International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 116 No. 18 2017, 319-325

ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.ijpam.eu
Special Issue
ijpam.eu

IMPROVEMENTOF TRANSIENT STABILITY USING AVR, GOVERNOR AND PSS FOR

A REAL TIME INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM

S.Prakesh1, S.Sherine 2
1 2
Director, Co-Director, Centre Of Excellence In Green Energy
BIST, BIHER , Bharath University, Chennai-73
1
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: The main theme of this project is to improve

the stability by using power system stabilizer, automatic Dynamic instability is related to the high loading of
voltage regulator and governor .Here transient stability modern electrical power systems, to the design of lower-
analysis is performed to verify the stable condition of a cost synchronous generators and especially to the use of
system. Now a day, there has been much interest in high-gain and quick-acting excitation systems. To
designing power system stabilizer, which is expected to improve the damping of electromechanical oscillations
give better dynamic performance over a wider range of when necessary, such systems should be designed to
system and operating conditions. The performance are allow proper processing of stabilization signals, usually
often justified by simulation studies on few test can be derived from the machine rotor-speed or electrical
taken and to find the typical power system. The power power[5-9].
system stabilizer to damp out the low frequency
oscillations. Among different types of PSSs are used to 2. Existing System
determine the stability of the system and designed based
on the operating point of the system. In this operating The high complexity and nonlinearity of power systems,
condition frequently change and the PSS performance together with their almost continuously time varying
may deteriorate. The data’s are collected from surana nature, have deal of challenge of power system control
industries, India and implementing the real time data in engineers for decades. A particular issue encountered at
the ETAP. the generating plant level is to maintain stability under
various operating conditions. In order to obtain high
1. Introduction quality for synchronous generator controllers, many
researches has been established and numerous paper are
A traditional function of the excitation system is to published. Conventional excitation controllers are mainly
regulate generator voltage and thereby help control designed by using linear control theory. The principal
system voltage. The power system stabilizer (PSS) is a conventional excitation controller is the AVR[10-15].
supplementary controller, which is often applied as part Many different AVR models have been
of the excitation control system. Grid codes and developed to represent the various types used in a power
regulatory agencies are increasingly specifying PSS system. The IEEE defined several AVR types, the main
controls for new generation and retrofit on existing units. one of which (Type 1) is shown in Fig. 6.1.Adversely;
The basic function of the PSS is to apply a signal to the the generator AVR which reacts only to the voltage error
excitation system, creating electrical torques that damp weakens the damping introduced by damper windings.
out power oscillations[1-4]. This detrimental effect of the AVR can be compensated
Although the primary function of the PSS is to using supplementary control loop which is the power
supply positive damping torque contributions, experience system stabilizer. These stabilizers introduced additional
indicates that it can impact the generator-power system system damping signals derived from the machine speed
transient performance under certain conditions. or power through the excitation system in order to

319
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

improve the damping of power swings Conventional

fixed parameter stabilizers work reasonably well over
medium range of operating conditions. However may
diminish as the generator load changes or the network
configuration is altered by faults or other switching
conditions which lead to deterioration in the stabilizer
performance. Remarkable efforts have been devoted to
the design of appropriate PSS; various methods, such as
root locus, eigen value techniques, pole placement, and
adaptive control have been used[16-19]

Figure 2. Surana Industries

4. Power System Stabilizer

Power system stabilizers (PSS) were developed to aid in

damping these oscillations via modulations of excitation
system of generators. The action of a PSS is to extend the
angular stability limits of a power system by providing
supplemental damping to the oscillation of synchronous
machine rotors through the generator excitation. To
provide damping, stabilizers must produce a component
of electrical torque on the rotor which is in phase with
speed variations This supplementary control is very
Figure 1. AVR Block Diagram
beneficial during line outages and large power
transfers[20-25]. However, power system instabilities can
3. Plant Model
arise in certain circumstances due to negative damping
effects of the PSS on the rotor. The reason for this is that
To investigate the effectiveness of using the power
PSSs are tuned around a steady-state operating point;
system stabilizer (PSS) with the automatic voltage
their damping effect is only valid for small excursions
regulator (AVR), the plant model which is the exciter-
around this operating point. During severe disturbances, a
generator is shown in Figure 1 below. A mathematical
PSS may actually cause the generator under its control to
model for the exciter-generator plant was derived
lose synchronism in an attempt to control its excitation
depending on the Swing Equation viewpoint. The
field. [26-30]
equations of central importance in power system stability
analysis are the rotational inertia equation describing the
A. Structure of PSS
effect of unbalance between the electromagnetic torque
and the mechanical torque of the individual machines.
The block diagram of the PSS is shown below in Fig. 1.
It consists of a signal washout block, phase compensation
block and a gain block.

320
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

an investigation into modifying the input of a specific

type of PSS as applied to a power system, and is not
intended to serve as an exhaustive review of the domain
of PSS application and design. Provide a survey of the
state-of-the-art of this topic. This chapter will focus on
providing a review of a few of the technologies and
approaches, with the goal of making the case for using
this type of controller to solve the low frequency inter-
Figure 3. Block diagram of Power System Stabilizer area oscillation problem. The vector diagram of voltages
is shown in Fig.1
B. Elementary view of transient stability analysis EG = EM + jXI (1)
Hence the current is,
I= (2)
The power output of the generator and likewise
the power input of the motor, since there is no
resistance in the line is given by,
P = Re(E . I)
= Re(E . ) (3)
Where Re means “the real part of” and E means
the conjugate of E
Figure 4. Simple Two Machine Power System Now let,
E = E ∠0
Consider the very simple power system of Fig.1, And
consisting of a synchronous generator supplying power to E = E ∠δ
a synchronous motor over a circuit composed of series Then
inductive reactance XL. Each of the synchronous E = E ∠(−δ) (4)
machines may be represented, at least approximately, by So,
a constant-voltage source in series with a constant .
P= sinδ (5)
reactance. Thus the generator is represented by EG and
XG; and the motor, by EM and XM. Upon combining the
C. Swing equation
machine reactance and the line reactance into a
single reactance, we have an electric circuit consisting
The electromechanical equation describing the relative
of two constant-voltage sources, EG and EM, connected
motion of the rotor load angle (δ) with respect to
through reactance X =XG + XL + XM. It will be shown
the stator field as a function of time is known as Swing
that the power transmitted from the generator to the
equation. The swing equation in terms of the inertia
motor depends upon the phase difference δ of the two
constant becomes, where,
voltages EG and EM. Since these voltages are generated
by the flux produced by the field windings of the M =P −P (6)
machines, their phase difference is the same as the M = inertia constant, it is not really constant when
electrical angle between the machine rotors. PSS the rotor speed deviates from the synchronous speed.
controller design, methods of combining the PSS with the Pm = Shaft power input, corrected for windage and
excitation controller AVR investigation of many friction losses.
different input signals and the vast field of tuning Pe=Pa sin δ = electrical power output, corrected for
methodologies are all part of the PSS topic. This thesis is electrical losses.

321
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

Pa = amplitude for the power angle curve.

δ m = mechanical power angle.
Swing equation in terms of electrical angle is,
!
"
M =P −P (7)

D. Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

PSS controller design, methods of combining the PSS

with the excitation controller AVR investigation of many
different input signals and the vast field of tuning
methodologies are all part of the PSS topic. This thesis is
an investigation into modifying the input of a specific
type of PSS as applied to a power system, and is not
intended to serve as an exhaustive review of the domain
of PSS application and design.provide a survey of the 5.2 Case 2Bus voltage
state-of-the-art of this topic. This chapter will focus on
providing a review of a few of the technologies and We are considering bus voltage in the system with AVR
approaches, with the goal of making the case for using and governor and later we are considering along with
this type of controller to solve the low frequency inter- PSS and the transient stability analysis is viewed as
area oscillation problem. below.

Figure 5. Structure of PSS controller

5. System Response
5.3 Case 3 Bus frequency
5.1 Case 1 Relative power angle
We are considering bus frequency in the system with
We are considering relative power angle in the system AVR and governor and later along with PSS and the
with AVR and governor. And then we are considering transient stability analysis is carried out as shown below.
along with PSS ,the transient stability is simulated as From the above details we came to know thaqt the
shown below. settling time and peak over shoot of PSS along with AVR

322
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

and governor shows better performance than the normal [4] Kiran Kumar T.V.U., Karthik B., Improving
AVR and governor. network life time using static cluster routing for wireless
sensor networks, Indian Journal of Science and
Technology, v-6, i-SUPPL5, pp-4642-4647, 2013.
[5] Karthik B., Kumar T.K., Dorairangaswamy
M.A., Logashanmugam E., Removal of high density salt
and pepper noise through modified cascaded filter,
Middle - East Journal of Scientific Research, v-20, i-10,
pp-1222-1228, 2014.
[6] Karthik B., Kiran Kumar T.V.U., EMI developed
test methodologies for short duration noises, Indian
Journal of Science and Technology, v-6, i-SUPPL5, pp-
4615-4619, 2013.
[7] Vijayaragavan S.P., Karthik B., Kiran Kumar
T.V.U., Privacy conscious screening framework for
frequently moving objects, Middle - East Journal of
Scientific Research, v-20, i-8, pp-1000-1005, 2014.
6. Conclusion [8] Vijayaragavan S.P., Karthik B., Kiran Kumar
T.V.U., A DFIG based wind generation system with
Thus from this paper we came to a conclusion that PSS unbalanced stator and grid condition, Middle - East
have been brought to improve power system damping Journal of Scientific Research, v-20, i-8, pp-913-917,
and the system stability by generator voltage regulation 2014.
depending on system dynamic response. The PSS is a [9] Arul Selvi S., Sundararajan M., A combined
supplementary control system which is often applied as framework for routing and channel allocation for
part of excitation control system. This study proposes a dynamic spectrum sharing using cognitive radio,
real time application of PSS for the damping oscillation. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,
The real time data collected from the surana industries v-11, i-7, pp-4951-4953, 2016.
India, for this analysis.we get better performance by [10] Arul Selvi S., Sundararajan M., SVM based two
taking steel plant surana industries for performing the level authentication for primary user emulation attack
transient stability analysis. detection, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v-9,
i-29, pp--, 2016.
References [11] Kanniga E., Sundararajan M., Kanembedded
control of sub cyclic Ac chopperwith high speed and low
[1] Vijayaragavan S.P., Karthik B., Kiran T.V.U., switching losses, Advanced Materials Research, v-717, i-
Sundar Raj M., Robotic surveillance for patient care in , pp-579-584, 2013.
hospitals, Middle - East Journal of Scientific Research, v- [12] Kanniga E., Sundararajan M., Modelling and
16, i-12, pp-1820-1824, 2013. characterization of DCO using pass transistors, Lecture
[2] Vijayaragavan S.P., Karthik B., Kiran Kumar Notes in Electrical Engineering, v-86 LNEE, i-VOL. 1,
T.V.U., Sundar Raj M., Analysis of chaotic DC-DC pp-451-457, 2011.
converter using wavelet transform, Middle - East Journal [13] Kanniga E., Selvaramarathnam K., Sundararajan
of Scientific Research, v-16, i-12, pp-1813-1819, 2013. M., Embedded control using mems sensor with voice
[3] Sundararajan M., Optical instrument for command and CCTV camera, Indian Journal of Science
correlative analysis of human ECG and breathing signal, and Technology, v-6, i-SUPPL.6, pp-4794-4796, 2013.
International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and [14] Lakshmi C., Ponnavaikko M., Sundararajan M.,
Technology, v-6, i-4, pp-350-362, 2011. Improved kernel common vector method for face

323
 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

recognition, 2009 2nd International Conference on International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,
Machine Vision, ICMV 2009, pp-13-17, 2009. v-9, i-22, pp-7434-7442, 2014.
[15] Lakshmi C., Sundararajan M., Manikandan P., [25] Mathew S., Brindha G., Level of stress and its
Hierarchical approach of discriminative common vectors impact on job satisfaction among the employees of Air
for bio metric security, 2010 The 2nd International India limited, Chennai, International Journal of Applied
Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-7549-7559, 2014.
ICCAE 2010, v-2, i-, pp-784-790, 2010. [26] Brindha G., Emerging trends and issues in
[16] Venkataganesan K.A., Mohan Kumar R., Brinda human resource management, Middle - East Journal of
G., The impact of the determinant factors in the career Scientific Research, v-14, i-12, pp-1727-1730, 2013.
satisfaction of banking professionals, International [27] Nivethitha J., Brindha G., Virudhunagar district
Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-8, i-3, pp-17431- Central Co-Operative Bank- An overview, Middle - East
17436, 2016. Journal of Scientific Research, v-12, i-12, pp-1663-1667,
[17] Sambantham M.C., Venkatramaraju D., Human 2012.
resources management (HRM) practices in multinational [28] Brindha G., Revamp of educational system-
companies with reference to knowledge transfer, promoting entrpreneurship in India, Middle - East Journal
International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-8, of Scientific Research, v-12, i-12, pp-1668-1671, 2012.
i-3, pp-18565-18571, 2016. [29] Brindha G., Current role of human resources in
[18] Suganthi S., Senthilkumar C.B., A study on health sector, Middle - East Journal of Scientific
stress management of the staff of the co operative banks Research, v-12, i-12, pp-1649-1656, 2012.
of Tamil Nadu, India, International Journal of Pharmacy [30] Brindha G., A new approach for changes in
and Technology, v-6, i-4, pp-7529-7533, 2015. health care, Middle - East Journal of Scientific Research,
[19] Thooyamani K.P., Udayakumar R., Khanaa V., v-12, i-12, pp-1657-1662, 2012
Cooperative trust management scheme for wireless
sensor networks, World Applied Sciences Journal, v-29,
i-14, pp-253-258, 2014.
[20] Nivethitha J., Brindha G., Management of Non-
Performing Assets in Virudhunagar District Central Co-
Operative Bank-An Overview, Middle - East Journal of
Scientific Research, v-20, i-7, pp-851-855, 2014.
[21] Ramachandran S., Venkatesh S., Performance
measurement and management system-inter company
case Study approach-Tamilnadu, India, Middle - East
Journal of Scientific Research, v-20, i-9, pp-1162-1174,
2014.
[22] Mathew S., Brindha G., Medical tourism – An
avenue to attract foreign patientsin Indian hospital
industry, a study conducted in Chennai city, International
Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-
7508-7513, 2014.
[23] Mathew S., Brindha G., An empirical study on
competency mapping – A tool for talent management,
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,
v-9, i-22, pp-7348-7354, 2014.
[24] Mathew S., Brindha G., Quality of work life
among the women it professionals in Chennai city,

324
325
326