limitation of stop and wait ARQ: - efficiency is low - since we need to wait for the acknowledgement of the previous frame before sending the next frame. solution : PIPELINING - next task can begin before the completion of the previous task. - i.e., we can multiple frames before waiting for an acknowledgement to come. # 2 protocols which follows the concept of pipelining: 1. Go-Back-n ARQ 2. Selective Repeat ARQ#Go-Back-n Protocol -To improve the efficiency, multiple frames must be in transmission before waiting for an acknowledgement to come. thus, we need multiple sequence-numbers . - If a frame is lost, the lost frame and all of the following frames must be retransmitted, that's why this protocol is known as Go-Back-N.#sequence numbers m-bit field for seq numbers in frame header => 24m valid seq numbers and, range of seq numbers = 0 to 24m - 1 for eg, ifm=3 range of seq no. = 0 to7 ie, 243 = 8 valid seq numbers 012345670123456701234.. In Go-Back-N, the seq no.'s are modulo-2"m where, m is the size of the seq no. filled in the frame header.#Sliding Window 2 sliding windows - one for sender and another for receiver Sender SW ifm=3, range of seq no. = 0 to7 size of sender's SW = 24m-1=7 [b1284847012345670... Window size =7 sender's initial Sliding Window + (STeT7 fo} tats falsls]Figure 11.12 Send window for Go-Back-N ARQ Send window. first outstanding frame S, Send window, Frames that cam be sent, Frames already Frames seat, but nt ecknowiedged | acknowledged (outstanding) tut noc received from upper layer | caniot Be aiet so ' Se AV AX Send window, site Sjqg®2"—1 1. Send window before Siding 1. Send window after sliding here, m=4 Sender window size is 15Foam steady secived {od weknow edged 8. Receive window ‘The receive window js an abstract concept defining an imaginary box of size 1 with one single variable R,,. The window slides when a correct frame has arrived; sliding occurs one slot at a time.Timers Although there can be a timer for cach frame that is sent, in our protocol we usc only one. The reason is that the timer for the first outstanding frame always expires first; we send all outstanding frames when this timer expires. Acknowledgment The receiver sends a positive acknowledgment if a frame has arrived safe and sound and in order. If a frame is damaged or is received out of order, the receiver is silent and will discard all subsequent frames until it receives the one itis expecting. The silence of the receiver causes the timer of the unacknowledged frame at the sender site to expire. i, in turn, causes the sender to go back and resend all frames, beginning with the one with the expired timer. The receiver does not have to acknowledge each frame received. acknowledgment for several framesResending a Frame When the timer expires, the sender resends all outstanding frames. For example, suppose the sender has already sent frame 6, but the timer for frame 3 expires. This means that frame 3 has not been acknowledged; the sender goes back and sends frames 3, 4, 5, and 6 again. That is why the protocol is called Go-Back-N ARQ.Network ata tin Prysal ame frame egues from network ier [Raxfeaisn fom] phys yer Eve pk, Next toreceWve ecelver Daler dts Network Data receive Send | physical frame fame| Ntfeaen fom prystallayer Design of Go-Back-N AROSender Receiver [ } #Normal Operation: Go-Back-n ->m=2 -> Sender SW size = 3 -> Reciever SW size = 1 -> initial sender SW = [012] -> How many frame scan be transmitted Without acknowledgment? (3) Time Time#Damage or Lost Frame Time-out#Some imp points In Go-Back-N ARQ we use one timer for the first outstanding frame The receiver sends a positive ACK if a frame has arrived safe and in order. if a frame is damaged or out of order ,the receiver is silent and will discard all subsequent frames When the timer of an unacknowledged frame at the sender site is expired , the sender goes back and resend all frames , beginning with the one with expired timer.( that is why the protocol is called Go-Back-N ARQ) The receiver doesn't have to acknowledge each frame received . It can send cumulative Ack for several frameFigure 11.15 Window size for Go-Back-N ARQ Sender Receiver Sane, [ aEG) io BBG] exis 515 =a 5 5 Time out iM 2I3]9) Py, al a a (oh slo Ry = Ry vt ll 1. Window size <2” Window size = 2"