Calculation of still-water

resistance accotdting to
J.. Holtrop and G.G:. J. Mennen
by
ing. A.P. de :Zwaan

Report No. 777

26 July 1991

Deift UnivevBityoLTochnoJogy
Ship Hydromechanics Laboratory
MBkéIweg:2
2628 CD Deift
The Netherlands
PhoneOl5-786882
INDEX.
page
Introduction. 1

General.

1.1 Program definitions.

1.2 Aim.

Organisation of the proram. 1

2.1 Formulas. 1.
2.3 Explanation of used symbols,. 9

Program application.

3.1,. In-output parameters.. 12

3.2 Remarks. 14

Bibliography.. 15
Introduction.

In this report a. description is given of a computer program in

Fortran 77 to calculate the still-water resstance of a ship
according to (1], (2] and t3I.

The program can be used for the speed range 0 < F > 0.55 where
V
../ g*L

General.

1.1 Program definitions.

a). Language Fortran 77

b) a Calculation time 1 sec
c). Computer configuration : IBM compatible. Ms-Dos

1.2 Aim.

Calculating the still-water resistance of a ship;, the

wake number, thrust deduction factor and the relative
rotative efficiency.

Organisation of the program.

The program uses different formulas for the following speed

ranges (3]:

0 0.40
0.40 < 0.55
a). 0.55 < F
2.1 Formulas.

The total resistance of a ship has been devided into:

Rrotai = RF (1+k1) + Rpp+ Rw +RB + R+RA (3]

Where:

= frictional resistance according to the ITTC-1957

formula
form factor of the hull.
appendage resistance
wave resistance
additional pressure resistance of bulbous bow
near the water surface
R, = additional pressure resistance due to transom
iersion
RA = model-shp correlation resistance.

1
Frictional resistance.

1/2 p V2*O.075 0hull

(1og(R-2))

1 k1 = 0.93+0.487118C14(!)06806(-!)0.4606

(0.i2I563 () °36486 (1-Ce) -0.604247

V

O.O6CP1Cb)
L = L(1 - +

V*L
V

where :

p - mass density of water

V -. speed of the ship in knots
B - moulded breadth
T - draught
L - length on the waterline
V - .mouIded displacement volume
C - prismatic coefficient
lob - Longitudinal position of the centre of, buoyancy
forward. of 0.5L as a percentage of: L
Afterbody form
Pram with gondola -25
V-shaped sections -10 014 = 2. + 0.0I1C,,
Normal section shape 0
U-shaped sections with
Rogner stern 10
Sh - wetted area of the hull
11 - coefficient of kinematic viscosityi..188 * 10
The wetted area of the hull is be approximated by [21 :

= L(2T + BL/(0.453 + O.4425C8 - O.2862CM:

- O.003467 + 0.3696C) + 2.3.8_!!

where :

CM - midship section coefficient

CB - block coefficient on the basis of the waterline
length
C - waterplane area coefficient
ART - transverse sectional area of the bulb at the po-
sition where the still--water surface intersects
the stem.
Appendage resistance.

R, =1/2pV2S(1 + k2) 0.075

(log R-2)2

where :

p - mass density of water

V - speed of the ship in knots
- wetted area of the appendages
l+k2 - appendage resistance factor (2].
Approximate 1+k2 values
rudder behind .skeg 1.5' - 2.0
rudder behind stern 1.3 - 1.5
twin-screw balance rudders 2.8
shaft brackets 3.0
skeg '1.5 -
strut bossings 3.0
hull bossings 2.0
shafts 2.0 - 4.0'
stabilizer fins 2.8
dome 2.7
bilge keels 1.4

The equivalent 1+k2 value for a combination of appenda-

ges is determined from (2]:

(1 +k2) - E (l+k2)s

The appendage resistance can be increased by the regis-

tance of the bow thruster tunnel openings according to
(2]

.RBTO = pV2itd2C8

where:

d - tunnel diameter in rn
CB - ranges from 0.003 to 0.012
For openings in 'cylindrical part of the bulbous
bow, the lower figures should be used.

