/J,F.. .

_
l\~ '11 ".
-
easure dimneter of a 1
EXPERIMENT 1
•"a ~p1terical/cylindrical body using V rni r C tp
~~
APPARATUS
Vernier Callipers, a spherical body (pendulum bob) or a cylinder and a magnifying lens.

TIIEORY
If with the body between the jaws, the zero of vernier scale lies ahead of Nth division of main
e then main scale reading (M.S.R.) = N.
seal ' If nth division of vernier scale coincides with any division of main scale, then vernier scale
reading (V.S.R.)
= n X (L.C.) (L.C. is least count of vernier callipers)
= n X (V.C.) (V.C. is vernier constant of vernier callipers)
Total reading, T.R. = M.S .R. + V.S.R. (L.C. = V.C.)
= N + n x (V.C.).
-1-' fh i'. o 1/j
DIAGRAM
D s
Main Scale

~
5 6 7 8 9 10 E

A \ B
Sphere

Fig. Vernier Callipers-Measuring diameter of a sphere.

. tact with the fixed Jaw AC and find the zero er >,
34 bl . w BD in c1ose con ro r D 1
2. Bring the mova e 1a If h . no zero error, record aero error u nil. · 0,
three times
. and record them.
the sphere torere is
cylinder .
between .
the two Jaws A and B and adjust th
1
3 · Open the ,aws,. pace . th body without any un d ue pressure on 1t.
. T'1g h ten t h ~)1.,
DB, such that it gent1y grips e e sere"' .
attached to the . . vernier
f thescale
zeroV.mark of the vernier scale on the main scale. Record th
4
_ Note the pos1t1on o
- t before the zero mark of the vernier scale. This reading (N) is called rn .e 11\i·ll,
seale rea di ng JUS a.in s(aj
reading (M.S.R.).
number (n) of the vernier scale division which coincides with some divisio
~
5. o e the nofth
N t
main scale. t
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 after rotating the body by 90° for measuring the diameter in a perpendiCll]~
direction. !.l
7. Repeat steps 3, 4, 5 and 6 for three different positions. Record the observations in each Set ·1
a tabular form. n
8. Find total reading and apply zero correction.
9. Take mean of different values of diameter and show that in the result with proper unit.

OBSERVATIONS
1 . Determination of Vernier Constant (Least Count) of the Vernier Callipers
1 M.S.D. = 1 mm
10 V.S.D. = 9 M.S.D.
9
1 V.S.D. = M.S.D. = 0.9 mm
10
Vernier Constant, V.C. = 1 M.S.D. - 1 V.S.D. = (1 - 0.9) mm = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm.
2 . Zero error (i) .... .. cm, (ii) ... ... cm, (iii) .. .... cm.
Mean zero error (e) = ...... cm.
Mean zero correction (c) = - e = ...... cm.
3 . Table for the Diameter (D)
Vernier Scale Reading Total Reading
Main Scale No. o(Vernier Value Observed Correcte,l
Serial No. of
Reading(N) division [n x (V.C.)]
ObNJ'Plltion• D0 =N+n D=Do+c
(cm)
coinciding (n) X V.C.

(a)A 0 B D 1 (a) -
1
(b) CD Dl (b)
(a)A 0B D 2 (a)
2
(b) CD D 2 (b) -
(a)A 0B D3 (a)
3
(b) CD i D3 (b)
p
35
Measurement of Length

cALclJLATION
Mean corrected diameter ,
D = D 1 (a)+ D 1 (b) + D 7 (a) + D 2 (b) + D 3 (a) + D 3 (b)
6

JlESULT
The diameter of the given sphere/cylinder is ...... cm.

p R.ECAUTIONS
1. Motion of vernier scale on main scale should be made smooth (by oiling, if necessary) .
2 _ Vernier constant and zero error should be carefully found and properly recorded .
3 _ The body should be gripped between the jaws firmly but gently (without undue pressure on it
from the jaws).
4 . Observations should be taken at right angles at one place and taken at least at three different
places.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The vernier s·c ale may be loose on main scale.
2 . Toe jaws may not be at right angles to the main scale.
3 . The graduations on scale may not be correct and clear.
4 . Parallax may be there in taking observations.
--
 'th tilC:: · -- -
,n 1he vernier scales commonl y used are as follows:
rnln thE- ri :y:rernie r callipers TH EDR '/
'[r-- lM.S.D .=lmm
10 V.S.D. = 9 M.S.D.
9
1 V.S.D. = - M.S.D. = 0.9 M.S.D.
10
V.C. = 1 M.S.D. - 1 V.S.D. = (1 - 0.9) M.S.D. = 0.1 M.S.D.
and
= 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm7