BRIEF CONTENTS

MECHANICS 27 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces 878

1 Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors 1 28 Sources of Magnetic Field 918

2 Motion Along a Straight Line 34 29 Electromagnetic Induction 953

3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions 66 30 Inductance 988

4 Newton’s Laws of Motion 100 31 Alternating Current 1018

5 Applying Newton’s Laws 129 32 Electromagnetic Waves 1048

6 Work and Kinetic Energy 171

OPTICS
7 Potential Energy and Energy Conservation 201
8 Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions 235 33 The Nature and Propagation of Light 1077

9 Rotation of Rigid Bodies 272 34 Geometric Optics 1110

10 Dynamics of Rotational Motion 302 35 Interference 1159

11 Equilibrium and Elasticity 337 36 Diffraction 1185

12 Fluid Mechanics 366

MODERN PHYSICS
13 Gravitation 395
14 Periodic Motion 429
37 Relativity 1217
38 Photons: Light Waves Behaving as Particles 1253
WAVES/ACOUSTICS 39 Particles Behaving as Waves 1279

15 Mechanical Waves 464 40 Quantum Mechanics I: Wave Functions 1321

16 Sound and Hearing 501 41 Quantum Mechanics II: Atomic Structure 1360
42 Molecules and Condensed Matter 1408
THERMODYNAMICS 43 Nuclear Physics 1442

17 Temperature and Heat 541 44 Particle Physics and Cosmology 1483

18 Thermal Properties of Matter 579

19 The First Law of Thermodynamics 613
20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 642
APPENDICES
A The International System of Units A-1
ELECTROMAGNETISM B Useful Mathematical Relations A-3
21 Electric Charge and Electric Field 678 C The Greek Alphabet A-4
D Periodic Table of the Elements A-5
22 Gauss’s Law 718 E Unit Conversion Factors A-6
23 Electric Potential 747 F Numerical Constants A-7

24 Capacitance and Dielectrics 781 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-9

25 Current, Resistance, and Electromotive Force 812 CreditsC-1
IndexI-1
26 Direct-Current Circuits 844

VOLUME 1: Chapters 1–20  •  VOLUME 2: Chapters 21–37  •  VOLUME 3: Chapters 37–44

UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS
Length Acceleration
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 mm = 109 nm 1 m>s2 = 100 cm>s2 = 3.281 ft>s2
1 km = 1000 m = 0.6214 mi 1 cm>s2 = 0.01 m>s2 = 0.03281 ft>s2
1 m = 3.281 ft = 39.37 in. 1 ft>s2 = 0.3048 m>s2 = 30.48 cm>s2
1 cm = 0.3937 in. 1 mi>h # s = 1.467 ft>s2
1 in. = 2.540 cm
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 yd = 91.44 cm Mass
1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km 1 kg = 103 g = 0.0685 slug
1 Å = 10-10 m = 10-8 cm = 10-1 nm 1 g = 6.85 * 10-5 slug
1 nautical mile = 6080 ft 1 slug = 14.59 kg
1 light@year = 9.461 * 1015 m 1 u = 1.661 * 10-27 kg
1 kg has a weight of 2.205 lb when g = 9.80 m>s2

Area
Force
1 cm2 = 0.155 in.2
1 N = 105 dyn = 0.2248 lb
1 m2 = 104 cm2 = 10.76 ft2
1 lb = 4.448 N = 4.448 * 105 dyn
1 in.2 = 6.452 cm2
1 ft2 = 144 in.2 = 0.0929 m2
Pressure
1 Pa = 1 N>m2 = 1.450 * 10-4 lb>in.2 = 0.0209 lb>ft2
Volume 1 bar = 105 Pa
1 liter = 1000 cm3 = 10-3 m3 = 0.03531 ft3 = 61.02 in.3 1 lb>in.2 = 6895 Pa
1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3 = 28.32 liters = 7.477 gallons 1 lb>ft2 = 47.88 Pa
1 gallon = 3.788 liters 1 atm = 1.013 * 105 Pa = 1.013 bar
= 14.7 lb>in.2 = 2117 lb>ft2
1 mm Hg = 1 torr = 133.3 Pa
Time
1 min = 60 s
1h = 3600 s Energy
1d = 86,400 s 1 J = 107 ergs = 0.239 cal
1y = 365.24 d = 3.156 * 107 s 1 cal = 4.186 J 1based on 15° calorie2
1 ft # lb = 1.356 J
1 Btu = 1055 J = 252 cal = 778 ft # lb
Angle 1 eV = 1.602 * 10-19 J
1 rad = 57.30° = 180°>p 1 kWh = 3.600 * 106 J
1° = 0.01745 rad = p>180 rad
1 revolution = 360° = 2p rad
1 rev>min 1rpm2 = 0.1047 rad>s Mass–Energy Equivalence
1 kg 4 8.988 * 1016 J
1 u 4 931.5 MeV
Speed 1 eV 4 1.074 * 10-9 u
1 m>s = 3.281 ft>s
1 ft>s = 0.3048 m>s
1 mi>min = 60 mi>h = 88 ft>s Power
1 km>h = 0.2778 m>s = 0.6214 mi>h 1 W = 1 J>s
1 mi>h = 1.466 ft>s = 0.4470 m>s = 1.609 km>h 1 hp = 746 W = 550 ft # lb>s
1 furlong>fortnight = 1.662 * 10-4 m>s 1 Btu>h = 0.293 W
APPENDIX A

THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

The Système International d’Unités, abbreviated SI, is the system developed by the General Conference on Weights and Measures
and adopted by nearly all the industrial nations of the world. The following material is adapted from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu).

Quantity Name of unit Symbol

SI base units
length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd
SI derived units Equivalent units
2
area square meter m
volume cubic meter m3
frequency hertz Hz s-1
mass density (density) kilogram per cubic meter kg>m3
speed, velocity meter per second m>s
angular velocity radian per second rad>s
acceleration meter per second squared m>s2
angular acceleration radian per second squared rad>s2
force newton N kg # m>s2
pressure (mechanical stress) pascal Pa N>m2
kinematic viscosity square meter per second m2>s
dynamic viscosity newton-second per square meter N # s>m2
work, energy, quantity of heat joule J N#m
power watt W J>s
quantity of electricity coulomb C A#s
potential difference, electromotive force volt V J>C, W>A
electric field strength volt per meter V>m N>C
electrical resistance ohm Ω V>A
capacitance farad F A # s>V
magnetic flux weber Wb V#s
inductance henry H V # s>A
magnetic flux density tesla T Wb>m2
magnetic field strength ampere per meter A>m
magnetomotive force ampere A
luminous flux lumen lm cd # sr
luminance candela per square meter cd>m2
illuminance lux lx lm>m2
wave number 1 per meter m-1
entropy joule per kelvin J>K
specific heat capacity joule per kilogram-kelvin J>kg # K
thermal conductivity watt per meter-kelvin W>m # K

A-1
Quantity Name of unit Symbol Equivalent units
radiant intensity watt per steradian W>sr
activity (of a radioactive source) becquerel Bq s-1
radiation dose gray Gy J>kg
radiation dose equivalent sievert Sv J>kg
SI supplementary units
plane angle radian rad
solid angle steradian sr

Definitions of SI Units
meter (m) The meter is the length equal to the distance trav- joule (J) The joule is the work done when the point of appli-
eled by light, in vacuum, in a time of 1>299,792,458 second. cation of a constant force of 1 newton is displaced a distance of
1 meter in the direction of the force.
kilogram (kg) The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is de-
fined by taking the value of Planck’s constant h to be exactly watt (W) The watt is the power that gives rise to the produc-
6.62607015 * 10-34 kg # m2>s. tion of energy at the rate of 1 joule per second.

second (s) The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 volt (V) The volt is the difference of electric potential be-
periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition tween two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant
­between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the current of 1 ampere, when the power dissipated between these
cesium-133 atom. points is equal to 1 watt.

ampere (A) The ampere is a current of one coloumb per sec- weber (Wb) The weber is the magnetic flux that, linking
ond, where the coulomb is defined in terms of the elementary a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of
charge e. 1 volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second.
lumen (lm) The lumen is the luminous flux emitted in a solid
kelvin (K) The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature,
angle of 1 steradian by a uniform point source having an inten-
is defined by taking the value of the Boltzmann constant k to be
sity of 1 candela.
exactly 1.380649 * 10-23 J>K.
farad (F) The farad is the capacitance of a capacitor between
ohm  (Ω) The ohm is the electric resistance between two
the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of
points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential
1  volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to
of 1 volt, applied between these two points, produces in this
1 coulomb.
conductor a current of 1 ampere, this conductor not being the
source of any electromotive force. henry (H) The henry is the inductance of a closed circuit in
which an electromotive force of 1 volt is produced when the
coulomb (C) The coulomb is the quantity of electricity such electric current in the circuit varies uniformly at a rate of 1 am-
that the elementary charge e is exactly 1.602176634 * 10-19 C pere per second.
transported in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere.
radian (rad) The radian is the plane angle between two radii
candela  (cd) The candela is the luminous intensity, in a of a circle that cut off on the circumference an arc equal in
given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation length to the radius.
of frequency 540 * 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity
in that direction of 1>683 watt per steradian. steradian (sr) The steradian is the solid angle that, having its
vertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface
mole (mol) The mole is the SI unit of substance. One mole of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal
contains exactly 6.02214076 * 1023 elementary entities. to the radius of the sphere.
newton (N) The newton is that force that gives to a mass of SI Prefixes  To form the names of multiples and submultiples
1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter per second per second. of SI units, apply the prefixes listed in Appendix F.

A-2
APPENDIX B

USEFUL MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS

Algebra
1 ax
a-x = x a1x + y2 = axay a1x - y2 = y
a a
Logarithms: If log a = x, then a = 10x.  log a + log b = log 1ab2  log a - log b = log 1a>b2  log 1an2 = n log a
  If ln a = x, then a = ex.  ln a + ln b = ln 1ab2  ln a - ln b = ln 1a>b2    ln 1an2 = n ln a
-b ± 2b2 - 4ac
Quadratic formula: If ax2 + bx + c = 0,  x = .
2a

Binomial Theorem
n1n - 12an - 2b2 n1n - 121n - 22an - 3b3
1a + b2 n = an + nan - 1 b + + + g
2! 3!

