THE EFFICIENCY OF WASTE SEGREGATION

TO PRODUCE A SCHOOL CHAIR FOR

STUDENTS IN MOREH ACADEMY

A Research

Presented to the Faculty of the

Senior High School Department

MOREH ACADEMY

In the partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Strand:

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

By:

Darrlyn Ashley Jimenez

Gerald Paul Jaro

Achilles Maines Jr.

Laurence Maratas

Warlie James Malaay

LycaJobelleMerjilla

Samille Jane Garcia

 Chapter 1

Introduction

In today’s society we are suffering from different environmental dilemmas such as global

warming and flash floods. One of the causes of these problems is, we, people do not know the

proper disposal of waste. Some are just throwing their waste anywhere without thinking of the

possible results of their action to our environment as well as in our health.

Our world is slowly eroding due to our neglect, lack of discipline and destruction of nature. To

avoid this we need to carry out waste management in our community. What is waste

management? Waste management is the activities and actions required to manage waste from its

inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of

waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process.

Performing a waste segregation is a great help to our financial needs. Solid waste materials can

be sold to raise enough money to buy equipment such as chairs for your school. You not only

help your school but also our environment, because failing to properly store waste can cause

diseases that can harm our health. So we researchers aim to encourage students of Moreh

Academy to conduct waste segregation in schools and in their homes. Not only to provide chairs

in Moreh Academy but also to help our environment which is suddenly lost day by day cause by

importance of waste segregation and also how it works when they’re apply it to their selves.
 Background of the Study

What is Waste Segregation?

Waste sorting is the process by which waste is separated into different elements. Waste sorting

can occur manually at the household and collected through curbside collection schemes, or

automatically separated in materials recovery facilities or mechanical biological treatment

systems. Hand sorting was the first method used in the history of waste sorting.

"Waste segregation" means dividing waste into dry and wet. Dry waste includes wood and

related products, metals and glass. Wet wastes typically refer to organic waste usually generated

by eating establishments and are heavy in weight due to dampness.

In ancient cities, wastes were thrown onto unpaved streets and roadways, where they were left to

accumulate. It was not until 320 BCE in Athens that the first known law forbidding this practice

was established. At that time a system for waste removal began to evolve in Greece and in the

Greek-dominated cities of the eastern Mediterranean. In ancient Rome, property owners were

responsible for cleaning the streets fronting their property. But organized waste collection was

associated only with state-sponsored events such as parades. Disposal methods were very crude,

involving open pits located just outside the city walls. As populations increased, efforts were

made to transport waste farther out from the cities.

Technological advances continued during the first half of the 20th century, including the

development of garbage grinders, compaction trucks, and pneumatic collection systems. By mid-

century, however, it had become evident that open dumping and improper incineration of solid

waste were causing problems of pollution and jeopardizing public health. As a result, sanitary

landfills were developed to replace the practice of open dumping and to reduce the reliance on
waste incineration. In many countries waste was divided into two categories, hazardous and

nonhazardous, and separate regulations were developed for their disposal. Landfills were

designed and operated in a manner that minimized risks to public health and the environment.

New refuse incinerators were designed to recover heat energy from the waste and were provided

with extensive air pollution control devices to satisfy stringent standards of air quality. Modern

solid-waste management plants in most developed countries now emphasize the practice of

recycling and waste reduction at the source rather than incineration and land disposal.

The most important reason for proper waste management is to protect the environment and for

the health and safety of the population. Certain types of waste can be hazardous and can pollute

the environment. Bad waste management practices can also cause land and air pollution which

can result in serious medical conditions in humans and animals.

Statement of theProblem

The problem of the study is to determine the efficiency of waste segregation to produce a school

chair for students.

Specifically, it attempts to answer the following questions;

1. Proper waste disposal

2. Garbage collection

3. Student’s participation in terms of waste disposal

4. Cleaning maintenance consistency

 Theoretical Framework

From time immemorial, humans and animals have used the resources of the earth to

support life and dispose of wastes. In those days, the disposal of human and other wastes did not

pose any spectacular problem as the population was limited and the area of land available for the

assimilation of such waste was unlimited. However, today, utmost importance is being given

across the globe to this burgeoning problem of solid wastes. Rapid population growth and

uncontrolled industrial development are seriously degrading the urban and semi-urban

environment in many of the world’s developing countries, placing enormous strain on natural

resources and obstructing efficient and sustainable development.

