CEM1008F - 4. Molecules, Moles and Chemical Equations Stochiometry 2022 Presentation Part 2 Notes

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CEM1008F

CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

Lecture Notes Part 2:


Molecules, Moles and Chemical Equations
Stoichiometry
Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems

3.1 The Mole

3.2 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound

3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

3.4 Calculating the Amounts of Reactant and Product

3.5 Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry

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Writing and Balancing Chemical
Equations

· A chemical equation is a statement in formulae


that expresses the identities and quantities of the
substances involved in a chemical or physical
change
· Left side = reactants – before the change
· Right side = products – substances present after
reaction
· Balanced reaction = the same number of each
type of atom must appear on both sides of the
equation
· Balancing (stoichiometric) coefficients
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Balancing Chemical Equations

• All atoms on the left must be found on the right.


• Obey Law of Conservation of Mass
• Subscripts of a compound are fixed; they cannot be
changed, as we would change the identity of the
compound.
• Use coefficients – placed before a chemical formula
in an equation.
• Coefficients should be the smallest whole numbers
possible.
• Coefficient multiplies every number in the formula.
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Using Chemical Equations in
Calculations
• If you know the number of moles of one substance, the balanced
equation tells you the number of moles of all the others in the
reaction
• The number of moles of one substance is stoichiometrically
equivalent to the number of moles of any substance
• Limiting Reactant Calculations :
– Also known as the limiting reagent
– Reactant that yields the lower amount of product
• Theoretical Yield and Percentage Yield :
– Theoretical yield = amount indicated by the stoichiometrically
equivalent molar ratio in the balanced equation
– Side reactions occur
– % yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100

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Using Chemical Equations in
Calculations
• N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g)

1 mol N2 produces 2 mol NH3

3 mol H2 produces 2 mol NH3

1 mol N2 reacts with 3 mol H2


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Using Chemical Equations in
Calculations
• When aluminium metal reacts with HCl,
aluminium chloride and hydrogen gas are
produced.

If 4.288 g of Al undergo this reaction with HCl,


how many grams of hydrogen gas should be
produced?

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Summary of the Mass-Mole-Number
Relationships in a Chemical Reaction

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Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in
Reactions Involving a Limiting Reactant
PROBLEM: A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry is composed of
two liquids, hydrazine (N2H4) and dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4),
which ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapour.
How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00x102 g of N2H4
and 2.00x102 g of N2O4 are mixed?

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An Ice Cream Sundae Analogy for Limiting Reactions

Figure 3.10

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Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in
Reactions Involving a Limiting Reactant
continued

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Calculating Percent Yield

PROBLEM: Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material that is


made by allowing sand (silicon dioxide, SiO2) to react with
powdered carbon at high temperature. Carbon monoxide is also
formed. When 100.0 kg of sand are processed, 51.4 kg of SiC
are recovered. What is the percent yield of SiC in this process?

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Solution Stoichiometry

• Solute- smaller amount of one substance, dissolved


in a larger amount of another substance, the solvent
• Concentration of a solution is expressed as the
amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of
solution
• Molarity(M) = mole of solute(mol) / volume of solution(L)
• Mole-Mass-Number Conversions Involving Solutions
• Preparing and diluting molar solutions

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Calculating the Molarity of a Solution

PROBLEM: Hydrobromic acid (HBr) is a solution of hydrogen bromide gas in


water. Calculate the molarity of hydrobromic acid solution if 455 mL
contains 1.80 mol of hydrogen bromide.

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Calculating Mass of Solute in a Given
Volume of Solution
PROBLEM: How many grams of solute are in 1.75 L of 0.460 M sodium
hydrogen phosphate?

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Converting a Concentrated Solution to a Dilute Solution

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Preparing a Dilute Solution from a
Concentrated Solution
PROBLEM: “Isotonic saline” is a 0.15 M aqueous solution of NaCl that
simulates the total concentration of ions found in many cellular
fluids. Its uses range from a cleaning rinse for contact lenses to
a washing medium for red blood cells. How would you prepare
0.80 L of isotonic saline from a 6.0 M stock solution?

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Calculating Amounts of Reactants and
Products for a Reaction in Solution

PROBLEM: Specialized cells in the stomach release HCl to aid digestion. If


they release too much, the excess can be neutralized with
antacids. A common antacid contains magnesium hydroxide,
which reacts with the acid to form water and magnesium
chloride solution. As a government chemist testing commercial
antacids, you use 0.10 M HCl to simulate the acid concentration
in the stomach. How many liters of “stomach acid” react with a
tablet containing 0.10 g of magnesium hydroxide?

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Calculating Amounts of Reactants and
Products for a Reaction in Solution
continued

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Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems
for Reactions in Solution

PROBLEM: Mercury and its compounds have many uses, from filling teeth
(as an alloy with silver, copper, and tin) to the industrial
production of chlorine. Because of their toxicity, however,
soluble mercury compounds, such mercury(II) nitrate, must be
removed from industrial wastewater. One removal method
reacts the wastewater with sodium sulfide solution to produce
solid mercury(II) sulfide and sodium nitrate solution. In a
laboratory simulation, 0.050 L of 0.010 M mercury(II) nitrate
reacts with 0.020 L of 0.10 M sodium sulfide. How many grams
of mercury(II) sulfide form?

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Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems
for Reactions in Solution
continued

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Laboratory Preparation of Molar Solutions

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