CIV 101 - BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB

Page
S.No. Experiment/Exercise
No.
1 Drawing standard – BIS - Lettering, dimensioning, type of lines, 01
scales, symbols and conventions
2 Drawing of measured laboratory/hall (with furniture layout) 20
3 Line plan of residential building – scheme development 21
4 Typical section of a single storey building 25
5 Study of various bonds using bricks 26
6 Pipe fittings and fixtures in field 28
7 Introduction to surveying equipment 36
8 Exercise on Total station (measurement of distances, horizontal 37
and vertical angles)
9 Parallelogram Law of forces 38
10 Lami‟s Theorem 41
11 Equilibrium of parallel forces 43
12 Coefficient of friction and Angle of repose 45
13 Centre of gravity for irregular lamina 47
14 A report based on site visit to construction site – Assignment. 48
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Exercise 1 Date:

DRAWING STANDARDS
IMPORTANCE OF ENGINEERING DRAWING
Graphic Communication:
Communication of ideas through sketches is probably the oldest form of communication
among humans. Pre- historic man used a stick as equipment to scratch out a message in the
sand. Early Egyptians used pictures as a form of communication with the equipment of paint
and brush. Whether the tools are a simple pencil and sketch pad or a computer controlled
plotting device- the basic need to draw pictures is still present.

Language of Engineers:
"A neat drawing is worth pages of explanation." We easily grasp the information about an
object, if it is illustrated with drawings. For example, by drawing one or two sketches of a
building, the details such as shapes and size of various rooms, etc.,can be conveyed precisely.

Engineering Drawing is the Language of Engineers:

Engineering Drawing is the drawing of an object containing all necessary information like
actual shape, size, etc., required for the manufacturing of an engineering component. It is
drawn well before it is manufactured. Therefore, the person who draws the drawing should
have a clear picture of the shape and size of the component in his/ her mind.

Universal Language of Engineers:

This is an era of globalization and establishment of Multi-National Companies
(MNCs). Technological development of a country is the deciding factor for its export
potential. Engineering drawings prepared in a country are adopted in other countries. So,
engineering drawing is called the Universal Language of Engineers.

Visualization Concept:
Engineering Graphics is the graphic language, from which an engineer can visualize the
object and then effectively communicate his/ her ideas and designs to other in the form of
pictorial drawings. Reading, understanding and interpreting and engineering drawing requires
a lot of skill of imagination and the ability ofvisualization of the actual object.

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Communication Skill:
The engineer must have perfect knowledge and communication skill in drawing. As the bad
language is unpleasant to read and communicate, so also a wrong drawing will worry a
trained eye. It is doubtful if any engineer can fulfil/ his/ her functions completely and
efficiently without the ability to read or to prepare, i.e., to communicate othersin the form of
drawings.

CLASSIFICATIONS

(i). Plane Geometry: Plane Geometry is the art of representation of geometrical objects
having Two Dimensions (2D), i.e., length and breadth on a Two Dimensional (2D)
drawing sheet.

(ii). Solid Geometry: Solid Geometry is therepresentation of geometrical objects of

Three Dimensions (3D), i.e., length/ Width and Height on a Two Dimensional (2D-
Length and Breadth / Width) drawing sheet.

APPLICATIONS

Engineering Drawing and Graphics is a core subject for all the branches of engineering. It is
used in different engineering disciplines to design and draw.

1. Machine components, Transmission systems, CNC machine tools, mechanics of

solids, Robotics, etc., in Mechanical and Production Engineering.
2. Structures, Plan of buildings, Multi-storied complex, Bridges, Stadium, etc., Town
planning, Mapping, Contour plotting in Civil and Architectural Engineering.
3. Circuit layouts, Electrical - wiring diagrams, Panel design, Control schematics etc., in
Electrical Engineering.
4. Measuring instruments, Sensors, etc., in Instrumentation Engineering.
5. Schematic diagrams of Printed circuits, Microprocessors, Integrated circuits ets., in
Electronics including Computer science Engineering.
6. Communication network, Satellite transmitting pictures, etc., in Communication
Engineering
7. I.C. Engines, Kinematics, Steering, Hydraulic circuits, etc., in Automobile
Engineering.
8. Spacecraft, Jet propulsion, flight simulator, lofting, etc., in Aeronautical Engineering.
9. Fashion design of garments in Textile Technology

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10. Metallurgical Engineering, Mining Engineering, Marine Engineering etc.

Can Computer Aided Drafting (CADr) replace the manual drafting Tools for the
Learning Process?

Compared to Manual drafting, Computer Aided Drafting is faster as well as accurate. No

doubt, much time can be saved by using computer to make even complicated engineering
drawings. However, remember, the learning process is accomplished through the traditional
manual drafting tools only. The computer cannot replace the drafting board and equipment as
a learning tool. Yes! Computer Aided Drafting is not a substitute for Manual Drafting. It is
only a tool that can be used to supplement traditional drafting tools. The underlying basic
concepts of construction of 2D and 3D drawings remain the same regardless of the tools
chosen to create the graphics.

It is ideal to first master the fundamentals of engineering drawings. Having grasped the
fundamentals and acquired sufficient practice on the drawing board, then try your hands on
your user friendly computer. The computer would then come handy in doing the task.

Parallel Example:

A somewhat parallel example is the usefulness of calculators. Calculators are used to solve
math(s) problems, but knowledge of math(s) is still required by the user to solve problems.
What is eliminated is the tedious task of performing longhand mathematical manipulations.

LINES
Just as in your English text book, you are taught to use the correct words for making correct
sentences. Similarly, in Engineering Graphics, the details of various Objects are drawn by
different types of lines. Each line has a definite meaning and sense to convey as given below.

Line Description &

Application
Representation
Continuous Narrow Line Construction lines, Guide lines, Projection lines,
(2H) Dimension Lines, Extension lines, Leader lines,
Hatching.
Continuous Narrow Preferably manually represented termination of partial
Freehand Line (2H) of interrupted views, cuts and sections, if the limit is not
a line of symmetry or a centre line.

