ASIAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-23

PROJECT REPORT ON
AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM

ROLL NO :
NAME : ISHANA CHATTERJEE
CLASS : XII
SECTION : SCIENCE-A
SUBJECT : INFORMATICS PRACTICES
SUB CODE : 065
 ASIAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Cadet Ishana Chatterjee of class XII, Section Science-
A, Roll No. ____________has successfully completed the project work
entitles AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM(ARS) in the subject Informatics
Practices (065).

The project work reported here is as per the guidelines laid down by CBSE for
AISSCE Practical Examination and it is done under the supervision of Sukanta
Dasgupta. The project work carried out by her is not a form of any other
project work.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Name: ___________ Name:____________

________________ _________________
Signature Signature
 TABLE OF CONTENTS [ T O C ]

SER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 02

02 INTRODUCTION 03

03 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 03

04 PROPOSED SYSTEM 04

05 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) 05

06 PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 06

07 INTRODUCTION TO ARS 13

08 FLOW CHART 14

09 SOURCE CODE 17

10 OUTPUT 26

11 TESTING 27

12 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 29

13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 30

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of
this project.

I express deep sense of gratitude to almighty God for giving me strength for the
successful completion of the project.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents for constant encouragement while

carrying out this project.

I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the individuals who contributed in

bringing this project up to this level, who continues to look after me despite my flaws,

I express my deep sense of gratitude to the luminary The Principal, Asian

International School who has been continuously motivating and extending their
helping hand to us.

My sincere thanks to Mr. Sukanta Dasgupta, Teacher In-charge, A guide,

Mentor all the above a friend, who critically reviewed my project and helped in solving
each and every problem, occurred during implementation of the project

The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and
who are contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project. I am
grateful for their constant support and help.

2
 PROJECT ON CREATING AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

This programme helps the users to add a data of flyer of all those who does flies.
Today’s world is full of completions and the only winner of this race is the one who
challenges everybody in that specific field.
This program is one example of how one shop can be deferent in function from the
other.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this project is to let the students apply the programming

knowledge into a real- world situation/problem and exposed the students how

programming skills helps in developing a good software.

1. Write programs utilizing modern software tools.

2. Applying object-oriented programming principles effectively when developing

small to medium sized projects.

3. Write effective procedural code to solve small to medium sized problems.

4. Students will demonstrate a breadth of knowledge in IT space, as exemplified

in the areas of systems, theory and software development.

5. Students will demonstrate ability to conduct a research or applied Informatics

Practices project, requiring writing and presentation skills which exemplify

scholarly style in Informatics Practices.

3
PROPOSED SYSTEM

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings, who really wants

to stand against today’s merciless competition where “Human Error” is no longer

valid, it’s out-dated to rationalize your mistake. So, to keep pace with time, to bring

about the best result without malfunctioning and greater efficiency so to replace the

unending heaps of flies with a much-sophisticated hard disk of the computer.

One has to use the data management software. Software has been an ascent

in atomization various organisations. Many software products working are now in

markets, which have helped in making the organizations work easier and efficiently.

Data management initially had to maintain a lot of ledgers and a lot of paperwork has

to be done but now software production this organization has made their work faster

and easier. Now only this software has to be loaded on the computer and work can be

done.

This prevents a lot of time and money to be wasted. The work becomes fully

automated and any information regarding the organization can be obtained by clicking

the button. Moreover, now it’s an age of computers of automating such an organization

gives the better look.

4
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)

The systems development life cycle is a project management technique that

divides complex projects into smaller, more easily managed segments or phases.
Segmenting projects allows managers to verify the successful completion of project
phases before allocating resources to subsequent phases.
Software development projects typically include initiation, planning, design,
development, testing, implementation, and maintenance phases. However, the
phases may be divided differently depending on the organization involved.
For example, initial project activities might be designated as request,
requirements-definition, and planning phases, or initiation, concept-development, and
planning phases. End users of the system under development should be involved in
reviewing the output of each phase to ensure the system is being built to deliver the
needed functionality.