3
Wave resistance.
P > 0.55 :
(m3F' + m4coa(AF2))
= 017c2c5.vpge

where,:

= 6919. 3C3346 (_._!_ )2.00977 _2),1.40692

L3 B

rn3=-7 .2035 (!.) 0.326869(L 0.605375

L

C2 =
-i.89.J)

C'5 =1-0.8
BTCM

= 1.446C - 0.03- for - <.12

= i.446C, - 0.36 for. -

= -0.9

C3= 0.56
BT (0. 31/ + TF - hB)
.0 4F -3.29
m4- c150.4e'

05 -1.69385 when < 512

L
c 15 ,= -1.69385 +
2.36
L3
when 512 1726.91
V

15= 0 when -- > 1726.91

kr - iersed transom area at .res.t m2

AliT - transverse area. of the. bulbous bow. m2
- vertical positIon of the centre of AliT above the
keel 0.6 TF (rnoulded draught on F.P.)
o<F 0.4
(mFm4cou(AF1))
RW_AT.. C1C2cvpge
with
c1= 2223105c.78613(..!.) 1.07961(90 - 1B)

iE=is9exP [- (-k) °80856(i.-C,,) o.3o4e4

(i_C-o.o225icb)0.6367(.)034574
iOOV) 0.16302]
(

c7= when 0.11

c7= - When 0.1i<- 0.25

c7= 0.5 - 0.0625-i when - >0.25

L
m1= 0.0140407--1.75254 B
-4.79323--cj6
L

c6=' 8. 07981C-i3 .8673C6 ..984388C:'

when C 0.8
c16=1.73014 - O.7067C when C > 0.8
rn4 as in the R formula for the high speed range.
0.40 < 0.55:
- i10E-4) (Rw8-RwA0)
R1, R,,A0
1.5
with
fa the wave resistance for .F 0.4'

R., -B059 is the wave resistance f or .F n = 0 55

5
Additional pressure resistance of bulbous bow.

0. 11exp(-3P)FjA5pg

Where the coefficient P11 is a measure for the emergence

of the bow and F i.g the Froude number based on the
immersion:
O.56/ABT
T-1.5h8
and
V
/g(T_h11_0.25fA) + 0 .i5V

Additinal pressure resistance of immersed transom stern

R=0 i.5pV2ATC6.
with
COr2(i0.2FflT) when F < 5

or
C6=O when FflT

nT has been defined as:

V
2gA
N B+BC
in this definition C is the waterplane area coeff:i-
cient.

Model -ship corxeiation. resiStance.

RA= 1/2 PV2SOcA

where:

CA= 0.O06(L+100)06_0...0O2O50.003J Cc2(O.O4-c4)

75
with
04= - when TF O.04
c4= 0.04 when TF> 0.04
Pro sulsion data for a. .e screw shi 3:

a). Wake fraction

w = cgc2oCv*(0.050776 + O.934O5c11

+ 0. 279i5c2o
L(I - 20

The coefficient c9 depends on the coefficient c8, def i-

ned as:
BS tot when B-
<5
LDTA TA
or
7B
25
TA
00= S
B
When!
L D(--3) TA
TA

09,= C when 0 < 28

or
09 32
Cr24 when c 28

T
--
TA
when-<2
or
T T
o.oa333aa(-) + .3333 when -_-

0.12997 0.11056
whenCP <0.7
.O.95-CB 0.95-C
or
c19- - 0.71267 + 0.38648C when C
l.S.-CM 0.7.

c3= 1 + 0 015 CBtern

C1= 1.45C - 0.315 - O.02251b

7
The coefficient C, is the viscous resistance coeffi,-
cient with
C= (14k) CF + CA
where

1+k= 1+k1 + ((1 + k2) - (1 + k1))

tot

b). Thrust deduction,.

B
0 .25014 (-)
L
(VJ)
0.28956
D
,, 0.2624

+ 0OOl5Cstern
(1 - C + 0.0225 lcb) 0.01762

C). 'Relative-rotative efficiency.

i= 0.9922 - 0.05908! + 0.07424(C - 0;.02251Cb)

Propulsion data for multiple-screw ships [2].