Trigonometry C
In the right triangle ABC, x2 + y 2 = r 2.
r y
Definitions of the trigonometric functions:
sin a = y>r  cos a = x>r   tan a = y>x a
A x B

sin a
Identities: sin2 a + cos2 a = 1 tan a =
cos a
sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a cos 2a = cos2 a - sin2 a = 2 cos2 a - 1
= 1 - 2 sin2 a
1 - cos a 1 + cos a
sin 12 a = cos 12 a =
A 2 A 2
sin1-a2 = -sin a sin1a { b2 = sin a cos b { cos a sin b
cos1-a2 = cos a cos1a { b2 = cos a cos b { sin a sin b
sin1a { p>22 = { cos a sin a + sin b = 2 sin 12 1a + b2 cos 12 1a - b2
cos1a { p>22 = | sin a cos a + cos b = 2 cos 12 1a + b2 cos 12 1a - b2

For any triangle A′B′C′ (not necessarily a right triangle) with sides a, b, C′
and c and angles a, b, and g:
g
sin a sin b sin g b a
Law of sines: = =
a b c
a b
Law of cosines: c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos g A′ c B′

Geometry
Circumference of circle of radius r: C = 2pr Surface area of sphere of radius r: A = 4pr 2
Area of circle of radius r: A = pr 2 Volume of cylinder of radius r and height h: V = pr 2h
Volume of sphere of radius r: V = 4pr 3>3

A-3
Calculus
Derivatives:
d n d 1 d
x = nxn - 1             ln ax =            eax = aeax
dx dx x dx
d d
sin ax = a cos ax           cos ax = -a sin ax
dx dx
Integrals:
xn + 1
L L x L
dx 1
xn dx = 1n ≠ -12       = ln x        e ax dx = e ax
n + 1 a

L L L 2a - x
1 1 dx x
sin ax dx = - cos ax         cos ax dx = sin ax    = arcsin
a a 2 2 a

L 2x + a Lx + a L 1x + a 2
dx dx 1 x dx 1 x
= ln 1 x + 2x2 + a2 2     2 2
= arctan     = 2
2 2 a a 2 2 3>2 a 2x + a2
2

L 1x + a 2
x dx 1
= -
2 2 3>2
2x + a2
2

Power series (convergent for range of x shown):

n1n - 12x2 n1n - 121n - 22 3 x3 2x5 17x7
11 + x2 n = 1 + nx + + x      tan x = x + + + + g1 0 x 0 6 p>22
2! 3! 3 15 315
x2 x3
+ g1 0 x 0 6 12                 ex = 1 + x + + + g1all x2
2! 3!
x3 x5 x7 x2 x3 x4
sin x = x - + - + g1all x2            ln 11 + x2 = x - + - + g1 0 x 0 6 12
3! 5! 7! 2 3 4
x2 x4 x6
cos x = 1 - + - + g1all x2
2! 4! 6!

APPENDIX C
THE GREEK ALPHABET
Name Capital Lowercase Name Capital Lowercase Name Capital Lowercase
Ι
g
Α a Iota i Rho P r
Beta B b Kappa K k Sigma s
Γ g Lambda Λ l Tau Τ t
∆ d Mu Μ m Upsilon Υ y
Ε P Nu N n Phi Φ f
Ζ z Xi Ξ j Chi Χ x
Η h Omicron Ο o Psi Ψ c
ϴ u Pi Π p Omega Ω v

A-4
APPENDIX D

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period

1 2
1 H He
1.008 4.003

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.798

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.293

55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.327 174.967 178.49 180.948 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.078 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.980 (209) (210) (222)

87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(223) (226) (262) (267) (270) (269) (270) (269) (278) (281) (281) (285) (286) (289) (289) (293) (293) (294)

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
138.905 140.116 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.500 164.930 167.259 168.934 173.04

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

Actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
(227) (232) (231) (238) (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259)

For each element, the average atomic mass of the mixture of isotopes occurring in nature is shown. For elements having no stable
isotope, the approximate atomic mass of the longest-lived isotope is shown in parentheses. All atomic masses are expressed in
atomic mass units 11 u = 1.6605390401202 * 10-27 kg2, equivalent to grams per mole 1g >mol2.

A-5
APPENDIX E

UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS

Length Acceleration
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 mm = 109 nm 1 m>s2 = 100 cm>s2 = 3.281 ft>s2
1 km = 1000 m = 0.6214 mi 1 cm>s2 = 0.01 m>s2 = 0.03281 ft>s2
1 m = 3.281 ft = 39.37 in. 1 ft>s2 = 0.3048 m>s2 = 30.48 cm>s2
1 cm = 0.3937 in. 1 mi>h # s = 1.467 ft>s2
1 in. = 2.540 cm
Mass
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 kg = 103 g = 0.0685 slug
1 yd = 91.44 cm
1 g = 6.85 * 10-5 slug
1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km
1 slug = 14.59 kg
1 Å = 10-10 m = 10-8 cm = 10-1 nm
1 u = 1.661 * 10-27 kg
1 nautical mile = 6080 ft
1 kg has a weight of 2.205 lb when g = 9.80 m>s2
1 light@year = 9.461 * 1015 m
Force
Area
1 N = 105 dyn = 0.2248 lb
1 cm2 = 0.155 in.2
1 lb = 4.448 N = 4.448 * 105 dyn
1 m2 = 104 cm2 = 10.76 ft2
1 in.2 = 6.452 cm2 Pressure
1 ft2 = 144 in.2 = 0.0929 m2 1 Pa = 1 N>m2 = 1.450 * 10- 4 lb>in.2 = 0.0209 lb>ft2
Volume 1 bar = 105 Pa
1 liter = 1000 cm3 = 10-3 m3 = 0.03531 ft3 = 61.02 in.3 1 lb>in.2 = 6895 Pa
1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3 = 28.32 liters = 7.477 gallons 1 lb>ft2 = 47.88 Pa
1 gallon = 3.788 liters 1 atm = 1.013 * 105 Pa = 1.013 bar
= 14.7 lb>in.2 = 2117 lb>ft2
Time 1 mm Hg = 1 torr = 133.3 Pa
1 min = 60 s
1h = 3600 s Energy
1d = 86,400 s 1 J = 107 ergs = 0.239 cal
1y = 365.24 d = 3.156 * 107 s 1 cal = 4.186 J 1based on 15° calorie2
1 ft # lb = 1.356 J
1 Btu = 1055 J = 252 cal = 778 ft # lb
Angle
1 rad = 57.30° = 180°>p
1 eV = 1.602 * 10-19 J
1° = 0.01745 rad = p>180 rad
1 kWh = 3.600 * 106 J
1 revolution = 360° = 2p rad
1 rev>min 1rpm2 = 0.1047 rad>s Mass–Energy Equivalence
1 kg 4 8.988 * 1016 J
Speed
1 u 4 931.5 MeV
1 m>s = 3.281 ft>s
1 eV 4 1.074 * 10-9 u
1 ft>s = 0.3048 m>s
1 mi>min = 60 mi>h = 88 ft>s Power
1 km>h = 0.2778 m>s = 0.6214 mi>h 1 W = 1 J>s
1 mi>h = 1.466 ft>s = 0.4470 m>s = 1.609 km>h 1 hp = 746 W = 550 ft # lb>s
1 furlong>fortnight = 1.662 * 10-4 m>s 1 Btu>h = 0.293 W

A-6
APPENDIX F

NUMERICAL CONSTANTS

Fundamental Physical Constants*

Name Symbol Value
Speed of light in vacuum c 2.99792458 * 108 m>s
Magnitude of charge of electron e 1.602176634 * 10-19 C
Gravitational constant G 6.674081312 * 10-11 N # m2>kg 2
Planck’s constant h 6.62607015 * 10-34 J # s
Boltzmann constant k 1.380649 * 10-23 J>K
Avogadro’s number NA 6.02214076 * 1023 molecules>mol
Gas constant R = NAK 8.314462618c J>mol # K
Mass of electron me 9.109383561112 * 10-31 kg
Mass of proton mp 1.6726218981212 * 10-27 kg
Mass of neutron mn 1.6749274711212 * 10-27 kg
Magnetic constant m0 1.25663706 * 10-6 Wb>A # m 1approximate2 _ 4p * 10-7 Wb>A # m
Electric constant P0 = 1>m0 c2 8.854187817 * 10-12 C2>N # m2 1approximate2
1>4pP0 8.987551787 * 109 N # m2>C2 1approximate2

Other Useful Constants*

Mechanical equivalent of heat 4.186 J>cal 115° calorie2
Standard atmospheric pressure 1 atm 1.01325 * 105 Pa
Absolute zero 0K -273.15°C
Electron volt 1 eV 1.60217662091982 * 10-19 J
Atomic mass unit 1u 1.6605390401202 * 10-27 kg
Electron rest energy me c2 0.51099894611312 MeV
Volume of ideal gas 10°C and 1 atm2 22.4139621132 liter>mol
Acceleration due to gravity (standard) g 9.80665 m>s2
*Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (http://physics.nist.gov , cuu). Numbers in parentheses show the
uncertainty in the final digits of the main number; for example, the number 1.6454(21) means 1.6454 { 0.0021. Values
shown without uncertainties are exact. The exact values of the magnitude of the charge of the electron, Planck’s constant, the
Boltzmann constant, Avogadro’s number, and the gas constant are from the redefinitions adopted in 2018. As consequences
of these redefinitions, the values of the magnetic constant and electric constant now have fractional uncertainties of
about 2 * 10-10. As of this writing (2018) it was expected that updated values of the magnetic and electric constants, as
well as of all other constants with uncertainties, were to be announced in May 2019. These updated values will be available
at http://physics.nist.gov/cuu.

