1.

According to Kant's theory, telling a white lie is:

morally impermissible

2. According to Kant, the consequences of an action:

are irrelevant to the moral status of that action.

3. What is the only thing Kant takes to be “good without limitation”?

A good will

4. How does Kant describe the prudent shopkeeper?

He acts in accordance with duty but not necessarily from duty.

5. What is a maxim in Kant's terminology?

Any principle upon which one bases one's action.

6. What does Kant think is the fundamental principle of morality?

Both b and c
Act only on maxims that you can at the same time will to be universal laws.
Always treat humans as ends in themselves, never merely as means

7. Which does Kant think has more moral worth: grudgingly giving money to charity because you
know it's the right thing to do or happily giving money to charity just because you like helping
people?
Grudgingly giving the money.

1. What is the fundamental principle of morality, according to Kant?

Act only on maxims that are universalizable.

2. What did Kant believe is the relationship between rationality and morality?
Rationality requires us to be moral

3. Which of the following did Kant believe to be the central moral virtue?
Integrity.

4. The principle of universalizability states that you should:

act only according to maxims that are universalizable

5. According to the text, what is wrong with the principle of universalizability?

It permits the actions of principled fanatics.

6. To have integrity is to:

act in harmony with the principles you believe in

7. According to Kant, which actions have maxims?

All of the above. (Moral Actions, Immoral Actions, Rational Actions)

8. The Amoralist's Challenge is a direct challenge to what?

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 Kant's claim that immoral conduct is irrational.

9. According to Kant, moral requirements apply to:

all who possess reason.

10. According to Kant, if two actions have the same result:

none of the above. (They have the same maxim, they have the same moral status, they are the
same act)

1. Which of the following is Kant's principle of humanity?

Always treat a human being as an end, never as a mere means.

2. When Kant talks about humanity, to whom is he referring?

All and only those beings that possess autonomy and rationality.

3. What is autonomy?
The ability to decide which principles will govern your life.

4. What is the only thing that has value in all circumstances, according to Kant?
The good will.

5. When did Kant think that actions are truly praiseworthy?

When they are performed from the good will.

6. What is motivating a person who acts from the good will?

An understanding of what is morally required.

7. What principle did Kant think tells us what criminals deserve?

Lex talionis.

8. Which of the following characterizes cases of moral luck?

The morality of an action depends on factors outside of one's control.

9. Which of the following claims, if true, would refute Kant's theory?

People are not autonomous.

10. Which of the following claims about non-human animals did Kant not endorse?
It is permissible to treat them in any way we like.

1. Why does Hobbes think that we should seek peace?

Because it is in our own self-interest.

2. According to Hobbes, what is needed to ensure that a contract is followed?

That there be some power to force contracting parties to follow it.

3. What is the “state of nature”?

A situation in which there are no laws of government.

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 4. What is a “law of nature,” according to Hobbes?
A rational principle that allows people to effectively pursue their own self-interest.

5. What is Hobbes's definition of injustice?

The breaking of a contract.

6. Under what circumstances does Hobbes think that people act for reasons other than self-
interest?
None; people always act out of self-interest.

7. What does “the Fool” claim, according to Hobbes?

It is sometimes rational to break one's contracts..

1. What does the approach known as proceduralism claim?

Ethical theorizing should begin by identifying a method for distinguishing right from wrong.

2. When is an action morally right, according to contractarianism?

When it is permitted by the rules that free, equal, and rational people would agree to.

3. What is the term for a situation in which everyone is made worse off when all pursue self-
interest?
Prisoner's dilemma.

4. What was Thomas Hobbes's term for a condition in which there is no government to maintain
order?
The state of nature.

5. What did Hobbes think is the only way to escape from the condition in which there is no
government to maintain order?
To mutually agree on a set of rules for social cooperation.

6. How do contractarians seek to justify basic moral rules?

By showing that free, equal, and rational people would agree to such rules.

7. How does contractarianism regard the status of moral rules?

They are objective.

8. When is it permissible to break moral rules, according to contractarianism?

Whenever most others consistently fail to abide by them.

9. What is Rawls's veil of ignorance?

An imaginary device for ensuring that contractors make fair choices.

10. When does contractarianism claim that civil disobedience is justified?

Whenever a law is grossly unjust.

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 1. Which of the following best characterizes the attitude of Hobbes's character “the Fool”?
He believes that breaking promises is unjust but doesn't care.

2. Which of the following best describes the free-riderproblem?

People can sometimes enjoy common goods without contributing to them..

3. What is the ultimate point of morality, according to contractarians?

To promote self-interest through mutually beneficial agreements.

4. What is the term for the idea that we have agreed to obey the law simply by living where we do?
Tacit consent.

5. What is the conclusion of the consent argument?

Many people do not have a duty to obey the law..

6. According to contractarianism, what fixes our basic moral duties?

The agreements we would make if we were free, rational, and seeking cooperation.

7. What is Rawls's veil of ignorance thought to ensure?

Both a and b. (The contractors will always agree among themselves, The agreements of the
contractors will be fair)

8. Which of the following is a problem for the idea of veil of ignorance?

It is unclear why we should follow agreements made by people unlike us.

9. According to contractarianism, what motivates the contractors to select the rules they do?
Rational self-interest.

10. Which of the following are members of the moral community, according to contractarianism?
All contractors.

1. Ethical egoism, utilitarianism, and contractarianism all fall into what family of theories?
Ethical monism

2. What is the term for an ethical rule that may never permissibly be broken?
An absolute rule.

3. What does it mean to say that an ethical rule is fundamental?

It is not explained by some deeper, more basic rule.

4. Which of the following would an ethical pluralist not accept?

In questions of morality, there are no truths.

5. What is the argument from disaster prevention supposed to show?

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 There are no absolute moral rules.

6. What is the term for the view that we are sometimes permitted to act in ways that foreseeably
cause certain harms, even though we are never permitted to intend those harms?
The Doctrine of Double Effect.

7. Suppose someone could show that any two moral rules are bound to conflict at some point.
What would this show?
There can be, at most, only one absolute moral rule..

8. In what sense is ethical absolutism sometimes thought to be irrational?

Adherence to absolute rules can frustrate the underlying purpose of the rules..

9. Which of the following claims states the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing?
It is always morally worse to do harm than to allow the same harm to occur..

10. According to the text, which of the following is a problem for the Doctrine of Doing and
Allowing?
All of the above. (It is sometimes difficult to distinguish doings from allowings, There seem to be
cases in which allowing a harm is as bad as doing it, The results of some thought experiments
seem to conflict with it)

1. What is a prima facie duty?

A permanent, non-absolute reason to do something.

2. Which of the following claims would Ross accept?

Justice is always an important moral consideration.

3. Which of the following is not included on Ross's list of prima facie duties?
Promotion of beauty.

4. According to Ross's theory, regret:

is evidence that something of value has been sacrificed.

5. Which of the following does Ross's theory explain?

Why we sometimes experience moral conflict.

6. What did Ross think is the relationship between justice and well-being?
Sometimes behaving justly is more important than promoting well-being and sometimes not.

7. How does Ross think we can know our prima facie duties?
They are self-evident..

8. How does Ross think we can know what the right thing to do is when our prima facie duties
conflict?

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 None of the above—Ross did not think there was a definite method for determining right action
in such cases..

9. Which of the following would ethical particularists accept?

There is sometimes a fact of the matter about what we ought to do.

10. According to the text, what is the most serious problem for ethical particularism?
Some things seem to possess moral importance.

1. What notion should be at the heart of ethical theory, according to virtue ethics?
Moral character.

2. What is the relationship between duty and virtue, according to virtue ethics?
Duty is defined as what a virtuous person would do.

3. What is a moral exemplar?

A person who serves as a role model.

4. Which of the following does virtue ethics have a hard time explaining?
How we can know who our role models should be.

5. What does moral understanding require, according to virtue ethics?

Emotional maturity.

6. How did Aristotle think that virtue could be acquired?

Virtue is acquired through education and training..

7. How do virtuous people differ from vicious people?

All of the above.

8. What do people seek above all else, according to Aristotle?

Eudaimonia.

9. What is a tragic dilemma?

A situation in which a good person's life will be ruined, no matter what she does.

10. Which of the following is a statement of the priority problem?

Virtue ethics wrongly defines duty in terms of virtue instead of vice versa.

1. Which of the following philosophers believed that women are the moral equals of men?
None of the above.

2. Which of the following best describes feminist ethics?

It is a family of ethical theories.

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 3. According to the text, which author allowed feminist ethics to “come into its own”?
Carol Gilligan.

4. Which claim did Carol Gilligan argue for in In a Different Voice?

Women tend to react to moral conflict differently from men.

5. What relationship plays a central role in the ethics of care?

Mother/child.

6. Which of the following carries great moral value, according to the ethics of care?
Partiality.

7. According to the text, what attitude do many feminists take toward rights?
They have been overly emphasized in moral philosophy.

8. Which of the following is the supreme principle of morality, according to feminist ethics?
None of the above

9. How do feminists claim we can come to have moral knowledge?

By sensitively considering the particular circumstances.

10. According to the text, which of the following is not a challenge for feminist ethics?
Partiality is sometimes permissible.

1. According to Aristotle, what is characteristic of vice?

Both a and b

2. Why does Aristotle think that virtues and vices cannot be kinds of passions?
Because we are praised and blamed for virtues and vices, but not for passions.

3. Which of the following describes Aristotle's view of human beings?

They are naturally neither virtuous nor vicious; virtue must be learned.

4. What is ethics fundamentally about, according to Aristotle?

Avoiding excess and deficiency in everything.

5. When are agents virtuous, according to Aristotle?

All of the above are necessary.

6. Why is pleasure relevant to virtue for Aristotle?

The truly virtuous person will take pleasure in doing the right thing.

7. How do we become virtuous, according to Aristotle?

By performing virtuous actions until they become habitual.

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 1. Lindemann criticizes ethicists for not paying sufficient attention to:
how people really live and what it's like for them to live that way.

2. Why does Lindemann think that it's a mistake for non-feminist ethicists to divorce ethics and
politics?
Because it is difficult or impossible to do ethics while leaving one's politics behind.

3. What does Lindemann see as the fundamental concern of feminism?

Power

4. What is gender, according to Lindemann?

Both a and b. (A social invention, A system of rules governing how men and women are
supposed to behave)

5. What is a normative claim?

A claim about how things ought to be.

6. Which claim does Lindemann think would not be accepted by all feminists?
Women ought to be the social equals of men

7. What does Lindemann think should be the relation between ethics and politics?
Both b and c. (One's politics should inform one's ethics., One's ethics should inform one's
politics.)

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