MINISTRY OF GENERAL EDUCATION

KITWE DISTRICT EDUCATION BOARD

MATHEMATICS

JUNIOUR SECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVING

EXAMINATIONS
(GRADE 9)

REVISION PAMPHLET

(2nd Edition, March 2018)

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to thank the following mathematics teachers for their valuable contributions
towards the preparation of the contents in this pamphlet.

Phiri S N : Head of Department(Mathematics)

Bulangililo Secondary School

Chilyati B : Head of Department(Mathematics)

Machona Secondary School

Nkandu E M : Head of Department(Mathematics)

Miseshi Secondary School

Maifwani J : Head of Department(Mathematics)

Lulamba Secondary School

Pongaponga R M : Head of Department(Mathematics)

Natwange Secondary School

Malaya J : Head of Department(Mathematics)

Chibote Secondary School

Mwenechanya G: Class Teacher(Mathematics)

Mindolo Secondary School

Nyimbili C C : Head of Department(Mathematics)

Mama Monty Secondary School

Lumpungu : Head of Department(Mathematics)

Kawama Secondary School

Katongo S : Head of Department(Mathematics)

Wusakile Secondary School

Sinyangwe H : Head of Department(Mathematics)

Chimwemwe Secondary School

© March, 2018

2
1. Percentages
A percentage is a fraction which has 100 as a denominator. It is always calculated out of 100.
7 7
For example, 50 can be expressed as a percentage by multiplying it by 100: 50
× 100 = 14 % .
45 9
We can also express 45% as a fraction by dividing it by 100: 45 % = 100
= 20 .
1.5.1 To change a percentage to a fraction and to a Decimal
(i) Write as a fraction with a denominator of 100.
(ii) First change it to a fraction and then to a decimal.

Examples
Write these percentages as: (i) decimals (ii) fractions
(a) 35% (b) 225% (c) 17½%

Solutions
35 35 7
35 % = = 0⋅35 35 % = =
(a)(i) 100 (ii) 100 20
225 225 9
225 % = = 2⋅25 225 % = =
(b)(i) 100 (ii) 100 4
1 17⋅5 1 17⋅5 175 7
17 2 % = = 0⋅175 17 2 % = = =
(c)(i) 100 (ii) 100 1000 40
Exercise 1A
Write the following percentages as: (a) decimals (b) fractions
1.(a) 60% (b) 85% (c) 56% (d) 2½% (e) 55⅔

1.5.2 Changing fractions and decimals to percentages

To change a decimal or a fraction to a percentage multiply by 100.
Examples
Write the following numbers as percentages:
7 37
(a) 0.43 (b) 20 (c) 0.335 (d) 40
Solutions
7 7
= × 100 = 35 %
(a) 0⋅43 = 0⋅43 × 100 = 43 % (b) 20 20
37 37
= × 100 = 92⋅5 %
(c) 0⋅335 = 0⋅335 × 100 = 33⋅5 % (d) 40 40
Write the following numbers as percentages:

3
 37
1) ¾ 2) 0.9 3) 4) 0.075 5) 0.1875 6) 1.07
25
1.5.3 Comparing percentages, fractions and decimals.
Percentages, fractions and decimals numbers can be arranged in ascending(increasing)
or descending(decreasing) order by first converting them to decimals.

Examples
3 7
1. Arrange 63%, 5 , 0.65, 10 in ascending order.
63 3 7
63 % = = 0⋅63 = 0⋅6 = 0⋅7
100 , 5 , 0.65, 10
3 7
5
Arranging the decimals in ascending order gives , 63%, 0.65, 10

1.5.4 Addition and Subtraction of percentages

Note that a score of 100% in a test is full marks and 100% of a class is the whole class.