A-7
Astronomical Data†
Body Mass 1 kg2 Radius 1 m2 Orbit radius 1 m2 Orbital period
Sun 1.99 * 1030
6.96 * 10 8 — —
Moon 7.35 * 1022 1.74 * 106 3.84 * 10 8
27.3 d
Mercury 3.30 * 1023 2.44 * 106 5.79 * 1010 88.0 d
Venus 4.87 * 1024 6.05 * 106 1.08 * 1011 224.7 d
Earth 5.97 * 1024 6.37 * 106 1.50 * 1011 365.3 d
Mars 6.42 * 1023 3.39 * 106 2.28 * 1011 687.0 d
Jupiter 1.90 * 1027 6.99 * 107 7.78 * 1011 11.86 y
Saturn 5.68 * 1026 5.82 * 107 1.43 * 1012 29.45 y
Uranus 8.68 * 1025 2.54 * 107 2.87 * 1012 84.02 y
Neptune 1.02 * 1026 2.46 * 107 4.50 * 1012 164.8 y
Pluto‡ 1.30 * 1022 1.19 * 106 5.91 * 1012 248.0 y
†
Source: NASA (http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/). For each body, “radius” is its average radius and “orbit
radius” is its ­average distance from the sun or (for the moon) from the earth.
‡
In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto and similar small objects that orbit the sun as
“dwarf planets.”

Prefixes for Powers of 10

Power of ten Prefix Abbreviation Pronunciation
-24
10 yocto- y yoc-toe
10-21 zepto- z zep-toe
10-18 atto- a at-toe
10-15 femto- f fem-toe
10-12 pico- p pee-koe
10-9 nano- n nan-oe
10-6 micro- m my-crow
10-3 milli- m mil-i
10-2 centi- c cen-ti
103 kilo- k kil-oe
106 mega- M meg-a
109 giga- G jig-a or gig-a
1012 tera- T ter-a
1015 peta- P pet-a
1018 exa- E ex-a
1021 zetta- Z zet-a
1024 yotta- Y yot-a

Examples:
1 femtometer = 1 fm = 10-15 m    1 millivolt = 1 mV = 10-3 V
1 picosecond = 1 ps = 10-12 s     1 kilopascal = 1 kPa = 103 Pa
1 nanocoulomb = 1 nC = 10-9 C   1 megawatt = 1 MW = 106 W
1 microkelvin = 1 mK = 10-6 K    1 gigahertz = 1 GHz = 109 Hz

A-8
ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 3.5 (b) - 8.67 m>s2, - 2.33 m>s2 

(c) 8.98 m>s2, 195°
1.1 (a) 1.61 km  b) 3.28 * 103 ft 2.1 25.0 m
3.7 (b) Y = a nd - 2bt ne , a = - 2b ne
S S

1.3 1.02 ns 2.3 55 min

(c) 5.4 m>s, 297°; 2.4 m>s2, 270°
1.5 31.7 y 2.5 (a) 0.313 m>s  (b) 1.56 m>s
(d) speeding up and turning right
1.7 (a) 23.4 km>L  (b) 1.4 tanks 2.7 (a) 12.0 m>s  (b) (i) 0 (ii) 15.0 m>s 
3.9 (a) 1.13 m  (b) 0.528 m  (c) yx = 1.10 m>s,
1.9 9.0 cm (iii) 12.0 m>s  (c) 13.3 m>s
yy = - 4.70 m>s, 4.83 m>s, 76.8° below the
1.11 (a) 72 mm2  (b) 0.50  (c) 36 mm  (d) 6 mm 2.9 (a) 2.33 m>s, 2.33 m>s  (b) 2.33 m>s, 0.33 m>s
horizontal
(e) 2.0 2.11 6.7 m>s, 6.7 m>s, 0, - 40.0 m>s, - 40.0 m>s,
3.11 2.57 m
1.13 0.45% - 40.0 m>s, 0
3.13 (a) 24.1 m>s  (b) 31.0 m>s
1.15 (a) no  (b) no  (c) no  (d) no  (e) no 2.13 (a) 2.00 cm>s, 50.0 cm, - 0.125 cm>s2 
3.15 1.28 m>s2
1.17 +300 million (b) 16.0 s  (c) 32.0 s  (d) 6.20 s, 1.23 cm>s; 25.8 s,
3.17 (a) 0.683 s, 2.99 s  (b) 24.0 m>s, 11.3 m>s;
1.19 2 * 105 - 1.23 cm>s; 36.4 s, - 2.55 cm>s
24.0 m>s, - 11.3 m>s  (c) 30.0 m>s, 36.9° below
1.21 7.8 km, 38° north of east 2.15 (a) 0.500 m>s2  (b) 0, 1.00 m>s2
the horizontal
1.23 144 m, 41° south of west. 2.17 (a) 2.17 m, 9.60 m>s2; 15.0 m, - 38.4 m>s2
3.19 (a) 1.5 m  (b) - 0.89 m>s
1.25 Ax = 0, Ay = - 8.00 m, Bx = 7.50 m, 2.19 (a) 8.33 m>s (b) 1.11 m>s2
3.21 (a) 13.6 m  (b) 34.6 m>s  (c) 103 m
By = 13.0 cm, Cx = - 10.9 cm, Cy = - 5.07 m, 2.21 (a) 675 m>s2  (b) 0.0667 s
3.25 (a) 0.034 m>s2 = 0.0034g  (b) 1.4 h
Dx = - 7.99 m, Dy = 6.02 m 2.23 1.70 m
3.27 52.8 m>s2
1.27 (a) - 6.00 m  (b) 11.3 m 2.25 0.38 m
3.29 120 m>s, 270 mph
1.29 (a) 9.01 m, 33.7°  (b) 9.01 m, 33.7°  2.27 (a) 3.1 * 106 m>s2 = 3.2 * 105 g  (b) 1.6 ms 
3.31 (a) 2.57 m>s2 upward  (b) 2.57 m>s2 downward
(c) 22.3 m, 250°  (d) 22.3 m, 70.3° (c) no
(c) 14.7 s
1.31 2.81 km, 38.5° north of west 2.29 (a) 0, 6.3 m>s2, - 11.2 m>s2  (b) 100 m, 230 m,
3.33 (a) 32.9 m>s (b) 27.7 m>s2  (c) 35.5 rpm
1.33 (a) 2.48 cm, 18.4°  (b) 4.09 cm, 83.7°  320 m
3.35 (a) 14 s  (b) 70 s 
(c) 4.09 cm, 264° 2.31 (a) 2.94 m>s  (b) 0.600 s
S 3.37 0.36 m>s, 52.5° south of west
1.35 A = - (8.00 m) ne , 2.33 1.67 s
S 3.39 (a) 24° west of south  (b) 5.5 h
B = (7.50 m) nd + (+ 13.0 m) ne , 2.35 (a) 33.5 m  (b) 15.8 m>s
S 3.41 (a) 4.7 m>s, 25° south of east  (b) 120 s
C = (- 10.9 m)dn + (- 5.07 m)en, 2.37 (a) upward, downward, decreasing 
S (c) 240 m
D = (- 7.99 m)dn + (6.02 m)en (b) downward, downward, increasing
S 3.43 (a) 14°, north of west  (b) 310 km>h
1.37 (a) A = (1.23 m)dn + (3.38 m)en, 2.39 (a) t = 12d>g  (b) 0.190 s
S 3.45 2b>3c
B = (- 2.08 m)dn + (- 1.20 m)en 2.41 (a) 646 m  (b) 16.4 s, 112 m>s
S 3.47 (a) 128 m  (b) 315 m
(b) C = (12.0 m)dn + (14.9 m)en 2.43 15.9 m
3.49 274 m
(c) 19.2 m, 51.2° 2.45 0.0868 m>s2
3.51 (a) 55.5 m south
1.39 (a) A = 5.38, B = 4.36 2.47 37.6 m>s
3.53 33.7 m
(b) - 5.00 nd + 2.00 ne + 7.00 kn 2.49 (a) 467 m  (b) 110 m>s
3.55 (a) 16.6 m>s  (b) 10.9 m>s, 40.5° below the hori-
(c) 8.83, yes 2.51 (a) x = (0.25 m>s3)t 3 - (0.010 m>s4)t 4,
zontal
1.41 (a) - 104 m2 (b) - 148 m2 (c) 40.6 m2 yx = (0.75 m>s3)t 2 - (0.040 m>s4)t 3 
3.57 (a) 1.50 m>s  (b) 4.66 m
1.43 (a) 165° (b) 28° (c) 90° (b) 39.1 m>s
3.59 (a) v = 2v 02 + 2gH (b) v = 2v 02 + 2gH
1.45 (a) (- 63.9 m2)kn  (b) (63.9 m2)kn 2.53 (a) 10.0 m  (b) (i) 8.33 m>s (ii) 9.09 m>s 
(c) 2v 02 + 2gH  (d) stays the same
1.47 - 2.0 m, - x-direction (iii) 9.52 m>s
3.61 (a) 6.91 m  (c) no
1.49 (a) 5.49 g>cm3 (b) 1.1 * 106 g>cm3  2.55 250 km
3.63 (a) 17.8 m>s  (b) in the river, 28.4 m horizontally
(c) 4.7 * 1014 g>cm3 2.57 (a) 197 m>s  (b) 169 m>s
from his launch point
1.51 (a) 1.64 * 104 km (b) 2.57rE 2.59 (a) 4.24 m>s  (b) 7.54 s
3.65 (a) 49.5 m>s  (b) 50 m
1.53 ≈6 * 1027 2.61 (a) 92.0 m  (b) 92.0 m
3.67 6.25 s
1.55 (a) 0.60 nd - 0.80 kn  (b) - 0.60 nd + 0.80 kn 2.63 67 m
S 3.69 (a) 13.3 m>s  (b) 3.8 m
(c) B + = 0.80 nd + 0.60 kn and 2.65 (a) 7.56 s  (b) 37.2 m
S 3.71 (a) 44.7 km>h, 26.6° west of south
B- = - 0.80 nd - 0.60 kn (c) 25.7 m>s (car), 15.9 m>s (truck)
(b) 10.5° north of west
1.57 144 m, 41° south of west 2.67 3.2 m>s2
3.73 7.39 m>s, 12.4° north of east
1.59 361 N>C, 184.73° from the + x-axis 2.69 (a) 2.0 s  (b) 16 m>s in the - x-direction, - 40 m>s2
3.75 3.01 m>s, 33.7° north of east
1.61 7.55 N in the - x-direction
3.77 (a) graph R2 versus h  (b) 16.4 m>s  (c) 23.8 m
1.63 60.9 km, 33.0° south of west 2.71 (a) - 4.00 m>s  (b) 12.0 m>s
3.79 70.5°
1.65 28.8 m, 11.4° north of east 2.73 38.2 m
3.81 5.15 s
1.67 71.9 m, 64.1° north of west 2.75 (a) 6.69 m>s  (b) 4.49 m  (c) 1.42 s
3.83 Choice (b)
1.69 (a) 818 m, 15.8° west of south 2.77 (a) 3.3 s  (b) 9H
3.85 Choice (c)
1.71 18.6° east of south, 29.6 m 2.79 (a) 380 m  (b) 184 m
1.73 28.2 m 2.81 (a) 0.625 m>s3  (b) 107 m
1.75 - 2.00 J 2.83 (a) car A  (b) 2.27 s, 5.73 s  (c) 1.00 s, 4.33 s Chapter 4
1.77 124° (d) 2.67 s 4.1 494 N, 31.8°
1.79 (a) - bd, - bcdn - ad en - ac kn   2.85 (a) 0.0510 s2>m  (b) lower than  (c) no 4.3 3.15 N
(b) - bd, ad in the - y-direction 2.87 4.8 4.5 (a) - 8.10 N, 3.00 N  (b) 8.64 N
1.81 156 m2 2.89 (a) 8.3 m>s  (b) (i) 0.411 m (ii) 1.15 km  4.7 46.7 N, opposite to the motion of the skater
1.83 28.0 m (c) 9.8 m>s  (d) 4.9 m>s 4.9 21.8 kg
1.85 Cx = - 8.0, Cy = - 6.1 2.91 Choice (b) 4.11 (a) 3.12 m, 3.12 m>s  (b) 21.9 m, 6.24 m>s
1.87 D, F, B, C, A, E 4.13 (a) 45.0 N, between 2.0 s and 4.0 s 
1.89 (b) (i) 0.9857 AU (ii) 1.3820 AU  Chapter 3 (b) between 2.0 s and 4.0 s  (c) 0 s, 6.0 s
(iii) 1.695 AU  (c) 54.6° 3.1 (a) 1.4 m>s, - 1.3 m>s  (b) 1.9 m>s, 317° 4.15 (a) A = 100 N, B = 12.5 N>s2  (b) (i) 21.6 N,
1.91 (a) 76.2 ly  (b) 129° 3.3 (a) 7.1 cm>s, 45°  (b) 5.0 cm>s, 90°; 7.1 cm>s, 45°; 2.70 m>s2  (ii) 134 N, 16.8 m>s2 
1.93 Choice (a) 11 cm>s, 27° (c) 26.6 m>s2