5
PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

INITIATION PHASE

The Initiation Phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a need or an

opportunity.

The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to:

❖ Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of

the organization or a deficiency related to a business need.
❖ Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need.
❖ Recommend the exploration of alternative concepts and methods to satisfy the
need including questioning the need for technology, i.e., will a change in the
business process offer a solution?
❖ Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship. The Sponsor
designates a Project Manager and the business need is documented in a
Concept Proposal. The Concept Proposal includes information about the
business process and the relationship to the Agency/Organization.
❖ Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A successful Concept Proposal results in
a Project Management Charter which outlines the authority of the project
manager to begin
the project.

Careful oversight is required to ensure projects support strategic business

objectives and resources are effectively implemented into an organization's enterprise
architecture. The initiation phase begins when an opportunity to add, improve, or
correct a system is identified and formally requested through the presentation of a
business case. The business case should, at a minimum, describe a proposal’s
purpose, identify expected benefits, and explain how the proposed system supports
one of the organization’s business strategies. The business case should also identify
alternative solutions and detail as many informational, functional, and network
requirements as possible.

6
SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The System Concept Development Phase begins after a business need or opportunity
is validated by the Agency/Organization Program Leadership and the
Agency/Organization CIO.

The purpose of the System Concept Development Phase is to:

❖ Determine the feasibility and appropriateness of the alternatives.

❖ Identify system interfaces.
❖ Identify basic functional and data requirements to satisfy the business need.
❖ Establish system boundaries; identify goals, objectives, critical success factors,
and performance measures.
❖ Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative approaches to satisfy the basic
functional requirements
❖ Assess project risks
❖ Identify and initiate risk mitigation actions, and Develop high-level technical
architecture, process models, data models, and a concept of operations. This
phase explores potential technical solutions within the context of the business
need.
❖ It may include several trade-off decisions such as the decision to use COTS
software products as opposed to developing custom software or reusing
software components, or the decision to use an incremental delivery versus a
complete, onetime deployment.
❖ Construction of executable prototypes is encouraged to evaluate technology to
support the business process. The System Boundary Document serves as an
important reference document to support the Information Technology Project
Request (ITPR) process.
❖ The ITPR must be approved by the State CIO before the project can move
forward.

7
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF SDLC:
PLANNING PHASE

The planning phase is the most critical step in completing development,

acquisition, and maintenance projects. Careful planning, particularly in the early
stages of a project, is necessary to coordinate activities and manage project risks
effectively. The depth and formality of project plans should be commensurate with the
characteristics and risks of a given project. Project plans refine the information
gathered during the initiation phase by further identifying the specific activities and
resources required to complete a project.

A critical part of a project manager’s job is to coordinate discussions between

user, audit, security, design, development, and network personnel to identify and
document as many functional, security, and network requirements as possible. During
this phase, a plan is developed that documents the approach to be used and includes
a discussion of methods, tools, tasks, resources, project schedules, and user input.
Personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, and target dates are established.
A Project Management Plan is created with components related to acquisition
planning, configuration management planning, quality assurance planning, concept of
operations, system security, verification and validation, and systems engineering
management planning.

REQUIREMENTSANALYSIS PHASE

This phase formally defines the detailed functional user requirements using
high-level requirements identified in the Initiation, System Concept, and Planning
phases. It also delineates the requirements in terms of data, system performance,
security, and maintainability requirements for the system. The requirements are
defined in this phase to a level of detail sufficient for systems design to proceed. They
need to be measurable, testable, and relate to the business need or opportunity
identified in the Initiation Phase. The requirements that will be used to determine
acceptance of the system are captured in the Test and Evaluation Masterplan.

The purposes of this phase are to:

8
 ❖ Further define and refine the functional and data requirements and document
them in the Requirements Document,
❖ Complete business process reengineering of the functions to be supported
(i.e., verify what information drives the business process, what information is
generated, who generates it, where does the information go, and who
processes it),
❖ Develop detailed data and process models (system inputs, outputs, and the
process.
❖ Develop the test and evaluation requirements that will be used to determine
acceptable system performance.

