MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

ASSESSING THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF WATER,

SANITATION AND HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG VENDORS IN KASUBI

MARKET, KAMPALA DISTRICT, UGANDA.

BY

BUSINGE BENJAMIN

18/U/23527/PS

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF STATISTICS AND

PLANNING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF A BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN STATISTICS OF MAKERERE
UNIVERSITY

JANUARY, 2022
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................2

LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................4

1.0. Introduction.............................................................................................................................4

1.1. Background of the study........................................................................................................4

1.2. Problem Statement.................................................................................................................6

1.3. Objectives of the study...........................................................................................................7

1.4. Research Hypotheses..............................................................................................................8

1.5. Conceptual Framework..........................................................................................................8

1.6. Significance of the Study......................................................................................................10

1.7. Structure of the Dissertation................................................................................................10

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................10

2.0. Introduction...........................................................................................................................10

2.1. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)............................................................................10

2.2. Relationship between social demographic characteristics and practice of WASH

activities........................................................................................................................................12

2.3. Relationship between Knowledge on WASH and practice of WASH activities.............13

2.4. People’s attitude towards WASH and practice of WASH activities................................14

2.5. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................14

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY.................................................................................15

3.0. Introduction...........................................................................................................................15

3.2. Research Design....................................................................................................................16

3.3. Population of the Study........................................................................................................16

3.4 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size.................................................................................17

3.5 Research Instruments............................................................................................................17

3.6 Piloting....................................................................................................................................17

3.7 Data Collection Procedures..................................................................................................17

3.8 Data Analysis..........................................................................................................................17

3.8. Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................19

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................20

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. 1. Conceptual framework.................................................................................................9

Figure 3. 1. Location of Kasubi Market........................................................................................14

 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0. Introduction

This study seeks to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of water, sanitation and hygiene
among the people in Kasubi market, Kampala district, Uganda. This section entails background
of the study, the statement of the problem, main and specific objectives of the study, research
hypotheses, conceptual framework, and significance of the study and the structure of the
dissertation. All this have been made to provide the audience with a clear picture of what the
research was all about.

1.1. Background of the study

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in simple terms encompasses the provision of water,
sanitation, health care waste management, hand hygiene and environmental cleanliness services
(Kayiwa et al., 2020). Provision of WASH services is a very important aspect that should be
embraced in every area especially the highly crowd places for example markets, public health
care facilities, households, and any other public place where accountability of the health status of
such an area pertains to no specific body or individual. According to the World Health
Organization, Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) interventions are designed to provide
life-saving, long-term and sustainable access to safe water and sanitation, whilst promoting good
hygiene practices that reduce the risk of water-related disease transmission (WHO, 2021).  Well-
designed and implemented WASH interventions build capacity and resilience to unforeseen
future shocks and stressors. WASH services, extend from infrastructure and management to
education and behavior change, delivering on the full continuum of WASH interventions from
immediate needs to long-term development (WHO, 2021).  

Globally, the concept of WASH has been old as far as since 1988 with an aim of providing and
improving water, sanitation and hygiene services. The idea of WASH was enhanced by the
United Nations after introducing the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in January,
2016 with SDG 6 which is to ensure water and sanitation for all (UN, 2022). United Nations
further states that while substantial progress has been made in increasing access to clean drinking
water and sanitation, billions of people, mostly in rural areas, still lack these basic services.
Worldwide, 1 in every 3 people do not have access to safe drinking water, 2 in every 5
households do not have a basic hand-washing facility with soap and water, and more than 673
million people still practice open defecation (UN, 2022). It is clear that the COVID-19 pandemic
has demonstrated the critical importance of sanitation, hygiene and adequate access to clean
water for preventing and containing diseases, proving that indeed hand hygiene saves lives.
According to the World Health Organization, handwashing has been and still is one of the most
effective actions you can take to reduce the spread of pathogens and prevent infections, including
the COVID-19 virus (WHO, 2021). Yet globally, billions of people still lack safe water
sanitation, and funding is inadequate. Therefore, there’s a need to globally improve WASH
services continually as well as conducting research about it, to improve it and make the concept
sustainable both inform of infrastructure and behavioral change of individuals.

In Africa, WASH activities have been implemented in numerous countries through partnerships
between international organizations and authorities at the national level to ensure improved
supply of clean water, knowledge and infrastructure on sanitation and hygiene. Such
organizations include; United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Water for
Africa through Leadership and Institutional Support (WALIS), African Ministers’ Council on
Water (AMCOW), United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (US SDGs) 2030 agenda,
United Nations International Children’s Emergence Fund (UNICEF), International Rescue
Committee (IRC) amongst other organizations which pattern to improve WASH activities in
Africa. However, in many African countries, there has been rapid growth of slum populations
that are majorly situated in urban settings such as town and cities (Hove et al., 2013). Slum
dwellings are characterized by several problems that only vary in magnitude from one place to
another including poor solid waste management; improper excreta and wastewater management;
unequipped drainage especially of storm water; poor housing conditions; insufficient drinking
water; unsafe food; poor vector and vermin control; and inadequate personal and general hygiene
(Hove et al., 2013). In such slum areas, there are various activities which take place within like
trading among others. As a result, slums have become breeding grounds for diseases associated
with poor sanitation and hygiene, making the search for solutions to improve health in such
communities an utmost urgency (Musoke et al., 2018). In a paper authored by the African
Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW), which is a Pan-African Intergovernmental
Organization, formed in 2002 in Abuja Nigeria to promote cooperation, security, social and
economic development and poverty eradication among its Member States, by ensuring effective
use and sustainable management of the continents’ water resources, and provision of water
supply, sanitation and hygiene services. It showed that by 2016, Africa had already registered
686 374 deaths due to diarrheal disease, and that 90% of cases of diarrhoea are from inadequate
water, sanitation, and hygiene (AMCOW, 2022). This indicates the need to continuously assess
the KAP on WASH to improve it and make it sustainable.

In Uganda, though there’s limited data to show the population bearing the highest WASH-
induced burden, crowd public markets, slum areas and rural households appear amongst the top
vulnerable population likely to be exposed to diseases caused by poor WASH practices
(Mackinnon et al., 2019). The outbreak of Covid-19 in Uganda in March, 2020 further
demonstrated the need for improved WASH activities and infrastructure in every area giving
priority to crowded places like markets.

1.2. Problem Statement

According to the WHO, Some 829 000 people are estimated to die each year from diarrhoea as a
result of unsafe drinking-water, sanitation, and hand hygiene (WHO, 2022). Yet diarrhoea is
largely preventable, and the deaths of 297 000 children aged under 5 years could be avoided each
year if these risk factors were addressed. Where water is not readily available, people may decide
handwashing is not a priority, thereby adding to the likelihood of diarrhoea and other diseases
(Cronk et al., 2015). Poor sanitation is linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera,
diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio and exacerbates stunting, all these reduce
human well-being, social and economic development due to impacts such as anxiety, risk of
sexual assault, and lost educational opportunities. Inadequate sanitation is estimated to cause 432
000 diarrheal deaths annually and is a major factor in several neglected tropical diseases,
including intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Poor sanitation also contributes to
malnutrition (WHO, 2022).
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene  (WASH) interventions have been designed to provide life-
saving, long-term and sustainable access to safe water and sanitation, whilst promoting good
hygiene practices that reduce the risk of water-related disease transmission on a global, regional
and national level. Despite all these efforts in form of setting up sanitation and hygiene
infrastructure and management, education and behavior change, delivering on the full continuum
of WASH interventions from immediate needs to long-term development, Individuals have
remained reluctant in embracing and putting WASH activities into practice (Fewtrell et al.,
2005). This has made the whole process to provide futile results. There’s therefore a need to
investigate into the people’s level of knowledge, attitude towards and practice of wash activities
to determine the direct and indirect factors that influence the practice of WASH activities
provided with the sanitation infrastructure.