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Continuous Narrow Line Preferably mechanically represented termination of

with Zigzags (2H) partial or interrupted views, cuts and sections, if the
limit is not a line of symmetry or a centre line.
Continuous Wide Line (H) visible edges, Visible outlines

Dashed Narrow line (2H) Hidden edges, Hidden outlines

-----------------------
Long Dashed Dotted Centre lines / Axes, lines of symmetry.
Narrow line (2H)
_____ _ _____ _ ______
Long Dashed Dotted Wide Cutting planes at the ends and changes of direction.
line (H) Initial outlines prior to forming parts situated in front of
_____ _ _____ _ ______ the Cutting Plane.

Line Widths (IS 10714: 2001)

Line Width means line thickness. Note that the ratio of successive line widths is 1:√2.
Choose line Widths according to the size of the drawing from the following range: 0.13, 0.18,
0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 mm.

BIS recommends two line Widths on a drawing. Ratio between the thin (narrow) and thick
(wide) lines on a drawing shall not be less than 1:2.

LETTERING

Lettering is defined as writing of Titles, Sub-titles, Symbols, Dimensions, etc., on a drawing.

Main features of Lettering are legibility, Uniformity and Rapidity of Execution. Use of
drawing instruments for lettering consumes more time. Also, time-consuming ornamental
letters shall not be used. Lettering should be done freehand with speed using HB grade
(conical end) pencil. Yes, Lettering is freehand drawing and not writing.

Practice with continuous efforts would certainly improve the lettering skill and style. Poor
lettering will spoil the appearance of an otherwise acceptable drawing.

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Single Stroke letters - Uppercase and Lowercase Letters

The word single - stroke does not mean that the lettering should be made in one stroke
without lifting the pencil. It means that the thickness of the letter should be uniform such as is
obtained in one stroke of the pencil. Single stroke letters may be.

1) Capital letters (Uppercase) and 2. Small Letters (Lowercase)

Note: Lettering in drawing should be in CAPITALS (i.e. uppercase letters). Lowercase

(small) letters are used for abbreviations like mm, cm, etc.

Line Strokes

Line Strokes refer to the directions of drawing straight and curved lines. Horizontal lines of
the letters are drawn from left to right. Vertical and inclined lines are drawn from top to
bottom. Curved lines are drawn from left to right or top to bottom. Right or upper half of a
circle is drawn clock-wise while left or lower half is drawn anti-clock-wise.

Types of Single Stroke Letters

Type B Preferred

SINGLE STROKE LETTERS

TYPE A TYPE B*

VERTICAL SLOPED VERTICAL SLOPED

Type B Preferred
In Type B, height of capital letter is divided into 10 equal parts. Type B is preferred for easy
and fast execution, because of the division of height into 10 equal parts. In Type A, height of
capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts.

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Vertical Letters of Type B preferred

Vertical letters are preferred for easy and fast execution, instead of sloped letters. (Sloped
letters are inclined at 75° to the horizontal)

Note:
1. Size of letters used for lettering depends upon the size of the drawing.
2. Draw thin Guide Lines (2 H pencil) at a distance of height of letters h apart.
3. After lettering has been completed, don't erase the guide lines.
4. Maintain proper space between words and also between base lines.

Dimensions of Type B Letters

Table 1

Characteristics of Lettering Multiple of h Dimensions (mm)

Lettering height h (10/10) h 2.5 3.5 5 7 10
Height of lower-case letters 𝑐1 (7/10) h 1.75 2.5 3.5 5 7
Tail of lower - case letters 𝑐2 (3/10) h 0.75 1.05 1.5 2.1 3
Stem of lower-case letters 𝑐3 (3/10) h 0.75 1.05 1.5 2.1 3
Spacing between characters 𝑎 (2/10) h 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2
Min.Space between baselines 1) 𝑏1 (15/10) h 3.75 5.25 7.5 10.5 15
Min. Space between baselines 2) 𝑏1 (13/10) h 3.25 4.55 6.5 9.1 13
Spacing between words 𝑒 (6/10) h 1.5 2.1 3 4.2 6
Line width 𝑑 (1/10) h 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 1

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1) Lettering style: Upper Case & Lower Case letters

2) Lettering style: Upper Case letters only

Height of Letters (h)

Recommended height h of letters / Numerals by BIS
MAIN TITLE OF DRAWING : 5 mm or 7 mm or 10 mm
SUB - TITLES (Front View, etc.) : 3.5 mm or 5 mm
Dimensions, Numerals, Notes, etc. : 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm or 5 mm
Vertical Capital & Lower Case Letters and Numerals of Type B
Use a graph sheet and mark 10 units of vertical spacing for height h of the letters as shown
below:

Example: Write freehand in single stroke vertical CAPITAL letters of 5 mm (h) size.

Minimum spacing between baselines (Uppercase letters only) = 𝑏2 = (13/10) h = 6.5

Spacing between words = e = (6/10) h = 3

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Exercise: Write freehand the following in single stroke (CAPITAL and lower-case) letters
1. Alphabets (Upper-case & Lower-case) and Numerals 0 to 9 (h = 3.5, 5 and 7 mm)
2. SMALL THINGS MAKE PERFECTION, BUT PERFECTION IS NO SMALL
THING. (h=5 and 7 mm)
3. LETTERING IS FREEHAND DRAWING AND NOT WRITING. (h= 5 mm)

DIMENSIONING

Indicating the sizes of the features (In fig. 1. Circle is a feature ; C.L. means Centre Line or
Axis) of the object and other details essential for its construction and function on a drawing
by the use of lines, numerals, symbols, notes, etc. is called Dimensioning.

Fig. 1
Elements of Dimensioning
1. Dimension Line (D.L.)
Dimension Line (D.L.) is a continuous narrow line, drawn parallel to the edge or surface
whose measurement should be shown. It should be placed outside the view. Sometimes it
may be placed inside the view, if the drawing becomes very clear by doing so.
Dimension Line is placed at least 6 to 10 mm away from the outline of the drawing. It is
terminated by arrowheads at its ends.

2. Extension Line (E.L.) or Projection Line (P.L)

Extension Line (E.L.) or projection Line (P.L.) is a continuous narrow line drawn
perpendicular to the outline to be dimensioned and without leaving a gap from the outline. It
is drawn extending slightly beyond the dimension line by about 2 mm.

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3. Leader Line (L.L.)

Leader Line (L.L.) is a continuous narrow line, connecting a dimensional value or a note with
the corresponding feature on the drawing. It is drawn at 30° or 45° or 60° to be horizontal or
to the line it touches. When pointing to a circle or an arc, leader line is drawn radially.