A-9
A-10    Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

4.17 2940 N 5.71 245 N, equal to it 6.63 (a) 5.62 J (20.0-N block), 3.38 J (12.0-N block)
4.19 (a) 4.49 kg  (b) 4.49 kg, 8.13 N 5.73 12.3 m>s (b) 2.58 J (20.0-N block), 1.54 J (12.0-N block)
4.21 825 N, blocks 5.75 1.78 m>s 6.65 (a) 1.8 m>s = 4.0 mi>h 
4.23 50 N 5.77 (a) m1(sin a + mk cos a) (b) m1(sin a - mkcos a) (b) 180 m>s2 ≈ 18g, 900 N
4.25 7.4 * 10-23 m>s2 (c) m1(sin a - mscos a) … m2 … m1(sin a + 6.67 (a) 5.11 m  (b) 0.304  (c) 10.3 m
4.27 (b) yes mscos a) 6.69 (a)V>22, greater than  (b) WD>4, less than
4.29 (a) yes  (b) no 5.79 (a) 1.44 N  (b) 1.80 N 6.71 (a) 0.074 N  (b) 4.7 N  (c) 0.22 J
4.33 2.58 s 5.81 920 N 6.73 6.3 * 104 N>m 
4.35 (a) 17 N, 90° clockwise from the + x-axis 5.83 1.30 kg, 2.19 kg 6.75 1.1 m
(b) 840 N 5.85 (a) 294 N (18.0-cm wire), 152 N, 152 N 6.77 (a) 2.39 m>s  (b) 9.42 m>s, away from the wall
4.37 (a) 2.50 m>s2  (b) 10.0 N  (c) to the right, (b) 40.0 N 6.79 (a) 0.600 m  (b) 1.50 m>s
F 7 T  (d) 25.0 N 5.87 3.0 N 6.81 0.786
4.39 (a) 4.4 m  (b) 300 m>s  (c) (i) 2.7 * 104 N 5.89 (a) 12.9 kg  (b) TAB = 47.2 N, TBC = 101 N 6.83 1.3 m
(ii) 9.0 * 103 N 2m2g m2g 6.85 (a) 1.10 * 105 J (b) 1.30 * 105 J  (c) 3.99 kW
5.91 a1 = ,a =
4.41 (a) 0.603 m>s2, upward 4m1 + m2 2 4m1 + m2 6.87 (a) 47.0 J, - 29.6 J, 2.41 m>s
(b) 1.26 m>s2, downward 5.93 (a) 7.75 N  (b) 0.242 (b) 23.2 J, 29.6 J, - 6.4 J
4.43 1630 N away from him 5.95 g>ms (c) 40.6 J, 47.0 J, - 6.4 J
4.45 (a) 4.34 kg  (b) 5.30 kg 5.97 (b) 0.452 6.89 (a) 1.26 * 105 J  (b) 1.46 W
4.47 309 N 5.99 (b) 0.28  (c) no k k
6.91 (b) y2 = - d 2 + 2d c (0.400 m) - mkg d
4.49 7.78 m 5.101 (a) 1.42 * 104 N (b) 817 m>s2  (c) 27.1 m>s2 m m
4.51 (a) largest: Ferrari; smallest: Alpha Romeo and 5.103 (b) 8.8 N  (c) 31.0 N  (d) 1.54 m>s2 (c) 1.29 m>s, 0.204 m  (d) 12.0 N>m, 0.800
Honda Civic  (b) largest: Ferrari; smallest: 1 6.93 (a) My2>6  (b) 6.1 m>s  (c) 3.9 m>s
5.105 y = (2mg>k)c + e-(k>m)t d
Volvo  (c) 7.5 kN, smaller  (d) zero 2 (d) 0.40 J, 0.60 J
4.53 (b) 26 kg, 8.3 m>s2 5.107 (a) 81.1°  (b) no  (c) The bead rides at the bottom 6.95 Choice (a)
of the hoop. 6.97 Choice (d)
4.55 (a) 0.593 m, 1.33 s, 4.00 N  (b) 2.00 s, 2.00 m>s
5.109 (a) 0.371  (b) 0.290  (c) yes, same slope,
4.57 Choice (d) ­less-negative intercept
4.59 Choice (a) 5.111 (a) 5>8 in  (b) 23.9 kN  (c) 3.57 kN, smaller  Chapter 7
(d) larger; accurate
7.1 (a) 6.6 * 105 J (b) - 7.7 * 105 J
5.113 F = (M + m)g tan a
7.3 (a) 610 N  (b) (i) 0 (ii) 550 J
Chapter 5 5.115 cos2b
7.5 (a) 24.0 m>s  (b) 24.0 m>s  (c) part (b)
5.117 Choice (b)
5.1 (a) 25.0 N  (b) 50.0 N 7.7 (a) 2.0 m>s (b) 9.8 * 10-7 J, 2.0 J>kg
5.3 (a) 990 N, 735 N  (b) 926 N (c) 200 m, 63 m>s  (d) 5.9 J>kg
5.5 48° (e) in its tensed legs
Chapter 6 7.9 (a) (i) 0 (ii) 0.98 J  (b) 2.8 m>s
5.7 (a) TA = 0.732w, TB = 0.897w, TC = w
6.1 (a) 3.60 J  (b) - 0.900 J  (c) 0  (d) 0  (c) Only gravity is constant.  (d) 5.1 N
(b) TA = 2.73w, TB = 3.35w, TC = w
(e) 2.70 J 7.11 - 5400 J
5.9 (a) 574 N  (b) 607 N
6.3 (a) 74 N  (b) 333 J  (c) - 330 J  (d) 0, 0 7.13 (a)11.8 J, - 15.7 J  (b) (0.200 m)T, - (0.200 m)T  
5.11 (a) 1.10 * 108 N  (b) 5w  (c) 8.4 s
(e) 0 (c) 0, - 3.9 J, 0.75 m>s
5.13 (a) 4610 m>s2 = 470g 
6.5 (a) - 1750 J  (b) no 7.15 (a) 52.0 J  (b) 3.25 J
(b) 9.70 * 105 N = 471w  (c) 0.0187 s
6.7 (a) (i) 9.00 J (ii) - 9.00 J  (b) (i) 0 7.17 (a) (i) 4U0 (ii) U0>4  (b) (i) x0 22
5.15 (b) 2.96 m>s2  (c) 191 N; greater than; less than
(ii) 9.00 J (iii) - 9.00 J (iv) 0 (ii) x0>22
5.17 (b) 3.75 m>s2  (c) 2.48 kg  (d) T 6 weight of the
(c) zero for each block 7.19 (a) 5.48 cm  (b) 3.92 cm
hanging block
6.9 - 6.7 J 7.21 (a) 6.32 cm  (b) 12 cm
5.19 (a) 3.4 m>s  (c) 2.2w
6.11 (a) 0°  (b) 4 7.23 (a) 3.03 m>s, as it leaves the spring
5.21 (a) 14.0 m  (b) 18.0 m>s
6.13 - 572 J (b) 95.9 m>s2, when the spring has its maximum
5.23 50°
6.15 (a) 120 J  (b) - 108 J  (c) 24.3 J compression
5.25 (a) 33 N  (b) 3.1 m
6.17 (a) 36,000 J  (b) 4  7.25 (a) 4.46 * 105 N>m  (b) 0.128 m
5.27 (a) m s: 0.710; m k: 0.472  (b) 258 N  (c) (i) 51.8 N
6.19 (a) 1.0 * 1016 J  (b) 2.4 times 7.27 (a) - 5.4 J (b) - 5.4 J (c) - 10.8 J
(ii) 4.97 m>s2
6.21 4W1 (d) nonconservative
5.31 (a) 18.3 m>s2 (b) 2.29 m>s2
6.23 22gh11 + mk>tan a2 7.29 (a) 8.16 m>s  (b) 766 J
5.33 (a) 57.1 N  (b) 146 N up the ramp
6.25 48.0 N 7.31 1.29 N, + x-direction
5.35 (a) 52.5 m  (b) 16.0 m>s
6.27 (a) 4.48 m>s  (b) 3.61 m>s 7.33 130 m>s2, 132° counterclockwise from the
5.37 (a) mk(mA + mB)g (b) mkmAg
6.29 (a) twice as fast  (b) both decrease by a + x-axis
5.39 (a) 0.218 m>s  (b) 11.7 N 
mkmg factor of 1>13 7.35 (a) F(r) = (12a>r 13)- (6b>r 7) 
5.41 (a)   (b) 1>tan u 6.31 (a) y02>2mkg  (b) (i) 12 (ii) 4 (iii) 2 (b) 12a>b2 1>6, yes  (c) b2>4a
cosu - mk sin u
5.43 (b) 8.2 m>s
6.33 (b) 13.1 cm (bottom), 14.1 cm (middle), (d) a = 6.67 * 10-138 J # m12,
5.45 (a) 61.8 N  (b) 30.4 N
15.2 cm (top) b = 6.41 * 10-78 J # m6
6.35 (a) 2.83 m>s  (b) 3.46 m>s 7.37 (a) zero (gravel), 637 N (box)  (b) 2.99 m>s
5.47 3.66 s
6.37 8.5 cm 7.39 0.41
5.49 (a) 21.0°, no  (b) 11,800 N (car), 23,600 N (truck)
6.39 (a) 1.76  (b) 0.666 m>s 7.41 (a) 16.0 m>s  (b) 11,500 N
5.51 6200 N (horizontal cable), 1410 (upper cable)
6.41 (a) 4.0 J  (b) 0  (c) - 1.0 J  (d) 3.0 J  (e) - 1.0 J 7.43 (a) 20.0 m along the rough bottom  (b) - 78.4 J
5.53 (a) 1.5 rev>min  (b) 0.92 rev>min
6.43 (a) 2.83 m>s  (b) 2.40 m>s 7.45 (a) 22.2 m>s  (b) 16.4 m  (c) no
5.55 (a) 2Lg  (b) 5mg
6.45 8.17 m>s 7.47 10.8 J
5.57 2.42 m>s
6.47 360,000 J; 100 m>s 7.49 15.5 m>s
5.59 (a) rope making 60° angle  (b) 6400 N
6.53 (a) 84.6>min  (b) 22.7>min 7.51 4.4 m>s
5.61 TB = 4960 N, TC = 1200 N
6.55 29.6 kW 7.53 (a) 7.00 m>s  (b) 8.82 N
5.63 3.18 m>s
6.57 0.20 W 7.55 48.2°
5.65 (a) 101 N  (b) 33.8 N  (c) 62.3 N
6.59 (a) 608 J  (b) - 395 J (c) 0 (d) - 189 J 7.57 (a) 0.392  (b) - 0.83 J
5.67 762 N
(e) 24 J  (f) 1.5 m>s 7.59 (a) U(x) = 12 ax2 + 13 bx3  (b) 7.85 m>s
5.69 (a) (i) - 3.80 m>s (ii) 24.6 m>s
6.61 (a) - 35.5 J (b) decreases (c) - 51.6 J 7.61 (a) a>(x + x0)  (b) 3.27 m>s
(b) 4.36 m  (c) 2.45 s
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems   A-11