DESIGN PHASE

The design phase involves converting the informational, functional, and

network requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases into unified
design specifications that developers use to script programs during the development
phase. Program designs are constructed in various ways. Using a top-down approach,
designers first identify and link major program components and interfaces, then
expand design layouts as they identify and link smaller subsystems and connections.
Using a bottom-up approach, designers first identify and link minor program
components and interfaces, then expand design layouts as they identify and link larger
systems and connections. Contemporary design techniques often use prototyping
tools that build mock-up designs of items such as application screens, database
layouts, and system architectures. End users, designers, developers, database
managers, and network administrators should review and refine the prototyped
designs in an iterative process until they agree on an acceptable design. Audit,
security, and quality assurance personnel should be involved in the review and
9
approval process. During this phase, the system is designed to satisfy the functional
requirements identified in the previous phase. Since problems in the design phase
could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development, a
variety of elements are considered in the design to mitigate risk. These include:

❖ Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features.

❖ Performing a security risk assessment.
❖ Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.
❖ Determining the operating environment.
❖ Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs.
❖ Allocating processes to resources.
❖ Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module. The result is
a draft System Design Document which captures the preliminary design for the
system.
❖ Everything requiring user input or approval is documented and reviewed by the
user. Once these documents have been approved by the Agency CIO and
Business Sponsor, the final System Design Document is created to serve as
the Critical/Detailed Design for the system.
❖ This document receives a rigorous review by Agency technical and functional
representatives to ensure that it satisfies the business requirements.
Concurrent with the development of the system design, the Agency Project
Manager begins development of the Implementation Plan, Operations and
Maintenance Manual, and the Training Plan.

DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The development phase involves converting design specifications into

executable programs. Effective development standards include requirements that
programmers and other project participants discuss design specifications before
programming begins. The procedures help ensure programmers clearly
understand program designs and functional requirements. Programmers use
various techniques to develop computer programs. The large transaction-oriented
programs associated with financial institutions have traditionally been developed
10
 using procedural programming techniques. Procedural programming involves the
line-by-line scripting of logical instructions that are combined to form a program.
Effective completion of the previous stages is a key factor in the success of the
Development phase. The Development phase consists of:

❖ Translating the detailed requirements and design into system components.

❖ Testing individual elements (units) for usability.
❖ Preparing for integration and testing of the IT system.

INTEGRATION AND TEST PHASE

❖ Subsystem integration, system, security, and user acceptance testing is

conducted during the integration and test phase. The user, with those
responsible for quality assurance, validates that the functional requirements, as
defined in the functional requirements document, are satisfied by the developed
or modified system. OIT Security staff assesses the system security and issue
a security certification and accreditation prior to installation/implementation.

Multiple levels of testing are performed, including:

❖ Testing at the development facility by the contractor and possibly supported

by end users

❖ Testing as a deployed system with end users working together with contract
personnel

❖ Operational testing by the end user alone performing all functions.

Requirements are traced throughout testing, a final Independent Verification &
Validation evaluation is performed and all documentation is reviewed and
accepted prior to acceptance of the system.

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

11
 This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and accepted by the
user. In this phase, the system is installed to support the intended business functions.
System performance is compared to performance objectives established during the
planning phase. Implementation includes user notification, user training, installation of
hardware, installation of software onto production computers, and integration of the
system into daily work processes. This phase continues until the system is operating
in production in accordance with the defined user requirements.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

The system operation is on-going. The system is monitored for continued

performance in accordance with user requirements and needed system modifications
are incorporated. Operations continue as long as the system can be effectively
adapted to respond to the organization’s needs. When modifications or changes are
identified, the system may re-enter the planning phase.

The purpose of this phase is to:

❖ Operate, maintain, and enhance the system.

