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Assignment #. 3 PDF

The document discusses the operation of separately excited and self-excited DC generators. For a separately excited generator, the field current controls the magnetic field strength and thereby the output voltage. A self-excited shunt generator uses residual magnetism to induce an initial voltage for voltage buildup. The field circuit is connected in parallel with the armature and load. Voltage control is achieved using a field rheostat, and residual magnetism can be renewed through flashing the field.

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47 views

Assignment #. 3 PDF

The document discusses the operation of separately excited and self-excited DC generators. For a separately excited generator, the field current controls the magnetic field strength and thereby the output voltage. A self-excited shunt generator uses residual magnetism to induce an initial voltage for voltage buildup. The field circuit is connected in parallel with the armature and load. Voltage control is achieved using a field rheostat, and residual magnetism can be renewed through flashing the field.

Uploaded by

Jay Ey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ajeto, Joshua Allen D.

BSME EE 330 B
Assignment no. 3
The Separately-Excited DC Generator
1. Relationship of Field Current, Field Flux, and Output
Voltage for a Separately-Excited DC Generator.

- The amount of field current is controlled by the


resistance of the field winding and the
variable resistor, known as the field rheostat. By
adjusting the field current, the strength
of the magnetic field is controlled. The field flux or
magnetic strength of the magnetic
poles is increased as the field current is increased until
magnetic saturation occurs.
Saturation of the magnetic field means that no more
magnetic flux can be produced even
with an increase in field current. The magnetic polarity of
the field poles is controlled by
the direction of the DC field current and the direction of
the wound coils.
2. Schematic Diagram of Separately-Excited DC Generator
3. Brush Polarity and Factors Affecting Brush Polarity.
- When the armature is driven in either direction, an
electrical polarity is established
at the generator output terminals and at the brushes. If
the machine is stopped and then
driven in the opposite direction, the field flux is cut in
the opposite direction and the
brush polarity changes. If the direction of rotation is not
changed and the field current is reversed, the same
effect is obtained; that is, if the armature conductors
maintain a rotation in one direction
and field flux is established in the opposite direction,
then the brush polarity also
changes.
4. Output Voltage
- The magnitude of the voltage depends on the rate at which
the flux is cut. In a separately excited generator, an
output voltage increase is proportional to an increase in
the armature speed. The upper limit of the voltage is
determined by the permissible mechanical speed and the
insulation qualities of the armature and the commutator
5. Residual Voltage
- If the field circuit is opened at S1 (Figure 2-1) the
field current becomes zero. A mall amount of magnetic flux called
residual flux remains, which is caused by residual magnetism left
in the field poles. The small voltage generated when the armature
cuts this flux is called residual voltage.

The Self-Excited Shunt Generator

1. Characteristics of Self-Excited Shunt Generator


- Most DC generators of the shunt type are self-excited. A
generator is called a shunt
generator when its field circuit is connected in parallel
with the armature and load.
Within the field circuit itself, a four-pole winding may be
connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel. The
circuit arrangement of the field windings does not affect
the classification of the generator because the field
windings as a group are connected in parallel
with the armature and load

2. Voltage Buildup
- Voltage control is obtained with a field rheostat. Unlike the
separately excited generator, there is no current in the field
circuit when the armature is motionless. Because a small amount
of residual magnetism is present in the field poles, a weak
residual voltage is induced in the armature as soon as the
armature is rotated.
3. Loss and Renewal Methods of Residual Magnetism
- A shunt generator may not develop its rated operating voltage
if the residual magnetism is lost. The residual flux may be
renewed by momentarily connecting a lowvoltage DC source across
the field circuit. Several methods can be used to renew the
residual magnetism. This process is called “flashing the field.”
4.Brush Polarity
- To maintain the original brush polarity when renewing the
residual magnetism, the electrical polarities of the output leads
and the exciting battery must be matched. In other words, the
positive terminal of the battery must be connected to the
positive output terminal of the generator, and the negative
battery terminal must be connected to the negative generator
terminal
5. Critical Field Resistance
- A shunt generator may fail to reach its operating voltage even
though its residual magnetic field is satisfactory. This failure
may be due to excessive resistance in the field circuit. Any
generator has critical field resistance. The presence of
resistance in the field circuit in excess of this critical value
causes the generator to fail to build up to its rated operating
voltage.
6. Brush Contact Resistance
- Contact resistance at the brushes is another reason for the
failure of the generator to develop its operating voltage.
Because the field circuit is completed through the armature, any
resistance introduced at this point is effectively in the field
circuit. Additionalpressure applied to the brushes may indicate
trouble from this source.
7. Rotation
- When a DC shunt generator is used in special applications, it
may be necessary for the armature to rotate in a direction
opposite to that specified by the manufacturer. To develop
voltage buildup in these instances, the field circuit leads at
the brushes must be reversed.
8. Ratings
- Shunt generators are rated for speed, voltage, and current.
Generators used in aircraft and automobiles operate through a
wide range of speeds, but must maintain a constant load voltage.
Voltage regulators that automatically change field resistance are
used.
9. Output Voltage Control
- Field rheostats are used to control the voltage output of
shunt generators. At a given speed, the rheostat can be used only
to bring the output voltage to values below the rated voltage
obtainable without a field control. Values above the normal rated
voltage can be obtained only by operating the generator above
normal speed
10. Voltage Regulation
- The terms “voltage regulation” and “voltage control” are
often confused. Voltage control refers to intentional changes in
the terminal voltage made by manual or automatic regulating
equipment, such as a field rheostat.

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