Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Exercise
Making Predictions: Particulate
Matter Exposure
Section 6 Exercise 1
March 28, 2022
 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Making Predictions: Particulate Matter Exposure

Instructions
Use this guide and ArcGIS Online to reproduce the results of this exercise on your own.
Note: ArcGIS Online is a dynamic mapping solution. The screenshot graphics that you see
in course materials may differ slightly from the version of ArcGIS Online that you will use.

Time to complete
Approximately 90-120 minutes

Technical note
To take advantage of the web-based technologies available in ArcGIS Online, you need to
use a fairly new version of a standard web browser, such as Google Chrome, Firefox
Mozilla, or Microsoft Edge. Older web browsers may not display your maps correctly.

Introduction
This exercise presents an approach to interpolating sample points to create a surface to
analyze. The result will be a map showing long-term particulate matter exposure. Although
the data is real, the scenario, analysis, and resulting decisions are hypothetical.
The purpose of this exercise is to show how you can use a GIS to perform interpolation.

Exercise scenario
Grant funding is being made available for cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programs across
California. Despite offering chronic disease management with proven cost-effectiveness,
these programs are frequently underused.
The funding body believes that underuse may be due to a lack of services in certain areas or
due to physicians not referring enough people. Organizers want to ensure that future
programs are fully utilized. They have commissioned you to perform some environmental
analyses and research. The body would like to establish where populations in California are
more exposed to air pollution, especially PM2.5 particulates. PM2.5 particulates are extremely
fine particles (smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter) in the atmosphere that pose serious
health risks. PM2.5 particulates contribute to lung disease and cancer.
Human-made sources of PM2.5 contribute more than natural sources, with emissions of PM2.5
from road vehicles being particularly significant. Levels of PM2.5 close to roadsides are often
much higher than levels in background locations. Other sources include industrial emissions,

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

the use of non-smokeless fuels, and wildfires. PM2.5 particulates are light; they can remain in
the air for a long time and travel hundreds of miles. Given these characteristics, there will
always be a continuous background level of PM2.5, but it will vary spatially.
What to analyze?
Certain populations, such as children and the elderly, are more susceptible to harm from fine
particulate matter. The funding body has requested a report that shows populations living in
areas where exposure exceeds state and federal standards for ambient air quality. PM2.5
monitors are required in large metropolitan areas. Small cities and rural areas have
supplementary monitors, some of which provide measurements of the long-range transport of
fine particles. Monitoring is focused on the most heavily polluted or densely populated areas
so that these monitors can establish peak concentrations.

Map showing predicted particulate matter exposure values for places in California.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

In this exercise, you will use the ArcGIS Online mapping platform to perform the following
tasks:

• Work with map layers.

• Change feature symbology.
• Create a choropleth map.
• Examine attribute data.
• Find locations.
• Calculate statistics.
• Filter layer data.
• Interpolate points.

Approach
GIS is a tool that can provide you with information to help you answer questions. When
approaching your analysis, you need to first frame the question; define the analysis criteria;
and identify the data, or layers, necessary to complete the analysis.
Frame the question
In this exercise, the analysis question can be framed as follows:
Where are people more exposed to air pollution?
Define analysis criteria
The next task is to consider the criteria associated with the question. What information do you
need to answer this question? How can you use the GIS to represent, analyze, and assess the
criteria?
Your map must show locations with higher particulate matter exposure levels, as well as
populations of a certain age group.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

On the basis of the scenario and criteria, you will need to accomplish the following tasks:

• Determine which areas within the study area have particulate matter levels exceeding
state regulation values.
• Determine which areas within the study area have particulate matter levels exceeding
federal regulation values.
• Determine the ages of the population living in these areas.
• Identify areas that have higher particulate matter levels and larger elderly populations.

Note: This exercise focuses primarily on particulate matter exposure and the elderly. You
could perform the same analyses with children as the target population because this group is
also harmed by PM2.5 exposure.
Now, start to think in terms of spatial analysis. Ask yourself the following question:
What information do I need to address this question?
For this exercise, the layers provide information related to the analysis question, including the
following details:

• The study area boundary to define the area of interest

• The location of particulate matter pollution monitoring sites (sites have monitoring
stations)
• Places people live based on U.S. Census locations

Which layers do I need for this map?

For this exercise, you need several layers:

• A layer containing the state of California boundaries

• An annual particulate matter monitoring sites layer
• A layer of populated places defined by the U.S. Census Bureau

Note: This example provides a start point. In the real world, an analysis like this would likely
involve more factors and criteria.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Technical notes

1. You will make full use of web mapping services throughout this course. You will need a
robust web connection to complete this exercise.
2. Use the latest version of Google Chrome or Microsoft Edge. Other web browsers may
not display your maps and apps correctly.

Note: For information on supported web browsers, see ArcGIS Online Help: Supported
browsers (https://esriurl.com/browsers).

Step 1: Open the map

Using ArcGIS Online, you can create a map with the identified layers that you can then use for
your analysis. For this exercise, the initial map has already been created. In this step, you
open a map that shows locations of particulate matter monitoring stations in the state of
California
Before opening the map, you will sign into ArcGIS Online.

a Open a new private or incognito web browser tab or window.

To help prevent confusion between your ArcGIS Online accounts, we recommend that you
open a private or incognito web browser window for all course work.

b In your private or incognito web browser window, go to https://www.arcgis.com/home

/item.html?id=864777fad8414ace832fc705c36035af (https://esriurl.com/Sec6Map).

c On the top right of the page, click Sign In.

d Sign in to ArcGIS Online using your course ArcGIS credentials.

Note: The Section 1 Exercise 1 PDF explains how to determine your course ArcGIS credentials
(username and password). If you have trouble signing in, please refer to the Common
Questions list on the course Help tab.

e Click the thumbnail image to open the map.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

The map opens showing locations of particulate matter monitoring stations in the state of
California; the legend is shown for context. The map also shows areas with a population of
200 or more elderly people (aged 65 or older).

Step 2: Save a copy of the map

For the purposes of this exercise, you will save a working copy of the map.

a On the ribbon above the map, click Save and choose Save As.

b In the Save Map dialog box, for Title, replace -Copy at the end of the name with your
initials.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

c Click Save Map.

A copy of the map will be saved to your My Content collection.
Note: ArcGIS Online does not automatically save maps; therefore, you should periodically
save your map as you are working.

Step 3: Select a basemap

The initial map uses the default Topographic basemap. A different basemap would better
represent the thematic nature of the map data for this analysis.
In this step, you will select a different basemap.

a On the ribbon above the map, click Basemap.

b From the basemap gallery, choose Light Gray Canvas.

The Light Gray Canvas basemap has a neutral background with minimal colors, labels, and
features. It helps draw attention to your thematic content.
With this new basemap selected, the features on the map become easier to see.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Step 4: Change layer names

In this step, you will provide more intuitive names for two layers. It is helpful to have layer
names that provide meaning for your analysis. You can rename layers to support the intent of
your map.

a In the left-side pane, click Content to activate the Contents pane.

b In the Contents pane, point to the Annual PM25 layer name, click the More Options
button , and choose Rename.

c In the Rename dialog box, type Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites.

d Click OK.
The new layer name is reflected in the Contents pane.

e Rename the Places layer to Populated Places.

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The Populated Places layer already includes concentrations of population, such as cities and
towns. The layer used in this analysis is a subset of all populated places in California because
it represents only those places with an elderly population of more than 200 people.
Next, you will change the feature display to create a more visually appealing map.

Step 5: Change the map style

In this step, you will change the style associated with the air pollution monitoring site features
to make them more visible throughout your analysis.

a If necessary, zoom out to see the entire state of California, which represents your study
area.

b Change the symbol that shows the location of the monitoring sites to a 16-px blue square.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Note: First, try changing the symbol on your own. If needed, the detailed steps are as follows:

• In the Contents pane, point to the Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites layer name and click
the Change Style button .
• In the Change Style pane, for Choose An Attribute To Show, confirm that Show
Location Only is selected.
• For Select A Drawing Style, under Location (Single Symbol), click Options.
• Click Symbols.
• In the Change Symbols window, for Shape, select the blue square.
• Change Symbol Size to 16 px.
• Click OK to close the Change Symbols window.
• In the Change Style pane, click OK, and then click Done.

The map display updates to show the locations of particulate matter monitoring sites, as
symbolized by blue squares. The monitoring sites tend to be located in areas where people
live. This result is expected because the purpose of the sites is to monitor air pollution
exposure.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Step 6: Create a choropleth map

Choropleth maps can reveal data patterns, showing the distribution of a phenomenon within
a selected area. Exploring the distribution of population across the state will highlight more
and less populated areas.
In this step, you will use graduated colors to represent the range of population as choropleth.
Remember that the range of population is contextual information that may help you interpret
the results of your analysis.

a In the Contents pane, point to the Populated Places layer name and click the Change
Style button .

b In the Change Style pane, for Choose An Attribute To Show, choose Population.

c For Select A Drawing Style, under Counts And Amounts (Color), click Select.

The Counts And Amounts (Color) drawing style uses a color gradient to represent numerical
data.

d Click Options.

e For Divided By, choose AreaSqMiles.

This choropleth map shows population normalized by area, or population density. To turn the
raw population data into population density, you can normalize by choosing either
AreaSqMiles or AreaSqKm.
Note: Totals should never be mapped by area; they should always be normalized.

f For Theme, confirm that High To Low is selected.

To show color ranges based on value, you will use a grayscale color ramp.
Note: Again, the population range is contextual information, so the choice of a grayscale
color ramp will help emphasize the most important part of the map: the PM2.5 values.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

g Click Symbols.

h In the Change Symbols window, click the Fill tab, if necessary.

i Scroll down and choose the grayscale color ramp.

j Click the Outline tab and accept the default Outline Color.

k Uncheck the box for Adjust Outline Automatically.

l For Line Width, set the value to 0 px so that you can see the gray values represented.

m Click OK to close the Change Symbols window.

To further generalize your map, you will classify the data using the Natural Breaks classification
method. This method is useful for grouping similar values to maximize the differences
between the classes.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

n In the Change Style pane, check the Classify Data box.

o Classify using Natural Breaks with 5 classes.

p For Transparency, move the slider to approximately 50%.

q Click OK, and then click Done.

The map display updates, and places are now represented in shades of gray, from light to
dark, indicating population density.
Note: With the map zoomed out, it may initially be difficult to see the areas.

r Zoom in to the Los Angeles area to see the more densely populated areas clearly.

s Click Legend.

The choropleth map shows graduated colors representing population normalized by square
miles for places where at least 200 people classified as elderly (aged 65 and older) live. Places
are areas with a concentration of population, designated by the U.S. Census Bureau. Places
include cities, towns, villages, and boroughs.
You want to determine how many areas in California have more than 200 elderly people living
nearby and also have monitoring sites.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Researchers have found that the biggest impact of particulate air pollution on public health
comes from long-term exposure to PM2.5. Long-term exposure increases age-specific
mortality risk, particularly from cardiovascular causes. Identifying areas with large elderly
populations will help identify where cardiopulmonary rehabilitation centers should be
established. Doing so may also highlight areas where increased referral rates would be
expected.
You can see that most places with population in this age group are covered by a monitoring
site. But how can you quantify that observation? Using spatial analysis, of course! Next, you
will determine how many of these populated areas (places) have monitoring sites or stations
located nearby.

Step 7: Examine the data

Before performing your analysis, you will first want to understand the data.
In this step, you will examine the attribute data for the layers in the map.

a Click Content.

b Open the attribute table for the Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites layer.

Hint: Point to the layer name and click the Show Table button .

According to the attribute table, there are 98 particulate monitoring sites (or stations) in the
state. The table includes each site's location, address, yearly average particulate matter
exposure, maximum PM2.5 exposure reading, and average reading for Air Quality Index
(https://esriurl.com/AQI), or AQI.
Next, you will examine the data for the Populated Places layer.

c Close the attribute table for the Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites layer.

d Open the attribute table for the Populated Places layer.

According to the attribute table, there are 929 places (cities, towns, villages, or boroughs) in

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

the state with an elderly population of at least 200 people. The table includes each place's
unique geographic identifier, total population, and population demographics, including the
number of elderly residents.
To confirm that the data only includes those places with an elderly population of at least 200
people, you can sort the values in the Elderly column.

e Sort the Elderly column in ascending order.

Hint: Click the column heading and choose Sort Ascending.
The lowest number in the field is 201. This result confirms that the Populated Places layer
contains the data that you need, only areas with at least 200 elderly residents. You want to use
all the values in the table because they all meet the criterion.

f Close the attribute table.

Step 8: Find locations with monitoring sites

As part of your analysis, you want to find out how many PM2.5 monitoring sites are located in
areas with an elderly population of at least 200 people. In this step, you will select features in
the Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites layer that meet the population criteria.

a In the Contents pane, point to the Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites layer name and click
the Perform Analysis button .

b Expand Find Locations, and then click Find Existing Locations.

The Find Existing Locations tool selects existing features in your study area that meet a series
of criteria you specify.

c In the Find Existing Locations pane, create an expression to find populated places that
have monitoring sites.
Note: First, try creating the expression on your own. If needed, the detailed steps are as
follows:

• For Choose Layer Containing Features You Want To Find Using Attribute And Spatial
Queries, confirm that Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites is selected.
• Click Add Expression.
• For the first field, confirm that Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites is selected.
• For the second field, choose Intersects as the spatial expression type.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Note: In an intersect, if a feature in the first layer intersects a feature in the second layer, the
feature in the first layer is included in the output. A feature in the first layer passes the
intersect test if it overlaps any part of a feature in the second layer, including touches (where
features share a common point).

• For the third field, confirm that Populated Places is selected.

• Click Add to add the expression to the Find Existing Locations pane.

d For Result Layer Name, type Monitoring Stations within Populated Places_<your first
and last name>.
Note: If you run the analysis multiple times, you will need to provide a unique result layer
name each time.
The Save Result In field defaults to your account name; you do not need to change this value.

e At the bottom of the Find Existing Locations pane, uncheck the box for Use Current Map
Extent.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

For this analysis, the study area is the entire state of California. You want to run the analysis on
all the records in the Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites layer—not just what is currently
displayed.

f Click Run Analysis.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Note: Processing time for the analysis will depend on several factors, including the number of
features in the current extent.

g Zoom out to view the entire state of California.

The map display updates to show monitoring stations in places that have a population of at
least 200 elderly people. The locations are symbolized with blue circles by default.

h Save your map.

Step 9: Examine attribute data

In this step, you will review the result data. If you recall, the original dataset had 98 monitoring
sites. You can now identify how many of those sites are located within populated places by
examining the result layer data.

a Open the attribute table for the Monitoring Stations Within Populated Places layer.

b Scroll through the table and examine the data.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

The analysis shows that there are 81 monitoring stations located in populated areas with at
least 200 people classified as elderly.
A quick calculation (81 divided by 98 and then multiplied by 100) shows that 83 percent
(when rounded up) of the monitoring stations are located in areas with a substantial elderly
population. This calculation helps you feel confident that coverage is typically good across the
state.

c Close the attribute table.

Step 10: Perform a visual assessment

In this step, you will visually analyze the locations of the monitoring stations throughout the
state. By gaining a visual understanding of the range of distances from populated places to
the nearest monitoring station, you will be better prepared to interpret the results of later
analysis steps.
You can see that most monitoring stations are located near populated places. If you zoom and
pan the map, a few stations appear to be farther away from their nearest city or town.

a In the Find Address Or Place field above the map display, type Needles, CA and press
Enter.

Needles is a small town in the southeastern part of the state near the border of California and
Arizona that appears to be some distance from the nearest monitoring station.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

b Close the Search Result pop-up window.

c Click the city name to view an information pop-up window.

The information pop-up window includes the number of people living in the area who are
identified as elderly.
Note: If you close the information pop-up window, the city of Needles will no longer be
selected on the map.

d Zoom out until you see the locations of nearby monitoring stations to the west (about four
or five clicks using the Zoom Out button on the map display).

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

There are several monitoring stations located approximately the same distance from Needles.
Next, you will measure the distance from the city to a monitoring station.

Step 11: Measure distance

After noticing that Needles, California, is relatively far from any monitoring station, you want
to know the approximate distance of that city to the nearest monitoring station. In this step,
you will measure the distance between two features on the map.

a On the ribbon above the map, click Measure .

Note: The information pop-up window is automatically closed.

You will use the ArcGIS Online Measure tool to measure the distance from the city to a
monitoring station.

b In the Find Area, Length, Or Location window, click the Distance button .
The default unit of measurement is Miles.

c Click the map once on the approximate location of the city of Needles, California (near
the eastern border of California, just north of Lake Havasu City, Arizona).

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

A small circle appears, along with a blue line that represents the distance measurement.

d Double-click the blue monitoring station circle that looks as if it is nearest to the city of
Needles, California.
Note: You may need to pan the map to see the monitoring stations.

The distance in miles is displayed in the Measurement Result area of the Find Area, Length,
Or Location window.
The measurement is not exact; depending on which part of the area that you clicked, the
result may vary by a few miles. Most measurements will be between 112 and 120 miles from
the populated area to the nearest monitoring station. This measurement gives you a general
idea of the distance for one of the stations. However, you want to identify how close the
nearest monitoring station is to each populated place in the study area. Manually measuring
each of these distances would be tedious.

e Close the Find Area, Length, Or Location window.

f Zoom out so that you can see all of California.

Distance is an important piece of information. You can determine the distance between
geographic features on a map using proximity analysis. You decide to use distance
measurements to identify the closest monitoring station to each populated place included in

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

your study. Reporting the single closest monitoring station measurement for each populated
place will not give you a complete picture of PM2.5 exposure. However, it will help you start
to understand where exposed populations are located.

Step 12: Find the nearest feature

Next, you will locate the nearest monitoring station site to each place.
ArcGIS Online provides a set of tools that help you answer one of the most common
questions posed in spatial analysis: What is near what?

a In the Contents pane, turn off the Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites layer.

b Turn off the Monitoring Stations Within Populated Places layer.

c Point to the Populated Places layer name and click the Perform Analysis button .

d Expand Use Proximity.

You will use the ArcGIS Online Find Nearest tool to find the nearest monitoring station site to
each place that meets the population criterion. The Find Nearest tool finds the nearest
features and reports and ranks the distance to the nearby features. It returns a layer
containing the nearest features and a line layer that links the start locations to their nearest
locations. The line layer contains information about the start and nearest locations and the
distances between.

e Click Find Nearest.

f In the Find Nearest pane, for Specify The Starting Locations, choose Populated Places, if
necessary.

g For Find The Nearest Locations In, choose Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites.

h For Measure, accept the default Line Distance.

You only want to find the nearest monitoring station and one value (air pollution), so you want
to find the one station closest to each place.

i For Limit The Number Of Nearest Locations To, accept the default of 1.

j For Limit The Search Range To, update the value to 120 Miles.
Based on your visual assessment and measurement examples, you decide to slightly increase
the search range. This increase will likely ensure that your results include all the monitoring
stations from your original dataset.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

k For Result Layer Name, type Nearest Monitoring Sites to Populated Places_<your first
and last name>.
Note: If you run the analysis multiple times, you will need to provide a unique result layer
name each time.
The Save Result In field defaults to your account name; you do not need to change this value.

l At the bottom of the Find Nearest pane, uncheck the box for Use Current Map Extent.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

For this analysis, the study area is the entire state of California. You want to run the analysis on
all the records in the Populated Places layer, not just what is currently displayed.

m Click Run Analysis.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

The map display updates, and the result shows connecting lines from the monitoring station
sites to places. In the Contents pane, two results layers appear: one representing the nearest
monitoring station sites and the other representing the connecting lines from the monitoring
station sites to the places that are nearest to them.

n View the map legend.

o Zoom in to the area near San Francisco.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

p Save your map.

The connecting lines are drawn from the monitoring station point feature to the edge of the
nearest place features.

Step 13: Examine the data

It is important to verify that the number of features in the result layer table matches the
number of input features. In the original analysis, there were 98 features representing the
monitoring station sites.
In this step, you will look at the result layer table to confirm that the number of features in
both layers matches.

a Open the attribute table for the Nearest Monitoring Sites To Populated Places layer.

This data is from the original Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites layer. The number of features
should be 98.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

b Open the attribute table for the Nearest Monitoring Sites To Populated Places -
Connecting Lines layer.

The number of features is the same as the number of features in the original Populated Places
layer: 929.

c Examine the Straight Line Distance (Miles) field.

d Sort the field in ascending order.

A value of 0 miles indicates that the monitoring station is located in the nearest city.

e Sort the field in descending order.

This analysis shows that the farthest place (Needles) is about 114 miles (183 km) from the
nearest monitor. Other places clearly contain at least one monitor. Some places even have
multiple monitors. You now have the range of distance values, from 0 miles to 114 miles.

f Click a row in the table.

g With a row in the table selected, click the Table Options button , and then click Center
On Selection to zoom the map to the selected connecting line.
The respective connecting line shows on the map in blue.
Note: Choose a value with greater than 0 distance miles. Those connecting lines with a
straight line distance of 0 miles will not show on the map. Because some connecting lines are
relatively short, it may be difficult to see when you click the associated row in the table. You
may need to zoom or pan the map.

h Close the attribute table.

i Zoom out so that you can see all of California.

You decide that it would be valuable to report how much air pollution is detected at each
location. This report will provide a rough idea of the importance of the distance from a
monitoring station to a location.

Step 14: Change the map style

You can change the style of the connecting lines to reflect the PM2.5 particulate matter value

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

at each monitoring site and the nearest place.

In this step, you will change the line feature style to use the width of the lines to represent the
particulate matter values.

a In the Contents pane, point to the Nearest Monitoring Sites To Populated Places -
Connecting Lines layer name and click the Change Style button .

b In the Change Style pane, for Choose An Attribute To Show, choose Annual_PM25:
YEARLYAVG.
By default, the drawing style is set to Counts And Amounts (Size). This map style uses an
orderable sequence of different sizes to represent your numerical data or ranked categories.
You will change the size and color of the line symbol.

c Click Options.

d In the Change Style pane, click Symbols.

e In the Change Symbols window, choose a medium pink (such as hex color #E600A9) to
match the color used for the monitoring stations.

f Click OK.

g For Size, set Min to 1 px and Max to 9 px.

Note: You can preview style changes in the map legend preview box.

h Click OK, and then click Done.

The map display updates, and the connecting lines are shown in varying widths representing
the pattern of pollution. By simply changing the width of lines based on the PM2.5 value, you
can better understand the pattern of annual average PM2.5 pollution in the state.

i View the map legend.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Your map now shows areas with higher annual average pollution values (represented by
thicker connecting lines). It shows areas with lower annual average pollution values
(represented by thinner connecting lines). Finally, it shows the distance from the monitoring
stations to these places.

j Save your map.

Given the difference between the federal and state regulations, you think that it would be
valuable to report results using both PM2.5 standards. Doing so will allow California and other
states to see the difference in potentially affected population sizes between the two
standards. Using the value from the nearest monitor, you can estimate the population size
where the value exceeds relevant standards: the state of California ambient air quality
standards for outdoor air (12 μg/m3) or federal ambient air quality standards (15 μg/m3).

Step 15: Filter the data

You would like your report to include a map that shows populations living where exposure
exceeds state and federal ambient air quality standards for particulate matter.
In this step, you will filter the data to identify the populated areas where the annual PM value
exceeds 12 micrograms.

a Create a filter to identify the populated places where the annual PM value exceeds the

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

state ambient air quality standard of 12 micrograms.

Note: First, try creating the filter on your own. If needed, the detailed steps are as follows:

• In the Contents pane, point to the Nearest Monitoring Sites To Populated Places -
Connecting Lines layer name and click the Filter button .
• In the Filter dialog box, choose Annual_PM25: YEARLYAVG as the field to filter on.
• For the second field, choose Is Greater Than.
• For the third field, type 12.

• Click Apply Filter.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

The map display updates. Now, it shows only areas where annual average PM2.5 particulate
matter exposure is greater than 12 micrograms (exceeding California ambient air quality
standards).
The report should identify how many people are living in places where exposure exceeds
state standards. Your next task is to obtain statistics for these results.

Step 16: Calculate statistics

In this step, you will calculate statistics to identify the total potential exposed population.

a Open the attribute table for the Nearest Monitoring Sites To Populated Places -
Connecting Lines layer.

There are 208 locations in the state where people are potentially exposed to air pollution
greater than state standards.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

b Click the Places: Population field heading and choose Statistics.

The sum of values represents the total population in the 208 areas. There are 11,423,778
people living in areas where PM2.5 particulate matter exposure exceeds state-recommended
levels.

c Close the Statistics window.

Next, you will check the federal standards so that you can include that information in your
report.

Step 17: Edit a filter

Because you have already created a filter, you simply need to edit it to change the PM value.
In this step, you will edit a filter to identify the populated areas where the annual PM value
exceeds the federal standards of 15 micrograms.

a Edit the filter so that places with an annual PM value that exceeds the federal standards
value of 15 are used for the subsequent analysis.
Note: First, try editing the filter on your own. If needed, the detailed steps are as follows:

• In the Contents pane, point to the Nearest Monitoring Sites To Populated Places -
Connecting Lines layer name and click the Filter button .
• In the Filter dialog box, click the Edit tab.
• For the third field, type 15.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

• Click Apply Filter.

The map display updates. Now, it shows only areas where annual average PM2.5 particulate
matter exposure is greater than 15 micrograms (exceeding federal ambient air quality
standards).

b Examine the attribute table for the Nearest Monitoring Sites To Populated Places -
Connecting Lines layer.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

There are 58 locations in the state where people are potentially exposed to air pollution
greater than federal standards. You are pleased to see that the number of places where
particulate matter exposure exceeds federal standards is smaller than the number of places
that exceed state standards. You would expect that the total population number will also be
smaller.
Your report will also identify how many people are living in places where exposure exceeds
federal standards. You need to obtain statistics for these results.

Step 18: Calculate statistics

In your report, you want to include the total population living in the areas, as well as the
number of children and elderly.
In this step, you will calculate statistics to identify the population potentially exposed to
particulate matters exceeding federal standards.

a Examine the statistics to determine how many people are living in these areas.
Hint: Click the Places: Population field heading and choose Statistics.

There are 58 places with 5,555,738 people living in those areas where PM2.5 particulate

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

matter exposure exceeds the federal standards.

Displaying the population for the places allows you to add more information to the map. You
can see the area around Bakersfield and through the middle belt of California, where annual
average values are highest. However, in these areas, many of the monitors are located some
distance from populated places and the population numbers are low. In Los Angeles, there
are several monitors; distances to the nearest monitor are much shorter, and affected
populations are much larger.
This analysis uses the particulate matter value from the nearest monitoring station. This
method is a common way of assessing air pollution exposure.
Particulate matter values are only known at sample locations, where monitoring stations are
located. Proximity to the nearest site may not be the best estimate of particulate values in
another location.

b Close the Statistics window.

c Close the attribute table.

Your concern with the approach of using the nearest monitor is based on your knowledge of
the sources of PM2.5. You know that it will vary spatially and that Euclidean distance may not
be the only factor affecting the distribution. You think that you could use a geostatistical
interpolator with the data from the monitoring sites. This method will allow you to use the
statistical properties of the measured PM2.5 samples to predict values across the state.
A different approach
Next, you will use a different approach to try to get a better understanding of true exposure
risks using geostatistical interpolation (https://esriurl.com/Interpolation). Because particulate
matter is wind-blown, exposure can vary. Simply living in an area with a monitoring station or
nearby a monitoring station does not necessarily mean that the exposure rates or levels are
perfectly accurate. There are other factors, such as whether you live near heavily traveled
roads within your location and which sources of particulate matter are nearby. Consequently,
straight line distance is not entirely the best method. Using interpolation, you can create a
predicted surface of PM air pollution.

Step 19: Interpolate values

A different approach
You will use a different approach to try to get a better understanding of true exposure risks
using geostatistical interpolation (https://esriurl.com/Interpolation). Because particulate
matter is wind-blown, exposure can vary. Simply living in an area with a monitoring station or
nearby a monitoring station does not necessarily mean that the exposure rates or levels are

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

perfectly accurate. There are other factors, such as whether you live near heavily traveled
roads within your location and which sources of particulate matter are nearby. Consequently,
straight line distance is not entirely the best method. Using interpolation, you can create a
predicted surface of PM air pollution.
In this step, you will interpolate the particulate values from monitoring sites using the sample
point collected values at monitoring stations—the same ones you used for straight line
distance.

a In the Contents pane, point to the Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites layer name and click
the Perform Analysis button .

b Expand Analyze Patterns.

The Analyze Patterns tools help you identify, quantify, and visualize spatial patterns in your
data. You will use the ArcGIS Online Interpolate Points tool to predict values at new locations
based on measurements found in a collection of points. Your analysis will return areas
classified by predicted values.

c Click Interpolate Points.

d In the Interpolate Points pane, for Choose Point Layer Containing Locations With Known
Values, confirm that Annual PM2.5 Monitoring Sites is selected.

e For Choose Field To Interpolate, choose YEARLYAVG.

f For Optimize For, move the slider to Speed.

Note: You can optimize for either speed or accuracy. In this case, to save time, you will choose
to optimize for speed.

g Check the box for Output Prediction Errors.

Checking this box ensures that a layer of standard errors for the interpolation predictions is
created, which is useful because the errors provide information about the reliability of the
predicted values.

h Expand Options.

i For Clip Output To, choose California.

Clipping the output ensure that the interpolated surface does not extend beyond the state
boundary.

j For Classify By, choose Manual.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

You are interested in analyzing people who are potentially being exposed to the higher PM2.5
levels. That information is defined by the state and federal standards (12 and 15 micrograms),
so you want those values as break points. The Manual setting will allow you to identify areas
that exceed standards.

k For Class Break Values, type 2 4 6 8 10 12 15 20.

Note: These values should be separated by a space. It is important that values cover all the
ranges in your data and include the two values of interest: state and federal exposure limits.

l For Result Layer Name, type PM Prediction_<your first and last name>.
Note: If you run the analysis multiple times, you will need to provide a unique result layer
name each time.
The Save Result In field defaults to your account name; you do not need to change this value.

m At the bottom of the Interpolate Points pane, uncheck the box for Use Current Map
Extent.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

For this analysis, the study area is the entire state of California. You want to run the analysis on
all the records in the Annual PM 2.5 Monitoring Sites layer, not just what is currently
displayed.

n Click Run Analysis.

The map display updates and shows the range of predicted PM exposure values.

o Turn off the Nearest Monitoring Sites To Populated Places and Nearest Monitoring Sites
To Populated Places - Connecting Lines layers.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

p If necessary, zoom out so that the full study area is visible.

q View the map legend.

The map results show the prediction surface with prediction errors in the layer beneath it.
Areas with higher predicted exposure values appear in a darker color.
Interpolating the points allows you to clearly see the pattern of PM2.5 levels across the entire
area. To view even more information about the prediction, you will look at the prediction
errors.

Step 20: View prediction errors

The prediction standard error quantifies the uncertainty of the prediction. Examining the
prediction errors can be useful to determine error variance.
In this step, you will view the prediction errors.

a In the Contents pane, turn off the PM Prediction layer to view the prediction errors.

b Click Legend.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

The accuracy of each location's prediction can be measured by comparing predicted values to
measured values. The map of prediction errors shows the square root of the prediction
variance (standard error), associated with the difference between the true and predicted
values at each location.
In this map's symbology, lighter-colored areas have a more accurate prediction value at each
location (less uncertainty), and red areas have less accuracy (more uncertainty). If you compare
this prediction error surface to the monitoring station layer, you can see that areas of lower
uncertainty are generally also areas with denser distribution of monitoring stations.
Notice that the greatest errors are in the eastern part of the state, as you would expect
because there are fewer monitoring stations. The prediction variability tends to be smaller
where measurements are denser and larger where observed data is more sparse. Using this
surface will allow others to clearly see areas of higher uncertainty and then better interpret the
maps.

c Click Content.

d Turn the PM Prediction layer back on.

e Save your map.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Step 21: Find existing locations

You want to find places that have predicted PM2.5 values that exceed the state standards of
12 micrograms, followed by areas that exceed the federal standards of 15 micrograms. You
will again use location analysis to find the areas that have predicted values that are at or
exceed the state and federal standard exposure levels.
In this step, you will focus on the state exposure levels.

a In the Contents pane, point to the Populated Places layer name and click the Perform
Analysis button .

b Expand Find Locations, and then click Find Existing Locations.

The Find Existing Locations tool can be used for selecting existing features to identify areas
that meet the specified criteria.

c Add a spatial query expression to find areas that intersect with the predicted exposure
values.
Note: First, try creating the spatial query expression on your own. If needed, the detailed
steps are as follows:

• For Choose Layer Containing Features You Want To Find Using Attribute And Spatial
Queries, confirm that Populated Places is selected.
• Click Add Expression.
• For the first field, choose the Populated Places layer, if necessary.
• For the second field, choose Intersects.
• For the third field, choose the PM_Prediction layer, if necessary.

• Click Add to add the expression to the Find Existing Locations pane.

d Next, add an attribute query expression to select only those areas where the predicted
yearly average values are 12 micrograms or greater.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Note: First, try creating the attribute query expression on your own. If needed, the detailed
steps are as follows:

• Click Add Expression.

• For the first field, choose the PM_Prediction layer.
• For the second field, choose Where (Attribute Query), if necessary.
• For the attribute, choose Value_Min.
• For the fourth field, choose Is At Least.

This setting ensures that the results include areas where exposure levels are 12 micrograms or
greater.

• For the fifth field, type 12.

• Click Add to add the expression to the Find Existing Locations pane.

e For Result Layer Name, type Places Over CA Standards_<your first and last name>.
Note: If you run the analysis multiple times, you will need to provide a unique result layer
name each time.
The Save Result In field defaults to your account name; you do not need to change this value.

f At the bottom of the Find Existing Locations pane, uncheck the box for Use Current Map
Extent.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

For this analysis, the study area is the entire state of California. You want to run the analysis on
all the records in the Populated Places layer, not just what is currently displayed.

g Click Run Analysis.

h Turn off the PM Prediction - predictionError layer.

i View the map legend.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

The results show populated areas where there is predicted PM2.5 particulate matter exposure
of 12 micrograms per year or greater (exceeding California state standards).

j Zoom and pan the map to examine the results.

As you examine the results, you notice that some of the areas extend beyond the identified
exposure range areas (the interpolated values) in the PM Prediction layer. When you are
working with population data known for places (as area data), if any part of the area is
intersected by the identified exposure range, then the whole place is treated as potentially
exposed to that level.

Step 22: Examine the data

To better understand the results, you will examine the data to view how many locations there
are in the study area where exposure levels are predicted to be greater than state standards
and how many people live in these areas.

a Click Content.

b Open the attribute table for the new Places Over CA Standards layer.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

There are 256 locations in the study area where exposure levels are predicted to be greater
than state standards.
The funding body will ask certain questions about how many people live in these areas and
how many of those people are children or elderly. Examining statistics will provide the
answers.

c In the table, click the Population field heading and choose Statistics.

According to your initial analysis, the population living in areas with exposure levels greater
than California standards is 11,423,778. The total population in the prediction results layer
called Places Over CA Standards (14,405,764) varies from your initial analysis, which is
expected. You used two different methods of analyses so you would expect there to be a
difference in the results.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

Note: You can determine the number of children or elderly living in these areas by getting
statistics on the Children and Elderly fields in the table.

d Close the Statistics window.

e Close the attribute table.

f Turn off the Places Over CA Standards layer.

g Zoom the map so that the entire state of California is visible.

To complete your report, you will repeat this same analysis for the federal values.

Step 23: Find existing locations

In this step, you will use location analysis to find the areas that have predicted values at or
exceeding federal standards.

a Create a spatial query expression to find areas that intersect with the predicted exposure
values.
Note: First, try creating the spatial query expression on your own. If needed, the detailed
steps are as follows:

• In the Contents pane, point to the Populated Places layer name and click the Perform
Analysis button .
• Expand Find Locations, and then click Find Existing Locations.
• Click Add Expression.
• For the first field, choose the Populated Places layer.
• For the second field, choose Intersects.
• For the third field, choose the PM_Prediction layer.

• Click Add to add the expression to the Find Existing Locations pane.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

b Next, add an attribute query expression to select only those areas where the predicted
yearly average values are greater than 15 micrograms.
Note: First, try creating the attribute query expression on your own. If needed, the detailed
steps are as follows:

• Click Add Expression.

• For the first field, choose the PM_Prediction layer.
• For the second field, choose Where (Attribute Query).
• For the attribute, choose Value_Min.
• For the fourth field, choose Is At Least.

This setting will ensure that the results include areas where exposure levels are 15 micrograms
or greater.

• For the fifth field, type 15.

• Click Add to add the expression to the Find Existing Locations pane.

c For Result Layer Name, type Places Over Federal Standards_<your first and last
name>.
The Save Result In field defaults to your account name; you do not need to change this value.

d At the bottom of the Find Existing Locations pane, uncheck the box for Use Current Map
Extent.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

For this analysis, the study area is the entire state of California. You want to run the analysis on
all the records in the Populated Places layer, not just what is currently displayed.

e Click Run Analysis.

f View the map legend.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

The results show populated areas where there is predicted PM2.5 particulate matter exposure
of 15 micrograms per year or greater (exceeding federal standards).

g Zoom and pan the map to examine the results.

Using the interpolated annual average values, you can find the places and estimate the
number of people who live where the PM2.5 levels are greater than 12 μg/m3 and 15 μg/m3.
Next, you will identify how many people live in the areas with predicted exposure values
exceeding federal standards.

Step 24: Examine the data

To better understand the results and to obtain the values needed for your report, you will
examine the data to identify how many locations in the study area have exposure levels
predicted to be greater than federal standards and how many people live in these areas.

a Open the attribute table for the new Places Over Federal Standards layer.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

There are 34 locations in the study area where exposure levels are predicted to be greater
than federal standards.
To find out how many people live in these areas, you will examine the statistics.

b Open and view the statistics on the population in these areas.

Hint: In the table, click the Population field heading and choose Statistics.
According to your initial analysis, the population living in areas with exposure levels greater
than federal standards is 5,555,738. The total population in the prediction results (1,465,063
people) varies significantly compared to those obtained using the nearest monitor.
Using the nearest monitor, 58 places have monitored values of more than 15 μg/m3. On the
other hand, when you use interpolation, only 34 features are located in an area with PM2.5
values that exceed 15 μg/m3.

c Close the Statistics window and close the attribute table.

Now that you have your results for each analysis method, you are able to report your results
and provide an explanation for the different values.

Standards for ambient air Nearest monitor (first Interpolated surface (second
quality analysis) analysis)
California standards (12 μg 11,423,778 14,405,764
/m3)

Federal standards (15 μg/m3) 5,555,738 1,465,063

The potentially exposed population is much greater for federal standards (15 μg/m3) when
taking the PM value from the nearest monitor than when using the interpolated values. Many
monitoring stations are located where PM values are expected to be high and therefore are
being monitored. Background locations, where the PM values will be lower, are less likely to

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

have a nearby monitoring station. The nearest station for many areas where the PM values will
be lower will, in fact, be several miles away and located where high values are recorded. The
variation in population is more pronounced using the federal standards because the high
PM2.5 values occur across a smaller area than the more stringent California standards.
The variation over the area is perhaps better represented using interpolation. Interpolation,
however, relies on some monitoring stations being located where background levels are
monitored (as in this example). The geostatistical interpolation can use the variation of
sampled values to create a predicted surface.

Step 25: Change the map style

To support your analysis findings, you have two layers that represent predictions for exposure
to PM2.5 particulate matter based on state and federal standards. You decide to make
changes to create a better visual representation of the results. The default style for the layers
uses blue to identify the areas that meet the criteria. In this step, you will change the style of
the features for clarity.

a Turn on the Places Over CA Standards layer.

b Change the symbol for the Places Over CA Standards layer to a solid dark red (such as
hex color #730000) shape with no outline.
Note: First, try changing the feature symbology on your own. If needed, the detailed steps
are as follows:

• In the Contents pane, point to the Places Over CA Standards layer name and click the
Change Style button .
• For Choose An Attribute To Show, confirm that Show Location Only is selected.
• For Select A Drawing Style, under Location (Single Symbol), click Options.
• Click Symbols.
• At the top of the Change Symbols window, click the Fill tab, if necessary.
• Choose a dark red color (such as hex color #730000).
• At the top of the Change Symbols window, click the Outline tab and set the Line
Width to 0 px.
• Click OK to close the Change Symbols window.
• In the Change Style pane, click OK, and then click Done.

c Change the symbol for the Places Over Federal Standards layer to a solid orange (such as

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

hex color #FF5500) shape with no outline.

Hint: Repeat the previous steps, using a solid orange color (such as hex color #FF5500)
instead of dark red.

d Turn off the Populated Places layer.

Note: You may need to zoom in to see the symbolized places.

The results show the places that are over the state and federal exposure standards. Now, you
want to provide more details about the areas with exposure values exceeding standards. You
will create a custom attribute display (the information pop-up window) that displays when
users click a feature in your map.

Step 26: Create a custom pop-up

ArcGIS Online provides functionality to customize the information pop-up window associated
with the features in your map. You want to provide more details for the features that represent
areas with pollution exposure values exceeding state and federal standards.
In this step, you will customize the information pop-up window for the features in your map to
provide more details.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

a In the Contents pane, point to the Places Over CA Standards layer name, click the More
Options button , and choose Configure Pop-Up.

b In the Configure Pop-Up pane, for Pop-Up Title, accept the default title.

c For Display, choose A Custom Attribute Display from the drop-down list.
Note: The Show Pop-Ups box will be automatically checked when you choose this option.

d Click Configure.

e In the Custom Attribute Display window, to the right of the font size, click the Add Field
Name button, as shown in the following graphic.

f Choose NAME {NAME}.

g In the field below the toolbar, add a space after {NAME}, type has a total population of,
and then add another space.

h Click the Add Field Name button again and choose Population {Population}.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

i Click OK.
The funding body will be interested in the number of children and elderly in each selected
place. You will add a chart to display these values in the pop-up window.

j In the Pop-Up Media section, click Add and choose Column Chart.

k In the Configure Column Chart window, for Title, type Number of Children and Elderly.

l For Caption, type Children, Elderly.

Note: The caption entries will become labels for the columns in the chart.

m In the Chart Fields section, check the Children and Elderly boxes.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

n Click OK.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

o Click OK to close the Configure Pop-Up pane.

p Click an area of the map that is symbolized as a place with values over the state pollution
exposure standards.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

q In the information pop-up window, point to each column in the chart to view the
associated population values.
Note: Depending on where you click within an area, two or more records may pop up. You
can scroll through the records; in the blue bar at the top of the custom pop-up window, click
the right arrow. Some records may be from areas that share a boundary with the area in the
Places Over CA Standards layer. Other records may be from the PM Prediction layer.

r Close the pop-up window.

Next, you will repeat the process and create a custom information pop-up window for the
Places Over Federal Standards layer.

Step 27: Create another custom pop-up

You will create a custom information pop-up window for the Places Over Federal Standards
layer.

a In the Contents pane, point to the Places Over Federal Standards layer name, click the
More Options button , and choose Configure Pop-Up.

b In the Configure Pop-Up pane, for Pop-Up Title, accept the default title.

c For Display, choose A Custom Attribute Display.

d Click Configure.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

e In the Custom Attribute Display window, click the Add Field Name button and choose
NAME {NAME}.

f In the field below the toolbar, after {NAME} add a space, type has a total population of,
and then add another space.

g Click the Add Field Name button again and choose Population {Population}.

h Click OK.

i In the Pop-Up Media section, click Add and choose Column Chart.

j In the Configure Column Chart window, for Title, type Number of Children and Elderly.

k For Caption, type Children, Elderly.

Note: The caption entries will become labels for the columns in the chart.

l In the Chart Fields section, check the Children and Elderly boxes.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

m Click OK.

n Click OK to close the Configure Pop-Up pane.

o Click an area of the map that is symbolized as a place with values over the federal
pollution exposure standards.

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

p In the information pop-up window, point to each column in the chart to view the
associated population values.
Note: Depending on where you click within an area, two or more records may pop up. You
can scroll through the records; in the blue bar at the top of the custom pop-up window, click
the right arrow. Some records may be from areas that share a boundary with the area in the
Places Over Federal Standards layer. Other records may be from the PM Prediction layer.

q Close the pop-up window.

You have successfully configured the information in the pop-ups to show a custom attribute
display and a column chart. You used attribute fields that are in your data. When configuring
your pop-ups, you also have the option to use custom attribute expressions
(https://esriurl.com/attexp) written in the Arcade expression language.

Step 28: Save the map

To complete your work on this project, you will save the map before exiting ArcGIS Online.

a In the upper left of the map, click the Default Extent button .

b On the ribbon above the map, click Save and choose Save.
The map will be saved to your My Content collection.
You are satisfied that you have enough information for the report. You can now show maps of
the predicted value for each populated place in the state using the nearest monitoring

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 Going Places with Spatial Analysis MOOC

station. You can also use interpolated values across the whole state together with a measure
of uncertainty.

c Close your private or incognito web browser window.

Conclusion
Collectively, the information from your analyses will allow results to be compared with past
findings. Your work will also increase confidence in the interpretation of current findings. You
hope that this information will support decisions related to future cardiopulmonary
rehabilitation programs.
In this exercise, you looked at an example of the type of problem that can be addressed by
applying predictive analysis and interpolation.

Copyright © 2022 Esri. All rights reserved. 62