❖ Certify that the system can process sensitive information.
❖ Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the functional
requirements continue to be satisfied.
❖ Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired.

12
 INTRODUCTION TO AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM
In today’s airline industry users or customers can reserve seat or book flight
from any place in the world as long as they are connected to internet. The
Innovation of technology has made traveling in the air easier for customers with
airline reservation or booking just a click away.
The fastest means of transportation today is by air. Thousands of people flock
the airline industry these days so that they can arrive their destination within a
short period of time. Vehicles, train etc. cannot drive across the Atlantic Ocean
or the Pacific Ocean, so customers tend to travel to other state, countries, and
continents using air…show more content…
Because of the assessment of the Travel to agent to make reservation directly
the Airline industry provided an Airline deregulation rule, this Airline
deregulation occurred in the year 1978, it deals with the magnifying the
importance of the computerized airline reservation systems and their
accessibility.

The main purpose of the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act in the U.S was to
eliminate government control over commercial aviation and ensure competitive
behaviour and fair business practices in the Airline Industry.

The flight reservation system is the way to the modern, scalable and robust
architecture of reserving a flight. The most dominant issue that an airline face is the
pressure of cost-cutting which slows down the entire growth of the airline industry. The
success of the airline depends on two factors, one is the traveller’s and second is the
technology used to book a flight.

As a part of the travel company, you must hire professionals that can help you build a
competitive application for flight. A credible development firm for a travel software that
helps you create a well-organized software for flight booking. A proper FRS (flight
reservation system) is the reason for a sustained travel business. This helps
customers to reserve flights in a matter of a few minutes hence, it becomes an
important aspect of travel.

Here are a few elements to consider when constructing your travel agency software.
Offer online payment features with options: Let your users pay as per their comfort,
not yours. All airline systems usually give payment, but some may be very restricted.
As a travel company, you need to ensure the safety of customer’s information and
make sure that the software supports all kinds of payment gateways.

13
FLOWCHART FOR ARS

START

Input

1. Input Citizenship 4-digit Number

2. Class
3. Boarding
4. Destination
5. Day of Travel
6. Time of Flight

14
if a=='' or b=='' or c=='': messagebox.showerror("Error","Cant leave any
field empty")

else:

if a=='' or b=='' or c=='' or d=='' or f=='' or g=='':

messagebox.showerror("OOPS","you can't leave any field empty")

else :

if d=='Economic': if a!=b: #cur.execute("create table

economic2(boarding char(20),destination char(20),adno number,day
char,time number)") cur.execute("insert into economic2
values(?,?,?,?,?)",x) messagebox.showinfo("congrats","your seat has
been reserved") con.commit() cur.execute("select * from economic2
where adno=(?)",(c,)) messagebox.showinfo("records",cur.fetchall())

else:

messagebox.showerror("Error","you can't choose same city")

if d=='BusinessClass': #cur.execute("create table common2(boarding

char(20),destination char(20),adno number,day char,time number)")

if a!=b: cur.execute("insert into common2 values(?,?,?,?,?)",x)

messagebox.showinfo("congrats","your seat has been reserved")
con.commit() cur.execute("select * from common2 where adno=(?)",(c,))
messagebox.showinfo("records",cur.fetchall())

else : messagebox.showerror("Error","you can't choose same city")

Bi=Button(root,text="Insert",command=fun).grid(row=7,column=1)

15
 NO
STOP

YES

if a!=b: #cur.execute("create table eco(boarding char(20),destination

char(20),day char(20),time number,class char(10),fare number)")
cur.execute("insert into eco values('New
York','Chicago','Sunday',1.00,'Economic',2500)") cur.execute("insert into eco
values('New York','Dallas','Monday',1.00,'Common',4000)")
cur.execute("insert into eco values('New York','San
Francisco','Tuesday',1.00,'Economic',5500)") cur.execute("insert into eco
values('Chicago','New York','Wensday',1.00,'Economic',3500)")
cur.execute("insert into eco values('Chicago','New
York','Wensday',7.00,'Common',2500)") cur.execute("select * from eco where
boarding=? and destination=? and day=?",(a,b,c,)) con.commit()
e=cur.fetchall() messagebox.showinfo("flights availble are",e)

else:

16
 SOURCE CODE
from tkinter import Button, Label, Tk, messagebox
from tkinter.ttk import Combobox
from tkinter import *
from tkinter.ttk import *
import sqlite3
con=sqlite3.Connection('hrdb')
rootp=Tk()
Label(rootp,text="Airline Reseration System",font="Bold 20").pack()
def fun8():
rootp.destroy()
root2=Tk()
root2.title("Welcome,Customer To our Cancellation System")
Label(root2,text="Enter last 4 digit of your Citizenship
Number").grid(row=0,column=0)
e1=Entry(root2)
e1.grid(row=0,column=1)
Label(root2,text="Choose your class").grid(row=1,column=0)

w2=Combobox(root2,height=5,width=15,values=["BusinessClass","
Economic"])
w2.grid(row=1,column=1)
Label(root2,text="select boarding").grid(row=2,column=0)
w3=Combobox(root2,height=5,width=15,values=["New
York","Chicago","Dallas","San Francisco"])
17
 w3.grid(row=2,column=1)
def fun2():
d=e1.get()
b=w2.get()
c=w3.get()
cur=con.cursor()
x=str(d)
y=str(c)
con.commit()
if d=='' or b=='' or c=='':
messagebox.showerror("Oops","You can't Enter the leave
any field empty")
else:
if b=="economic":
cur.execute("delete from economic2 where adno=(?) and
boarding=(?)",(d,b,))
cur.execute("select * from economic2")
messagebox.showinfo("your reservation is
cancelled",cur.fetchall())
else:
cur.execute("delete from common2 where adno=x and
boarding=y")
cur.execute("select * from common2")

18
 Bc=Button(root2,text="Cancel
Reservation",command=fun2).grid(row=4,column=0)
root2.mainloop()
def fun9():
rootp.destroy()
root4=Tk()
root4.title("Welcome,Search flights")
Label(root4,text="Enter Boarding").grid(row=0,column=0)
w1=Combobox(root4,height=5,width=15,values=["New
York","Chicago","Dallas","San Francisco"])
w1.grid(row=0,column=1)
Label(root4,text="select destination").grid(row=1,column=0)
w2=Combobox(root4,height=5,width=15,values=["New
York","Chicago","Dallas","San Francisco"])
w2.grid(row=1,column=1)
Label(root4,text="Choose day of travel").grid(row=2,column=0)
w3=Combobox(root4,text="choose
day",height=5,width=15,values=["sunday","monday","tuesday","wen
sday","thursday","friday","saturday"])
w3.grid(row=2,column=1)
def fun10():
a=w1.get()
b=w2.get()
c=w3.get()

19
 cur=con.cursor()
if a=='' or b=='' or c=='':
messagebox.showerror("Error","Cant leave any field
empty")

else:
if a!=b:
#cur.execute("create table eco(boarding
char(20),destination char(20),day char(20),time number,class
char(10),fare number)")
cur.execute("insert into eco values('New
York','Chicago','Sunday',1.00,'Economic',2500)")
cur.execute("insert into eco values('New
York','Dallas','Monday',1.00,'Common',4000)")
cur.execute("insert into eco values('New York','San
Francisco','Tuesday',1.00,'Economic',5500)")
cur.execute("insert into eco values('Chicago','New
York','Wensday',1.00,'Economic',3500)")
cur.execute("insert into eco values('Chicago','New
York','Wensday',7.00,'Common',2500)")
cur.execute("select * from eco where boarding=? and
destination=? and day=?",(a,b,c,))
con.commit()
e=cur.fetchall()
messagebox.showinfo("flights availble are",e)

20
 else:
messagebox.showerror("Oops","boarding and destination
can't me same")