If the leader line ends on the outline of a drawing, it shall have an arrowhead
If it ends within the outline of the drawing, it shall have a dot at the end.

4. Arrowheads

An arrowhead is placed at each end of a dimension line. The arrowhead may be open, closed
or closed and filled in. Open type arrowhead is preferable for fast execution.

In a drawing, only one style of arrowhead termination should be used.

Shape of the arrowhead

Length l of an arrowhead is about three times the width w. The size of the arrowheads should
be proportionate to the size of the drawing.

Place the dimensional value parallel to and at the middle of dimension Line. When the length
of the dimension line is not sufficient, place arrowheads outside the extension line (e.g.
dimensional value 5) or place the dimensional value (e.g., 3) above the extended portion of
the dimension line beyond the arrowhead.

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Oblique stroke
Where space is too small for an arrowhead, the oblique stroke (drawn as a short line inclined
at an angle of 45°) or a dot may be substituted as shown.

Methods of Dimensioning
Method 1: Aligned method
Dimensional value is place above the dimension line without breaking it. It is placed parallel
to and at the middle of the dimension line without touching it.
Dimensional values are marked so that they can be read either from the bottom or from the
right hand side of the drawing.

Figure shows the method of placing dimensional values at different positions on the
dimension lines.

Angular dimensions

Angular dimensions are oriented either as in figures.

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Method II. Unidirectional Method

Dimensional values are indicated so that they may be read from the bottom of the drawing.
Non-horizontal dimension lines are interrupted near the middle and the dimensional values
are inserted. This method is used on large drawings of automobiles, aircrafts etc., where it
may not be convenient to read the dimensions from the right side.

Note: Method I is preferable. Only one method should be used on a drawing.

Unit of Dimensioning

All dimensions in one particular drawing should be expressed in one unit only. B.I.S.
recommended unit is millimeter. Abbreviation mm for millimeter need not be shown on each
dimension of the drawing. Example: A dimension 25 means 25 mm. A foot note stating
'ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm' is written in a prominent place near Title Block.

If any other unit like m or cm is used, even then only the value is written as dimension. But, a
foot-note like 'ALL DIMENSIONS IN cm' is inserted in a prominent place near Title Block.

Note:

i. If the dimension is less than I, a zero is placed before the decimal point. Example : 0.5
and not .5
ii. Decimal point in a dimension should be written in line with the bottom line of the
dimension value. Example : 0.5 and not 0.5
iii. Abbreviation for millimeters is not mms, but mm only. (s denotes seconds). In other
words, s is not added for the plural of any units.

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Arrangement of dimensions
Chain Dimensioning
When successive dimension are arranged in a straight line, the method is known as Chain
Dimensioning, Note that the chain of dimensions shall be arranged in a continuous straight
line as shown.

Parallel Dimensioning

Parallel Dimensioning is the placement of a number of single dimension lines parallel to one
another from a common origin. It is used where a number of dimensions have a common
origin.

Combined Dimensioning

When chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning are used in a single drawing, it is called
Combined Dimensioning.

Symbols for Shape indication

Symbol for shape indication shall precede the dimension value. Symbols used are:

∅ - Diameter ; R - Radius ; - Square ; S∅ - Spherical Diameter ; SR - Spherical Radius

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Circle
A circle is dimensioned using the symbol. ∅, by any one of the ways shown.∅ precedes the
dimension value.

Always mark the diameter of a circle and not its radius.

Cylindrical Diameter
Cylindrical Diameter uses symbol ∅ as shown.

Arc Radius
An arc is dimensioned by its Radius R by any one of the ways shown. Only one arrowhead
with its point on the arc end of the dimension line is used.

Dimension line of a radius should pass through the centre of the arc. Mark the centre with a
small cross.
Note:
i. Dimensions of small radii are shown preferably outside the view, due to want of space
inside the view. Examples R10 and R4.
ii. When the arc centre falls outside the limits of space available, dimension line of radius
is broken or interrupted according to whether or not it is necessary to locate the centre.
e.g., R150

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Sphere
Use symbol S∅ to represent spherical Diameter and SR for Spherical Radius. The symbols
S∅ and SR should precede the dimensional value.

Here, S stands for Sphere and R stands for Radius.

Square
Symbol is used to represent a square and it should precede the dimensional value.
Square ends may also be indicated drawn as thin lines.

Problems of Dimensions

Problem 1
Read the dimensioned drawing of GASKET shown. Redraw the figure in full size.
Dimension it as per BIS.
The following mistakes of dimensioning are noted in figure.
i. Most of the dimensions are placed inside the drawing. Place them outside the drawing.
ii. Some of the dimension lines are crossing each other. It is not permitted.
iii. Diameter of the circle is wrongly given as 30 ∅.
iv. Axis of the circle is not shown correctly.

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Problem 2
Redraw the Lock Plate. Mark the dimensions as per BIS.

1) Many dimensions are placed inside the drawing. Mark them outside the drawing.
2) Dimension (50) line is crossing the dimension (45) line. Also, dimension (45) line and
dimension (30) line cross each other. Also, dimension (50) and dimension (35) line
cross each other. Dimension lines should not cross other dimension lines.
3) Dimensional value (50) should be placed in the middle of the dimension line.
4) Centre lines of both the holes should be drawn. Distances between center lines should
be marked.
5) Diameters of the holes are not shown properly. Follow the convention of Repeated
Features for the two holes using leader line and Note (2 x ∅ 20 or 2 Holes ∅ 20)
written horizontally.
6) Extensions of outline of the drawing are wrongly used as dimension (35 and 15) lines.
7) Dimension (15 line) between outside the circles and also the dimension (10) line
between the outline of the circle and outline of the drawing are not permissible.
8) Overall measurements should be given. But, only overall width of the drawing is
shown. Mark the overall length too.

Problem 3
Redraw the Template to half size. Dimension it as per BIS code.

Note: Draw the figure to Half Size (Scale 1:2). Mark actual dimensions on the drawing.

1) Dimension (12) is wrongly marked, since the outline of the object is used as
Dimension Line.