Wake fraction
D
V = O.3O9SCB + 1OCVCB - 0.23

Thrust deduction.

t = 0.325C - 0.1885 D

Relative- rotative efficiency.

1h =0.9737 + 0.1i1(C-0.0225lcb) - 0.06325-!

2..3 Explanation of used symbols.

Symbol Program Dimension Description

ABT ABULB m2 Transverse sectional
area of the bulb at
the position where the
still water surface
intersects the stem.
AE/AO ___ - Expanded blade area
ratio of the propeller
Ar AT m2 Xersed transom area.
B BR m Moulded breadth.
CA CA - Model-ship correlation
allowance coefficient.
Cli CB - Blockcoefficient on
basis.of the waterline
length.
CB CBTH - Coefficient bowthrus-
ter openings.
0.003 CYJ 0.012
CF - Frictional resistance
coefficient.
CM cM - Midship section coef-
ficient.
C CP - Prismatic coefficient.
CAPT - Stern shape parameter.
CWP - Waterplane area coef-
ficient.
c, cv - Viscous resistance
coefficient.
D DP m Propeller diameter.
d DBTT m Tunnel diameter.
F FN - Froude number.
FNI - Froude number based on
the immersion of the
bow.
g G m/sec2 Acceleration due to
gravity.
hR HBULB m Vertical position of
the centre of ABT °
ye the keel 0.6 T.

9
Explanation of used symbols (continued).

Symbol Program Dimension Description

ALFA degrees 'angie of the waterline
at the bow with refe-
rence to the centre
H plane but neglecting
the local shape of the
stem.
L SLWL m Length on waterline.
lab SLCB Longitudinal, position
of the centre of buo-
yancy forward of 0.5L
as a percentage of, .L.
SLR m Length of the run.
PB PB - A measure for the
emergence of. the bow.
RA R.A N. Model- ship correlation
resistance.
R.APP N Appendage resistance.
RB RB . N. Additional pressure
resistance of bulbous
bow near the water
surfaced
RBT(J RBTH N Resistance of bow
thruster tunnel ope-
nings.
RF RF1KI N Frictional resistance
'according to iTTC19!57
formula.
RN - Reynoldsnumber.
RTR N Additional presSure
resistance due to
transom iersion.
Rw RW' N. Wave resistance.
SAPP m2 Wetted area appendages
SHULL m2 Wetted area of the
hull.
STOT m2 Total 'wetted area.
T DRAFT m Moulded draugth.
T - Thrust deduction,.
TA TA m Draught moulded on A.P
TF . TF m. Draught.moulded on F.P

10
Explanation of: used. srnibolS (continued).

Sy]nbol Program Dimension Description

V ITK knots Ship Speed.
VM: rn/sec
w w - Wake fraction.
RRE - Relative-rotative ef-
ficiency.
p RHO kg/rn3 Mass density of water.
V RN rn2/sec Coefficient of kinema-
tic viscosity.
V VOL rn3 Displacement volume
moulded.
3. Proqrarn application.
3.1 In-and output parameters.
i = input, 0 = output
SLPP i: - Length between perpendiculars (m)
SLWL i: Length on the waterline (rn)
BR i: Moulded breadth (rn)
DRAFT i: Midship draft (m)
TRIM i: Trim (m)
VOL i: Moulded volume of displacernent (m3)
SLCB ii C.O.B. forward of SLPP/2 in % of SLPP
0: C.O.B. forward of SLWL/2 in % of SLWL
CWP i: Waterplane area coefficient (-)
i: Midship section coefficient (-)
SHULL i: Wetted area hull (m2)
If unknown : SHULL=0
CAPT i: Shape coefficient aft (-)
U-form with Hogner stern : CAFT=+10.0
Normalform. . . . . . .:CAPT= 0.0
V-form . . . ........:CAFT=-10.0
Pram with gondola . . . .: CAPT=-25.0
SRUD i: Wetted area rudder (rn2)
CRUD i: Rudder coefficient C-')
Rudder behind skeg . . . .:CRUD=1.5-2.0
'Rudder behind stern . . .:CRtJD=1.3-1.5
'Twin-screw balance rudders:CRUD= 2.8
SAPP i: Wetted area appendages (rn2)
SAPP=SUM[sapp(i)]
CAPP i: Equivalent appendage factor C-)
CAPP=SUM[capp(i)*sapp(i)] /SuMisapp(i)i
Shaft brackets : capp(i)= ' 3.0
Skeg . . . . ..: capp(i)=1.5-2.0
Strut bossings : cappU)= 3.0
'Hull bossings .: capp'(i)= 2.0
Shafts . . . ..: capp(i)=2..0-4.0
Stabilizer fins : capp(i)= 2.8
Dcme . . . . . .: capp(i)= 2.7
Bilge keels . .: capp(i)= 1.4
ABULB i: Cross section area bulbous bow (rn2)
No bow correction : ABULB=0
HBULB i: Centroid of bulbous bow cross section
to keel (rn). If ABULB=0 HBULB can have
any value.