Bs=Button(root4,text="search",command=fun10).grid(row=3,column
=0)
root4.mainloop()
def fun5():
rootp.destroy()
root=Tk()
root.title('Flight search And booking')
Label(root,text="Enter Boarding").grid(row=1,column=0)
#e1=Entry(root,width=20,bd=4,justify="right")
#e1.grid(row=1,column=1)

w=Combobox(root,height=5,width=15,values=["Dallas","Washington
","New York","San Francisco"])
w.grid(row=1,column=1)
Label(root,text='Enter Destination').grid(row=2,column=0)
#e2=Entry(root,width=20,justify='right')
#e2.grid(row=2,column=1)

w1=Combobox(root,height=5,width=15,values=["Dallas","Washingto
n","New York","San Francisco"])
w1.grid(row=2,column=1)
21
#e3=Entry(root,width=20,justify='right')
#e3.grid(row=3,column=1)
Label(root,text='Enter last 4 digit of your Aadhaar
Number').grid(row=3,column=0)
e=Entry(root,width=20)
e.grid(row=3,column=1)

w2=Combobox(root,text='BusinessClass',height=5,width=15,values
=["Business","Economic","Common"])
w2.grid(row=4,column=1)
Label(root,text='Choose Class').grid(row=4,column=0)
Label(root,text="Choose day of travel").grid(row=5,column=0)
w3=Combobox(root,text="Choose
day",height=5,width=15,values=["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","We
dnesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"])
w3.grid(row=5,column=1)
Label(root,text="Choose Time of your
flight").grid(row=6,column=0)
w4=Combobox(root,height=5,width=15,values=["1:00 AM","7:00
AM","1:00 PM","4:00 PM","9:00 PM"])
w4.grid(row=6,column=1)
def fun():
a=w.get()
b=w1.get()
c=e.get()
d=w2.get()
22
 f=w3.get()
g=w4.get()
x=(a,b,c,f,g)
cur=con.cursor()

if a=='' or b=='' or c=='' or d=='' or f=='' or g=='':

messagebox.showerror("OOPS","you can't leave any field
empty")
else :
if d=='Economic':

if a!=b:
#cur.execute("create table economic2(boarding
char(20),destination char(20),adno number,day char,time number)")
cur.execute("insert into economic2 values(?,?,?,?,?)",x)
messagebox.showinfo("congrats","your seat has been
reserved")
con.commit()
cur.execute("select * from economic2 where
adno=(?)",(c,))
messagebox.showinfo("records",cur.fetchall())
else:
messagebox.showerror("Error","you can't choose same
city")
if d=='BusinessClass':

23
 #cur.execute("create table common2(boarding
char(20),destination char(20),adno number,day char,time number)")
if a!=b:
cur.execute("insert into common2 values(?,?,?,?,?)",x)
messagebox.showinfo("congrats","your seat has been
reserved")
con.commit()
cur.execute("select * from common2 where
adno=(?)",(c,))
messagebox.showinfo("records",cur.fetchall())
else :
messagebox.showerror("Error","you can't choose same
city")

Bi=Button(root,text="Insert",command=fun).grid(row=7,column=1)
#Bo=Button(root,text="See
Flights",command=dis).grid(row=7,column=1)
#Bf=Button(root,text='Set fair
range',command=fun1).grid(row=7,column=2)
root.mainloop()

B1=Button(rootp,text="Cancel Booking",command=fun8).pack()
B2=Button(rootp,text="Search Flight",command=fun9).pack()
B3=Button(rootp,text="Book Flight",command=fun5).pack()
#B2=Button(rootp,text="Cancel
Booking",height=4,width=35,font="Bold",bg="gray").pack()

24
#B3=Button(rootp,text="See
flights",height=4,width=35,font="Bold",bg="gray").pack()

rootp.mainloop()