7.63 7.01 m>s 8.89 4.04 m>s b

9.91 (a) s(u) = r0u + u2
7.65 (a) 0.747 m>s  (b) 0.931 m>s 8.91 1.33 m 2
7.67 (a) 0.480 m>s  (b) 0.566 m>s 8.93 H>9 1
(b) u(t) = 12r 02 + 2byt - r02
7.69 (a) 3.87 m>s  (b) 0.10 m 8.95 (a) 0.150 J  (b) 15.4 J  (c) 0.560 m b
7.71 0.456 N 8.97 (a) 71.6 m>s (0.28-kg piece), 14.3 m>s y
(1.40-kg piece)  (b) 347 m (c) vz(t) = ,
7.73 119 J 2r 02 + 2byt
7.75 (a) - 50.6 J (b) - 67.5 J  (c) nonconservative 8.99 (a) yes  (b) no, decreases by 4800 J 2
by
7.77 (a) 57.0 m  (b) 16.5 m  (c) negative work done by 8.101 (a) maximum: C, minimum: B  (b) 69 N>m az(t) = - , no
air resistance (c) 0.12 m 1r 02 + 2byt2 3>2
7.79 (a) yes  (b) 0.14 J 8.103 (a) g>3  (b) 14.7 m  (c) 29.4 g (d) 25.0 mm, 0.247 mm>rad, 2.13 * 104 rev
(d) - 1.0 m, 0, 1.0 m 8.105 0, 4a>3p 9.93 Choice (d)
(e) positive: - 1.5 m 6 x 6 - 1.0 m and 8.107 Choice (b) 9.95 Choice (d)
0 6 x 6 1.0 m 8.109 Choice (b)
negative: - 1.0 m 6 x 6 0 and
1.0 m 6 x 6 1.5 m (f) - 0.55 m, 0.12 J
7.81 Choice (c) Chapter 9 Chapter 10
7.83 Choice (b) 9.1 (a) 0.600 rad, 34.4°  (b) 6.27 cm  (c) 1.05 m 10.1 (a) 40.0 N # m, out of the page  (b) 34.6 N # m, out
9.3 (a) rad>s, rad>s3  (b) (i) 0 (ii) 15.0 rad>s2 of the page  (c) 20.0 N # m, out of the page
(c) 9.50 rad (d) 17.3 N # m, into the page  (e) 0  (f) 0
Chapter 8 9.5 (a) vz = g + 3bt 2  (b) 0.400 rad>s 10.3 2.50 N # m, out of the page
8.1 (a) 1.20 * 105 kg # m>s  (b) (i) 60.0 m>s (c) 1.30 rad>s, 0.700 rad>s 10.5 (b) - kn  (c) (- 1.05 N # m)kn
(ii) 26.8 m>s 9.7 (a) p>4 rad, 2.00 rad>s, - 0.139 rad>s3 10.7 (a) 2.56 N # m (b) 4.25 N # m, perpendicular to
8.3 (a) - 30 kg # m>s, - 55 kg # m>s  (b) 0  (c) 19.5 rad, 9.36 rad>s handle
(b) 0, 52 kg # m>s (c) 0, - 3.0 kg # m>s 9.9 (a) 2.00 rad>s  (b) 4.38 rad 10.9 8.38 N # m
8.5 (a) 22.5 kg # m>s, to the left  (b) 838 J 9.11 (a) 24.0 s  (b) 68.8 rev 10.11 (a) 14.8 rad>s2  (b) 1.52 s
8.7 562 N, not significant 9.13 3.00 rad>s 10.13 (a) 7.5 N (at book on table), 18.2 N (at hanging
8.9 (a) 10.8 m>s, to the right  (b) 0.750 m>s, to the left 9.15 (a) 300 rpm  (b) 75.0 s, 312 rev book) (b) 0.16 kg # m2
8.11 (a) 500 N>s2 (b) 5810 N # s  (c) 2.70 m>s 9.17 9.00 rev 10.15 0.255 kg # m2
8.13 (a) 2.50 N # s, in the direction of the force 9.21 (a) 15.1 m>s2 (b) 15.1 m>s2 10.17 0.0131 kg # m2
(b) (i) 6.25 m>s, to the right (ii) 3.75 m>s, to the right 9.25 0.l07 m, no 10.19 (a) 1.56 m>s  (b) 5.35 J 
8.15 (a) 8.00 * 102 kg # m>s (b) 8.00 * 103 J  9.27 5.97 rad>s2 (c) (i) 3.12 m>s to the right (ii) 0 (iii) 2.21 m>s
(c) 160 N opposite to her velocity 9.29 0.180 m>s2, 0.432 m>s2, 0.468 m>s2 at 45° below the horizontal
8.17 0.87 kg # m>s, in the same direction as the bullet is 9.31 (a) (i) 0.469 kg # m2 (ii) 0.117 kg # m2 (iii) 0 (d) (i) 1.56 m>s to the right (ii) 1.56 m>s to the left
traveling (b) (i) 0.0433 kg # m2 (ii) 0.0722 kg # m2 (iii) 1.56 m>s downward
(c) (i) 0.0288 kg # m2 (ii) 0.0144 kg # m2
5
8.19 (a) 6.79 m>s  (b) 55.2 J 10.21 (a) 13  (b) 27  (c) 25  (d) 13
8.21 (a) 0.790 m>s (b) - 0.0023 J 9.33 (a) 1.93 kg # m2 (b) 6.53 kg # m2  10.23 (a) 0.613  (b) no  (c) no slipping
8.23 1.97 m>s (c) 0  (d) 1.15 kg # m2 10.25 14.0 m
8.25 (a) 0.0559 m>s  (b) 0.0313 m>s 9.35 0.193 kg # m2 10.29 (a) 3.76 m  (b) 8.58 m>s
8.27 (a) 7.20 m>s, 38.0° from Rebecca’s original direc- 9.37 0.208 s 10.31 (a) 67.9 rad>s  (b) 8.35 J
tion (b) - 680 J 9.39 v1 23>5 10.33 (a) 0.309 rad>s  (b) 100 J  (c) 6.67 W
8.29 (a) 4.3 m>s  (c) 4.3 m>s 9.41 6.49 m>s 10.35 (a) 0.704 N # m  (b) 157 rad  (c) 111 J  (d) 111 J
8.31 0.31 m>s toward the south 3 10.37 (a) 115 kg # m2>s into the page  (b) 125 kg # m2>s2
9.43 (a) wheel B  (b)
8.33 (a) 0.846 m>s  (b) 2.10 J 16 out of the page
8.35 13.5 J 10.39 4.71 * 10-6 kg # m2>s
8.37 5.9 m>s, 58° north of east
9.45 7.35 * 104 J 10.41 (a) A: rad>s2; B: rad>s4  (b) (i) 59.0 kg # m2>s 
8.39 5.46 m>s, 36.0° south of east
9.47 (a) 0.673 m  (b) 45.5% (ii) 56.1 N # m
9.49 46.5 kg 10.43 4600 rad>s
8.41 19.5 m>s (car), 21.9 m>s (truck)
9.51 an axis that is parallel to a diameter and is 0.516R 10.45 1.14 rev>s
8.43 (a) 2.93 cm  (b) 866 J  (c) 1.73 J
from the center 10.47 (a) 1.38 rad>s  (b) 1080 J, 495 J
8.45 13.6 N
9.53 M(a2 + b2)>3 10.49 (a) 0.120 rad>s (b) 3.20 * 10-4 J  (c) work done
8.47 (a) 3.00 J; 0.500 m>s for both
9.55 12 MR2 by the bug
(b) A: - 1.00 m>s; B: 1.00 m>s
9.57 (a) gL2>2 (b) ML2>2 (c) ML2>6 10.51 4.82 m>s2
8.49 (a) y1>3 (b) K1>9  (c) 10
9.59 7.68 m mrocky
8.51 (a) B  (b) 3 times greater  (c) 3.0 m>s to the left 10.53
9.61 (a) 0.600 m>s3 (b) a = (2.40 rad>s3)t  (c) 3.54 s  M
8.53 2520 km
(d) 17.7 rad am + bR
8.55 0.488 m 2
10.55 2.4 * 10-12 N # m
9.63 1.22 kg
8.57 0.73 m>s
9.65 8.44 kg
8.59 Fx = - (1.50 N>s)t, Fy = 0.25 N, Fz = 0 10.59 0.483
9.67 2.99 cm
8.61 (a) 0.053 kg  (b) 5.19 N 10.61 (a) 16.3 rad>s2  (b) no, decrease  (c) 5.70 rad>s
8.65 (a) - 1.14 N # s, 0.330 N # s
9.69 68.4 J
10.63 0.921 m>s2, 7.68 rad>s2, 35.5 N (at A), 21.4 N (at B)
9.71 4.65 kg # m2
(b) 0.04 m>s, 1.8 m>s 7y2cm 5y2cm
9.73 (a) - 0.882 J  (b) 5.42 rad>s  (c) 5.42 m>s 10.65 , , hollow
8.67 (a) 5.21 J, - 0.0833 m>s  10g 6g
(d) 5.42 m>s compared to 4.43 m>s
(b) - 2.17 m>s (A), 0.333 m>s (B) 10.67 68.0 N
9.75 1.46 m>s
8.69 (a) 1.75 m>s, 0.260 m>s (b) - 0.092 J 10.69 270 N
2gd1mB - mkmA2
8.71 0.946 m 9.77 2g 2g
8.73 1.8 m A m + m + I>R2 10.71 a = ,  a = ,
A B
2 + (R>b)2 2b + R2>b
8.75 yA>2 for each one 9.79 (a) 2.25 * 10-3 kg # m2  (b) 3.40 m>s 2mg
8.77 12 m>s (SUV), 21 m>s (sedan) (c) 4.95 m>s T =
2(b>R)2 + 1
8.79 (a) 2.60 m>s  (b) 325 m>s 9.81 13.9 m
9.85 (a) 55.3 kg  (b) 0.804 kg # m2
10.73 (a) 3H0>5
8.81 (a) 5.3 m>s  (b) 5.7 m
10.75 29.0 m>s
8.83 (a) 1  (b) 3 - 2 12, 3 + 2 12 9.87 (a) 4.0 rev, no  (b) 15 rad>s  (c) 9.5 rad>s
9.89 (a) yes  (b) 3.15 m>s  (c) 0.348 kg # m2
10.77 (a) 26.0 m>s  (b) no change
8.85 (a) 0.0781  (b) 248 J  (c) 0.441 J
10.79 g>3
8.87 (a) 9.35 m>s  (b) 3.29 m>s (d) 36.4 N
A-12    Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