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An outline or a centre line should never be used as a Dimension Line. However, a

centre line may be extended to serve as an Extension Line.
2) Series of dimensions (45, 45 and 12) are not in a continuous line, which is not proper.
They should be arranged on a continuous line.
3) The longer dimension (180) is wrongly placed inside the shorter dimension (75)
4) Are dimension (R23) is wrongly marked as (∅ 46).
5) Angle (60°) is not properly dimensioned in both the places. The same should be
placed by either of the two methods.
6) Unit of dimension mm is marked for the dimensional values (75 and 180), which is
not correct. A foot not stating 'ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm' is written in a prominent
place near the Title Block.

Problem 4

Redraw the Lock Plate. Mark the dimensions as per BIS.

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SCALES
It is not always possible or convenient to draw drawings of an object to its actual size. For
instance, drawings of very big objects like buildings, machines, etc., cannot be prepared in
full size because they would be too big to accommodate on the drawing sheet. Drawings of
very small objects like precision instruments, namely, watches, electronic devices, etc., also
cannot be prepared in full size because they would be too small to draw and to read.

Special Unusual Scales: When you require to make measurements other than those given by
the set of standard scales M1 to M8, Special Unusual Scales have to be constructed. A
convenient scale is always chosen to prepare the drawings of big as well as small objects in
proportionately smaller or larger sizes. So, the scales are used to prepare a drawing at Full
Size, Reduced Size or Enlarged Size.

Full Size Scale: If we show the actual length of an object on a drawing, then the scale used is
Full Size Scale. Designation of Full Size Scale: Scale 1: 1.

Reducing Scale: If we reduce the actual length of an object so as to accommodate that object
on drawing, then the scale used is called Reducing Scale. Such scales are used for the
preparation of drawings of large machine parts, buildings, architectural drawings, etc.
Designation of Reducing Scale: Scale 1: x. (Example: Scale 1: 20)

Enlarging or Increasing Scale: Drawings of instruments, watches, etc., are made larger than
their real size. These are said to be drawn in an Enlarging or Increasing Scale. Designation of
Enlarging Scale: Scale x: 1. (Example: Scale 20: 1)

Representative Fraction (R.F.)

Ratio of the drawing size of an object to its actual size is called Representative Fraction.
i.e., R.F. = Drawing size of an object / Its actual size (in same units)

Reducing Scale: For Reducing Scale, the drawings will have R.F. values of less than unity.
For example, if 1 centimetre on a drawing represents 1 meter length of an object,

Then R.F. = 1 cm / (1 x 100 cm) = (1/100) <1

Enlarging Scale: For drawings using Enlarging Scales, R.F.valuesare greater than 1. For
example, when 1 mm length of an object is shown by a line of length of 1 cm on the drawing.

Then R.F. = (1 x 10 mm) / 1 mm = 10/1 = 10 >1

Metric measurements: 10 decimeters (dm) = 1 meter (m)

10 meters (m) = 1 decameter (dam)
10 decameters (dam) = 1 hectometer (hm)
10 hectometer (hm) = 1 kilometer (km)

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SYMBOLS AND CONVENTIONS

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Exercise 2 Date:

Drawing of measured laboratory/hall (with furniture layout)

Aim

To measure the length and width of a room along with furnitureand prepare a plan using
measuring tape and grid sheets.

Apparatus

Measuring tape

Procedure

1. Measurements (lengths and breadths of different segments) of the allotted space can
be taken using a measuring tape.
2. Suitable measurements are to be taken to locate the positions of openings (Doors and
Windows) and furniture.
3. Scaled down drawing can be prepared on the grid sheet.

Results

Measurements of the assigned room are taken and the drawing with furniture layout is
plotted.

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Exercise 3 Date:

Line plan of residential building – scheme development

Planning aspect of residential building:

The planning of residential buildings requires careful considerations on the part of the
architect.

The barest requirements for a family unit are living room, kitchen, bath and w.c. But for the
purpose of discussion, the usual requirements of a normal residential unit can be mentioned
as follows:

1. Bath and W.C

2. Bed room
3. Dining room
4. Drawing room
5. Garage
6. Kitchen
7. Living room
8. Passages
9. Stair
10. Store
11. Verandah

Planning aspects of industrial structures:

Following are the factors which are to be considered while planning the industrial structures:
a) Lighting
b) Materials of construction
c) Mechanical layout
d) Number of floors
e) Site conditions
f) Ventilation

Requirements of big industrial units:

The size of industrial unit is generally decided by the number of workers or labourers
employed by the unit and accordingly, the industrial unit is required to provide various
facilities for the smooth functioning of the industrial concern. Following are the requirements
of big industrial units:

a) Canteen
b) Cloak-room
c) Drinking water
d) Entrance
e) Loading and unloading platforms

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f) Medical aid
g) Office
h) Sanitary block
i) Storage

Principles underlying building bye-laws:

The broad principles to be observed while framing the building bye-laws.

(1) Permissible size of plots:

The minimum size of plot required for each family unit shall be as follows: 170m2 for one
family unit300 m2 for two semi-detached family units 670 m2 for ownership flats.

(2) Margins:
The margins on road side and adjacent properties shall be respectively 4.50 m and 3.00 m.For
plots having areas less than 300m2, they shall be respectively 3.00m and 2.00 m.

(3) Area of rooms:

Table shows the minimum areas of various rooms.

Sl.No. Use of room Minimum area Remarks

1. Living room, Bed room, Drawing 9m2 No side to be less
room, Sittingroom, Ladies room, than 2.40m.
Dining room, Study room
2. Store room, Kitchen 5.40 m2 No side to be less
than 1.80m.
3. Bath room, Dressing room, Pump Minimum 1.35 m2 No side to be less
room, Waterroom, Coal room andmax. 4.50 m2 than 90cm.
4. W.C., Urinal 0.81m2 No side to be
lessthan 90cm.

(4) Plinth height:

It shall be 45cm above road level or plot level, whichever is higher.

(5) Height of floors:

The minimum heights shall be as follows:
2.10m bath room, w.c., pump room, coal room and water room; 2.70m floor height on each
floor. The maximum height of floors shall not be more than 1.25 times the minimum height.

(6) Projections in margins:

Following projections in marginal spaces shall be permitted:
(i) Canopy of 3.00m width above 2.40m from ground level;
(ii) Gallery of maximum width 1.20 m at floor levels;
(iii) Stair attached to building and open to sky with minimum width of 90cm; and
(iv) Weather-shed of maximum width 50cm at lintel level.

