LHS 8

MATHEMATICS
Quarter 1: Module 1
HAZEL MARIANNE L. MARIANO
Author

1 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
 Introductory Message

Welcome to the MMSU-LHS 8 Mathematics Quarter 1

Module, dear Marianite!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts

of the human body. It depicts skill, action, and purpose. Through
our hands we may learn, create, and accomplish. Hence, the
hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered
to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning
resource while being an active learner.

As your facilitator, I will keep track of your learning progress while allowing
you to manage your own learning. Furthermore, I will encourage and assist you as you do the
tasks included in the module. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult me. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone. I am here to help you.

I hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

- Teacher Hazel -

Reminders in Using this Module

✓ Use the module with care.
✓ Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
✓ Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks
✓ Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

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 Chapter 1: FACTORING POLYNOMIALS

Among career professionals, the ones most likely to use polynomials daily
are those who need to make complex calculations.

Engineering
An engineer designing a roller coaster
would use polynomials to model the curves, while
a civil engineer would use polynomials to design
roads, buildings, and other structures.

Traffic Control Measures

Polynomials are also an essential tool in
describing and predicting traffic patterns so appropriate
traffic control measures, such as traffic lights, can be
implemented.

Economic Growth Patterns

Economists use polynomials to model economic
growth patterns and to see how prices will vary over time.
Businesspeople also use polynomials to model markets, to
see how raising the price of a good will affect its sales.

Medical Researches
Polynomials are used by those who diagnose and treat
conditions. Medical researchers use them to describe the behavior
of bacterial colonies. Registered nurses, health technicians, medical
records and health information technicians, veterinary
technologists, and technicians all use algebra in their line of work.

3 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
 Goals

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
Factoring Polynomials. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.

The module contains lessons on:

• Lesson 1: Common Monomial Factoring
• Lesson 2: Special Cases of Factoring

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the common factor of a polynomial;
2. factor polynomials whose terms have common monomial factor;
3. factor polynomials by grouping;
4. factor binomials that are the difference of two squares;
5. factor trinomials that are perfect squares; and
6. factor binomials that are the sums or differences of two cubes.

LESSON 1: Common Monomial Factoring

Connect

In Grade 7, you learned how to multiply polynomials and find special products. Your
knowledge of special products will be very useful in factoring polynomials.

Let us start our study of this module by reviewing first the concepts on multiplying
polynomials, which is one of the skills needed in the study of this module.

4 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
 Explore

What are the possible dimensions of a rectangle whose area is 12 sq units? 18 sq units?

A = 12 sq units A = 18 sq units

l = 12 l = 18
w =1 w=1

l=6 l=9

w=2 w=2

l=4 l=6

w=3 w=3

12 and 1 are factor pairs of 12. Other factor pairs of 12 are: 6 and 2, 4 and 3, –12 and –1,
–6 and –2, and –4 and –3. The factor pairs of 18 are: 18 and 1, 9 and 2, 6 and 3, –18 and –1, –9
and –2, and –6 and –3.

Example 1: What are the possible dimensions of a rectangle whose areas are:
a. x2 – 3x b. x2 + 6x + 8

Solutions: To find the possible dimensions, use the algebra tiles.

a. w=x–3 x2 – 3x means one (1) “x2”
tile and three (3) “–x” tiles.
x –1 –1 –1 Using the algebra tiles, you
will find that the width of
l=x x x2 –x –x –x the rectangle is x – 3 and its
length is x. (x – 3) and (x)
A = x2 – 3x are factors of x2 – 3x.

5 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
 b. The expression x2 + 6x + 8
l=x+4 means one (1) “x2” tile, six
(6) “x” tiles and eight (8)
x 1 1 1 1 “1” tiles.

x x2 x x x x Using the algebra tiles,

w=x+2 you will find that the
1 X 1 1 1 1 length of the rectangle is x
+ 4 and its width is x + 2.
1 x 1 1 1 1
Therefore, (x + 4) and
A = x2 + 6x + 8
(x + 2) are factors of
x2 + 6x + 8.

Try THIS! Given an area of a rectangle, give its possible dimensions. Draw the algebra tiles
that will serve as your solution.
a. A = 3x + 6 b. A = x2 + 7x + 10

Factors: Factors:
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
b. (x + 5) and (x + 2) Answers: a. 3 and (x + 2)

To factor a number means to write it as a product of two or more numbers. The process
of finding the factors of an expression is called factoring, which is the reverse process of
multiplication.

Factoring a polynomial means writing it as a product of other

polynomials.

x2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 4)(x + 2)

product factors
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 Any polynomial that cannot be written as the product of two other polynomials except 1
and –1, is said to be prime. A polynomial is said to be factored completely when it has been
written as a product consisting only of prime factors. The following are examples of prime
factors: 5, 11, x, 3x, x + 4, 2x – 3

Common Monomial Factoring

Common monomial factoring is the reverse of multiplying a polynomial by a monomial.
Let us recall the process of multiplying a polynomial by a monomial.

Review Time! Multiply. a. 4x2 (2x2 – xy + 7y2) b. –3y (5y2 + 2y – 4)

a. 4x2 (2x2 – xy + 7y2) = 4x2 (2x2) + 4x2 (–xy) + 4x2 (7y2)

= 8x4 – 4x3y + 28x23y2
b. –3y (5y2 + 2y – 4) = –3y (5y2) –3y (2y) –3y (–4)
= –15y3 – 6y2 + 12y

Now, let us find the common monomial factor present in a polynomial and write the
polynomial in factored form. Note that when we factor, we are looking for the greatest common
factor (GCF). Study the given examples below.

Example 2: Factor 12x3 y5 – 28x5yz.

Solution: Follow the given steps:

1. Find the greatest common factor of the numerical coefficients.
The GCF of 12 and 28 is 4.
2. Find the variable with the least exponent that appears in each term of the
polynomial.
x and y are both common to all terms.
3 is the least exponent of x.
1 is the least exponent of y.
Thus, x3y is the GCF of the variables.
3. The product of the greatest common factor in (a) and (b) is the GCF of the
polynomial.
Hence, the GCF of 12x3 y5 – 28x5y2z is 4x3y.
4. To completely factor the given polynomial, divide the polynomial by its GCF,
the resulting quotient is the other factor.
Dividing 12x3 y5 – 28x5yz by 4x3y, we will get 3y4 – 7x2z.
Thus, the factored form of 12x3y5 – 28x5yz is 4x3y(3y4 – 7x2z).
7 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
Example 3: Factor the following polynomials.
a. 2x + 8 c. 3x3 – 15x2 – 9x
b. –8m + 16 d. 18x3y4 – 36xy7

Solutions: Polynomial
Common Remaining
Factored Form
Monomial Factor Factor
a. 2x + 8 2 x+4 2(x + 4)
b. –8m + 16 –8 m–2 – 8(m – 2)
c. 3x3 – 15x2 – 9x 3x x2 – 5x – 3 3x(x2 – 5x – 3)
d. 18x3y4 – 36xy7 18xy4 x2 – 2y3 18xy4(x2 – 2y3)

Try THIS! Complete the table below.

Common Remaining
Polynomial Factored Form
Monomial Factor Factor
a. 6c – 36
b. 10e2 + 25e
c. 12g2 + 36g – 54
d. 9r5t8 + 12r9t4
d. 3r5t4 (3t4 + 4r4) c. 6(2g2 + 6g – 9) b. 5e(2e + 5) Answers: a. 6(c – 6)

Example 4: Factor completely.

a. 2x(x – 6) + 7 (x – 6) b. 6y(x + 2y) – (x + 2y)

Solutions: Follow the given steps: first term second term

a. Identify the terms. 2x(x – 6) + 7 (x – 6)
Identify the factors. st
Factors of 1 term: 2x and x – 6
Factors of 2nd term: 7 and x – 6
Identify the common factor. Common factor (CF): x – 6 common factor
Factor out the CF. 2x(x – 6) + 7(x – 6) = (x – 6)(2x + 7)
remaining factor
Therefore, 2x(x – 6) + 7(x – 6) = (x – 6)(2x + 7).
b. 6y(x + 2y) – (x + 2y) = 6y(x + 2y) – 1(x + 2y)
= (x + 2y)(6y – 1)

8 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
Try THIS! Factor completely.

a. 3g2(g – 2) + (g – 2)
b. 2h(5t + 1) – 3(5t +1)
c. 5f3(2a + 5) – 8(2a + 5)
c. (2a + 5)(5f3 – 8) b. (5t + 1)(2h – 3) Answers: a. (g – 2)(3g2 + 1)

1.1: Factoring with Grouping

Some expressions have a common binomial factor. Try to recall multiplication of binomials.

Review Time! Multiply (x – 6)(y – 3).

Use the “First, Outer, Inner, Last” (FOIL) method. F O

First Outer Inner Last (x – 6)(y – 3)
(x – 6)(y – 3) = x(y) + (x)(–3) + (–6)(y) + (–6)(–3) I L
(x – 6)(y – 3) = xy – 3x – 6y + 18

Now, let us reverse the process by looking for the factors of the given product.

Example 5: Factor xy – 3x – 6y + 18.

Solution: xy – 3x + –6y + 18
The common factor is x The common factor is -6.

x(y – 3) + –6(y – 3)
The common factor is y – 3.
Thus, xy – 3x – 6y + 18 = (y – 3)(x – 6).
The factors obtained are the same as the ones given in the review.

Try THIS! Factor completely. Show your complete solutions.

a. xy + 7x + 4y + 28 ______________________________
______________________________
b. 2x – 10 + xy – 5y ______________________________
______________________________
b. (x – 5)(2 – y) Answers: a. (x + 4)(y + 7)

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Example 6: Factor (2m – n)(m – 5) + (2m – n)(3m + 2).

Solution: The common factor of the two terms is (2m – n).

(2m – n)(m – 5) + (2m – n)(3m + 2)
first term second term

(2m – n)(m – 5) + (2m – n)(3m + 2) = (2m – n) [(m – 5) + (3m + 2)]

= (2m – n) (4m – 3)

Try THIS! Factor completely. Show your complete solutions.

a. (p + 2)(p – 4) – (p + 2)(p + 6) ______________________________

______________________________
b. (r – 1)(r + 3) + (r – 1)(r + 4) ______________________________
______________________________
b. (r – 1)(2r + 7) Answers: a. (p + 2)( –10)

Example 7: Factor 5xz – 5yz – x + y.

Solution: 5xz – 5yz – x + y = (5xz – 5yz) + (–x + y)

= 5z(x – y) –1(x – y)
= (x – y)(5z – 1)
Recall that –x + y = –(x – y). Change the sign of the terms if the parentheses is
preceded by a negative sign.

Try THIS! Factor completely. Show your complete solutions.

a. 6s3 + 6s2 – s – 1 ______________________________

______________________________
______________________________
b. 2t2 – 2t – 5tv + 5v ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
b. (t – 1)(2t – 5v) Answers: a. (s + 1)(6s2 – 1)

10 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
Example 8: Factor x(x – 1) – 5(1 – x).

Solution: x(x – 1) – 5(1 – x) = x(x – 1) – 5 (–1)(x – 1) since –1(x – 1) = 1 – x

= x(x – 1) + 5(x – 1)
= (x – 1)(x + 5)

Try THIS! Factor completely. Show your complete solutions.

a. x2(x – 3) – 9(3 – x) ______________________________

______________________________
______________________________
b. 2x(x – 5) – y(5 – x) ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Answers: a. (x – 3)(x2 + 9) b. (2x + y)(2x – 5)

Exercises

Name: ________________________________ Grade & Section: ____________________

Fill in the blank with the missing factor that produces the required product.
1. _______________ (3x – 7) = –15x + 35
2. _______________ (4a + 5) = 16a2 + 20a
3. _______________ (8b – 7c) = 24b2 – 21bc
4. _______________ (2d2 – 2d + 6) = –18d4 + 18d3 – 54d2
5. _______________ (3f + 2g – 7h) = –6f3gh3 – 4f2g2h3 + 14f2gh4

Factor each of the following completely. If the expression is not factorable, write prime.
_______________ 1. 8x5y7 – 20x3y6 _______________ 6. 18y4 + 30y2 – 42y
_______________ 2. 9a3b2 + 12a4b _______________ 7. 4ab – 6ac + 12ad
_______________ 3. 3x + 6y – 5c _______________ 8. 7x2 – 56x +49
_______________ 4. 10m – 8n + 14p _______________ 9. 2a – 3b + 5c
58
_______________ 5. x – x + x 60 59 _______________ 10. 4s6 + 8s8 – 16s10

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Factor these polynomials by grouping completely. Show your complete solutions.
1. m(m – 3) + 6 (m – 3) 6. 3x2y + 6xy – 5x – 10

2. 2m(4 – m) – 3(m – 4) 7. 3ab – c + 3ac – b

3. x(x – 5) – 2(5 – x) 8. 8x2 – 4xy – 6x + 3y

4. 3x2(x + 1) – x(x + 1) – 5(x + 1) 9. 10m3 + 25m – 4m2 – 10

5. 2a(bc – 2) – 3b(bc – 2) + 4(bc – 2) 10. 3ab – bc + 3ad – cd

MATHsenger
Here is a summary of what you have learned in Lesson 1: Common Monomial Factoring.

• Factoring a polynomial means writing it as a product of other polynomials.

• Any polynomial that cannot be written as the product of two other polynomials except 1
and –1, is said to be prime. A polynomial is said to be factored completely when it has been
written as a product consisting only of prime factors.

• Steps in Common Monomial Factoring: (1) Determine the greatest numerical common
factor and the greatest variable common factor of the polynomial. (2) Rewrite the
polynomial as a product of the greatest common factor and the remaining factor.

• Steps in Factoring by Grouping: (1) Rearrange the terms so that the first two terms have a
common factor and the second two terms have a common factor. (2) Remove the common
factor from each pair of terms. (3) If the two parentheses have a common factor, write the
expression as a product of this common factor and the remaining factor.

12 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
 LESSON 2: Special Cases of Factoring

Connect
In this lesson, you will see how easy it is to factor certain polynomials when you are
familiar with the special products. In applying the correct pattern or formula, you must identify
correctly the special product involved.

Number Pattern
Investigate the pattern by comparing the products. Write your generalizations afterwards.
a. (11)(9) = (10 + 1)(10 – 1) = 100 – 1 =
b. (5)(3) = (4 + 1)(4 – 1) = 16 – 1 =
c. (101)(99) = (100 + 1)(100 – 1) = 10000 – 1 =
d. (95)(85) = (90 + 5)(90 – 5) = 8100 – 25 =
e. (n – 5)(n + 5) =

How do you think products are obtained? Have you seen any pattern in
this activity? What is the relationship of the product to its factor?

Explore
Match the factors in Column A with their products in Column B. Write the letter that corresponds
to your answer in the space provided.
A B
_____ 1. (x – 9)(x + 9) a. 9d8 – 49
_____ 2. (y2 – 8)(y2 + 8) b. x2 – 81
_____ 3. (5b – 3c)(5b + 3c) c. f2g6 – 4h2
_____ 4. (3d4 + 7)(3d4 – 7) d. y4 – 64
_____ 5. (fg3 – 2h)(fg3 + 2h) e. 25b2 – 9c2

The answers in Column B are examples of difference of two squares. The difference of two
squares is the product of the sum and difference of two terms.
5. C 4. A 3. E 2. D Answers: 1. B

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 2.1: Factoring the Difference of Two Squares

Difference of Two Squares

A polynomial is a difference of two squares if it satisfies these three conditions:
i. It is a binomial and each term is a square.
ii. There is a minus sign between the two terms.
iii. The operation involved is subtraction.

Example 1: Which of the following is a difference of two squares?

a. 9x2 – 49 c. y6 – 8
b. –4 + 64x8 d. y5 – 9

Solutions: a. 9x2 – 49 = (3x)2 – (7)2 The first term is a square.

The second term is a square.
The operation involved is subtraction.
Thus, it is a difference of two squares.

b. 64x8 – 4 = (8x4) – (2)2 –4 + 64x8 can be rewritten as 64x8 – 4.

Both terms are squares.
The operation involved is subtraction.
Hence, it is a difference of two squares.

c. y6 – 8 = (y3)2 – (2)3 8 is not a perfect square.

Thus, y6 – 8 is not a difference of two squares.

d. y5 – 9 = (y5) – (3)2 y5 is not a perfect square since the exponent of the

variable is an odd number.
Hence, y5 – 9 is not a difference of two squares.

Try THIS! Tell whether each expression is a difference of two squares or not.
Write D if it is a difference of two squares. Otherwise, write ND.
a. j2 – 1 d. 16n2 – 4p4
b. 9k2 – 10 e. 64x6 – 100
c. m2 + 49 f. 25x3 – 1
f. ND e. D d. D c. ND b. ND Answers: a. D

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Factoring the Difference of Two Squares

a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
To factor a difference of two squares, write the product of the sum
and the difference of the two quantities being squared.

Example 2: Factor the following polynomials.

1
a. x2 – 16 b. 9x2 – 25y2 c. 36x6y4 –
4

Solutions: Follow the given steps when factoring the difference of two squares.
a. Find the square root of the terms.
√𝑥 2 = 𝑥 since (x)(x) = x2
√16 = 4 since (4)(4) = 16

Substitute in the pattern.

x2 – 16 = (x + 4)(x – 4) since x2 – 16 = (x)2 – (4)2

b. Find the square root of the terms.

√9𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 since (3x)(3x) = 9x2
√25𝑦 2 = 5𝑦 since (5y)(5y) = 25y2

Substitute in the pattern.

9x2 – 25y2 = (3x + 5y)(3x – 5y) since 9x2 – 25y2 = (3x)2 – (5y)2

c. Find the square root of the terms.

√36𝑥 6 𝑦 4 = 6𝑥 3 𝑦 2 since (6x3)(6x3) = 36x6y4
1 1 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
√ = since (𝟐) (𝟐) = (𝟒)
4 2

Substitute in the pattern.

1 1 1
36𝑥 6 𝑦 4 − 4 = (6𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 2) (6𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 2)
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
since 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟔 𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒 = (𝟔𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 ) − (𝟐)

15 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
Try THIS! Factor completely. Show your solutions.

a. 4g2 – 49 ______________________________
______________________________
1
b. 9𝑑8 𝑏 2 − 9 𝑡 4 ______________________________
______________________________
4
c. 16𝑓 6 − 25 𝑎10 ______________________________
______________________________
c. (4b3 + 2/5 a5)( 4b3 – 2/5 a5) b. (3d4b + 1/3 t2)( 3d4b – 1/3 t2) Answers: a. (2g + 7)(2g – 7)

Example 3: Factor the following polynomials.

a. 18x10 – 8 b. 25x3y2 – 16y4x c. (2x – 3)2 – 36

Solutions: a. 18x10 – 8 = 2(9x10 – 4) Factor out 2. Factor the resulting

= 2(3x5 + 2)(3x5 – 2) difference of two squares.

b. 25x3y2 – 16y4x = xy2(25x2 – 16y2) Factor out xy2. Factor the

= xy2(5x + 4y)(5x – 4y) resulting difference of two
squares.

c. (2x – 3)2 – 36 = (2x – 1)2 – (6)2 Get the square root of (2x – 1)2.
𝟐
= [(2x – 1) + 6][(2x – 1) – 6] √(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 = 2x – 1.
= (2x + 5)(2x – 7) Factor the resulting difference of
two squares.

Try THIS! Factor completely. Show your solutions.

a. 10x3 – 10x ______________________________

______________________________
______________________________
b. 49x3y5 – 81xyz6 ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
c. (3m – 4)2 – 64 ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
c. [(3m – 4) + 8][(3m – 4) – 8] b. xy(7xy2 + 9z3)(7xy2 – 9z3) Answers: a. 10x(x + 1)(x – 1)

16 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
 Explore
Complete the table by writing the missing terms. Recall that the square of a binomial gives a
perfect square trinomial. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

Solution
Problem Answer
1st Term 2nd Term 3rd Term

1. (x + 9)2 = (x)2 = x2 2(x)(9) = 18x (9)2 = 81 = x2 + 18x + 81

2. (3y – 5)2 = ( )2 = 2( )( ) = ( )2 =
3. (a2b + 4c)2 = ( )2 = 2( )( ) = ( )2 =
4. (2g3 – h4)2 = ( )2 = 2( )( ) = ( )2 =
5. (6k2 + 5s)2 = ( )2 = 2( )( ) = ( )2 =
5.36k4 + 60k2s + 25s2 4. 4g6 – 4g3h4 + h8 3. a4b2 + 8a2bc + 16c2 Answers: 2. 9y2 – 30y + 25

2.2: Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials

Perfect Square Trinomial

A polynomial is a perfect square trinomial if it satisfies these two conditions:

i. When the first and last terms are perfect squares, and both are positive.
ii. When the middle term is twice the product of the quantities that were squared.

Example 4: Which of the following is a difference of two squares?

a. x2 – 8x + 16 c. y6 – 8y3 + 64
b. 4x4 + 28x2 + 49 d. y2 + 10x – 25

17 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
Solutions: a. x2 – 8x + 16 The first and last terms are perfect squares ---
√x2 = x and √16 = – 4. Why is 4 negative?
x x –4 –4 Because it follows the sign of the middle term.
2(x)(–4) = –8x The middle term is twice the product of the
values that were squared. Thus, this is a perfect
Thus, x2 – 8x + 16 = (x – 4)2 square trinomial.

b. 4x4 + 28x2 + 49 The first and last terms are perfect squares ---
√4x4 = 2x2 and √49 = 7. Why is 7 positive?
2x2 2x2 7 7 Because it follows the sign of the middle term.
2(2x2)(7) = 28x2 The middle term is twice the product of the
values that were squared. Thus, this is a
4x4 + 28x2 + 49 = (2x2 + 7)2 perfect square trinomial.

c. y6 – 8y3 + 64 The first and last terms are perfect squares.

However, since the middle term is –8y3
y3 y3 –8 –8 instead of –16y3, then this is NOT a perfect
square trinomial.
2(y3)( –8) = –16y3

d. y2 + 10x – 25 No, this is NOT a perfect square trinomial

since one of the perfect squares is negative.

Try THIS! Tell whether each polynomial is a perfect square trinomial or not.
Write P if it is a perfect square trinomial. Otherwise, write NP.
a. p2 + 2p + 1 c. v2 – 11vw + 121w2
b. 9r6 – 60r3s4 + 100s8 d. 16x4 + 28x2y3 + 49y6
d. NP c. NP b. P Answers: a. P

Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials

a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2

To factor perfect square trinomials, get the square root of the first
and last terms. List down the factors as sum / difference of two
terms depending on the sign of the middle term.

Example 5: Factor the following polynomials.

a. v2 – 22vw + 121w2 c. 16x4 + 49y6 + 56x2y3
4
b. 36p8r14 – 8p4r7s + 9s2 d. 2t3 + 28t2 + 98t

18 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
Solutions: a. v2 – 22vw + 121w2 √v2 = v and √121w2 = – 11w. Why is
11w negative? Because it follows
v v –11w –11w the sign of the middle term.
2(v)(–11w) = – 22vw
Thus, v2 – 22vw + 121w2 = (v – 11w)2.
4 𝟒 𝟐
b. 36p8r14 – 8p4r7s + 9s2 √36p8r14 = 6p4r7 and √ 𝟗s2 = – 𝟑s. Why
𝟐
is s negative? Because it follows
2 2 𝟑
6p4r7 6p4r7 − 3s − 3s the sign of the middle term.
2
2(6p4r7)( s) = –8p4r7s
3
4 2
36p8r14 – 8p4r7s + 9s2 = (6p4r7 − 3s)2

c. 16x4 + 49y6 + 56x2y3 Rearrange the terms to show a

prefect square trinomial.
16x4 + 56x2y3 49y6
√16x4 = 4x2 and √49y6 = 7y3.
4x2 4x2 7y3 7y3

2(4x2)(7y3) = 56x2y3
16x4 + 56x2y3 + 49y6 = (4x2 + 7y3)2

d. 2t3 + 28t2 + 98t = 2t(t2 + 14t + 49) Factor out the common monomial
2t3 + 28t2 + 98t = 2t (t + 7)2 factor, 2t.

Try THIS! Factor completely. Show your solutions.

a. x12 + 8x6y2 + 16y4 ______________________________

b. 3k4 – 6k3 + 3k2 ______________________________
______________________________
c. 4m3 – 8m2 + 4m ______________________________
______________________________
6 9
d. 𝑝6 𝑟 8 − 5 𝑝3 𝑟 4 𝑐 2 + 25 𝑐 4 ______________________________
5
d. (𝑝3 𝑟 2 − 𝑐 2 ) c. 4m(m – 1)2 b. 3k2(k – 1)2 Answers: a. (x6 + 4y2)2
2 3

Example 6: Find the missing terms so that the expression formed is perfect square trinomial.
a. 25f2 + ___ + 1 b. 9g4 + 60g2h + ___ c. ___ – 24j + 9

19 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
Solutions: a. 25f2 + ____ +1

5f 5f 1 1

2(5f)(1) = 10f
The trinomial is 25f2 + 10f + 1.

b. 9g4 + 60g2h + _____ middle term

square root of the 1st term
60g2h = 2(3g2)( ____ ) square root of the 2nd term

Let x = square root of the 2nd term

60g2h = 6g2x By simplification.
60𝑔2 ℎ 6𝑔2 𝑥 Divide both sides by 6g2 to find x.
= x = 10h
6𝑔2 6𝑔2

Thus, the 3rd term is 100h2. Since 3rd term = (10h)2

The trinomial is 9g4 + 60g2h + 10h2. Simplifying (10h)2 = 100h2

c. ___ – 24j + 9 middle term

square root of the 1st term
– 24j = 2( ____ )(3) square root of the 2nd term

Let x = square root of the 1st term

– 24j = 6x By simplification.
−24𝑗 6𝑥 Divide both sides by 6 to find x.
= x = – 4j
6 6

Thus, the 1st term is 16j2. Since 1st term = (– 4j)2

The trinomial is 16j2 – 24j + 9. Simplifying (– 4j)2 = 16j2

Try THIS! Find the missing term in each item so that the expression forms a perfect
square trinomial.
a. m4 + ________ + 121n2 c. ________ – 84g + 36
b. 25r2 + 40rn + ________ d. 9n2 – ________ + 25d2
d. 30nd c. 49g2 b. 16n2 Answers: a. 22m2n

20 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
 2.3: Factoring the Sum or Difference of Two Cubes

Recall the product of a binomial and a trinomial of the form (𝑎 ± 𝑏)(𝑎2 ∓ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ).

(a + b)(a2 – ab + b2) = a3 + b3 (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2) = a3 – b3

Sum or Difference of Two Cubes

A polynomial is a difference of two squares if it satisfies these two conditions:
i. It is a binomial.
ii. Each term is a cube.

Example 7: State whether each is a sum or difference of two cubes.

a. 8x3 – 27 c. 64a3 + 125b12
b. x6y4 + 64 d. 9c6 – d9e12

Solutions: a. 8x3 – 27 = (2x)3 – (7)2 The first term is a cube.

The second term is a cube.
This is a difference of two cubes.

b. x6y4 + 64 = x6y4 + (4)3 The first term is NOT a cube since the
exponent of y is not a multiple of 3.
This is NOT a sum of two cubes.

c. 64a3 + 125b12 = (4a)3 + (5b4)3 The first term is a cube.

The second term is a cube.
This is a sum of two cubes.

d. 9c6 – d9e12 = 9c6 – (d3e4)3 The first term is NOT a cube since the
constant 9 is not a cube.
This is NOT a difference of two cubes.

Try THIS! State whether each expression is a sum or difference of two cubes.
Write YES if it is a sum or difference of two cubes. Otherwise, write NO.
1
a. x3 – 8 c. 3b6 – 1
b. x6y3 + z12 d. 27c15 + y8

d. No c. No b. Yes Answers: a. Yes

21 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
Factoring Sum or Difference of Two Cubes

a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
To factor, get the cube root of the first and last terms and follow the operation
used in the given polynomial. For the 2nd factor, get the trinomial factor by:
(i) squaring the 1st term of the first factor;
(ii) getting the negative product of the 1st and last terms of the first factor; and
(iii) squaring the last term of the first factor.

Example 8: Factor the following polynomials.

a. f3 – 8 b. g3 + 27 c. 1000x9y12 – 1

Solutions: a. f3 – 8 Get the cube root of the first and last terms.
Follow the operation used in the given
3
= (f)3 – (2)3 polynomial. √ f3 = f 3
√ 8= 2

first factor
Square the 1st term of the first factor: (f)2
= (f – 2) [(f)2 + (2)(f) + (2)2] Get the negative product of the 1st and last
terms of the first factor: – (–2)(f) = + (2)(f)
Square the last term of the first factor: (2)2
= (f – 2) (f2 + 2f + 4) Simplify the last factor.

b. g3 + 27 Get the cube root of the first and last terms.

Follow the operation used in the given
= (g)3 + (3)3 polynomial. 3
√ g3 = g 3
√ 27 = 3

first factor
Square the 1st term of the first factor: (f)2
= (g + 3) [(g)2 – (3)(g) + (3)2] Get the negative product of the 1st and last
terms of the first factor: – (3)(g) = – 3g
Square the last term of the first factor: (2)2
= (g + 3) (g2 – 3g + 9) Simplify the last factor.

c. 1000x9y12 – 1
= (10x3y4)3 – (1)3
= (10x3y4 – 1) [(10x3y4)2 + (1)( 10x3y4) + (1)2]
= (10x3y4 – 1) (100x6y8 + 10x3y4 + 1)

22 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
Try THIS! Factor the following polynomials. Show your solutions.
a. 8k3 – 27j6 ___________________________________
___________________________________
b. m9n15 + p21 ___________________________________
___________________________________
b. (m3n5 + p7)(m6n10 – m3n5p7 + p14) Answers: a. (2k – 3j2)(4k2 + 6j2k + 9j4)

Example 8: Factor the following polynomials.

5
a. a3b9 – 125c6 b. 81d4e7f + 24def4 c. 5g3 – 8

Solutions: a. a3b9 – 125c6

= (ab3)3 – (5c2)3
= (ab3 – 5c2) [(ab3)2 + (ab3)(5c2) + (5c2)2]
= (ab3 – 5c2) (a2b6 + 5ab3c2 + 25c4)

b. 81d4e7f + 24def4
= 3def(27d3e6 + 8f3) Factor out 3def.
= 3def [(3de2)3 + (2f)3]
= 3def (3de2 + 2f) [(3de2)2 – (3de2)(2f) + (2f)2]
= 3def (3de2 + 2f) (9d2e4 – 6de2f + 4f2)
5
c. 5g3 – 8
1
= 5(𝑔3 − 8) Factor out 5.
1 3
= 5[(𝑔)3 − ( ) ]
2
1 1 1 2
= 5(𝑔 − 2) [(𝑔)2 + (2) (𝑔) + (2) ]
1 1 1
=5(𝑔 − 2) (𝑔2 + 2 𝑔 + 4)

Try THIS! Factor completely. Show your solutions.

a. 8x15y21 + 1000 ______________________________

______________________________
______________________________
b. 54z9 – 16 ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
b. 2(3z3 – 2)(9z6 + 6z3 + 4) Answers: a. (2x5y7 + 10)(4x10y14 – 20x5y7 + 100)

23 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
 Exercises
Name: ________________________________ Grade & Section: ____________________

Factor each of the following expressions completely. Show your solutions. If an expression is not
factorable, write prime.
1. 16x2y2 – 81 9. 27x6 – y6

2. y9 – y7 10. m6 – 1000

3. 121 – r2 11. m2 – 36

4. m2 – 2m + 1 12. 7ab4 – 7ac2

5. 9x2 – 24x + 16 13. 121 – 22b + b2

6. 4y2 – 40yz +100z2 14. 2x2 – 28x + 98

7. y3 – 64 15. x8 – 1

8. x2y3 + 125x2

24 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
 PerforMATH Tasks

Name: ________________________________________
Grade & Section: ____________________

What did Lance say to Odette? Decode what Lance said by

following these steps.

1. Factor each expression in box A.

2. Write the letter of expression in the Answer Box that corresponds to your answer.

Box A

E U O
x2 – 64 x2 – 6xy + 9y2 5x2 – 20 9x2y2 – 16

E G N M
4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 x9 – 27 m3 + 125 m2 – 25

R T G N
3x2 – 12 x4 – 100 36x2 – 84x +49 x3 – 8

Answer Box
(x3 – 3)(x6 + 3x3 + 9) (m – 5)(m + 5)
(x – 3y)2 5(x + 2)(x – 2)
(x2 + 10)(x2 – 10) 3(x + 2)(x – 2)
(x – 8)(x + 8) (6x – 7)2
(x – 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) (2x + 3y)2
(3xy + 4)(3xy – 4) (m + 5)(m2 – 5m + 25)

Do you know what it means? __________________________

25 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
 MATHsenger

Here is a summary of what you have learned in Lesson 2: Special Cases of Factoring.

• Steps in Factoring the Difference of Two Squares, a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b):

To factor a difference of two squares, write the product of the sum and the difference of
the two quantities being squared.

• Steps in Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials, a2 ± 2ab + b2 = (a ± b)2:

To factor perfect square trinomials, get the square root of the first and last terms. List
down the factors as sum / difference of two terms depending on the sign of the middle
term.

• Steps in Factoring Sum or Difference of Two Cubes a3 ± b3 = (a ± b)(a2 ∓ ab + b2)

To factor, get the cube root of the first and last terms and follow the operation used in the
given polynomial. For the 2nd factor, get the trinomial factor by:
(i) squaring the 1st term of the first factor;
(ii) getting the negative product of the 1st and last terms of the first factor; and
(iii) squaring the last term of the first factor.

References

Department of Education. (2013). Mathematics – Grade 8 Teacher’s Guide. Pasig City: DepEd -
Instructional Materials Council Secretariat

Nivera, G. C. (2018). Grade 8 Mathematics: Patterns and Practicalities Revised Edition. Makati
City: Don Bosc Press, Inc.

26 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
For Inquiries or Feedback, Please Write or Call:
Hazel Marianne L. Mariano, Math Instructor
Contact No: 09281735628 / 09266342580
Email Address: [email protected]

27 | MATH 8 Mod. 1
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