25
 OUTPUT

Flight Booking

Then a dialogue will pop-up: Which states that “Successful” for 5 seconds

Flight Search

Then a dialogue will pop-up- Which states that “The details of the flight” for few
seconds

Flight Cancellation

Then a dialogue pops-up: Which states that “Reservation cancelled” for 5 seconds

26
 TESTING

Software Testing is an empirical investigation conducted to provide

stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test[1]
, with respect to the context in which it is intended to operate. Software Testing also
provides an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to
appreciate and understand the risks at implementation of the software. Test
techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of executing a program or
application with the intent of finding software bugs.
It can also be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software
program/application/product meets the business and technical requirements that
guided its design and development, so that it works as expected and can be
implemented with the same characteristics. Software Testing, depending on the
testing method employed, can be implemented at any time in the development
process, however the most test effort is employed after the requirements have been
defined and coding process has been completed.

TESTING METHODS
Software testing methods are traditionally divided into black box testing and
white box testing. These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that
a test engineer takes when designing test cases.

BLACK BOX TESTING

Black box testing treats the software as a "black box," without any knowledge
of internal implementation. Black box testing methods include: equivalence
partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, fuzz testing, model-based
testing, traceability matrix, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.

SPECIFICATION-BASED TESTING

Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according

to the applicable requirements.[16] Thus, the tester inputs data into, and only sees the
output from, the test object. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases

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to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output
value (or behaviour), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified in
the test case. Specification-based testing is necessary, but it is insufficient to guard
against certain risks

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The black box tester has no "bonds" with the code, and a tester's perception is
very simple: a code must have bugs. Using the principle, "Ask and you shall receive,"
black box testers find bugs where programmers don't. But, on the other hand, black
box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight,"
because the tester doesn't know how the software being tested was actually
constructed.
That's why there are situations when (1) a black box tester writes many test
cases to check something that can be tested by only one test case, and/or (2) some
parts of the back end are not tested at all. Therefore, black box testing has the
advantage of "an unaffiliated opinion," on the one hand, and the disadvantage of "blind
exploring," on the other.

WHITE BOX TESTING

White box testing, by contrast to black box testing, is when the tester has
access to the internal data structures and algorithms (and the code that implement
these)

Types of white box testing:-

The following types of white box testing exist:
❖ api testing - Testing of the application using Public and Private APIs.
❖ Code coverage - creating tests to satisfy some criteria of code coverage.
For example, the test designer can create tests to cause all statements in the
program to be executed at least once.
❖ fault injection methods.
❖ mutation testing methods.
❖ static testing - White box testing includes all static testing.
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 CODE COMPLETENESS EVALUATION

White box testing methods can also be used to evaluate the completeness of a
test suite that was created with black box testing methods. This allows the software
team to examine parts of a system that are rarely tested and ensures that the most
important function points have been tested.

Two common forms of code coverage are:

❖ Function Coverage: Which reports on functions executed and
❖ Statement Coverage: Which reports on the number of lines executed to
complete the test.
They both return coverage metric, measured as a percentage

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

I.OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS 7 AND ABOVE

II. PROCESSOR : PENTIUM(ANY) OR AMD

ATHLON (3800+- 4200+ DUALCORE)

III. MOTHERBOARD : 1.845 OR 915,995 FOR PENTIUM 0R MSI

K9MM-V VIAK8M800+8237R PLUS

CHIPSET FOR AMD ATHALON

IV. RAM : 512MB+

V. Hard disk : SATA 40 GB OR ABOVE

VI. CD/DVD r/w multi drive combo: (If back up required)

VII. FLOPPY DRIVE 1.44 MB : (If Backup required)

VIII. MONITOR 14.1 or 15 -17 inch

IX. Key board and mouse

X. Printer : (if print is required – [Hard copy])

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 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

I. Windows OS
II. Python

BLIOGRAPHY

1. Computer science With Python - Class XI By: SumitaArora

2.A Project Report On Railway Reservation System
By: Sukanta Dasgupta
Website: https://www.w3resource.com***

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