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(7) Cellar:
The permission to construct cellar shall be granted with the following restrictions:

Height : 2.40m
Stair width : 90cm
Ventilation : One-tenth of floor area
Water and drainage connection: Not allowed
Use : For storage only
Maximum area: One-half of built-up area of G.F

(8) Loft:
The provision of loft shall be permitted in kitchen and store. The maximum width of loft shall
be one-third the width in that direction. The maximum height above loft shall be 1.50m and
bottom of loft shall be at a minimum height of 2.10m from floor level.

(9) Lift:
For buildings having more than three floors (exclusive of ground floor), lift shall be provided
at the rate of one lift for 20 family units or part thereof. The lift shall be provided from
ground floor and its minimum capacity shall be of 6 persons.

(10) Ventilation:

All rooms except coal room, water room, store room and garage shall have atleast one side
adjacent to open space. Area of windows and ventilators excluding frames shall be atleast
one-tenth of the floor area of room.

(11) Stair:
The minimum width of stair shall be 90 cm and it shall be made of fire-proof construction.
The pitch of stair shall be within 30 to 45. The stair cabin shall not exceed 11m2 in area.

Recommended sizes of doors, windows and ventilators:

Doors D 1.20 m x 2.10 m
Doors D1 1.00 m x 2.10 m
Doors D2 0.90 m x 2.10 m
Windows W 1.80 m x 1.20 m
Windows W1 1.50 m x 1.20 m
Windows W2 1.20 m x 0.60 m
Ventilators V 0.60 m x 0.60 m
Ventilators V1 0.60 m x 0.45 m
Ventilators V2 0.30 m x 0.30 m

Conversion of line plan into solid plan, elevation and section

After finalizing the line plan, the consultant should convert the line plan into solid plan. The
building drawings are prepared in first angle projection only.

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ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN LINE PLAN

Guide lines for preparing building drawings

Plan: Plan drawn for a building is not simply the plan as seen from the top of the building.
The building is imagined to be cut by a horizontal plane at the sill of the window and the
upper portion removed. Now, the building is seen from the top and drawn in first angle
projection.
Elevation: Generally front elevation is drawn in first angle (i.e., elevation from front). In
some cases, side elevation is also drawn.
Section: The building is cut by a vertical plane. Arrow is given towards the direction in
which details are required.

Selection of scales for Building Drawing and Site Plan

Site plan: Site plan (as per NBC) should be drawn to a scale of not less than 1:100

Building plan: Building drawing (plan, elevation and section) should be drawn to a scale of
not less than 1:100. For detailing and large scale drawing they shall be drawn to a scale of
1:10 and 1:20.

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Exercise 4 Date:

Typical section of a single storey building

Aim

To draw the sectional details of a single storey residential building on grid sheet.

Model Sectional Drawings

Results

A sectional details of the given plan is plotted.

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Exercise 5 Date:
Study of Various Bonds in Brick Masonry
Aim
To exhibit the English bond pattern of brickmasonry

Materials andtools required:

Bricks, Mortar, Trowel, Batten,L-Square, Plumb bob, Spiritlevel and WaterLevel.

Terms and Definitions

1. Bond
Systematic interlaced arrangement of bricks avoiding continuousvertical joints.
2. Course
Each layer of bricks in masonry
3. Quoin
The Exterior corner of awall
4. Header
Bricks placed with the length perpendicular to the direction of thewall
5. Stretcher
Bricks placed with the length parallel to the direction of thewall
6. Closer
A brick cut in such a way that one of its lengthwise faces is intact. Theyare used to prevent
the occurrence of continuous verticalJoints.

Procedure for English bond

 Clean the ground and mark the position of the corner of thewall.
 The base or first course should be started with a header at the quoin
followed bya queen closer and continue with headers for the remaining
length of thewall.
 The other perpendicular direction of the wall should be continued usingstretchers.
 Arrange the bricks by changing the direction of headers and stretchers for
thesecond course as shown in thesketch.
 Complete the arrangement by alternating header and stretchercourses.
 Check the alignment of bricks for regularity and straightness using abatten.
 Verify the verticality once in three layers using a plumbbob.
 Check the horizontality of the top course of bricks using a spiritlevel.

Points to be observed

1. Notice how the vertical joints are staggered in thebrickwork

2. How headers and stretchers are placed in theelevation?
3. What is the use of Queencloser?

Procedure for Flemish bond

1. Clean and mark the position of the wall on a levelground.

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2. Start the quoin corner with aheader

3. Place queen closer next to the quoin header to avoid continuous
vertical joints in adjacent courses.
4. Continue arranging alternately headers and stretchers adjacent to the closer as in thesketch.
5. Carry out the same arrangement in the perpendicular direction also with
alternate headers and stretchers as per thesketch.
6. Check the alignment of bricks for regularity and straightness usingbatten.
7. Verify the verticality using plumbbob.
8. Check the horizontality of the top course of bricks using spiritlevel.

Points to be observed

1. How headers and stretchers are arranged in Flemishbond?

2. What are the differences between English bond and Flemish bond?

One brick wall - English bond

One brick wall - Flemish bond

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Exercise 6 Date:

Pipe Fittings and Fixtures

Aim

To have a study of pipe fittings in water supply.

Bend

• The bend is used when the direction of a pipe line is to be changed.

• The bend has threads externally at both ends.
• The turn is not sudden and hence the loss of water due to friction is less and hence
used on the main lines.
• Due to external threads, two couplings are required for each bend.

Bend

Elbow

• Elbow is used when the direction of the pipeline is to be changed

• Elbow has threads internally at both ends.
• The sudden turn produces more loss of head of water due to friction and hence it
is not used in mainlines.
• No extra specials such as couplings are needed for fittings.

Elbow
Coupling or Socket

• Coupling is used when the pipe line is to be extended

• Coupling has threads internally throughout its length.

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Straight Reducer

• Straight couplings are used to connect two pipes of the same diameter.
• Reducer couplings are used to connect two pipes of different diameters.

TEE
• When a branch pipe is to take-off from another pipe line, TEEs are used.
• TEE has threads internally at all the three ends.
• If the pipes are of same diameter, the TEE used is known as equal TEE.
• If the branch pipe is smaller in diameter, the TEE used is known as reducer TEE.
• If the branch pipe take-off at an acute angel then Y branch TEE is used.

