Nena wanted to determine the best detergent, so she tested the top 4 brands based on factors like how long they lasted, smell of clothes washed, and dirt removal. Her hypothesis was that the most expensive brand, Maputi, would be best. However, through experimentation she found Malinis lasted longer, clothes smelled better with it, and it removed dirt faster. By following the scientific method, she was able to reject her initial hypothesis and conclude Malinis was the best detergent based on empirical evidence.
Nena wanted to determine the best detergent, so she tested the top 4 brands based on factors like how long they lasted, smell of clothes washed, and dirt removal. Her hypothesis was that the most expensive brand, Maputi, would be best. However, through experimentation she found Malinis lasted longer, clothes smelled better with it, and it removed dirt faster. By following the scientific method, she was able to reject her initial hypothesis and conclude Malinis was the best detergent based on empirical evidence.
Nena wanted to determine the best detergent, so she tested the top 4 brands based on factors like how long they lasted, smell of clothes washed, and dirt removal. Her hypothesis was that the most expensive brand, Maputi, would be best. However, through experimentation she found Malinis lasted longer, clothes smelled better with it, and it removed dirt faster. By following the scientific method, she was able to reject her initial hypothesis and conclude Malinis was the best detergent based on empirical evidence.
Nena wanted to determine the best detergent, so she tested the top 4 brands based on factors like how long they lasted, smell of clothes washed, and dirt removal. Her hypothesis was that the most expensive brand, Maputi, would be best. However, through experimentation she found Malinis lasted longer, clothes smelled better with it, and it removed dirt faster. By following the scientific method, she was able to reject her initial hypothesis and conclude Malinis was the best detergent based on empirical evidence.
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a.
Science - systematized body of knowledge covering general truths
b. Television - A product of technology c. Biology - The study of living things d. Physics - The study of matter and energy and their interactions e. Jose Rizal - A Filipino hero and scientist f. Fish are difficult to catch on a full moon - A belief which has scientific basis g. Technology - Applied science i. Chemistry - The study of matter, its structure and properties j. Thomas Edison - Inventor of the incandescent light bulb
Science is a systematized body of knowledge covering general truths
and facts. How do you get these facts? You obtain facts through observation and experimentation. Do you still remember what Edison did? He first observed that a thin piece of wire glowed when electricity passed through it. He started with this observation. With this idea in mind, he tried and experimented with other methods and then used other metals. He then discovered that tungsten glowed steadily and was bright enough to light up a room. Hence, science can also be defined as the systematic study of the properties of the physical world, by means of repeatable experiments and measurements and the development of objective theories describing these activities and predicting features that could be tested by experiments. How did science begin? No one really knows when people started to study things scientifically. Definitely, people have always been curious about the various phenomena around them and have sought an explanation for these. At the beginning, they took these events to mean that other events were about to happen. These explanations took on the form of beliefs. Some of these beliefs are: ♦ A falling star was a sign of good luck. ♦ Eclipses were caused by a sky dragon called Laho. Every time an eclipse occurred, it meant Laho swallowed the sun or the moon. ♦Τhe eclipsed moon was red because it was bleeding. The marks on the face of the moon were marks of the dragon’s teeth. ♦ Beating gongs could make Laho let go of the moon. Can you think of other beliefs that our forefathers had to explain the things around them? One of our local beliefs is that it is hard to catch fish during a full moon. Fish are easily attracted to light. During a full moon, the light reflected in the water is scattered and covers a wide range. This causes the fish to be scattered about. A fisherman’s lamp will not be bright enough to attract and keep a school of fish together. Thus, this belief has a scientific basis. Let’s Learn A scientific mind acts based on sound reasoning. Some people act on mere impulse; they do not think hard enough before they act. Some people, on the other hand, refuse to give up old habits. Some simply imitate what others are doing. Still, others cling to old beliefs and practices. It is true that some of our local beliefs do have a scientific basis, but others are mere superstitions and do not have a scientific basis at all. For example, the belief that breaking a mirror will bring years of bad luck has no scientific basis. Breaking