Examples
1. In a grade 12 class at Ndeke Secondary School, 45% of the pupils study History,
and 32% study Geography. The remainder study RE. What percentage is RE?
2. On a particular day 73% of the passengers arriving at KK international airport are
Zambian citizens. What percentage of them are not Zambian citizens?
Solutions

1. The % of those who study RE is 100 − ( 45 + 32 ) = 23 %

The whole percentage of the passengers arriving at the airport is 100%

So percentage of not Zambians is 100%−73% = 27%++
Exercise 1B
1. Write the following numbers in order of size, starting with the smallest
9 5 2
(a) 49%, , 0.44 (b) 60%, 0.64, (c) 0.41, , 38%
20 8 5
11
(b) 65%, , 0.64
16
2. If 53% of the pupils in a class are girls, what percentage are boys?
3. If 92% of households have at least one television set, what percentage of households
have no television set?
4. A football team drew 13% of the matches, and lost 42% of them. What percentage of
matches did the team win?
1.5.5 Finding a percentage of a quantity

4
To find a percentage of a quantity change the percentage to a fraction or a decimal and
multiply it by the quantity.
Examples
1. Find
(a) 15% of K70 (b) 20% of K25 (c) 10% of $4.25 (d) 12½% of 45kg
(e) A School raises K2800 during fund raising braai. The School gives 25% of the
money to charity. How much money is left?

Solutions
15 20 10
× 70 = K 10⋅50 × 25 = K 5⋅00 × 4 .25 = K 0⋅43
1.(a) 100 (b) 100 (c) 100
12. 5
× 45 = K 5. 625
(d) 100
25
× 2800 = K 700⋅00
(e) 100
Money left is 2800 − 700 = K 2100

Exercise 1C
1. Workout the following:
(a) 10% of K90 (b) 23% of 550g (c) 37½% of 420m (d) 15% of K60.40

2. In a village 48% of the population is male. The total population is3500. Find the
number of: (a) males (b) females
3. Of 120 shops in Ndeke Township, 30% sale food. How many shops sale food.
4. Mutale earns K34500 in a year. He pays 25% income tax. How much tax does he pay
on these earnings?
5. There are 85 seats on a Macopolo Bus. If 35% of these are reserved for special
customers. How many seats are not reserved?

1.5.6 Percentage increase and decrease

(i) If a quantity Y is increased by R%, the new quantity will be

Y+
R
100
×Y = 1 +( R
100
Y=) (
100 + R
100
Y )
(ii) If a quantity Y is decreased by R%, the new quantity will be

Y−
R
100
×Y = 1 −( R
100
Y= ) (
100 − R
100
Y )
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Examples
1. A factory employs 320 workers. If the number of works increase by 10%.
How many are now employed?
2. A bag of rice would normally cost K120. In a sale, there is a reduction of 12½%.
What is the sale price?
3. The bus ticket from Kitwe to Lusaka has risen by 10% to K110. What was the original
price of the ticket?
4. The price of meali meal has been reduced by 12½% to K70 in a sale. What was the
original price?

Solutions
1. Method 1

( 100
100
+R
) Y=(
100 + 10
100 ) × 320 =
110
100
× 320

= 352
Method 2
10 3200
10% of 320 = × 320 = = 32
100 100
So 32 is an increase and you need to add it to the original amount.
Therefore, the number of workers now employed is 320 + 32 = 352
2. Method 1

( 100100 − R ) Y = (100100 − 12 .5 ) × 120 = 87.5

100
× 120

= K 105
Method 2
12.5 1500
12½% of 120 = × 120 = = K15
100 100
So K15 is a decrease and you need to subtract it from the original amount.
Therefore, the sale price is K120 – K15 = K105

3.
( 100 )
100 + 10
× Y = 110
4.
( 100 − 12.5
100 )× Y = 70

110 87. 5
× Y = 110 × Y = 70
100 100
100 100
Y= ×110 Y= ×70
110 87 .5

6
 Y = 100 Y= 80
The original amount was K 100 The original amount was K 80

Exercise 1D
1. Increase 340tonnes by 45%
2. Increase 1250grams 80%
3. Decrease K250 by 30%
4. Decrease 400m by 6½%
5. James has reduced his weight by 6% from 115kg. What is his new weight?
6. A Television set originally cost K2800. Its value has depreciated by 35%.
What is its value now?
7. A School employs 60 teachers. Next year it must increase its teaching staff by 5%. How
many teachers will be there next year?
1.5.7 Finding one quantity as a percentage of another.
(i) To write one quantity as a percentage of another, write one quantity as a fraction of the
other and the multiply by 100.
(ii) When a quantity changes (increases or decreases) find the percentage change using:

actual change
× 100
Percentage change = original quantity .