Tees Reducing Tees Y Branch

Nipple

• Nipple is used when the pipe line is to be extended or adjusted

• Nipple is a straight piece having threads externally
• Nipples are generally required while connecting valves and taps.

Hexagonal Nipple
Standard Nipple

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Cross

• When there are four pipes connected at a junction the connecting special used is
known as cross.
• It has threads internally at all the four ends.

Crosses
Union

• It has three parts, internal jaw, external jaw and a check nut
• It is used at the start of any branch line.
• In long runs of pipes, it is necessary to have some method of taking out a
• Length without the necessity of unscrewing all the pipes. To provide this facility,
unions or flanges are used
• If a pipe line is to be repaired, the removal of the pipe line is to be started by
opening the union
• It is also known as running joint.

Union
Plug

• To seal off any open ends in a pipe line, plugs are used
• Plugs are used for closing socket end and caps are used for closing pipe end

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Plug
Flange

• It is used to connect pipes having diameters more than 3” (8cm)

• It has holes circumferentially
• The flanges are screwed to pipes and jointed by bolts and nuts.

Flange
Wheel Valve

• The wheel shaped valve controls the flow and hence known as wheel valve.
• When the handle of the valve is turned in anti-clockwise direction, the valve is
raised from its seat allowing the water to flow.

Wheel Valve Gate Valve

• When the handle is turned in clockwise direction the valve is lowered, and when it
is fully seated, the flow of water stops.

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• By using this valve, the loss of head becomes very large and even when fully
open, this gives some resistance. It is also known as globe valve.

Gate Valve

• It is a very satisfactory type of valve

• These valves are used to control flow of water through pipe lines and are
frequently used in the distribution system and at street corners
• It is made of cast iron with brass mountings. The valve is opened or closed by the
help of the handle which moves the valve stem and wedge shaped valve.
• It is also known as sluice valve or full open valve.

Check Valve

• It is an automatic type of valve which allows water to flow in one direction and
prevents it from flowing back.
• It consists of a flat disc within the pipeline riveted so that it is forcedto open when
flow of water is in one direction and forced to shut against a gunmetal seating
when flow tries to be in the reversed direction.
• It is necessary for the check valve to be placed in every pipeline through which
the water is forced to open when flow of water is in one direction and forced to
seat against a gun metal seating when flow tries to be in the reversed direction.
• It is necessary, a check valve is to be placed in every pipe line through which the
water is forced by a pump, so that if the pump stops, water may not run back to
the pump and spill it.
• It is also known as reflex valve.

Check Valve
Float Valve

• It is used in sumps, water tanks etc.

• When the water level rises in the tank, its ball (float) also rises and when the tank
is full, the float becomes horizontal and the inflow of water is automatically
stopped.
• When the water level decreases, the float also lowers and the inflow of water once
again starts automatically.

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Float Valve
Air Valve

• The water flowing through the pipe always contains some air which tend to
accumulate at high points. In order to release such accumulated air, the air valves
are provided, at these points. Otherwise the pipe may become air locked and the
discharge through the pipe gets reduced.
• It consists of a cast iron chamber, float, lever and puppet valve.
• In normal condition the chamber is full with water drawn from water pipe. The
float therefore touches the roof of the chamber and the puppet valve is in a closed
position.
• When air from water pipe enters the chamber, it starts accumulating just below the
roof of the chamber. This accumulated air makes the lever to work and to bring
down the float.

Air Valve
• The pulling down of float by lever, operates the puppet valve which is then
opened and thus the air is allowed to escape through the puppet valve.
• When the air escapes, water rises again in the chamber and lever works to raise
the float and the puppet valve closes.

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Regulating or modulating valve

• A regulating or modulating valve with an adjustable plunger within a slotted

barrel gate admits of permanent regulation, while a quarter – turn of the lever will
open or close the flow. This valve is only suitable for hot water.

Regulating or modulating valve

Stop Cock

• The stop cock or tap should be provided within the boundaries of the premises
between street main and the building at convenient part of the premises. For big
buildings another stop valve should be provided on the pipe just inside the
building which may help in case of repairs. The stop cock should be closed in an
iron box with hinged removal cover.

Stop Cock
Push cock

• This is generally used in public places such as railway stations, hospitals, hotels,
schools etc. the cock is opened by pressing down the push button against a spring.
As soon as the pushbutton is released, it is brought back to its original position by
the spring and the flow is cut off.

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Push Cock
Self-closing Taps

• These are normally spring controlled and may have lever head when used as pillar
cocks or a push button as on the bibcock. A frequent objection to the use of self-
closing tap is the concussive closing action. In the better makes this is overcome
by providing a small cylinder to house a flange on the spindle. The cylinder is
filled with water when tap is opened and spindle can only return gradually to
closed position as flange slowly discharges water through a small hole in front of
cylinder. Spring taps are suitable only for low pressures.

Rotary Water Meter

• It is a type of inferential meter and consists of radial vanes attached to the shaft.
When water is passed through it, the vanes are rotated which in turn revolves the
shaft. The greater the velocity of water the higher will be the speed of rotation.
The rotation actuates a clock like mechanism through a gear system of dials. The
consumer is charged according the dial reading which is the measure of water
consumed. A notating disc meter and velocity meter or inferential type meter are
shown in figure respectively.

Rotary Water Meter

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Exercise 7 Date:

Introduction to surveying equipment

Aim
To study the chain, tape, prismatic compass, surveyor compass, dumpy levelling instruments
and their accessories.
Instruments Required
Chain (30m), Ranging rods, Arrows, cross-staff, Tape (30m/15m), Prismatic compass,
Surveyor‟s compass, Dumpy Level with a tripod, and levelling staff.
Procedure
1. Chain Survey
i. Fix any two points using ranging rod
ii. Spread the chain between the above two points
iii. Measure the chain length using tallies, rings and links.
2.Compass Survey
i. Set up the instrument at any convenient point and make the initial adjustments.
ii. Turn the compass box until the hair when looked through the slit above the prism
bisects the ranging rod at the object vane.
iii. Read the bearing value in the graduated ring.
3. Levelling
i. Set up the instrument at a station.
ii. Make all the temporary adjustments
iii. Direct the telescope towards the staff station and note down the reading.

Result
Knowledge about the instrument and accessories used in chain, compass and levelling
surveys.