a mirror is simply an unfortunate accident. You should simply learn to take care of objects which easily break. Some beliefs and practices, on the other hand, do have scientific bases. For example, one common practice is placing a metal spoon in a glass before pouring hot water into it. People believe that the metal spoon prevents the glass from breaking. This is not superstition. It has a logical basis. Metals are good heat conductors. When hot water is poured into a glass with a metal spoon in it, much of the heat is absorbed by the spoon and is conducted away from the glass. This prevents the glass from breaking. Scientific Method Let’s Read Nena wants to determine which detergent is the best. There are too many detergent brands at the sari-sari store, so before buying any, she first asked other housewives to know which detergent each one considered the best. There were various responses but she decided to consider only the top four choices. The top four detergents are Malinis, Maputi, Mabango and Matipid. She bought these detergent brands from the nearby sari-sari store. She thought that Maputi, the most expensive brand, would be the best. Nena decided to use one brand of detergent each time she washed clothes. For each brand, she took note of how long the detergent lasted, how pleasant the smell of the clothes was after they had been washed and how well the detergent got rid of dirt. After observing all this, she was convinced that Malinis was the best detergent. It lasted longer than all three other detergents. Clothes that were washed with Malinis had the most pleasant smell. This brand also got rid of dirt faster than all the other detergents. Nena was glad to know that the most expensive brand is not necessarily the best all the time. From then on, Nena used Malinis every time she washed clothes. Do you like to observe the things around you? Have you tried to investigate something that made you curious? If you have, then you may have tried what scientists do when they investigate something. Scientists follow a procedure when studying a certain phenomenon. This procedure is called the scientific method. The following are the steps of the scientific method: 1. Identify the problem. A problem is based on one’s observations. In Nena’s case her problem was: Which is the best detergent? 2. Gather and study information. Before setting out to answer the problem, Nena decided to get information about the detergents. There are many sources of information. You can observe and find out more about the problem you want to solve. You may also want to ask other people about it. People’s ideas and arguments may be considered as sources of information. Nena asked other housewives which detergent they thought was the best. She decided to choose from among the top four detergents preferred by the other housewives. 3. Formulate a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an intelligent guess to explain an observation. What was Nena’s hypothesis? She thought that the most expensive brand of detergent, Maputi, was the best detergent. Why do you think she had such a hypothesis? The hypothesis may come from experience and observation. She may have noticed in the past that if something was expensive, it usually had a better quality than the cheaper products. 4. Test the hypothesis. How did Nena test her hypothesis? She tested her hypothesis through experimentation. A given question may have several possible answers but only one right answer. Nena tested the four detergent brands for the following: a. how long the detergent lasted; b. how pleasant-smelling the clothes washed with the detergent were; and c. how well the detergent got rid of the dirt in clothes. These things which Nena observed are called variables. A variable is anything that changes in value or amount. For example, how well each detergent got rid of dirt is a variable. The efficiency with which dirt is rid of is different for each detergent. Malinis got rid of dirt better than Maputi, Mabango and Matipid did. 5. Make a conclusion. Do you recall Nena’s conclusion? Based on the results of her experiment, Nena concluded that Malinis lasted longer than the other detergents. She also concluded that clothes washed with Malinis were the most pleasant smelling and that Malinis got rid of dirt better than the three other detergent brands did. 6. Verify the conclusion. You can see that based on her findings, Nena had to reject her hypothesis that Malinis was the best detergent. How do you think Nena can verify her conclusion? Well, to be sure about her findings, she may want to repeat the experiment again. In repeating it, Nena should make sure that she follows the same procedure. She should first ask what are considered the top four detergents in her community. Then she should test each detergent the same way she tested the detergents in her first study. The experiment may be repeated by the same person who first did it or by another person. If the results are almost the same, we say that the conclusion is valid. TRIVIA TIME! Did you know that our national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, was a great