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Class III Mecha.

The document discusses different types of control systems including manual vs automatic, open loop vs closed loop, and regulatory vs servo controls. It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate the core components and functioning of various control systems, including the process, actuator, plant, controller, sensor and comparator. Key topics covered include classification of controls, modeling and design considerations, open and closed loop controls, and block diagram representations of control systems.

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yodahe abera
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51 views23 pages

Class III Mecha.

The document discusses different types of control systems including manual vs automatic, open loop vs closed loop, and regulatory vs servo controls. It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate the core components and functioning of various control systems, including the process, actuator, plant, controller, sensor and comparator. Key topics covered include classification of controls, modeling and design considerations, open and closed loop controls, and block diagram representations of control systems.

Uploaded by

yodahe abera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class III

Systems and Control

•Definitions, Classification of controls,


• Block Diagram Components of Feedback
Control,
•Modeling & Design in Control.
Terminology
• Control is a series of actions directed for
making a variable system adheres
to a reference value (that might be
either constant or variable).

• The desired reference value when


performing control is the desired
output variable (that might deviate
from actual output)
Terminology

• Process, as it is used and understood by


control engineers, means the component
to be controlled
Controls are classified with respect to:
• technique involved to perform control (i.e.
human/machines):
manual/automatic control

• Time dependence of output variable


(i.e. constant/changing):
regulator/servo,
(also known as regulating/tracking
control)
Controls are classified with respect to:
• fundamental structure of the control (i.e.
the information used for computing the
control):

Open-loop/feedback control,
(also known as open-loop/closed-loop
control)
Manual/Automatic Controls - Examples
A system that involves -
• - a person controlling a machine is called
manual control.
Ex: Driving a car

• - machines only is called an automatic


control.
Ex: Central AC
Servo/Regulator Controls - Examples
An automatic control system designed to:

• follow a changing reference is called


tracking control or a servo.
Ex: Remote control car

• maintain an output fixed (regardless of


the disturbances present) is called a
regulating control or a regulator.
Ex: Cruise control
Open-Loop Control /Feedback control

The structures are fundamentally different:


• In an open-loop control, the system
does NOT measure the actual output and
there is no correction to make that
output conform to the desired
output.
Open-Loop Control /Feedback control

• In a closed loop control the system


includes a sensor to measure the output and
uses feedback of the sensed value to
influence the control input
variable.
Examples of
Open-Loop & Feedback Controls

An Electric toaster A water tank of an


is an open-loop control. ordinary flush toilet
is a (basic)
Since feedback control

• The controller is based Since


on the knowledge. • The output is fed back
• The output is not used for control
in control computation computation
Pros & Cons of Open-Loop Control
• Generally simpler than closed-loop control,

• Does not require a sensor to measure the


output,

• Does not, of itself, introduce stability


problems;

• BUT Has lower performance than closed-


loop to match the desired output well.
Problems with Feedback Control

• More complex than open-loop control

• May have steady state error

• Depends on accuracy with which you can


measure the output

• May cause stability problems


Advantages of Feedback Control
• System with well designed feedback control
can respond to unforeseen events.

• Eliminates need for human adjustment of


control variable

• Reduces human workload

• Gives much better performance than it is


possible with open-loop
Block Diagram

• It represents the structure of a control


system.

• It helps to organize the variables


and equations representing the
control system.
Block Diagram
• It is composed of:
–boxes, that represents the components
of the system Including their
causality;

–Lines with arrows, that represent the


actual dynamic variables, such as
speed, pressure, velocity, etc..
Simplest Open-Loop Control Example & Associated Block
Diagrams
• System = mass + spring
• Control Input: force u
• Output: displacement
x(t)

• Block diagram
(derived using Laplace
transforms)

• Component block
diagram for the system
examined
Specific & Generic
Component Block Diagrams

Recall previous system


• Control Input: force u
• Output: displacement x(t)

Component block diagram for


the system examined

Generic component block


diagram
Definitions of Process, Actuator & Plant

• Process =
component whose the
output is to be
controlled
Ex: Mass

• Actuator = device
that can influence the
control input variable
of the process
Ex: Spring

• Plant = actuator +
process
Ex: Spring/mass system
Generic Component Block Diagram of an Elementary FEEDBACK
Control

• Control input = external variable (signal/action) applied to


the plant
• Controller = computes the desired control input variable
• Sensor = measures the actual output variable
• Comparator (or Σ) = computes the difference between the
desired and actual output variables to give the controller a
measure of the system error
Generic Component Block Diagram of an Elementary FEEDBACK Control
(cont’d)

Our general system also includes: Disturbance & Sensor


noise
Typically, the sensor converts the measured output into an electric
signal for use by the controller. An input filter is then required.
• Input filter = converts the desired output
variable to electric form for later manipulation by
the controller
Example 1: Heater

Question: Identify:
a) the process,
b) the control input variable,
c) the output variable,
d) the controller.
Example 2: Cruise Control

Question: Identify:
a) the process,
b) the control input variable,
c) the output variable,
d) the controller.
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