12
Inand output ararneters (continued).

i = input, o = output
DBTT i: Diameter of bow thruster tunnel (rn)
If no bow thruster DBTT=O
If N bow thusters DBTT=DBTT*sqrt(N)
CBT.T i,: Resistance coefficient of bow thruster
tunnel '(-).
IF no bow thruster CBTT=O
Thruster in cylindrical part CBTT=O.003
Thruster at the worst location CBTT=O.012
AT 1: Area of iersed transom (rn2)
SLR i: Length of the run (rn)
if unknown SLR=O
ALFA i: Half angle of entrance of the waterline
(degrees). If unknown ALFA=O
NPROP : Number of propellers (-)
NPROP=O : No calculation of W,T and RRE
NPROP=i : Calculation .of W,T and RR
NPROP=2 : Calculation of W,T and RRE
NPROP=1 or
2
DP i: Diameter of propeller (rn)
AAE i: Expanded blade area (-)
PPD 1: Pitch diameter ratio (-)
NV i: Number of ship speeds (-) max 25
VK (NV) i: Array with ship speeds (knots)
RSW(NV) 0: Array with still water resistances (kN)
W(NV) 0: Array with wake fractions (-)
T(NV) 0: Array with thrust. deduction fractions (-)
RRE(NV) 0: Array with relative-rotative efficiences

IERR 0: In case of an error the program returns

with IERR=- 1

13
3.1 Remarks.

There are three posibilities if the error message

XERR=- 1 occurs:

Prismatic coefficient CP=CB/( > 1.0

with
CB=VOL/SLWL/ BR/DRAFT
is given by input.
Action : Correct. the input value CB or
Length of the run SLR c 0.01
Action : If the value SLR is calculated in the pro-
gram, (SLR=0 in the input file) give the value for
SLR by .input.
1.0 - CP 0.025*SLCB < 0 : see formula for half
angle of entrance iR on page 5 or formula for the
thrust deduction fraction t on page 8.
Action : CP or/and SLCB has to be corrected.

The input value for the center of buoyancy SLCB is gi-

ven in a percentage of the length between. perpendcu.-
lars. The foulas in the program needs the value in a
percentage of the length on the waterline.
The value of SLCB is recalculated fOr this value:
SLCB=SLCB*SLPP/1 00
SLCB=SLCB+(SLWL-SLPP) /2
SLCB=SLCB* 10 0/SLWL

14
Bibiioqraphy.

Holtrop,J. and Mennen,G.G.J.

A statistical power prediction method,
International Shipbuiding Progress,
Vol. 25, October 1978
Holtrop,J., and Mennen,G.G.J.
An approximate power prediction method,
International Shipbuilding Progress,,
Vol. 29, July 19.82
Hoi,trop,J.
A statistical re-analysis of resistance ad propulsion
data,
international Shipbuiding Progress,
VOlume 31, November 1984

15