6
10.81 (a) 19 y>L (b) 19 3
11.85 (a) 4.2 * 104 N  (b) 65 m 13.17 (a) 5020 m>s  (b) 60,600 m>s
10.83 3200 J (1.30 m)m1 - (0.38 m)M 13.19 9.03 m>s2
11.87 (b) x = 1.50 m +
10.85 (a) 2.00 rad>s  (b) 6.58 rad>s m2 13.21 2.40 * 102 N
10.87 0.776 rad>s (c) 1.59 kg  (d) 1.50 m 13.23 - 2.00 * 106 J, - 4.00 * 106 J
10.89 (a) A: solid sphere, B: solid cylinder, C: hollow 11.89 (a) 391 N (4.00-m ladder), 449 N (3.00-m ladder) 13.25 (a) 7410 m>s  (b) 1.71 h
sphere, D: hollow cylinder  (b) same  (c) D (b) 322 N  (c) 334 N  (d) 937 N 13.27 7330 m>s
(d) 0.350 11.91 (a) 0.66 mm  (b) 0.022 J  (c) 8.35 * 10-3 J 13.29 (a) 4.1 m>s = 9.1 mph, yes  (b) 2.6 h
my12 2 1 1 (d) - 3.04 * 10-2 J (e) 3.04 * 10-2 J 13.31 (a) 82,700 m>s  (b) 14.5 days
10.91 (a) my21r 21>r 3  (b) r a - b  (c) same
2 1 r 22 r 12 11.93 Choice (a) 13.33 (a) 7.84 * 109 s = 248 y (b) 4.44 * 1012 m,
10.93 (a) 39.2 N upward, 39.2 N upward  (b) 60.0 N 11.95 Choice (d) 7.38 * 1012 m
upward, 18.4 N upward  (c) 165 N upward, 13.35 (a) 0  (b) 1.07 * 10-12 N (c) 1.25 * 10-12 N
86.2 N downward  (d) 0.0940 rev>s 13.37 (a) (i) 5.31 * 10-9 N (ii) 2.67 * 10-9 N
GmM
10.95 Choice (c) Chapter 12 13.39 (a) -   (b) - GmM>x
10.97 Choice (a) 2x2 + a2
12.1 no (41.8 N) GmMx
12.3 7020 kg>m3; yes (c) , toward the ring  (d) GmM>x2
Chapter 11 12.5 1.6
1x2 + a22 3>2
(e) U = - GmM>a, Fx = 0
11.1 29.8 cm 12.7 (a) 1.86 * 106 Pa  (b) 184 m
11.3 1.35 m 13.41 (a) 33.7 N  (b) 32.8 N
12.9 0.581 m
13.43 (a) 4.3 * 1037 kg = (2.1 * 107)MS  (b) no
11.5 9.70 cm 12.11 828 kg>m3
11.7 6.6 kN (c) 6.32 * 1010 m, yes
12.13 2.8 m
13.45 (a) 9.67 * 10-12 N, at 45° above + x-axis
11.9 (a) 1000 N, 0.800 m from end where 600-N force is 12.15 6.0 * 104 Pa
(b) 3.02 * 10-5 m>s
applied  (b) 800 N, 0.75 m from end where 600-N 12.17 2.27 * 105 N
force is applied 13.47 (b) (i) 1 .49 * 10-5 m>s (50.0-kg sphere),
12.19 (a) 636 Pa  (b) (i) 1170 Pa (ii) 1170 Pa
11.11 (a) 550 N  (b) 0.614 m from A 7.46 * 10-6 m>s (100.0-kg sphere)
12.21 10.9
11.13 (a) 1920 N  (b) 1140 N (ii) 2.24 * 10-5 m>s  (c) 26.6 m
12.23 10.3 m
11.15 (a) T = 2.60w; 3.28w, 37.6° (b) T = 4.10w; 13.49 (a) 3.59 * 107 m
12.25 0.0898 m3, 1020 kg>m3
5.39w, 48.8°  13.51 177 m>s
12.27 0.122 m
13.53 (a) 7.36 h  (b) 2.47 h
11.17 (a) 3410 N  (b) 3410 N, 7600 N 12.29 6.43 * 10-4 m3, 2.78 * 103 kg>m3
11.19 (b) 530 N  (c) 600 N, 270 N; downward 13.55 1.83 * 1027 kg
12.31 10.5 N
13.57 22.8 m
11.21 220 N (left), 255 N (right), 42° 12.33 (a) 116 Pa  (b) 921 Pa  (c) 0.822 kg, 822 kg>m3
13.59 4pGM
11.23 (a) 0.800 m  (b) clockwise  12.35 1640 kg>m3
2GmEh
(c) 0.800 m, clockwise 12.37 501 N 13.61 y =
11.25 6.12 kg A RE1RE + h2
12.39 9.6 m>s
11.27 1.9 mm 12.41 (a) 17.0 m>s  (b) 0.317 m 13.63 (a) GM 2>4R2 (b) y = 2GM>4R,
11.29 2.0 * 1011 Pa 12.43 (a) 0.536 mm  (b) 30.8 s, yes T = 4p 2R3>GM (c) GM 2>4R
11.31 2.0 * 103 atm 12.45 28.4 m>s 13.65 6.8 * 104 m>s
11.33 (a) 150 atm  (b) 1.5 km, no 12.47 1.47 * 105 Pa 13.67 (a) 7910 s  (b) 1.53  (c) 8430 m>s (perigee),
11.35 4.8 * 109 Pa, 2.1 * 10-10 Pa-1 12.49 2.03 * 104 Pa 5510 m>s (apogee)  (d) 2410 m>s; 3250 m>s;
11.37 (a) 2.4 * 10-2 (b) 2.4 * 10-3 m 12.51 2.25 * 105 Pa perigee
11.39 1.4Tsteel 12.53 1.19D 13.69 5.36 * 109 J
11.41 0.19∆p1 12.55 (a) 5.9 * 105 N (b) 1.8 * 105 N 13.71 9.36 m>s2
11.43 3.41 * 107 Pa 12.57 2.61 * 104 N # m 13.73 GmMx>(a2 + x2)3>2
11.47 20.0 kg 12.59 0.800 kg GmEm 2
13.75 (a) U(r) = r   (b) 7.90 * 103 m>s
11.49 (a) 525 N  (b) 222 N, 328 N  (c) 1.48 12.61 0.964 cm, rise 2R3E
11.51 (a) 140 N  (b) 6 cm to the right  12.63 (a) 1470 Pa  (b) 13.9 cm 13.77 (a) It is considerable and shows no apparent
11.53 (a) 409 N  (b) 161 N 12.65 (a) 0.0500 m3  (b) 10.0 kg pattern.  (b) Earth (5500 kg>m3),
11.55 49.9 cm 12.67 9.8 * 106 kg, yes Mercury (5400 kg>m3), Venus (5300 kg>m3),
3g sin u
11.57 (a) arctan(mg>2T) (b) 12.71 (a) 16.5 cm  (b) 1.75 m Mars (3900 kg>m3), Neptune (1600 kg>m3),
A L
12.73 (a) 5.07 m>s, 1.28  (b) 32.4 min, 2.08 Uranus (1200 kg>m3), Jupiter (1200 kg>m3),
1
11.59 (a) arctan c a - 1 b tan u d  (b)1>2  (c) 0 rB rL - rB Saturn (530 kg>m3)  (c) no effect  (d) 90 m>s2
a 12.75 (a) 1 -  (b) a b L  (c) 4.60 cm 13.79 (a) opposite; opposite  (b) 259 days  (c) 44.1°
11.61 5500 N rL rL - rw
2GMm x
11.63 (b) 2000 N = 2.72mg  (c) 4.4 mm 12.77 (a) 2 2h(H - h) (b) h 13.81 a1 - b
11.65 (a) 1.39 m  (b) 1.8 * 10-3 m 12.79 5.47 m a2 2a2 + x2
11.67 (a) 175 N at each hand, 200 N at each foot 12.81 (a) 0.200 m3>s (b) 6.97 * 104 Pa 13.83 Choice (c)
(b) 91 N at each hand and at each foot 12.83 3h1
11.69 (a) 1150 N  (b) 1940 N  (c) 918 N  (d) 0.473 12.85 (b) no
Chapter 14
11.71 590 N (person above), 1370 N (person below); 12.87 (a) 2.5 * 10-4 m2>Pa (slope), 16 m2 (intercept) 
person above (b) 8.2 m, 800 kg>m3 14.1 (a) 2.15 ms, 2930 rad>s 
TmaxhD 12.89 Choice (b) (b) 2.00 * 104 Hz, 1.26 * 105 rad>s 
11.73 (a) (c) 1.3 * 10-15 s … T … 2.3 * 10-15 s,
L 2h2 + D2 12.91 Choice (a)
4.3 * 1014 Hz … f … 7.5 * 1014 Hz 
Tmaxh D2
(b) a1 - 2 b , positive (d) 2.0 * 10-7 s, 3.1 * 107 rad>s
2
L 2h + D 2 h + D2 Chapter 13 14.3 5530 rad>s, 1.14 ms
11.75 (a) 375 N  (b) 325 N  (c) 512 N 13.1 2.18 14.5 0.0625 s
11.77 (a) 0.424 N (A), 1.47 N (B), 0.424 N (C)  13.3 (a) 1.2 * 10-11 m>s2  (b) 15 days  (c) no, 14.7 (a) 0.80 s  (b) 1.25 Hz  (c) 7.85 rad>s
(b) 0.848 N increase (d) 3.0 cm  (e) 148 N>m
11.79 (a) 27° to tip, 31° to slip, tips first 13.5 2.1 * 10-9 m>s2, downward 14.9 (a) 0.167 s  (b) 37.7 rad>s  (c) 0.0844 kg
(b) 27° to tip, 22° to slip, slips first 13.7 (a) 2.4 * 10-3 N (b) Fmoon>Fearth = 3.5 * 10-6 14.11 (a) 0.150 s  (b) 0.0750 s
11.81 (a) 80 N (A), 870 N (B) 13.9 (a) 0.634 m from 3m  (b) (i) unstable (ii) stable 14.13 (a) 0.98 m  (b) p>2 rad
(b) 1.92 m 13.11 1.38 * 107 m (c) x = (- 0.98 m) sin 3(12.2 rad>s)t4
11.83 (a) 0.70 m from A 13.13 (a) 0.37 m>s2 (b) 1700 kg>m3 14.15 (a) T>6 (b) T>12  (c) no
(b) 0.60 m from A 13.15 (a) 12.3 m>s2  (b) 80.0% the density of earth 14.17 120 kg
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems   A-13

