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Introductory Lecture For TGG (Transformational-Generative Grammar) (Lecture 3)

This document provides an introductory lecture on transformational generative grammar (TGG), including tree diagrams and the symbols and rules used to represent syntactic structures in TGG. Tree diagrams use a hierarchical graphical format to show constituent structures. Phrase structure rules are used to generate tree structures, while movement rules allow representing questions and other transformations. Complement phrases and recursion allow embedding of clauses within clauses.

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142 views16 pages

Introductory Lecture For TGG (Transformational-Generative Grammar) (Lecture 3)

This document provides an introductory lecture on transformational generative grammar (TGG), including tree diagrams and the symbols and rules used to represent syntactic structures in TGG. Tree diagrams use a hierarchical graphical format to show constituent structures. Phrase structure rules are used to generate tree structures, while movement rules allow representing questions and other transformations. Complement phrases and recursion allow embedding of clauses within clauses.

Uploaded by

george benson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research


University of Anbar
College of Arts
Dept. of English

Introductory lecture for TGG


(Transformational-Generative Grammar)
(LECTURE 3 )

Khaldoon H. Al_mofti
Tree Diagram
• A tree diagram is a way of representing
the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical
form. It is named a "tree diagram” because the
classic representation resembles a tree, even though
the chart is generally upside down compared to an
actual tree, with the "root" at the top and the "leaves"
at the bottom.
• Tree diagram provides us visual representation of the
constituents of the corresponding expression.
Tree Diagram

• E.g. A child can kick a football.


S

NP Aux VP

Art N V NP

Art N

A child can kick a football


Tree Diagram

• E.g. A child can kick a football.

TP

DP T'

D N T VP

V NP

V N

The child can kick a football


Symbols used in Tree Diagram
• S - Sentence • Pro-Pronoun
• NP- Noun Phrase • PP-Prepositional Phrase
• PN- Proper Noun • * Ungrammatical Sentence
• N-Noun • Consists of / rewrites as
• VP-Verb Phrase • ( ) Optional Constituent
• Adv-Adverb
• { } Only one of these constituents
• V-Verb must be selected
• Adj-Adjective
• Prep-Preposition
• Art-Article
Phrase Structure Rules

Phrase structure rules generate structures.

• TP/S • NP VP
• NP • {Art (Adj+) N, Pro, PN}
• VP • V NP (PP) (Adv)
• PP • P NP

Tree Diagrams

S NP VP PP

NP VP Art N V NP P NP
Lexical Rules
As we know, phrase structure rules generate
structures. To turn those structures into recognizable
English, we also need lexical rules that specify which
words can be used when we rewrite constituents such
as N.

• PN • { Mary, George }
• N • { Girl, Dog, Boy }
• Pro • { It, you, he }
• Art • { A, An, the }
• V • { Help, run, play }
We can rely on these rules to generate the grammatical sentences but not
ungrammatical sentences.
Movement rules
It is easy to represent Declarative forms in tree diagrams.
e.g. You will help Mary. NP Aux VP
S
S

NP Aux VP

Pro V NP

You will help Mary


Movement rules
It is easy to represent Declarative forms in tree diagrams.
e.g. You will help Mary.

BUT HOW CAN YOU REPRESENT THIS


ONE?
Will you help Mary?
Movement rules

Simply Will you help Mary?


S S Aux NP VP

Aux NP VP

Pro V NP

Will you help Mary


Movement rules
You will help Mary. Will you help Mary?
S
 S

NP Aux VP Aux NP VP

Pro V NP Pro V NP

You will help Mary Will you help Mary

NP Aux VP S Aux NP VP
S
Recursion

Examples:
• a. ab
• b. aabb
• c. aaabbb
• a. The man [who the girl saw is my friend
• b. The man [who the girl [who sneezed] saw] is my
friend.
• c. The man [who the girl [who Peter [who knows] met] saw]
is my friend.
Recursion

The rules of grammar will also need the crucial property of


recursion. In this, we can put sentences inside other sentences and
these sentences can be generated inside another sentences.

Notice these:
• Mary helped George.
• Cathy knew that Mary helped George.
• John believed that Cathy knew that Mary helped George.
Complement Phrase
• Mary helped George.
• Cathy knew that Mary helped George.
• John believed that Cathy knew that Mary helped George.

Traditionally, such sentences are called clauses (that-clause)


In the above examples, that is called complementizer (C).
We can say that sentences with that are Complement Phrase (CP).

Complement Phrase Rule S NP VP


VP V CP
CP C S
Complement Phrase
S John believed that Cathy knew that
Mary helped George.
NP VP
V CP
C S
NP VP
V CP
C S
NP VP
V NP
PN PN PN
PN
John believed that Cathy knew that Mary helped George.
Bibliography
•http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~x4diho/FORM.Generative%20grammar%20theory.p df
•https://linguistics.stonybrook.edu/files/undergrad_theses/mcadams.pdf
•http://linguistics.arizona.edu/sites/linguistics.arizona.edu/fil
es/3.Carnie%20Chapter1%20troduction.pdf
•http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~massimo/publications/PDF/MPPCecchetto1.pdf
•http://philosophy.fas.nyu.edu/docs/IO/1176/SchifferMeaningAndFormalSemantics.pdf
•http://lohndal.com/wp-content/uploads/lasniklohndal.pdf
•http://wac.colostate.edu/jbw/v6n2/noguchi.pdf•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar
•http://lingo.stanford.edu/sag/papers/harman63.pdf
•The Study of Language by George Yule
•Some aspects of Linguistics by Famous Products
•An Intrduction to Linguistics by V.S.Parsad
•An Intoductory Text Book for Linguistics by Famous Products
•Language on Target by NKM
•An Easy Approach to Linguistics by NKM
•A Handbook of Linguistics by Famous Products

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