Summer Voca onal Training Report

On
“Mul sim Simula on of Op-Amp Applica ons”

Solid State Physics Laboratory

In par al ful llment of the degree
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and Communica on Engineering,
DCRUST Murthal
Submi ed by
Arpita Sharma
5th Semester
Under the guidance of
Mr. S.K. Semwal, Scien st ‘E’

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 Mul sim Simula on of Op-Amp Applica ons

Contents
1. Summary

2. Introduction

3. Preliminaries

4. Application of Op-Amp

4.5. Calculation

4.6. Simulation on Multisim

5. Conclusion
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 1 Summary
In this report we see about Op-Amp and its Applications.What are the applications of Op-Amp? What
are the terms and factors for the selection of Op-Amps by deriving their equations ? And see how to
simulate Op-Amp onto Multisim software.

2 Introduc on
An operational amplifier is an integrated circuit .Its basic role is to amplify and output the voltage
difference between the two input pins. An operational amplifier is not used alone but is designed to
be connected to other circuits to perform a great variety of operations.

We will see multiple applications of the Op-amp and their equations, where we build the circuit and
saw their simulation onto Multisim

Multisim

Multisim is a simulation tool that can be used to expedite the analysis and design of various
circuits, including ones containing digital devices, transistors, diodes, op amps, and even
motors. MULTISIM is a computer simulation software that among other things simulates the
performance of electric circuits.

3 Preliminaries – Some points to be noted before

undertaking simula on
• In Op-Amp circuits, one should choose resistors large enough not to load the outputs
signi cantly. A rule of thumb is to choose resistor values in the range, 3K Ω to 50 KΩ. Note that
internal impedance of most of power supplies is around 50 Ω. So, the circuit impedances
should be much higher than 50 Ω.

• The values of all the component in the respec ve applica on must be taken according to
their derived equa ons.
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 4. Applica ons of Op-Amp

4.1 Non-Inver ng Ampli er
A non-inverting op amp is an operational amplifier circuit with an output voltage that is in phase with
the input voltage. Its complement is the inverting op amp, which produces an output signal that is
180o out of phase.

Non-inverting op amp circuit

4.1.5 Calculation

According to the Voltage Rule, the voltage at the inverting (-) input will be the same as at the non-
inverting (+) input, which is the applied voltage Vin.

The current going through R1 can then be given as Vin/R1.

According to the Current Rule, the inputs draw no current, so all that current must then flow through
R 2.

The output voltage can then be given as Vout=Vin+(Vin/R1)R2.

The gain is then Vout/Vin=1+(R2/R1)

The gain will never be less than 1, so the non-inverting op amp will produce an amplified signal that is
in phase with the input.

4.1.6 Simulation on MULTISIM

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 Non-Inverting Op-Amp with Output Waveform on MULTISIM

2. Inver ng Ampli er
An inver ng ampli er is a type of opera onal ampli er circuit which produces an output
which is out of phase with respect to its input by 180 degree.

Inverting op amp circuit

4.2.5 Calculation

However, we know that an ideal op amp has in nite input impedance due to which the
currents owing into its input terminals are zero i.e. I1 = I2 = 0. Thus, Ii = If. Hence,

We also know that in an ideal op amp the voltage at inver ng and non-inver ng inputs are
always equal. As we have grounded the non-inver ng terminal, zero voltage appears at the
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 non – inver ng terminal. That means V2 = 0. Hence, V1 = 0, also. So,

From above two equa ons, we get,

The voltage gain of the inverting operational amplifier or inverting op amp is,

This indicates that the voltage gain of the inver ng ampli er is decided by the ra o of the
feedback resistor to the input resistor with the minus sign indica ng the phase-reversal.
Further, it is to be noted that the input impedance of the inver ng ampli er is nothing but Ri.

4.2.6 Simulation on MULTISIM

Inverting Op-Amp with Output Waveform on MULTISIM



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 3. Inver ng Summing Ampli er

If more input voltages are connected to the inverting input terminal as shown, the resulting
output will be the sum of all the input voltages applied, but inverted.

Inverting summing amplifier circuit

4.3.5 Calculation

Let R1 be the input impedance and V1 be the input voltage of the first channel. Similarly, R2 –
V2 for second channel, R3 – V3 for third channel and so on up to Rn – Vn for nth channel.

To calculate the output voltage of a particular channel, we have to ground all the remaining
channels and use the basic inverting amplifier output voltage formula for each channel.

If all the channels are grounded except the first channel, then output for first channel is given
by:

VOUT1 = – (Rf / R1) V1

Where, – (Rf / R1) is the voltage gain for first channel (AV1).

Similarly, if all the channels are grounded except the second channel, then output for second
channel is given by:

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 VOUT2 = – (Rf / R2) V2

Where, – (Rf / R2) is the voltage gain for second channel (AV2).

Likewise, the output for nth channel is given by:

VOUTn = – (Rf / Rn) Vn

And – (Rf / Rn) is the voltage gain for nth channel (AVn).

The output signal is the algebraic sum of individual outputs or in other words it is the sum of
all the inputs multiplied by their respective gains.

VOUT = VOUT1 + VOUT2 + . . . + VOUTn

VOUT = – [(Rf / R1) V1 + (Rf / R2) V2 + . . . + (Rf / Rn) Vn]

VOUT = V1 AV1 + V2 AV2 + . . . + Vn AVn

Sometimes, it is necessary to just add the input voltages without amplifying them. In such
situations, the value of input resistance R1, R2, R3 etc. must be chosen equal to that of the
feedback resistor Rf. As a result, the gain of the amplifier will be unity. Hence, the output
voltage will be an addition of the input voltages.

Theoretically, we can apply as many input signals to the input of the summing amplifier as
required. However, it must be noted that all of the input currents are added and then fed back
through the resistor Rf, so we should be aware of the power rating of the resistors.

4.3.6 Simulation on MULTISIM

Inverting Summing Amplifier with Output Waveform on MULTISIM

4. Non-Inver ng Summing Ampli er

the input voltages are applied to the non-inverting input terminal of the Op Amp and a part of
the output is fed back to the inverting input terminal, through voltage-divider-bias feedback.

Non-Inverting summing amplifier circuit

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4.4.5 Calculation

To understand the working of a Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier, we have to divide the circuit
into two parts:

• Input Resistor / Source Section

• Non-Inverting Amplifier Section

If VIN is the combination of all the input signals, then this is applied at the non-inverting
terminal of the Op Amp. From the above circuit, we can calculate the output voltage of the
Non-Inverting Amplifier with VIN as input and Rf and Ri as the feedback divider resistors as
follows:

VOUT = VIN (1 + (Rf / Ri))

As the output voltage is figured out, we have to now determine the value of VIN. If V1, V2 and
V3 are the three main input sources and R1, R2 and R3 are their input resistances, then VIN1,
VIN2 and VIN3 are the inputs of respective channels when other corresponding channels are
grounded. So,

VIN = VIN1 + VIN2 + VIN3

As the concept of virtual ground doesn’t apply here, all channels will have an effect on other
channels. Let us calculate the VIN1 portion of the VIN and by simple mathematics, we can easily
derive the other two values i.e., VIN2 and VIN3.

Coming to VIN1, when V2 and V3 are grounded, their corresponding resistors cannot be ignored
as form a voltage divider network. So,

VIN1 = V1 [(R2 || R3) / (R1 + (R2 || R3))]

Similarly, we can calculate the other two values VIN2 and VIN3 as

VIN2 = V2 [(R1 || R3) / (R2 + (R1 || R3))]

VIN3 = V3 [(R1 || R2) / (R3 + (R1 || R2))]

 So,

VIN = VIN1 + VIN2 + VIN3

VIN = V1 [(R2 || R3) / (R1 + (R2 || R3))] + V2 [(R1 || R3) / (R2 + (R1 || R3))] + V3 [(R1 || R2) / (R3 + (R1 ||
R2))]

Finally, we can calculate the Output voltage VOUT as

VOUT = VIN (1 + (Rf / Ri))

VOUT = (1 + (Rf / Ri)) {V1 [(R2 || R3) / (R1 + (R2 || R3))] + V2 [(R1 || R3) / (R2 + (R1 || R3))] +
V3 [(R1 || R2) / (R3 + (R1 || R2))]}

If we consider the special equal weighted condition where all the resistors are having the
same values, then the output voltage is:

VOUT = (1 + (Rf / Ri)) ( (V1 + V2 + V3) / 3)

4.4.6 Simulation on MULTISIM

Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier with Output Waveform on MULTISIM

 5. Di eren al Ampli er

The di eren al ampli er is a voltage subtractor circuit which produces an output voltage
propor onal to the voltage di erence of two input signals applied to the inputs of the
inver ng and non-inver ng terminals of an opera onal ampli er.

Differential amplifier circuit

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 4.5.5 Calculation

When resistors, R1 = R2 and R3 = R4 the above transfer func on for the di eren al ampli er
can be simpli ed to the following expression:

Di eren al Ampli er Equa on

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4.5.6 Simulation on MULTISIM

Differential Amplifier with Output Waveform on MULTISIM

6. Instrumenta on Ampli er

An instrumenta on ampli er is one kind of IC (integrated circuit), mainly used for amplifying a
signal. The main func on of this ampli er is to diminish surplus noise that is chosen by the
circuit. The capacity to refuse noise is familiar to every IC pins which are known as the CMRR
(common-mode rejec on ra o). The instrumenta on ampli er IC is an essen al component in
the designing of the circuit due to its characteris cs like high CMRR, open-loop gain is high,
low dri as well as low DC o set, etc.