14.19 (a) 0.253 kg  (b) 1.21 cm  (c) 3.03 N 15.13 (b) + x-direction 16.31 (a) 614 Hz  (b) 1230 Hz
14.21 (a) 1.51 s  (b) 26.0 N>m  (c) 30.8 cm>s  15.15 (a) 17.5 m>s  (b) 0.146 m  (c) both would increase 16.33 (a) 172 Hz  (b) 86 Hz
(d) 1.92 N  (e) - 0.0125 m, 30.4 cm>s, 0.216 m>s2 by a factor of 22 16.35 0.125 m
(f) 0.324 N 15.17 0.337 kg 16.37 (a) (820 Hz)n, n = 1, 2, 3, c
14.23 (a) v3 Asin vt  (b) 0  (c) 0 15.19 (a) 9.53 N  (b) 20.8 m>s (b) (410 Hz)(2n + 1), n = 0, 1, 2, c
(d) {A  (e) 1.3 s 15.23 4.10 mm 16.39 (a) 433 Hz  (b) loosen
14.25 92.2 m>s2 15.25 (a) 95 km  (b) 0.25 mW>m2  (c) 110 kW 16.41 780 m>s
14.27 (a) 0.0336 J  (b) 0.0150 m  (c) 0.669 m>s 15.27 (a) 0.050 W>m2  (b) 22 kJ 16.43 (a) 375 Hz  (b) 371 Hz  (c) 4 Hz
14.29 (a) 1.20 m>s  (b) 1.11 m>s (c) 36 m>s2 15.35 (a) (1.33 m)n, n = 0, 1, 2, c 16.45 (a) 0.25 m>s  (b) 0.91 m
(d) 13.5 m>s2  (e) 0.36 J (b) (1.33 m)(n + 12 ), n = 0, 1, 2, c 16.47 19.8 m>s
23 15.37 (a) 96.0 m>s  (b) 461 N  (c) 1.13 m>s, 4.26 m>s2 16.49 (a) 355 m>s  (b) 0.710 m  (c) 500 Hz
14.31 A, larger 
2 15.39 (b) 2.80 cm  (c) 277 cm  (d) 185 cm, 7.96 Hz, 16.51 (a) 7.02 m>s, toward  (b) 1404 Hz
14.33 0.240 m 0.126 s, 1470 cm>s  (e) 280 cm>s  16.53 (a) 36.0°  (b) 2.94 s
14.35 (a) 0.376 m  (b) 59.3 m>s2  (c) 119 N (f) y(x, t) = (5.60 cm) * 16.55 (b) 344 m>s  (c) no
14.37 (a) 4.06 cm  (b) 1.21 m>s  (c) 29.8 rad>s sin 3(0.0906 rad>cm)x4 sin 3(133 rad>s)t4 16.57 (a) 0.879 s  (b) 27.3 Hz
14.39 (a) 0, 0, 3.92 J, 3.92 J  (b) 3.92 J, 0, 0, 3.92 J 15.41 (a) 0.240 m  (b) 0.0600 m 16.59 (a) stopped  (b) 7th and 9th  (c) 0.439 m
(c) 0.98 J, 0.98 J, 1.96 J, 3.92 J 15.43 (a) 45.0 cm  (b) no 16.61 (a) 0.026 m, 0.53 m, 1.27 m, 2.71 m, 9.01 m
14..41 (a) 2.7 * 10-8 kg # m2  (b) 4.3 * 10-6 N # m>rad 15.45 1.80 * 103 m>s, 1.06 * 10-4 m (b) 0.26 m, 0.86 m, 1.84 m, 4.34 m  (c) 86 Hz
14.43 (a) 0.25 s  (b) 0.25 s 15.47 (a) 20.0 Hz, 126 rad>s, 3.49 rad>m 16.63 (a) 0.0823 m  (b) 120 Hz
14.45 0.407 swings per second (b) y(x, t) = (2.50 * 10-3 m) cos 3(3.49 rad>m)x 16.67 (b) 2.0 m>s
14.47 10.7 m>s2   - (126 rad>s)t4 16.69 (a) 38 Hz  (b) no
14.49 (a) gsin u (b) g 2cos2(u>2) + 4 3cos(u>2) - cos u4 2 (c) y(0, t) = (2.50 * 10-3 m) cos[(126 rad>s)t] 16.71 (a) 375 m>s  (b) 1.39  (c) 0.8 cm
(c) 2g(1 - cos u), 22gL(1 - cos u) (d) y(1.35 m, t) = (2.50 * 10-3 m) * 16.73 (a) 441 Hz  (b) 0.430 m
L 2 22 L   cos 3(126 rad>s)t- 3p>2 rad4 16.75 (d) 9.69 cm>s, 667 m>s2
14.51 A: 2p , B: a 2p b ; pendulum A (e) 0.315 m>s (f) - 2.50 * 10-3 m, 0 16.77 Choice (b)
Ag 3 Ag
15.49 6.00 * 10-2 kg 16.79 Choice (a)
L 11 L
14.53 A: 2p , B: a 2p b , pendulum B 15.51 (a) 62.1 m 16.81 Choice (b)
Ag A 10 Ag 15.53 13.7 Hz, 25.0 m
23 15.55 1.83 m
14.55
2
v
15.57 360 Hz (copper), 488 Hz (aluminum) Chapter 17
14.57 (a) 0.393 Hz  (b) 1.73 kg>s 15.59 (a) 18.8 cm  (b) 0.0169 kg 17.1 (a) - 81.0°F (b) 134.1°F (c) 88.0°F
14.59 (a) A1>3 (b) 2A1 15.61 (a) 7.07 cm  (b) 0.400 kW 17.3 (a) 27.2 C° (b) - 55.6 C°
14.61 (a) 12  (b) 72 15.63 (a) 0.0673 kg>m  (b) 14.3 N  (c) 14.6 m>s 17.5 (a) - 18.0 F° (b) - 10.0 C°
14.63 0.353 m (d) 19.5 Hz  (e) 1, 26, 51, 76, 101  17.7 0.964 atm 
14.65 (a) 16k1  (b) double it (f) 0.0615 m  (g) (n - 1)(15.0 mm)  17.9 (a) - 282°C  (b) no, 47,600 Pa
14.67 599 N>m  (h) 3.64 m>s 17.11 0.39 m
14.69 (a) 24.4 cm  (b) 0.221 s 15.65 (a) 2.22 g  (b) 2.24 * 104 m>s2 17.13 1.9014 cm; 1.8964 cm
(c) 1.19 m>s 15.67 233 N 17.15 49.4°C
15.69 1780 kg>m3 17.17 1.7 * 10-5 (C°)-1
14.71 2.00 m
g 15.71 (a) 148 N  (b) 26% 17.19 (a) 1.431 cm2 (b) 1.436 cm2
1
14.73 0.921 a b 15.73 (c) 47.5 Hz  (d) 138 g 17.21 (a) 6.0 mm  (b) - 1.0 * 108 Pa
2p A L
15.75 (a) because Pav = 2p2 2mFA2f 2  L Invar 1
14.75 (a) 0.784 s  (b) - 1.12 * 10-4 s per s; shorter 17.23 = = 4
(b) 280 m>s  (c) 1100 rad>s L Al 0.225
(c) 0.419 s
15.77 (a) 392 N  (b) 392 N + (7.70 N>m)x 17.25 554 kJ
14.77 (a) 0.150 m>s (b) 0.112 m>s2 downward
(c) 3.89 s 17.27 23 min
17.29 240 J>kg # K
(c) 0.700 s  (d) 4.38 m
15.79 Choice (b)
14.79 (a) 2.6 m>s  (b) 0.21 m  (c) 0.49 s 17.31 0.526 C°
14.81 1.17 s 17.33 0.0613 C°
14.83 0.421 s Chapter 16 17.35 (a) 215 J>kg # K  (b) water  (c) too small
14.85 0.705 Hz, 14.5° 16.1 (a) 0.344 m  (b) 1.2 * 10-5 m 17.37 0.114 kg
M (c) 6.9 m, 50 Hz 17.39 27.5°C
14.87 2p
A 3k 16.3 (a) 7.78 Pa  (b) 77.8 Pa  (c) 778 Pa 17.41 150°C
14.89 (a) 1.60 s  (b) 0.625 HZ  (c) 3.93 rad>s 16.5 0.156 s 17.43 54.5 kJ, 13.0 kcal, 51.7 Btu
(d) 5.1 cm; 0.4 s, 1.2 s, 1.8 s  (e) 79 cm>s2; 0.4 s, 16.7 90.8 m 17.45 357 m>s
1.2 s, 1.8 s  (f) 4.9 kg 16.9 81.4°C 17.47 3.45 L
14.91 (b) The angular amplitude increases as L 16.11 (a) 5.5 * 10-15 J  (b) 0.074 mm>s 17.49 5.05 * 1015 kg
decreases.  (c) about 53° 16.13 15.0 cm 17.51 0.0674 kg
14.93 (a) My2>6 (c) v = 23k>M, M′ = M>3 16.15 (a) 4.14 Pa  (b) 0.0208 W>m2  (c) 103 dB 17.53 2370 J>kg # K
14.95 Choice (a) 16.17 (a) 4.4 * 10-12 W>m2  (b) 6.4 dB 17.55 157 W>m # K
(c) 5.8 * 10-11 m 17.57 (a) - 0.86°C (b) 24 W>m2
16.19 14.0 dB 17.61 105.5°C
Chapter 15 16.21 (a) 2.0 * 10-7 W>m2  (b) 6.0 m  (c) 290 m 17.63 (a) 21 kW  (b) 6.4 kW
15.1 (a) 0.439 m, 1.28 ms  (b) 0.219 m (d) yes, no 17.65 2.1 cm2
15.3 220 m>s = 800 km>h 16.23 (a) fundamental: 0.60 m; 0, 1.20 m; first overtone: 17.67 (a) 1.61 * 1011 m (b) 5.43 * 106 m
15.5 (a) 1.7 cm to 17 m  (b) 4.3 * 1014 Hz to 0.30 m, 0.90 m; 0, 0.60 m, 1.20 m; second overtone: 17.69 35.0°C
7.5 * 1014 Hz  (c) 1.5 cm  (d) 6.4 cm 0.20 m, 0.60 m, 1.00 m; 0, 0.40 m, 0.80 m, 1.20 m  Qb
15.7 (a) 25.0 Hz, 0.0400 s, 19.6 rad>m 17.71 c =
(b) fundamental: 0; 1.20 m; first overtone: 0, 0.80 m; r∆V
(b) y(x, t) = (0.0700 m) cos 3(19.6 m-1)x + 0.40 m, 1.20 m; second overtone: 0, 0.48 m, 0.96 m; 17.73 (a) 35.1°M (b) 39.6 C°
(157 rad>s)t4   (c) 4.95 cm  (d) 0.0050 s 0.24 m, 0.72 m, 1.20 m 17.75 69.4°C
15.9 (a) yes  (b) yes  (c) no  (d) yy = 16.25 506 Hz, 1517 Hz, 2529 Hz 17.77 23.0 cm (first rod), 7.0 cm (second rod)
vAcos(kx + vt), ay = - v2Asin(kx + vt) 16.27 (a) 35.2 Hz  (b) 17.6 Hz 17.79 (b) 1.9 * 108 Pa
15.11 (a) 4 mm  (b) 0.040 s  (c) 0.14 m, 3.6 m>s 16.29 (a) closed  (b) 5th harmonic  (c) 0.453 m 17.81 (a) 87°C (b) - 80°C
(d) 0.24 m, 6.0 m>s  (e) no (d) 190 Hz 17.83 2.00 * 103 J>kg # K
Astronomical Data†
Body Mass (kg) Radius (m) Orbit radius (m) Orbital period
Sun 1.99 * 1030 6.96 * 108 — —
Moon 7.35 * 1022 1.74 * 106 3.84 * 108 27.3 d
Mercury 3.30 * 1023 2.44 * 106 5.79 * 1010 88.0 d
Venus 4.87 * 1024 6.05 * 106 1.08 * 1011 224.7 d
Earth 5.97 * 1024 6.37 * 106 1.50 * 1011 365.3 d
Mars 6.42 * 1023 3.39 * 106 2.28 * 1011 687.0 d
Jupiter 1.90 * 1027 6.99 * 107 7.78 * 1011 11.86 y
Saturn 5.68 * 1026 5.82 * 107 1.43 * 1012 29.45 y
Uranus 8.68 * 1025 2.54 * 107 2.87 * 1012 84.02 y
Neptune 1.02 * 1026 2.46 * 107 4.50 * 1012 164.8 y
Pluto‡ 1.30 * 1022 1.19 * 106 5.91 * 1012 248.0 y
†
Source: NASA (http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/). For each body, “radius” is its average radius and “orbit radius” is its
average distance from the sun or (for the moon) from the earth.
‡
In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto and similar small objects that orbit the sun as
“dwarf planets.”