In a related study on Drinking Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion Interventions in
Two Slum Communities in Central Uganda, it was found out that urban slums can fully
participate and benefit from WASH interventions when communities are fully involved in all
stages of implementation with a focus on capacity building (Musoke et al., 2018). This particular
study will therefore examine the direct and indirect factors which influence vendors’
participation in WASH activities in Kasubi Market, Kampala District so what is the problem?.

1.3. Objectives of the study

Main Objective

The main objective of this study is to assess the people’s Knowledge on, Attitude towards and,
Practice of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) among the people in Kasubi market,
Kampala district, Uganda.

Specific Objectives

The specific objectives for this study are as follows;

 To examine the direct and indirect relationship between social demographic

characteristics of the market vendors and their level of Knowledge, Attitudes towards and
Practice of WASH activities.
  To examine the relationship between market vendors’ level of knowledge on WASH and
practice of WASH activities.

 To examine the relationship between market vendors’ attitude towards WASH and the
practice of WASH activities.

Improve your objectives.

1.4. Research Hypotheses

In this study, 5 research hypotheses were developed and tested as they are listed below.

1. H0: There’s a significant association between people’s level of education and practice of
WASH activities.

2. H0: There’s a significant association between people’s level of knowledge on WASH and
the practice of WASH activities.

3. H0: There’s a significant association between people’s attitude towards WASH and
practice of WASH activities.

4. H0: There’s a significant association between people’s age group and practice of WASH
activities.

5. H0: There’s a significant association between people’s sex and practice of WASH
activities.

6. H0: There’s a significant association between people’s level of income and practice of
WASH activities.

1.5. Conceptual Framework

For this study, the researcher developed a conceptual framework having the practice of WASH
activities as the dependent variable to determine the direct and indirect factors which influence
People’s practice of WASH activities. Predictor factors were sub grouped into; Social
demographic characteristics, people’s level of knowledge on WASH activities and, people’s
 attitude towards WASH activities. Therefore this study attempts to examine the direct
relationship between the 3 factor themes towards the practice of WASH activities among the
vendors in Kasubi daily market, Kampala District and as well determine the indirect influence of
social demographic characteristics on the practice of WASH activities through impacting

Knowledge on WASH practices people’s knowledge and attitudes towards WASH activities.

Dependent Variable

Practice of WASH
activities

People’s attitudes towards WASH activities

Social Demographic Characteristics.

Figure 1. 1. Conceptual framework

1.6. Significance of the Study

The findings of this study are hoped to be important to the Government, Academia, vendors and
students in the following ways.

To the Government, the study findings will be helpful through suggesting appropriate policies to
use when implementing WASH interventions in different areas like markets and trading centres.

To the academia, the findings of this study will add to the existing body of literature and provide
suggestions for further research that is where there are still gaps. This will help the academia
inform of reference while conducting related researches in the future.

To the Students, this study will be helpful for future reference and research because it is hoped to
add to the existing body of literature on KAP on water, sanitation and hygiene.

1.7. Structure of the Dissertation

The dissertation will consist of five chapters. Chapter one consists of background to the study,
statement of the problem, study objectives, hypotheses, significance of the study, structure of the
dissertation and conceptual framework. Chapter two consists of recent research made on WASH,
Relationship between social demographic characteristics and practice of WASH activities,
Relationship between Knowledge on WASH and practice of WASH activities, People’s attitude
towards WASH and practice of WASH activities and a conclusion, Chapter 3 includes the
research methodology used, and Chapter four will include study findings and conclusions in
chapter five.
 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0. Introduction

This chapter reviews literature on definitions and recent research made on WASH, Relationship
between social demographic characteristics and practice of WASH activities, Relationship
between Knowledge on WASH and practice of WASH activities, People’s attitude towards
WASH and practice of WASH activities and a conclusion.

