SQL CHEATSHEET

@yosracodes

Create used to create a new database or table

CREATE DATABASE <DATABASE NAME>

CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>

Drop used to delete an existing database

or table Data Types

Numeric
-
N SMALL N DE MAL(i j)

I T, I T, CI ,

DROP DATABASE <DATABASE NAME> String

-
CHAR HAR(n) VAR HAR(n)

, C , C

DROP TABLE <TABLE NAME>

Bit String
-
B B (n)

IT, IT

Date and time

-
DA E ME ME(i)

T , TI , TI

used to delete information Timestamp MES AMP

Truncate
- TI T

in the table but doesn’t

delete the table itself Referential Triggered Action
TRUNCATE TABLE <TABLE NAME> used to set what happens on updating or deleting a
tuple (row) in the database that references another
row
Alter used to delete, add or modify
constraints or columns in a table OPTIONS:

ON DELETE <OPTION> SE NULL

ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME>

ON UPDATE <OPTION> SE DEFAULT

ADD <COLUMN NAME> <DATA TYPE> CAS ADE C

ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME>

Renaming (Aliasing)
DROP COLUMN <COLUMN NAME>
Relation and attribute names can be renamed for
ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME>

conenience or to remove ambiguity using the keyword

ALTER COLUMN <COLUMN NAME> <DATA TYPE> AS

Backup used to create a backup on <TABLE NAME> AS <NEW TABLE NAME>

an existing database (<NEW ATTRIBUTE 1 NAME>, .....)

BACKUP DATABASE <DATABASE NAME>

TO DISK = ‘<PATH>’
Cross Product (,)
used to produce a result table that has the number of
rows of the first table multiplied by the number of
Insert used to insert new tuples
(rows) in a table
rows of the second table
SELECT <ATTRIBUTE LIST>

INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> (<COLUMN1>, .... )

FROM <TABLE 1>, <TABLE 2>
VALUES V
(< ALUE1>, ....)

*you do not need to specify all columns if you will add values
for all the columns Duplicates
Delete used to delete tuples (rows)
from a table
DISTINCT is used to eliminate duplicate
ALL is used to allow duplicates
DELETE FROM <TABLE NAME>

SELECT ALL <ATTRIBUTE LIST>

WHERE <CONDITION>
FROM <TABLE NAME>

*if you don’t add the WHERE clause all rows will be deleted
,
SELECT DISTINCT <ATTRIBUTE LIST>

Update used to modify existing

records in a table
FROM <TABLE NAME>

*SELE CT without ALL or DISTINCT is equivalent to ALL

UPDATE <TABLE NAME>

SET <COLUMN NAME> = <NEW VALUE>

String Comparisons
WHERE <CONDITION> I E is used for string compariso
L K

(%) replaces an arbitary number of characters

(_) replaces one character
Select used to select data from a
table
<ATTRIBUTE> LIKE <PATTERN>

SELECT <ATTRIBUTE LIST>

FROM <TABLE NAME>

WHERE <CONDITION> Arithmetic Operators

*if you want all attributes of a table use (*) (+) add (*) multipl
(-) subtract (/) divide
Union, Intersect, Except Ordering
equivalent to the set operations: union,
intersection and difference. ORDER BY is used to order the resulting tuple
The keyword ASC (ascending) and DESC can be

<FIRST SELECT STATEMENT>

used.
UNION / INTERSECT / E CEP X T

<SECOND SELECT STATEMENT> <SELECT STATEMENT>

ORDER BY <ATTRIBUTE> <ASC / DESC>

compares a value with a set of

In values, returns true if the value is one
of the elements of the set. Set Comparisons
* he default is AS (ascending)
T C

ANY and ALL can be used with (=, >, >=, <, <=, <>) to
compare a value with a set
SELECT <ATTRIBUTE LIST>

FROM <TABLE NAME>

V
WHERE < ALUE> IN <ANOTHER SELECT QUERY>
SELECT <ATTRIBUTE LIST>

Null used to check whether a FROM <TABLE NAME>

value is NULL V
WHERE < ALUE> > ALL / ANY <ANOTHER SELECT QUERY>

CONTAINS - Compares two sets and returns true

if one set contains the othe
<ATTRIBUTE NAME> IS (NOT) NULL

EXISTS - It checks whether the result of a nested

Join used to join two tables based on
a related column between them
query is empty or no

UNIQUE - checks if the table has duplicates

SELECT <ATTRIBUTES LIST>

FROM <TABLE 1> JOIN <TABLE 2>

Types of Join
ON <JOIN CONDITION>

WHERE <SELECTION CONDITION>

Assertion I nner Join Left Join Right Join Full Outer Join

used to ensure a certain condition is always

met in the database Aggregate Functions
COUNT - Counts how many rows in a particular
CREATE ASSERTION <ASSERTION NAME>

colum
CHECK (<CONDITION>)
SUM - adds together all the values in a particular
colum
Trigger MIN - returns the minumum value in a colum

MAX - returns the maximum value in a colum

Triggers are activated when a defined action is AVG - returns the average of a group of selected
executed for the table values
CREATE TRI GGER <TRI GGER NAME>

BEFORE / AFTE R

INSERT / UPDATE / DELET E

ON <TABLE NAME>

FOR EACH RO W

<TRIGGER BODY>