scientist himself? He made many scientific contributions. He was a lover of nature. He discovered many animals here in our country. Some of the animals that he discovered were named in his honor. These include Draco rizali (the flying lizard), Rachophorus rizali (a toad) and Apogonia rizali (a beetle with five antennae). During his exile in Dapitan, he built the waterway system of the town. Science is a systematized body of knowledge based on facts gathered through observation and experimentation. Scientists learn and discover new knowledge. This knowledge is then used by other people to create useful materials. This is what technology is. Technology is applied science. Thomas Alva Edison based his invention of the incandescent light bulb on findings on electricity. Among the first scientists to study electricity comprehensively were Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry. The word technology comes from the Greek word technologia which means “systematic treatment of an art.” What are the uses of technology? Technology helps produce medicine, preserve food and develop new sources of energy. The computer is just one of the products of technology. Can you name other products that come from technology? Some of them are shown below. Many lives have been saved because of modern technology. Today, kidney stones can be removed without patients having to go through painful surgeries. Laser technology is used in these operations. Let’s Learn In agriculture, technological developments help improve food production. When seeds are planted, fertilizers are placed in the soil to provide nutrients for the plants. Fertilizers help increase the growth of plants. Irrigation systems help water plants in an easier and faster way. Pesticides are sprayed on plants to ward off insects that may destroy these plants. Fertilizers, irrigation systems, and pesticides are all products of technology that help farmers increase their harvests. We have been discussing the positive effects of technology. It also has some negative effects. The results of technology should be studied carefully to see how they affect society and the environment. For example, gases emitted by cars and factories can pollute the air. Polluted air can cause many respiratory and heart diseases. If pesticides and fertilizers are not used properly, they might also cause damage or harm. Pesticides may be harmful, for example, if sprayed on fruits. Some pesticides may be absorbed by fruits and crops. This is why some people prefer organically grown fruits and vegetables. These fruits and vegetables are not sprayed with fertilisers and pesticides. Scientific knowledge should be used in making useful technology that does no harm to people and the environment. 1. Science is a systematized body of knowledge. Discuss how scientists gather data and how they come up with scientific conclusions. By obtaining facts through experimentation and observation, they gather data and draw scientific conclusions. There are various methods for gathering evidence, or data. Scientists can collect their data through making observations of the natural world, conducting laboratory experiments, or using computer models. Scientists choose which approach to take, frequently combining approaches. They then devise a mechanism and compile their information. 2. An example of a superstition is the belief that a falling star is a sign of good luck. List two superstitions that you know. Explain why these superstitions do not have scientific bases. The same human tendency that leads us to believe in monsters and ghosts also gives rise to many superstitions: when our brains can't explain something, we make things up. In reality, a 2010 study indicated that superstitions can occasionally be effective since having faith in something can enhance performance. These are some of the superstitions I am aware of. Crossing paths with a black cat is thought to bring ill luck. This myth probably originated from earlier notions of witches and their alleged animal familiars, which were frequently described as looking like cats in home settings. After tempting fate, this expression, which is almost like a verbal amulet, is meant to ward off bad luck: "Breaking that mirror didn't bring me any harm, knock on wood." 3. An example of a belief that has a scientific basis is the one that says fish are difficult to catch on a full moon. Think of at least one belief that you know has a scientific basis. "Never go to sleep with wet hair". There is a myth that says if you sleep with wet hair, you can go blind or insane. Young girls were undoubtedly taught this by mothers or grandmothers from the Philippines. There is no scientific support for this, and sleeping with wet hair won't make you sick. In fact, very little is known about the genesis of this belief, which is regarded as an old wives' tale. The most likely medical link would be increased susceptibility to fungus, spores, and mold when wet hair keeps pillows damp for an extended amount of time, exposing the sleeper to pathogens and a weakened immune system. However, it's still very likely to get sick from a moldy cushion.
