Aim:

The aim of this lab is to understand the Circuit Maker Macro facility and to be able to use the help
manual of the circuit maker and be able to design circuit on our own

Introduction:
This lab mainly focuses on the design and implementation of Macros and De Morgan’s theorem. In order
to make a complex integrated circuitry it is a vital and a very useful to study and be able to use software
to design macros. Macro models used in various integrated circuit help system designers to understand,
simulate, and implement designs into circuit boards. Macros also help in cutting cost and time for a
designer building a circuit [1]. https://www.edn.com/macro-models-let-engineers-simulate-circuits-and-
systems

Moreover, DeMorgan’s Theorems are two techniques used to simplify Boolean expressions.

Augustus DeMorgan, Englishman, born in India in 1806. An instrumental in the advancement of

Figure 1:DeMorgan's First theorem proof

Since the output is same the first theorem is proven.

Similarly the second theorem is proven [2].

Hence it can be said that the use of various theorem and techniques such as macro designing and
DeMorgan’s theorems can help better develop integrated circuits cheaper and faster and also help
technicians easily follow the circuit logic.

Equipment:
 Working PC with Circuit Maker installed.
 NAND Gates
 OR Gates
 LED’s
 Power Supply
 Bread Board
 Wires

Method
This lab had four parts;

Firstly using the circuit maker software the micro device was constructed for the circuit shown below:
 Figure 3: 3 input circuit to be constructed using macro

After the macro was successfully constructed, all possible combination was tested using the software
and result was recorded in table.1 under results.

Secondly, the circuit was realized using three 2-input NAND gate and the circuit was constructed using
the breadboard. The result was recorded under table 2.

Moreover, for the third part, a four input AND/OR gate was constructed using a two input AND/OR gate
and results was noted under table 3

Lastly, the AND gate was drawn using NAND gates on and the truth table was constructed under table 4.

Results
PART.1

Figure 4: circuit maker macro design

Table 1: theoretical and macro output for circuit in fig.1

Input Output
X1 X2 X3 Y (theoretical) Y (from macro)
 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1

PART 2

Figure 5: 2 input NAND gate results compared as an OR gate

Table 2: truth table for 2 input NAND gates to realize an OR gate

A B X (theoretical) X (Hardware)

0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1
 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1

PART 3

Figure 6: 4 input AND gate circuit

TABLE 3: truth table for a 4 input AND gate

A B C D AB CD F
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

PART 4

Figure 7: AND gate using NAND gate

TABLE 4: Truth Table for a 2 input AND gate Using NAND gate

A B F

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0
 1 1 1

Discussion:
As it can be seen in the result section the output values for all the different parts are constant through
theoretical, experimental and circuit simulation. For part one, the macro was used to compare the
output values for all the combination of the given three input circuit. For part 2, it can be said that a OR
gate can be constructed using a NAND chip with 3 gates. This was proven as for both the three gate
NAND circuit and a single OR gate for 2 input the LED lights up for all combination except for first input
(0, 0). For part three, we are able to see that a four input AND gate can produce the same result as two
2input AND gates. Lastly for part 4, the AND gate and the NAND gate circuit give the same output for all
the different input combination.

Conclusion
To sum the lab report, a macro can be constructed using the circuit maker software and various other
similar software. Moreover, it can be seen that different gates can be easily constructed using NAND
gate only and hence it can be said that the aim of the lab was achieved and various theorems was
verified and proven.

References

[1] V. Tigad, "Macro models let engineers simulate circuits and systems," EDN, 10 December 2019.

[2] R. One, Circuit Simplification:, richlandone.org, 2014.

LOGIC CIRCUIT WAS MADE USING FREE ONLINE SOFTWARE PROVIDED BY THE WEBSITE LINKED BELOW:

(https://circuitverse.org/simulator)

APPENDIX