4.6.5 Calculation

Instrumenta on ampli er!s nal output Vout is the ampli ed di erence of the input signals
applied to the input terminals of op-amp 3.Let the outputs of op-amp 1 and op-amp 2 be Vo1
and Vo2 respec vely.
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 Instrumentation Amplifier using Op-Amp

Then, Vout = (R3/R2)(Vo1-Vo2)

The poten al at node A is the input voltage V1. Hence the poten al at node B is also V1, from
the virtual short concept. Thus, the poten al at node G is also V1.The poten al at node D is
the input voltage V2. Hence the poten al at node C is also V2, from the virtual short. Thus, the
poten al at node H is also V2.

Input Stage of the Instrumentation Amplifier using Op-Amp

The working of the instrumenta on ampli er is, Ideally the current to the input stage op-amps
is zero. Therefore the current I through the resistors R1, Rgain, and R1 remain the same.

Applying Ohm!s law between nodes E and F,

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 I = (Vo1-Vo2)/(R1+Rgain+R1) ……………………….(1)

I = (Vo1-Vo2)/(2R1+Rgain)

Since no current is owing to the input of the op-amps 1 & 2, the current I between the nodes
G and H can be given as,

I = (VG-VH) / Rgain = (V1-V2) / Rgain……………………….(2)

Equa ng equa ons 1 and 2,

(Vo1-Vo2)/(2R1+Rgain) = (V1-V2)/Rgain

(Vo1-Vo2) = (2R1+Rgain)(V1-V2)/Rgain ……………………….(3)

The output of the di erence ampli er is given as,

Vout = (R3/R2) (Vo1-Vo2)

Therefore, (Vo1 – Vo2) = (R2/R3)Vout

Subs tu ng (Vo1 – Vo2) value in equa on 3, we get

(R2/R3)Vout = (2R1+Rgain)(V1-V2)/Rgain

i.e. Vout = (R3/R2){(2R1+Rgain)/Rgain}(V1-V2)

This above equa on gives the output voltage of an instrumenta on ampli er.

The overall gain of the ampli er is given by the term (R3/R2){(2R1+Rgain)/Rgain}.

The overall voltage gain of an instrumenta on ampli er can be controlled by adjus ng the
value of resistor Rgain.
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4.6.6 Simulation on MULTISIM

Instrumentation Amplifier with Waveform on MULTISIM

7. Op-Amp as Integrator

An integrator is basically an inver ng ampli er where we replace feedback resistor with a

capacitor of suitable value.

Integrator

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 4.7.5 Calculation

Now, if we apply Kirchho current law at node 1 of the above circuit,

Now, if we apply Kirchho current law at node 1 of the above circuit, shown in gure 2, we get

Integrating both side, we get,

This is the integral function of input voltage.

The AC Op-amp Integrator with DC Gain Control

Unlike the DC integrator ampli er above whose output voltage at any instant will be the
integral of a waveform so that when the input is a square wave, the output waveform will be
triangular. For an AC integrator, a sinusoidal input waveform will produce another sine wave as
its output which will be 90o out-of-phase with the input producing a cosine wave.





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Further more, when the input is triangular, the output waveform is also sinusoidal. This then
forms the basis of a Ac ve Low Pass Filter as seen before in the lters sec on tutorials with a
corner frequency given as-

4.7.6 Simulation on MULTISIM

Integrator’s Waveform on MULTISIM

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 8. Op-Amp as Di eren ator

An op amp di eren ator is basically an inver ng ampli er with a capacitor of suitable value at
its input terminal.

Di eren ator

4.8.5 Calculation

Applying KCL at node X

The charge on the capacitor equals Capacitance mes Voltage across the capacitor

Thus the rate of change of this charge is:

but dQ/dt is the capacitor current, i

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from which we have an ideal voltage output for the op-amp di eren ator is given as:

Improved Op-amp Differentiator Amplifier

Adding the input resistor RIN limits the di eren ators increase in gain at a ra o of Rƒ/RIN The
circuit now acts like a di eren ator ampli er at low frequencies and an ampli er with resis ve
feedback at high frequencies giving much be er noise rejec on.
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 Addi onal a enua on of higher frequencies is accomplished by connec ng a capacitor Cƒ in
parallel with the di eren ator feedback resistor, Rƒ. This then forms the basis of a Ac ve High
Pass Filter as we have seen before in the lters sec on.

4.8.6 Simulation on MULTISIM

Differentiator’s Waveform on MULTISIM

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 5. Conclusion
In conclusion, I learned how to successfully navigate Multisim. I learned
how to use Multisim to simplify and simulate my formulations and how to test
digital circuitry before actually physically building it to ensure functionality and
also make a diagram to assist in the building process.

Thank You