2.1. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

According to (Mulogo et al., 2018) water is defined as “The presence of an improved water
source or water supply within the facility (in building or compound) used for drinking, personal
hygiene, medical activities, cleaning, laundry, and cooking.” The World Health Organization
suggests that; Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used
for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes. Improved water supply and
sanitation, and better management of water resources, can boost countries’ economic growth and
can contribute greatly to poverty reduction (WHO, 2021). Contaminated water and poor
sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis
A, typhoid, and polio. Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation
services expose individuals to preventable health risks. This is particularly the case in health care
facilities and public places like markets where people are crowded and at risk but more in health
facilities where both patients and staff are placed at additional risk of infection and disease when
water, sanitation, and hygiene services are lacking (WHO, 2021). According to a report by
WHO, globally, 15% of patients develop an infection during a hospital stay, with the proportion
much greater in low-income countries. However much the statistics may not be available, but
this is equally likely to happen in any crowded place for example a market, camp or any place
where there are use of public sanitation and hygiene facilities if they are not treated with utmost
care. Safe drinking water is essential for a good health because contaminated water and lack of
sanitation can lead to the transmission of pathogens through feces and, to a lesser extent, urine
(UNICEF, 2021).

UNICEF defines sanitation as a concept not just about toilets but behaviors, facilities and
services that together provide the hygienic environment children need to fight diseases and grow
up healthy (UNICEF, 2021). In 2010, access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a
human right by the UN General Assembly, and this called for international efforts to help
countries to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation.
According to the World Health Organization, the urban poor poses a growing challenge as they
live increasingly in mega cities where sewerage is precarious or non-existent and space for toilets
and removal of waste is at a premium. Inequalities in access are compounded when sewage
removed from wealthier households is discharged into storm drains, waterways or landfills,
polluting poor residential areas (WHO, 2021).

Hygiene is a primary step of good health to protect ourselves and others from illness and keep us
safe by maintaining good health. It includes practices to prevent spread of diseases. Examples of
Hygiene includes environmental cleaning, hand hygiene, sterilization of equipment, safe disposal
of waste, water and sanitation (Rebecca , 2017)

In a recent study on WASH conditions in a small town in Uganda: how safe are on-site
facilities?, it was found out that WHO Sanitary Risk Surveys and Rapid Participatory Sanitation
System Risk Assessments revealed that community hygiene around water points and sanitation
facilities including their maintenance is commonly inadequate, Spot sampling of groundwater
quality showed widespread faecal contamination indicated by enumerated thermo-tolerant
coliforms (TTCs) (Escherichia coli) ranging from 0 to 104 cfc/100 mL and nitrate concentrations
that occasionally exceed 250 mg/L (Nayebare et al., 2020). This therefore implies that resources
like water can always be contaminated hence posing the people to a health threat. However, such
threats can be avoided if people are well informed on how to use the resources well as well as
putting in practice everything they’re taught in order to achieve effective results. Examples of
WASH practices include Handwashing, Drinking and Storing Safe Water, having a drying Rack,
Using a Latrine, Clean Compound amongst others.

2.2. Relationship between social demographic characteristics and practice of WASH

activities.

Socio-demographics refer to a combination of social and demographic factors that define people
in a specific group or population. Such factors usually include age, education, religion,
employment, marital status, income levels, migration background, race, and ethnicity. Previous
research have tried to examine the influence of social demographics and practice of WASH
activities for example, in a study to explore gender equality outcomes from WASH programs
found out that focusing on gender and more specifically encouraging women’s meaningful
participation enhances the effectives and sustainability of WASH initiatives (Naomi Carrard et
al.). There was also significant potential for WASH programs to contribute to gender equality
more broadly, given women's traditional roles in WASH and the certainty that all development
interventions have different outcomes for women, men, and relationships. The study suggested
that there is a need to consider the gender impacts of programs over the long-term, investigating
whether (and how) WASH initiatives have a lasting impact on gender equality (Naomi Carrard et
al.).

In another cross sectional study carried out to assess the Socio-Demographic Factors, Mother and
Child Health Status, Water, Sanitation, and Hygienic conditions in rural areas found out that
there are gaps in the mother and child healthcare being provided, as well as proper hygiene
especially by mothers on their children and suggested that Specific public health interventions to
promote maternal health and the health of under-five children be implemented (Bhandari et al.,
2019). In a related study on Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Households as Determinants
of Access to Water, Hygiene and Sanitation, it was found out that Improvement of household
socio-economic status and access to education, enhancing the capacity of water and sanitation
personnel and community groups to achieve and sustain equitable access to, and use of,
improved drinking water and basic sanitation and adoption of improved hygiene practices would
contribute to the reduction of water borne diseases (Sintondji et al.).

In conclusion, based on the reviewed literature, it is worth including social demographics in our
study to better understand the factors that influence the practice of WASH activities.

2.3. Relationship between Knowledge on WASH and practice of WASH activities.

Most researchers have been theorizing that most people don’t practice WASH activities simply
because they cannot access them or they have no idea on how important they are in having a
healthy life. In a study on KAP on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools in Low-
Income Countries found out evidence of changes in WASH knowledge, attitudes and behaviors,
such as hand-washing with soap among various schools (McMichael, 2019). The study findings
further suggested that ensuring access to safe and sufficient water and sanitation and hygiene
promotion in schools has great potential to improve health and education and to contribute to
inclusion and equity (McMichael, 2019).

Crowded places like markets and city suburbs are highly affected by floods that are contaminated
with human excreta and hence the incidence of water related diseases can be really high in such
areas putting people in habiting them at a potential risk of various infections (Sridhar et al.,
2020) therefore, provision of WASH facilities and WASH education is fundamental for ensuring
public health in such areas. In another study on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Rural Health-
Care Facilities: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda,
and Zambia, it revealed that Consistent availability of water, soap and other sanitation equipment
was not common in most Health Care Facilities which is more likely to the case for most centers
like markets (Guo et al., 2017). It also suggested that WASH facilities and education should be
done sustainably to ensure that people practice WASH activities always. In a related study on
The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera, there was a
distinct gap in knowledge of which interventions are most appropriate for a given context and as
such a clear need for more robust impact studies evaluating a wider array of WASH
interventions, in order to ensure effective cholera control and the best use of limited resources
(Taylor et al., 2015).

All the literature indicates that there’s still a need to investigate and understand the relationship
between people’s knowledge on WASH activities and their practices which is the reason as to
why we had to include it in our study.

2.4. People’s attitude towards WASH and practice of WASH activities

Attitude is defined as the feelings, beliefs, and reactions of an individual toward an event,
phenomenon, objects or person. They’re therefore inmate attributes of mankind. They are learnt,
relatively stable but can be modified, could be implicit or explicit, conscious or unconscious,
rational or irrational positive or negatives evaluations people make about objects, ideas, events or
other people. The Theory of Planned Behavior works on the premise that the best way to target
behavior is to measure behavioral intention, which in turn is seen to be a function of four
independent variables, notably attitudes, subjective norm (influence of significant others),
perceived control and self-efficacy (Bosnjak et al., 2020).

In a recent study on Effects of an awareness raising campaign on intention and behavioral

determinants for handwashing, assessment of the effectiveness of The Great WASH Yatra
handwashing awareness raising campaign in India on changing visitors’ intention to wash hands
with soap after using the toilet and the underlying behavioral determinants was done and findings
showed that substantively changing behavior requires more than improving knowledge and
emphasizing the importance of washing hands. But however, identifying the crucial behavioral
determinants for handwashing may be an important first step in planning effective large-scale
promotion programs (Seimetz et al., 2016). In this study, the researcher will try to find out
whether WASH infrastructure is in place at Kasubi Daily market and if yes, why is it that market
vendors are not using the WASH facilities put in place.

2.5. Conclusion

In conclusion, a lot of research has been made on KAP on WASH in various settings that is;
villages, slums, health care facilities identifying the predictor factors. Various WASH
interventions have been made by government in partnership with organizations like WHO,
UNICEF, UN SDGs amongst others. However, some people have still failed to embrace WASH
practices which is why this study is being conducted to understand why some people practice
WASH activities and others don’t.

Do not include definitions in Literture review.

All citations must have year.

 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.0. Introduction

This chapter provides a detailed description of the procedures/ methodologies that will be used in
the study. It provides information on the study area, participants, that is, who they will how they
will be chosen and the criteria for inclusion in the study. It also presents the study design, data
collection instrument and the procedures followed as well as the methods that will be adopted to
analyze the data and present the results.
3.1. Location of the area of Study

Kasubi Market is located Rubaga division, Kampala district along the Kampala-Hoima road, a
few kilo meters from the Kasubi Trading Centre junction.

3.2. Research Design

A descriptive Cross-sectional study will be carried out, whereby structured questionnaires will be
filled by vendors in Kasubi Market with the help of the interviewer at a specified date. The
questionnaires will filled using the interviewer method of data collection. Rewrite. You have
mixed up everything

3.3. Population of the Study

This study will specifically target market vendors in Kasubi daily market. Hence, every vendor is
a potential respondent and can be randomly selected and included in the sample.
3.4 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size

Sampling procedure.

A 2-stage cluster sampling will be used whereby the market area will be divided into four blocks
and a convenience sample of 25 respondents taken from each block to obtain an overall sample
of 100 respondents as determined by the Cochran formulae below. What is a cluster sample?
Why use a convenience sample? Understand these sampling techniques first

Sample Size

The sample size will be determined using Cochran’s formulae (1963), formulae is shown below;
Z ²∗p∗q
n=
e²
Where;
n- The sample size.
Z- The standard Z-statistic of normal distribution/ critical value of the desired confidence level.
p- The degree of variability
q- 1-p
e- The margin of error/ the maximum probable error that the researcher is willing to tolerate.
p was assumed to be 0.5,
q=0.5
Margin of error e=0.1
Confidence level =95% implying that α=0.05
Thus;
1.96 2∗0.5∗0.5
n= , = 96.04 ~ 96 participants.
0.1²
Therefore, a sample of 100 respondents will be interviewed selecting 25 respondents from each
of the 4 blocks.

Table 3. 1. Sample size determination

N0. Block Sample size (n)

1. A 25
2. B 25
3. C 25
 4. D 25
Total 100

3.6 Piloting

The questionnaire will be pretested on 15 randomly selected vendors prior to data collection to
make sure that in case of any mistakes are collected and to ensure that the people under the study
population have the data required to carry on this study. Why random?

3.7 Data Collection Procedures

Data for this study will be collected using a structured questionnaire whereby responses will be
filled in by the interviewer while interviewing the selected vendor. Matters that need critical
attention will be addressed through some key informant interviews with key informants in
relation to Kasubi Market,

3.8 Data Analysis

Data will be collected using a structured questionnaire that will be filled by the interviewer,
interviewing the sampled market traders. Then data will be input in excel and then exported to
STATA 15.0 where univariate, bi-variate and multivariate analysis will be performed.

a) Univariate Analysis

Under univariate analysis, summary statistics and frequency distributions of variables will be
performed based on whether the variable is scale or categorical.

b) Bivariate Analysis

Under the bi-variate stage of analysis of this study, Cross tabulations and Chi-square test will be
used to examine the degree of association between the predictor variables that is; social
demographic characteristics, level of traders’ knowledge on and attitudes towards WASH
activities and the dependent variable that is; Practice of WASH activities. Cross tabulation is a
joint frequency distribution of cases based on two or more categorical variables (Sarma, 2004).
Joint frequencies distributions are analyzed with the chi-square statistic (χ2) to determine whether
the variables are statistically independent or associated.
The chi-square statistic (χ2) is computed as:

2
2 ( Oi−Eij )
χ =Σ
E ij

Where;

 Oi is the observed frequency, from the data, of respondents with characteristics i and j,
and
 Eij is the expected ‘cell frequency’, defined as:

T i −T j
Eij =
N

Where

 Eij is the expected frequency for the cell in the ith row and the jth column;
 T i is the total number of counts in the ith row;
 T j is the total number of counts in the jth column, and
 N is the total number of counts in the table.

c) Multivariate Analysis

In this study, under the multivariate stage of analysis, Logistic regression will be used to
determine the factors that influence the practice of WASH activities amongst the traders in
Kasubi market. The odds of practicing and not practicing WASH activities amongst different sub
groups of the traders will then be reported.

Logistic regression formulae is given as; ln ( 1−pp )=β + β X

o i i

Where p – the probability that vendors will practice WASH activities

p/ (1-p) - odds ratio
β o– The intercept
β i – Slope / coefficients of X i
Xi –independent variables

What variables are you including?

3.8. Ethical Considerations

Before administering the questionnaires to the market traders, permission will thought from the
Market chairperson and the LC1 police post Kasubi Trading Centre. In addition, prior to
interviewing any respondent, the interviewer will first explain to the respondent the importance
of the study and only the respondents who consent to participate in the study will be interviewed.

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QUESTIONNAIRE
Proposed questionnaire.

Introduction

Hello dear esteemed respondent, I am BUSINGE BENJAMIN a final student from Makerere
University pursing a degree in statistics at school of statistics and planning (SSP) conducting a
study about assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of water, sanitation and
hygiene among vendors in Kasubi Daily Market, Kampala district. The purpose of this study is
to help me find identify and document key gaps in knowledge, attitude and practices that remain
unaddressed within the vendors to determine the factors that influence practice of WASH and
suggest possible remedies. Data obtained will be used for academic purposes only. Assuredly
your response shall be held with utmost confidentiality and not shared with anyone.

SECTION A: SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

A2: Sex group of the respondent

 Male

 Female

A2: Age group of the respondent

 20-29 years

 30-39 years

 40-49 years

 50-59 years

 60 and above years

A3: Religion of the respondent

 Anglican

 Catholic
  Pentecostal

 Muslim

 Others specify…………..

A4: Marital status of the respondent

 Single

 Married

 Divorced

 Widow/widower

A5: Highest level of Education attained by Respondent

 Primary

 Secondary

 Tertiary

A6: Any other alternative sources of income owned by the respondent

 Yes

 No

A7: Estimate of the Respondent’s monthly income earned

 0-100,000

 100,001-200,000

 200,001-300,000

 300,001-400,000
  Above 400,000

A7: Do you have any people/children you look after?

 Yes

 No

A8: If yes in A7 above, how many are they?

………………………

SECTION B: KNOWLEDGE ON WASH PRACTICES

B1: Have you ever heard of any WASH campaigns/Interventions?

 Yes

 No

B2: The quality of water you drink has an effect on your health.

 True

 False

Are these the only knowledge question?

SECTION C: ATTITUDE TOWARDS WASH PRACTICES

C1: Do you think frequent hand washing with soap is necessary to prevent certain diseases?

 Yes

 No
  May be

C2: Do you consider drinking safe water a priority while working here?

 Yes

 No

 May be

C3: Do you think having improved garbage collection sites is necessary to improve sanitation
around this market?

 Yes

 No

 May be

C4: Do you think Government has done enough to ensure good sanitation in this market?

 Yes

 No

 May be

C5: How satisfied are you with the current sanitation status in the market?

 Strongly Dissatisfied

 Dissatisfied

 Neutral

 Satisfied

 Strongly Dissatisfied
Are these the only attitude questions

SECTION D: PRACTICE OF WASH ACTIVITIES (DEPENDENT VARIABLE)

D1: How do you treat you water for drinking?

 Do not treat

 Boiling

 Buy packed water

 Chemical treatment

D2: Do you carry a water container when coming to work?

 Yes

 No

D3: If yes above, how often do you clean your container?

 Every time before putting water

 Daily

 Sometimes

D4: Do you have a handwashing facility/ sanitizer you use for hand cleaning?

 Yes

 No

D5: What materials do you use for handwashing?

 I don’t wash

 Water only
  Water and soap

D6: How often and when do you wash your hands?

 After using a latrine

 After eating

 In all critical conditions that require hand washing

Your questions do not answer the objectives. Add more KAP questions.