Solid Waste

Solid waste can be defined as non-liquid material that no longer has any value to the

person who is responsible for it. The words rubbish, garbage, trash, and refuse are often used as

synonyms when talking about solid waste (Da Zhu et al.). Any solid material in the material flow

pattern that is rejected by society is called solid waste. So, solid wastes are the organic or

inorganic waste materials produced by various activities of the society, which have lost their

value to the first user. It is generated by domestic, commercial, industrial, health care agriculture

and mineral extraction activities and accumulates in streets and public places.

Municipal Solid Waste

The term ‘municipal solid waste’ refers to solid waste from houses, streets and public

places, shops, offices, and hospitals. The management of these types of waste is most often the

responsibility of Municipal or other Governmental authorities. Although solid waste from

industrial processes is generally not considered municipal waste, it nevertheless needs to be

taken into account when dealing with solid waste, because it often ends up in the MSW stream.

Street refuse, a major ingredient of MSW, contains a mixture of refuse from many sources,

because streets are used as dumping grounds by all generators of waste. Where sanitation

facilities are lacking and a large animal population roams the streets, street refuse contains a lot

of human fecal matter and manure. Streets are also often used for extensive dumping of

construction and demolition debris—attracting further dumping of solid waste. (Da Zhu et al.).

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), also called urban solid waste, is a waste type that includes

predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with, sometimes, the addition of commercial

wastes, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets collected

by a Municipality within a given area. They are in either solid or semisolid form and generally

exclude industrial hazardous wastes. So, any types of solid wastes generated in Municipal limits

are municipal solid wastes.

Classification of Solid Wastes

Solid wastes are generally classified as the following on the basis of source of generation,

as:

1. Residential

Residential waste refers to wastes from dwellings, apartments, etc., and consists of

leftover food, vegetable peels, plastic, clothes, ashes, etc.

2. Commercial

Commercial wastes consist of leftover food, glasses, metals, ashes, etc. generated from

stores, restaurants, markets, hotels, motels, auto repair shops, medical facilities, etc.
3. Institutional

Institutional waste consists of paper, plastic, glasses, etc., generated from educational

administrative and public buildings such as schools, colleges, offices, prisons, etc.

4. Municipal

Municipal waste includes dust, leaf matter, building debris, treatment plant residual

sludge, etc., generated from various municipal activities like construction and demolition, street

cleaning, landscaping, etc.

5. Industrial

Industrial wastes mainly consist of process wastes, ashes, demolition and construction

wastes, hazardous wastes, etc., due to industrial activities.

6. Agricultural

This mainly consists of spoiled food grains and vegetables, agricultural remains, litter,

etc., generated from fields, farms and granaries.

 Conceptual Framework

Development through Waste

Segregation
Solid Waste Generation
 Economic Growth
 Population Growth

Environmental
Pollution and
Degradation

Solid Waste Management

(ISSWM)

Economic
Social Development
Development

 Legal Structure  Waste

 Awareness rising Separation
 Attitude change  Recycling
 Synergy between  Composting
authorities and
community

Environmental Conservation

Sustainable
Environmental Development
Development
 Figure 1: The Conceptual Framework

We the researchers found out that this kind of diagram helps the Filipinos to find out what is the

main reason of waste segregation. In order for them to know what is the importance of waste

segregation. Nowadays we the researchers want also to improve and implement the good effects

of waste segregation. Applying them to their selves by looking this kind of diagram is such a

helpful to everyone so that we the researchers make this diagram.

 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Foreign studies

According to World Health Organization (2011) the solid waste management In

technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to include all non-liquid wastes generated by human
activity and a range of solid waste material resulting from the disaster, such as general domestic
garbage such as food waste, ash and packaging materials; human feces disposed of in garbage;
emergency waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies;
rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and all
entrees and rocks obstructing transport and communications. Other specialist wastes, such as
medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also need to be dealt with
urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note.