Prefixes for Powers of 10

Power of ten Prefix Abbreviation Pronunciation
10-24 yocto- y yoc-toe
10-21 zepto- z zep-toe
10-18 atto- a at-toe
10-15 femto- f fem-toe
10-12 pico- p pee-koe
10-9 nano- n nan-oe
10-6 micro- m my-crow
10-3 milli- m mil-i
10-2 centi- c cen-ti
103 kilo- k kil-oe
106 mega- M meg-a
109 giga- G jig-a or gig-a
1012 tera- T ter-a
1015 peta- P pet-a
1018 exa- E ex-a
1021 zetta- Z zet-a
1024 yotta- Y yot-a

Examples:
1 femtometer = 1 fm = 10 - 15 m 1 millivolt = 1 mV = 10 - 3 V
1 picosecond = 1 ps = 10 - 12 s 1 kilopascal = 1 kPa = 103 Pa
1 nanocoulomb = 1 nC = 10 - 9 C 1 megawatt = 1 MW = 106 W
1 microkelvin = 1 mK = 10 - 6 K 1 gigahertz = 1 GHz = 109 Hz
Fundamental Physical Constants*
Name Symbol Value
Speed of light in vacuum c 2.99792458 * 108 m>s
Magnitude of charge of electron e 1.602176634 * 10 - 19 C
Gravitational constant G 6.6.67408(31) * 10 - 11 N # m2>kg 2
Planck’s constant h 6.62607015 * 10 - 34 J # s
Boltzmann constant k 1.380649 * 10 - 23 J>k
Avogadro’s number NA 6.02214076 * 1023 molecules>mol
Gas constant R 8.314462618 c J>mol # K
Mass of electron me 9.10938356(11) * 10 - 31 kg
Mass of proton mp 1.672621898(21) * 10 - 27 kg
Mass of neutron mn 1.674927471(21) * 10 - 27 kg
Magnetic constant m0 1.25663706 * 10-6 Wb>A # m 1approximate2 _ 4p * 10-7 Wb>A # m
Electric constant P0 = 1>m0 c2 8.854187817 * 10-12 C2>N # m2 1approximate2
1>4pP0 8.987551787 * 109 N # m2>C2 1approximate2

Other Useful Constants*

Mechanical equivalent of heat 4.186 J>cal 115° calorie2
Standard atmospheric pressure 1 atm 1.01325 * 105 Pa
Absolute zero 0K -273.15°C
Electron volt 1 eV 1.6021766209(98) * 10 - 19 J
Atomic mass unit 1u 1.660539040(20) * 10 - 27 kg
Electron rest energy me c2 0.5109989461(31) MeV
Volume of ideal gas 10°C and 1 atm2 22.413962(13) liter>mol
Acceleration due to gravity (standard) g 9.80665 m>s2
*Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu). Numbers in parentheses show the
uncertainty in the final digits of the main number; for example, the number 1.6454(21) means 1.6454 { 0.0021. Values
shown without uncertainties are exact. The exact values of the magnitude of the charge of the electron, Planck’s constant, the
Boltzmann constant, Avogadro’s number, and the gas constant are from the redefinitions adopted in 2018. As consequences
of these redefinitions, the values of the magnetic constant and electric constant now have fractional uncertainties of about
2 * 10-10. As of this writing (2018) it was expected that updated values of the magnetic and electric constants, as well as
of all other constants with uncertainties, were to be announced in May 2019. These updated values will be available at
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu.