upon the amount of charge on the electroscope.
Question 10.List three states in India where earthquakes are more likely to strike.
Answer. The states that fall in seismic zones are more earthquake-prone. Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, and Gujarat are a few such states.
Question 11.Suppose you are outside your home and an earthquake strikes. What precautions
would you take to protect yourself?
Answer.(1)Find a safe place, that will be away from buildings, trees and overhead power
lines.(2) Do not be on the ground but squat low on it to make yourself the smallest target to be
struck.
(3)If we are in a car or a bus, we should not come out, as the driver needs to drive slowly to a
clear spot.(4) Do not come out till the earthquake stops.
Question 12.The weather department has predicted that a thunderstorm is likely to occur on a
certain day. Suppose you have to go out on that day. Would you carry an umbrella? Explain.
Answer.No, I would not carry an umbrella. Because the pointed rod of the umbrella can become
a target of lightning

Chapter: 10
Combustion and Flame
Question 1.List conditions under which combustion can take place.
Answer. Conditions under which combustion can take place are as follows :
1.The presence of air (oxygen).2.The ignition temperature should be reached. 3.A source of
inflammable substance.
Question 2.Fill in the blanks:
1.Burning of wood and coal causes pollution of air.
2.A liquid fuel, used in homes is Kerosene
3.Fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature before it starts burning.
4.Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by water.
Question 3: Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.
Answer: CNG is a clean fuel. It produces harmful products in a very small amount. That is why
pollution in our cities has reduced.
Question 4:Compare LPG and wood as fuels.
Answer.

LPG Wood

1. No residue after burning. 1. Leaves a lot of ash on burning.

2. It can be easily stored in
2. Cannot be transported easily
cylinders for convenient
like LPG.
transportation.
3. Catches fire with more
3. Burns easily.
difficulty.
4. Low ignition temperature. 4. High ignition temperature.
5. No smoke on burning. 5. Burns with smoke.
Question 5:Give reasons:
1. Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment.
2. LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood.
3. Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe
does not.
Answer.
1. Water is not used to control fires produced by .electrical equipment because water is a
conductor of electricity and may cause electrocution or electric shock.
2. LPG is a substance which is readily available. It is cheaper and bums easily in the air at a
moderate rate. It produces a large amount of heat and does not leave behind any
undesirable substance.
3. Paper catches fire easily, but when it is wrapped around an aluminium pipe and heat is
supplied then in the presence of aluminium pipe, the ignition temperature of the paper
does not reach, because heat given to it is passed to the aluminium pipe which lowers the
temperature of the paper. That is why the paper does not catch fire.
Question 6: Make a labeled diagram of a candle flame.
Answer.

Different zones of a candle flame

Question 7: Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.
Answer. The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in kilojoules per kg (kJ/kg).
Question 8. Explain how CO2 is able to control fires.
Answer.CO2, being heavier than oxygen, covers the fire like blanket and also brings down the
temperature of fuel. Since the contact between the fuel and oxygen is cut off, the fire comes
under control.
Question 9. It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves but dry leaves catch fire easily.
Explain.
Answer. Green leaves contain a lot of water. So, when we try to burn green leaves, water present
in the leaves cools the combustible materials (leaves), so that their temperature is brought below
their ignition temperature. This prevents the burning of green leaves.
On the other hand, dry leaves do not contain any water. So when a burning process starts, their
temperature is raised drastically above their ignition temperature and the leaves catch fire easily.
Question 10.Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver and why?
Answer.A goldsmith uses the outermost zone of a flame for melting gold and silver because it is
the hottest zone of the flame (temperature ≈ 800°C) and is non-luminous in nature.
Question 11. In an experiment, 4.5 kg of fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was
measured to be 180,000 kJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.
Answer.The calorific value of the fuel:
Calorific value = heat produced/amount of fuel = 1,80,000 kJ/4.5 kg = 40,000 kJ/kg
Question 12.Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss.
Answer.Yes, the process of rusting can be called combustion, in fact, slow combustion because
rusting also takes place in the air (O2) in the presence of humidity.
Question 13.Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was to be heated in
a beaker. Abida kept the beaker near the wick in the yellow part of the candle flame. Ramesh
kept the beaker in the outermost part of the flame. Whose water will get heated in a shorter
time?
Answer. The water of Ramesh’s beaker will get heated in a shorter time because the outermost
part of the flame is the hottest.

Chapter-11
Stars and the Solar System
Choose the correct answer in Questions 1-3:

Question 1.Which of the following is NOT a member of the solar system?

(a) An asteroid (b) A satellite (c) A constellation (d) A comet
Answer.(c) A constellation.

Question 2.Which of the following is NOT a planet of the Sun?

(a) Sirius (b) Mercury (c) Saturn (d) Earth
Answer.(a) Sirius.

Question 3.Phases of the moon occur because:

(a ) we can see only that part of the moon which reflects light towards us.
(b) our distance from the moon keeps changing.
(c) the shadow of the Earth covers only a part of the moon’s surface.
(d) the thickness of the moon’s atmosphere is not constant.
Answer.(a) we can see only that part of the moon which reflects light towards us.

Question 4.Fill in the blanks:

1. The planet which is farthest from the Sun is Neptune

2. The planet which appears reddish in colour is Mars
3. A group of stars that appear to form a pattern in the sky is known as a Constellations
4. A celestial body that revolves around a planet is known as satllite
5. Shooting stars are actually not Meteors
6. Asteroids are found between the orbits of and Mars, Jupitor

Question 5.Mark the following statements as True (T) or False (F):

1. Pole star is a member of the solar system. (F)

2. Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system. (T)
3. Uranus is the farthest planet in the solar system. (F)
4. INSAT is an artificial satellite. (T)
5. There are nine planets in the solar system. (F)
6. Constellation Orion can be seen only with a telescope. (F )

Question 6. Match items in column A with one or more items in column B.

Answer.

(i) Inner planets : (g)Mars and (e) Earth

(ii) Outer planets (a) Saturn
(iii) Constellation : (c) Great Bear, (f) Orion
(iv) Satellite of the Earth (d) Moon

Question 7.In which part of the sky can you find Venus if it is visible as an evening star?
Answer.Venus appears in the western sky just after sunset.

Question 8.Name the largest planet of the solar system.

Answer.Jupiter (Brihaspati).

Question 9. What is a constellation? Name any two constellations.

Answer. A group of stars that has a recognizable shape is called a constellation. Ursa Major and
Orion are two examples of constellations.

Question 10.Draw sketches to show the relative positions of prominent stars in:
(a) Ursa Major and (b) Orion.
Question 11.Name two objects other than planets which are members of the solar system.
Answer.Satellites and asteroids are the objects that too, are members of the Solar system.

Question 12.Explain how you can locate the Pole Star with the help of Ursa Major.
Answer.Pole stars can be located with the help of the two stars at the end of Ursa Major.
Imagine a straight line passing through these stars as shown in Fig. 17.2. Extend this imaginary
line towards the north direction. (About five times the distance between the two stars). This line
will lead to a star which is not too bright. This is the Pole Star.

Question 13.Do all the stars in the sky move? Explain.

Answer.No, no star moves in the sky. They appear to move from east to west because the Earth
rotates from west to east about its axis.

Question 14.Why is the distance between stars expressed in light years? What do you
understand by the statement that a star is eight light-years away from the Earth?
Answer.The distance between stars is so large that it cannot be expressed in terms of a
kilometer. That is why very large distances, are expressed in another unit known as light year.
One light-year is the distance traveled by light in one year. If the distance of a star is eight light-
years, it means that this distance is the distance traveled by light in eight years.
Question 15.The radius of Jupiter is 11 times the radius of the Earth. Calculate the ratio of
the volumes of Jupiter and the Earth. How many Earths can Jupiter accommodate?

Answer.

Question 16.Boojho made the following sketch (See Fig. 17.29 of NCERT) of the solar system.
Is the sketch correct? If not, correct it.
Answer.It is not correct..

A correct sketch of the solar system

Courtesy: Upadhyayamitra