According to Jorgensen et. al. (2018), the study explores how waste materials and waste practices
figure in education, pointing to educational potentials of waste which have hitherto received little
consideration in environmental and sustainability education practice and research. Building on
empirical research on waste education in Danish schools and preschools, we discuss how an
empirical and theoretical focus on waste as material and on waste practices moves beyond
conventional approaches to waste in education. Seeking to overcome the shortcomings of habitual-
behavioral and rational action approaches, we argue for an approach to waste education which
encourages pupils to explore the socio-material aspects and trajectories of waste practices and
waste materials.

As stated by Dung et. al (2017) This study focused on assessment of colleges of education students'
knowledge and attitudes toward solid waste management in the North Central zone of Nigeria. The
cross-sectional survey design was adopted. A students' knowledge and attitudes toward solid waste
management questionnaire were used to collect data from 1,800 students. The findings indicated
that the students had a low knowledge level of solid waste management but their attitudes toward it
were positive. A significant relationship was found between students' knowledge and their attitudes
toward solid waste management. Furthermore, gender was shown not to have any significant
influence on knowledge and attitudes of students toward solid waste management. It was
concluded that although students had low knowledge of solid waste management, their attitudes
toward it were positive. It was recommended that environmental education issues, especially, solid
waste management should be incorporated into colleges of education curricula and properly taught
for in-depth knowledge acquisition.

According to North, Leslie A. (2017) this study identifies and assess the waste management
strategies that should be priorities for higher education institutions. The role of policy instruments (i.e.
purchasing policies and recycling initiatives) in implementing sustainable zero-waste management
programs at higher education institutions was investigated through comparison of American top-level and
Western Kentucky University (WKU) benchmark universities. Design/methodology/approach: Waste
minimization-oriented policy instruments implemented at American top-level and WKU benchmark
universities were analyzed through policy evaluation techniques. Digital surveys were distributed to
sustainability coordinators at WKU benchmark and top-level universities. Semi-structured interviews
were conducted with survey participants. Findings It is important to identify well-defined temporal
periods with goals and allocated tasks for direct and indirect stakeholders. Time periods should include
planning for readiness programs and infrastructural needs, along with performing comprehensive waste
characterization studies. As the waste program matures, the creation of integrated waste management
policies with specific responsibilities for all stakeholders and departments will be required. Research
limitations/implications: The sampling of universities evaluated in this research is not representative of all
universities in the USA or internationally, as they can vary widely. Yet, general waste management trends
applicable to most universities can be gleaned from this research. Practical implications: Widely varying
zero-waste strategies are readily implemented at universities. A holistic review of successful waste
management plans highlights key management approaches that should be included in all plans to ensure
their success. Originality/value: This study is one of the first of its kind to holistically evaluate policy
factors influencing effective zero-waste management at higher education institutions.

As stated by Chow, Cheuk-fai; So (2016) Plastic recycling has been an alternative method for solid
waste management apart from landfill and incineration. However, recycling quality is affected when all
plastics are discarded into a single recycling bin that increases cross contaminations and operation cost to
the recycling industry. Following the engineering design process, a new eight-compartment plastic waste
collection bin is designed to facilitate plastic recycling and sorting at source, which also provides insight
to educators about problem solving on environmental issues. The volumes of plastic wastes collected
match the design dimensions well. Further education about plastic recycling is required to improve the
recycling quality.

Local studies
As stated by Vivar, P.C. (2015), there are a lot of human activities that contribute to waste
generation. These waste materials if failed to be disposed in the proper manner and in the proper
place create a serious problem to humans and threat to nature. Solid Waste Management plays a
big role on the preservation of life and nature. Managing wastes has become a problem
especially in highly urbanized areas. Philippines is considered as the tiger economy of Asia for
its fast growth and development. This advancement comes together with problems of solid waste
management. Republic Act 9003 of the Philippines addresses different issues regarding Solid
Waste Management. It mandates Local Government Units to implement policies to promote
proper solid waste management. This study is concerned on the Solid Waste Management
(SWM) of Barangay Lahug, Cebu City. It examines the ordinances and implementation enforced
by the local government unit (LGU) and the status of practices and compliance the residents in
the barangay make regarding solid waste management. It will also investigate the municipal solid
waste management in a barangay level. In conducting this study, interview questionnaires were
answered by 107 household residents and 21 business/commercial establishments’ respondents.
An interview with the Lahug LGU representative was held. The survey was conducted to gather
information on the knowledge and practices respondents have on solid waste management. This
paper concludes that solid waste management in Barangay Lahug implements solid waste
management through enforcing Cebu City Ordinance No. 2031 known as Solid Waste
Segregation. The awareness of the residents and business establishments in the barangay about
solid waste management is high. The practices and compliance of residents indicates the
knowledge and training they have acquired. Solid waste management is a human obligation to
fulfill. The inefficiency and failure to sustain proper solid waste management is a societal,
environmental, economical, and political issue. Keywords: Solid Waste Management, Municipal
Solid Wastes, Local Government Unit, Republic Act 9003, City Ordinance 2031, Lahug This
study highlights the results of the study that was conducted to analyze the solid waste
management practices of the waste generators, and the extent of their compliance with the
Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.
The study was conducted in Bacolod City, Philippines in 2007. The findings of this study served
as basis in developing a handbook on solid waste management (Ballados, 2010).

According to RomelGador (2009), the study conducted at the 72 barangays and 78 micro, small,
and medium enterprise/industries of the three districts of Davao City last April – July 2009,
delved into an analysis of the city’s solid waste management. The major focus was on the solid
waste management practices of Davao City through the use of descriptive research method. The
result of the survey was validated through focused group discussion from selected barangays.
Documents from the CENRO, City mayor’s office and SangguniangPanglungsod were analyzed.
He analyses yielded the following salient results: food manufacturing was the top industry found
in the locality; plastics, paper, food & kitchen waste and metals were the top 5 wastes generated;
less than 5 tons of organic and inorganic wastes were generated weekly; segregation/sorting,
dumping at dumpsites, composting, selling, reuse and recycling were used in disposal treatment
technologies; domestic wastes through City collection while in processing of wastes, companies
have to manage the disposal and barangays overall mean efficiency in terms environmental
management system was significantly more efficient than that of the industries.

As stated by ME Bennagen, This study examines household waste management systems and the
attitudes and behavior of selected middle-income communities in two barangays 1 in Metro
Manila. The factors that influence household waste segregation and composting are examined
using descriptive statistics and regression analysis of primary survey data. The study identifies
some household attitudes and behavior with regard to waste management that are important in
designing community-based waste management programs, especially in the light of the country’s
new law on ecological solid waste management. The study also demonstrates the potential
economic benefits from the adoption of resource recovery practices at the household level.

According to JunelynPagunsan (2012),Solid waste management tends to be more complex

and costly which can aggravate the threat in the environment and health of the human
civilization globally. Comprehensive assessment over the issue is essential to attain sustainability
in a more globalized society. Thus, this paper seeks to evaluate how efficient the
Philippines local government units (LGUs) in its implementation of Republic Act No.
9003 or Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 using a two-stage approach. First, the
relative efficiency of each LGU in the implementation of solid waste management is estimated
using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Thereafter, second stage utilized the Tobit
Regression Analysis to further analyze the effect of the following explanatory variables
(land area, number of barangays, poverty incidence, environmental governance and dummy
variable – the ownership of disposal facility) on the DEA estimates. First stage results show
that the inefficiency of the LGUs in implementing the solid waste management can be
attributed to the mismanagement of funds and inappropriate operational scale. However,
mismanagement and inappropriate operational scale may not be entirely the basis of inefficiency
because second stage results show that all the explanatory variables evaluated have significant
relation to the performance of the LGUs.

As stated by D.V. Madrigal (2018), the solid waste management awareness, attitude,
and practices of the employees and students of a Catholic higher education institution in the
Philippines. Using a descriptive research design, the data were collected using a self-
administered survey questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The
major findings of the study show that the respondents demonstrated a very high level of
awareness and attitude and high extent of practice of solid waste management. A significant
difference was found in the awareness, attitude, and practices of respondents when they were
grouped according to status and religion. Also, the findings established the relationship between
awareness and attitude on one hand and the extent of practice of solid waste management.
Awareness, attitudes, and practices were significantly related to age and educational level, except
for sex which showed no correlation with attitude and practices. Generally, this paper validates
how knowledge influences attitude that subsequently determines behavior particularly in solid
waste management as intervened by appropriate environmental education.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter summarizes how the study conducted. It represents the research design, the
respondent, the instrument used, the data gathering techniques employed and statistical treatment
of data.

RESEARCH DESIGN
This study used a descriptive method since the researchers describe the efficiency of conducting
waste segregation for student of Moreh Academy. A descriptive method is suitable for this study
because it seeks to describe the current status of variables of phenomenon.

POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

In populationand sampling techniques, the researcher opted to use the convenience non-
probability sampling technique because it allows the researchers to know the insight of every
sample towards the study. It also allows the researcher to study traits and characteristics that are
noted for each subgroup.

THE RESPONDENTS
This study was conducted in each building of Moreh Academy in Taguig City. Thirty (30)
students are chosen to answer the questionnaire. Ten (10) students from LC1 of Moreh
Academy, ten (10) students from LC2 of Moreh Academy, and also ten (10) students from LC3
of Moreh Academy.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The researchers provide a questionnaire to the chosen student from Moreh Academy to
determine the efficiency of conducting a proper waste segregation for students of Moreh
Academy. The respondents were asked to choose their responses by checking on the given
options.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
1. What waste management practices does our institution perform?
o Collection
o Transportation
o Separation of waste
o Recycling/Composting
o If others, please specify: ________________
2. What is the total number of students in your section?
3. Is there a waste container inside your classroom?
o If yes, what kind of container? ___
a. Carton
b. Waste Basket
c. Garbage bag
d. Others
4. Do you use separate containers for biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste inside
your classroom?
o Yes
o No
5. How often are the waste containers emptied?
o Once a day
o Twice a day
o Others: __________
 6. Where do you put your garbage every day?
o Trash can of the institution
o In your bag
o Outside the institution
o If others, please specify: _______________
7. What type of solid wastes you often throw on waste containers?
o Paper and carton
o Plastics (bag/bottles)
o Food waste
o Tin cans
o Others: _______
8. Are in favor of “No segregation, No collection?”
o Yes
o No. Why? _______________________

Statistical Treatment of Data

In a questionnare regarding the profile the respondent, parameters like waste

management, for those students that will be selected as our respondent. This study is to

ensure long term sustainability of the waste management system in Moreh Academy

and the students in Moreh academy it would improve the existing waste management

system rather than the existing system.

To interpret the data effectively, the researcher will employ the ff. Statistical

treatment. The Percentage and Weighted Mean are the tools used to interpret data.

1. Percentage
 This will employ to determine the frequency count and percentage distribution of

personal related variables of respondent

Formula: % = F/N x100

%
is the Percentage

F
is the Frequency

N
is the total number of respondent

100
is the constant value

2. Average Weighted Mean

This will be used to determine the assessment of the respondents with regards to

their personal profile.

Formula: x = Fx/N

x
is the weighted mean

F
is theFrequency

x
is the weighted of each item

N
is the number of cases

3. Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA)

This will helpful in making comparison of two or more means which enables a

researcher to draw various result and prediction about two or more sets of data
Step in ANOVA

1. First step is to compute the total sum of the squares.

2. Second step is to compute the squares between columns.

3. The third step is to compute for the sum of squares within the column.

4. To complete the ANOVA table, calculate the mean of sum of squares

Arbitrary Scale of Value

This Study will use the 4 point Likert Scale, a type of psychometric response

scale in which consist of 5 answer options: [1] Strongly Disagree [2] Disagree

[3]Agree [4] Strongly Agree, where the respondents identify the level of their

agreement. This will be used because likert scales tend to produce better

distributions of data and it is relatively easier for the respondents to

understand.

Range Value Value Indicate

3.5 – 4.0 4 Highly Agree

2.5 – 3.49 3 Agree

1.5 – 2.49 2 Disagree

1.0 – 1.49 1 Highly Disagree