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Exercise 8 Date:

Exercise on the Total station

Aim
To measure the distance, angle and elevation using a total station.
Instruments Required
Total station, tripod and prism
Procedure
1. Set the tripod over the point as per your convenient height. Place the total station on the
tripod and clamp it tightly.
2. Press the switch on the button to turn on Total station
3. Do the proper levelling using foot screws.
4. Create a new file and make the initial station set up.
5. Place the prism mounted in the prism pole above the point to be measured.
6. Select the measurement method “angle and distance”.
7. Now aim to the prism and tap measure. After completion of the measurement, the angle
and distance will appear.
8. Repeat the procedure 5 – 7 for taking another observation.

Result
The horizontal distance between the signal station and the instrument station =
The horizontal angle between station „A” and station „B” =
The level difference between station „A” and station „B” =

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Exercise 9 Date:

Parallelogram Law of Forces

Aim

To find the weight of a given body using the Parallelogram Law of Vectors.

Theory

If two vectors acting simultaneously on a particle are represented in magnitude and direction
by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point, then their resultant is
completely represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of that parallelogram
drawn from that point.

Fig.1 Parallelogram Law of Vectors Fig.2 Gravesand‟s Apparatus

Refer Figure 1. Let two vectors P and Q act simultaneously on a particle O at an angle θ.
They are represented in magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides OA and OB of a
parallelogram OACB drawn from a point O.Then the diagonal OC passing through O, will
represent the resultant R in magnitude and direction.
On a Gravesand‟s apparatus, if the body of unknown weight (say S) is suspended from the
middle hanger and balancing weights P and Q are suspended from the two hangers then,

Or

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The unknown weight can be calculated from the equation (1).

On a Gravesand‟s apparatus (Figure 2), if the body of unknown weight (say S) is suspended
from the middle hanger and balancing weights.
P and Q are suspended from the other two hangers then,

Now construct a parallelogram OACB by assuming a scale (say 1cm=50 g) corresponding to

the weights P and Q. The diagonal of the parallelogram OC will give the resultant vector. The
weight of the unknown body,

If W is the actual weight of the body, then the percentage error in the experiment can be
calculated using the equation,

Apparatus
Parallelogram Law of Forces apparatus (Gravesand‟s apparatus), Plumb line, Two hangers
with slotted weights, A body (a wooden block) whose weight is to be determined, Thin strong
thread, White drawing paper sheet, Drawing pins, Mirror strip.
Procedure

 Set up the Gravesand‟s apparatus and ensure its board is vertical. Note that the pulleys are
frictionless.
 Fix the white drawing paper sheet on the board.
 Take three pieces of strong threads and tie one end of all three together to make a knot. (Let
us name this knotted end - O). This knot becomes the junction of the three threads.
 From the other ends of the two threads, tie a weight hanger with the same slotted weights in
each; we will name these weights as P and Q.
 From the end of third thread tie the given body, which is the stone, which we will name as S.
 Pass the threads with weights P and Q over the pulleys and let the third thread with the stone
S, stay vertical in the middle of the board.
 The weights P, Q and the stone S acts as the three forces along the three threads. At the
junction O, the forces are in equilibrium.
 Now adjust the weights P and Q (forces) such that the junction O stays in equilibrium slightly
below the middle of the paper.
 See that all the weights hang freely and that none of them touch the board or the table.

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 Mark the position of junction O on the paper.

 Slightly disturb the weights P and Q and then leave them.
 Once settled, note the position of junction O. Make sure that this point is very close to the
earlier position.
 Take a mirror strip and keeping it lengthwise under each thread, mark the position of the ends
of the image of the thread in the mirror, covering the image by the thread. These new
positions are P1, P2 for the thread with the weight P, and Q1 and Q2 for the thread with the
weight Q and S1, S2 for the thread with the weight S.
 Remove the paper from the board and with the help of the half metre scale draw lines through
the points P1 and P2 to represent P, through points Q1 and Q2 to represent Q and through
points S1 and S2 to represent S. These lines must meet at point O.
 Assuming a scale of 1cm = 50 g, mark OA = 3 cm and OB =3 cm to represent P=150g and
Q= 150g.
 Complete parallelogram OACB using the set squares and join OC. This represents the
resultant vector R which corresponds to the weight S.
 Measure OC and multiply it by the scale (50 g) to get the value of the unknown weight (S).
 For different sets of observation, change P and Q suitably.
 We can find the weight of the wooden block (R) using the equation (1).
 Take the mean of the two values to get the actual weight of the body.
 To find the percentage error in the experiment, measure the actual weight of the body using a
spring balance.
 Calculate the percentage error using equation (3).

Result

The weight of the given body found using Parallelogram Law of Forces = _________N

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Exercise 10 Date:

Lami’s Theorem

Aim

To find the weight of a given body using the Lami‟s Theorem.

Theory

Lami's theorem states that if three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, each force is
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces. Consider three forces P, Q
and S acting on a particle or rigid body making angles α, β and γ with each other. Refer
Figure 1.

That is
𝑃 𝑄 𝑆
= 𝑆𝑖𝑛 α = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 γ --(1)
𝑆𝑖𝑛 β

Fig 1. Concurrent Forces Fig.2 Gavesand‟s Apparatus

Apparatus
Parallelogram Law of Forces apparatus (Gravesand's apparatus), Plumb line, Two hangers
with slotted weights, A body (a wooden block) whose weight is to be determined, Thin strong
thread, White drawing paper sheet, Drawing pins, Mirror strip.

Procedure

 Set up Gravesand‟s Apparatus s shown in figure 2.

 The weights P, Q and the weight of stone S acts as the three forces along the three threads. At
the junction O, the forces are in equilibrium.
 Now adjust the weights P and Q (forces) such that the junction O stays in equilibrium slightly
below the middle of the paper.

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 See that all the weights hang freely and that none of them touch the board or the table.
 Mark the position of junction O on the paper using a sharp pencil.
 Slightly disturb the weights P and Q and then leave them.
 Once settled, note the position of junction O. Make sure that this point is very close to the
earlier position.
 Take the mirror strip and keeping it lengthwise under each thread, mark the position of the
ends of the image of the thread in the mirror, covering the image by the thread. These new
positions are P1, P2 for the thread with the weight P, and Q1 and Q2 for the thread with the
weight Q and S1, S2 for the thread with the weight S.
 Remove the paper from the board and with the help of the half metre scale draw lines through
the points P1 and P2 to represent P, through points Q1 and Q2 to represent Q and through
points S1 and S2 to represent S. These lines must meet at point O.
 Measure the angles between the lines P1P2, Q1Q2 and S1S2. Say those are α, β and γ.
 Apply Lami‟s theorem (Equation 1). P and Q are the known weights and S is the unknown
weight. Solving the equation the unknown weight S can be found.

Result

The weight of the given body found using Lami‟s theorem = _________N

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Exercise 11 Date:

Equilibrium of Parallel Forces

Aim

To find the unknown support reactions by solving the equilibrium of parallel forces.

Apparatus

Knife edges for the supports, meter scale, hangers with slotted weights.

Theory

When a simply supported beam is loaded by parallel forces P1, P2 and P3, the beam will be in
equilibrium under the applied loads and the support reactions. The unknown support
reactions can be found by applying equilibrium equations ∑ (Vertical Forces) = 0 and
∑(Moment about any point) = 0.

Procedure

 Setup apparatus as shown in figure above.

 Hang the given weights P1, P2 etc. on the ruled simply supported beam.
 Measure the distances d1, d2 etc. from the loading point to any of the support. In the figure
distances were measured to support A.

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 Find the sum of unknown support reactions (Say RA and RB)and the applied weight (P1, P2
etc) and equate it with zero to form an equation (Say Equation 1).
 Find the sum of moments of the forces about any of the supports (Say A) and equate it with
zero. This equation will give the unknown reaction at the other support (at B).
 Substitute this reaction in the equation 1 to find the other unknown support reaction.

Observations and Calculations

Load (N)
Distance from support A (m)
S. No. (given mass in kg × 9.81) RA RB
P1 P2 P3 d1 d2 d3

Result

Reaction at support A =___________N and Reaction at support B =____________N

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Exercise 12 Date:

Coefficient of Friction and Angle of Repose

Aim

To compare the coefficient of friction between various pairs of surfaces and to determine the
angle of repose.

Theory

The coefficient of friction (µ) is a measure of roughnessbetween surfaces. The frictional force
(F) will always be opposite to the direction of motion and proportional to the coefficient of
frictions. That is

F= µ N

µ = tan θ

Where N is the normal reaction and θ is the angle of friction.

Fig 1.Experimental Setup Fig 2.Free Body Diagram

The angle of friction (θ) is the angle between the normal reaction and the resultant (R) of
normal reaction and frictional force as shown in figure. At the limiting case (impending
motion state) the angle of friction is equal to angle of repose (α).

Apparatus

Inclined plane friction apparatus, weights and blocks made of different materials.

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Procedure

 The given block of weight W can be placed over the incline.

 Increase the inclination of the plane and note the angle at which the block slides down. This
is the angle of repose (α).
 At the limiting state (impending state) the angle of friction (θ) is equal to the angle of repose
(α). The coefficient of friction can be found from the equation, µ = tan θ.
 Repeat the experiment by placing appropriate weight (P) in the tray, so that the tension in the
string will also be P.
 Fix the inclination of the plane to have equilibrium of the system. At the state of equilibrium,
the system will be at rest and further increase in the inclination will make the motion of the
block impending downwards on the plane.
 Increase the inclination and note the angle at which the motion of the block impends. Draw
the free body diagram for the block (Ref. Figure 2). Calculate the unknown frictional force
and thereby the coefficient of friction.

Observations and Calculations

Sl.No. Surface Weight Inclination of Angle of Coefficient Direction of

Material added (N) the repose(α) of friction impending
plane(Degrees) (Degrees) (µ) motion

Result

1. The coefficient of friction between the given surfaces (Without added weight) =
Angle of repose =
2. The coefficient of friction between the given surfaces (With added weight P) =

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Exercise 13 Date:

Centre of Gravity of Irregular Lamina

Aim

To locate the centre of gravity of a given irregular lamina.

Apparatus

Card board, twine and plumb bob

Procedure

 Take a card board and cut out a lamina of arbitrary shape not exceeding 30cm in any
direction and not less than 20cm in any direction.
 Punch three holes along the periphery of the lamina, not too close to one another.
 Pass a twine through each holes and tie each end to one another, creating a loop not less than
50cm in length.
 Hang the lamina by one loop at a time (the experiment to be conducted at or near a corner in
the laboratory where there is no air flow) from a nail. Ensure the lamina is hanging steadily.
 For each particular lamina position, hold a plumb bob from the same nail and trace the plumb
line across the lamina.
 Mark the point at which all the three plumb lines meet is the centre of gravity (C.G.).

Result

The centre of gravity of the given lamina is located.

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Exercise 14 Date:

A report based on site visit to construction site – Assignment

Aim
To prepare a report based on the visit to a construction site.

Typical steps in the construction of a building

Earth Work
Generally all the Civil Engineering projects like roads, railways, earth dams, canal bunds,
buildings etc. involves the earth work. This earth work may either be earth excavation or
earth filling or both according to the plans and levels. In building construction earth is to be
excavated for the foundation construction.

Foundation Construction
Foundation of the structure will distribute the loads transferred by the super structure over the
bearing soil. Foundation may be of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC), Random Rubble
(RR) Masonry.

Damp Proof Coarse (D.P.C)

To protect walls from moisture, a layer of damp proof coarse material is laid down at floor
level. Thickness of this concrete layer may be of 1 inch.

Masonry Work
Suitable masonry can be selected (Brick or stone) for the wall construction.

Lintel
Lintels will support the masonry units laid over the openings.

Roofing
Suitable roofing can be adopted based on the requirements. It may be pitched or flat roof.

Plastering & Pointing

Plastering is to be done for finishing the wall surfaces and also to protect the structure from
external weathering agencies.

Doors & Windows

Openings can be provided with doors and windows. Suitable materials for the frames and
shutters can be selected based on the requirements. Wood, Aluminium, Steel etc. are the
usual materials used for the production of doors and windows.

Services
Services are very important for every single building. Different services are electricity
supply, gas supply, water supply, sanitary etc. Conduits for electric supply are fixed in walls
before plastering. Similarly water supply and sanitary lines are also laid before finishing the
building floor.

CIV 101 – Basic Civil Engineering Lab Page 48

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Notes

CIV 101 – Basic Civil Engineering Lab Page 49