4. Technology is applied science. Give at least two technological innovations.
How do these inventions make life easier or more comfortable for us? As the name suggests, a water dispenser is a machine that dispenses water. It is employed to make drinking water easily accessible. Dispensers of water are becoming a must in society. Numerous circumstances call for the employment of a water dispenser. Some workplaces prefer to have a water dispenser because it gives customers and staff easy access to water without requiring them to take long breaks or make a trip to the shop. People frequently prefer water from a dispenser to water from a sink, whether psychologically or for practical reasons. The convenience of having water instantly heated or cooled has made many commercial establishments and residential residences a requirement. Humanity has come a long way thanks to technology. From the time when we had to perform every task manually, we have now reached a point where we can use a variety of machines to assist us with a variety of tasks. Washing machines have permanently altered how people view laundry. It was formerly a demanding job. Now examine it. All you need to do is toss your clothing into the washing machine, press a few buttons, and after a while, your clean, dry garments will be ready for use whenever you want. In the market, there are numerous varieties of washing machines. The mechanism they use is the same for both of them. Depending on which company create them, they are all unique. Lesson 2 Historical Antecedents in the Course of STS ANCIENT TIMES 1. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION CUNEIFORM - First Writing System; Word pictures and triangular symbols; Carved clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry. URUK CITY - First True City in the World; Built using mud or clay on the river mixed with sun baked bricks; They used bricks to make houses that protected them from the harsh weather; Prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering. THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR - Also called “The Mountain of God,” was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk. IRRIGATION AND DIKES - As population increased, so did the demand for food. They created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. Dikes and canals were able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which increase food production. SAILBOATS - Wheel was not yet invented, the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seals. They needed a mode of transportation that did not require much human resources. Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well in fostering. WHEEL - The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and processes. ROADS - In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads using sun-baked bricks. 2. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON - One of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is made up of layers of plants, trees and vines. Considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural achievement of the world that is almost impossible to replicate. 3. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION PAPER OR PAPYRUS - Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly in Egypt. This invention was a major accomplishment in Egyptian record- keeping and communications. Therefore, it was easier to keep them away from raiders who often destroyed records of the nations they invaded. WIG - During the ancient Egyptian times, wig were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes. WATER CLOCK OR CLYPSEDRA - This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. The amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full. In the process, time is measured. HIEROGLYPHICS - The Egyptians also develop a system of writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphics. It was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians. INK - When the Egyptians invented the papyrus or the paper, engraving concluded to be used in writing. As a result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors. COSMETICS - The Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics. Their functions in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye disease. 4. GREEK CIVILIZATION ALARM CLOCK - The purpose was just to tell an individual when to stop or when to start. They made use water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture. WATER MILL - Commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing during that time. Because milling was made possible by the use of watermills, the mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the like became common. 5. ROMAN CIVILIZATION NEWSPAPER - The first newspapers, known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. Made before the invention of paper, these were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displaced. When paper was invented, it became easier for the Romans to “publish” matters that needed the attention of the Roman Citizens. BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX - The first newspapers, known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. Made before the invention of paper, these were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displaced. When paper was invented, it became easier for the Romans to “publish” matters that needed the attention of the Roman Citizens. ROMAN NUMERALS - Although other number systems had already been established before the Roman Numeral these old systems could not keep up with high calculation requirements due to the increasing rate of communication. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE - The quality of these majestic Roman structures can be seen by the way they withstood time and the harsh elements of the environment. Today, people of the world still enjoy these marvels. These structures are proofs of ancient Roman Technology. 6. CHINESE CIVILIZATION - SILK - One of the things that connected China to the world is silk. Chinese were the ones who developed the technology harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. Silk production is the creation of a product for trade. TEA PRODUCTION - Tea is beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. Chinese may have resulted in making tea as one of the most popular beverages in the world today. GREAT WALL OF CHINA - Once considered the only man-made structure that could be seen from outer space, the Great Wall of China is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. GUN POWDER - Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generated large amounts of heat and gas in an instant. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MIDDLE AGES PRINTING PRESS - Johann Guttenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden machines to extract juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper. MICROSCOPE - With this device, people were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye. The microscope was key in discovering new means in preventing and curing illnesses. Because they needed a device that could magnify things invisible to the eye to develop proper medicines for illnesses, experts must understand the sickness through an investigation. TELESCOPE - Since the Middle Ages were also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high. WAR WEAPONS - In close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body formats.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN TIMES
PASTEURIZATION - Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. PETROLEUM REFINERY - Samuel M. Kier, was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as he “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lightning to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. The development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry. TELEPHONE - Important day-to-day decisions must be discussed and addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time. CALCULATOR - The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex machines like computer. Observing Researching Predicting Communicating Classifying Inferring Recording