Examples
1. Emma got 45 out of 60 in a mathematics test. Write this as a percentage.
2. A 32 metre path is extended to 36 metres. By what percentage has the length of the
path increased?

Solutions
45
× 100 = 75 %
1. 60

2.
actual change
original quantity
× 100 =
32 (
36 − 32
× 100 )
4
= × 100
32
= 12⋅5 %
Exercise 1E
1. Kondwani scored 25 out of 45 in a maths test. Write this as a percentage.
2. In a class of 53 pupils, 21 are boys. What percentage of the class is (a) boys (b) girls
3. Express the first quantity as a percentage of the second;
(a) 20g, 50g (b) 54m, 20m (c) K1.50, K4.50 (d) 54mm, 2mm
4. The cost of cement has fallen from K70 to K55. What is the percentage decrease in
price?

7
 5. The cost of School fees has risen from K650.00 to K850.00. Workout the increase as
a percentage of the original cost.
Exercise 7
1. A bag costs K135 to buy after a price increase of 80%. What did the bag cost before
the increase?
2. A Shirt has been reduced by 12½% to cost K56. What was its original price?
3. The price of a freezer is increased by 15% to K1500. What was its price before the
increase?
4. A man weighs 210kg, having lost 5% of his original weight. Calculate his original
weight.
2. APPROXIMATIONS AND ESTIMATION
2.1 Approximations deal mainly with rounding off numbers to given decimal places, to the
nearest unit and to given significant figures.
2.2 Rules for Rounding off
(a) If the rounding off figure is greater than 5, increase the next figure by 1.
(b) If the rounding off figure is less than 5, leave the next figure by 1.
(c) If the rounding off figure is 5,
(i) leave the next figure if it is even
(ii) increase the next figure by 1 if it is odd.

2.3 Significant figures

(a) All non-zero digits in any number are significant
(b) In a whole number,
(i) any zero after the last non-zero digit is not significant
(ii) any zero between the first and the last non-zero digit is significant
(c) In a decimal number,
(i) any zero between the first and the last non-zero digit is significant
(ii) any zero after the last non-zero digit is significant
(iii) any zero before the first non-zero digit is not significant.

2.4 Scientific Notation

n
A number in Scientific notation or Standard form is written as A × 10 , where n is an
integer and A is also an integer such that 1 ≤ A ˂ 10.

2.5 Estimation
To estimate means to find an approximate result by rounding off numbers to make the
calculations easier.

Examples
1. Write down 53.09752 correct to:

8
 (i) 3 decimal places (ii) 2 decimal places (iii) The nearest whole number
2. Write down 76.008 correct to:
(i) 4 significant figures
(ii) 1 significant figures

3. Round off 2945.31 kg to the:

(i) Nearest tenth of a kg (ii) Nearest hundredth of a kg
(iii) Nearest ten kg (iv) Nearest thousand kg

47.2 × 110
4. Estimate the value of 2.135 × 46.9, giving your answer to one significant figure.
5. Express the following numbers in Standard form
(i) 425871, correct to 3 significant figures
(ii) 0.00279059, correct to 3 significant figures

Solutions
1. (i) 53.09752 = 53.098 to 3 decimal places
(ii) 53.09752 = 53.10 to 2 decimal places
(iii) 53.09752 = 53 to the nearest whole number
2. (i) 76.01 (ii) 80
3. (i) 2945.4 kg (ii) 2945.37 kg (iii) 2950 kg (iv) 3000 kg
47.2 × 110 50 × 100
≈ ≈ 50
4. 2.135 × 46.9 2 × 50
4 −3
5.(i) 42587 = 4⋅26 × 10 (ii) 0⋅00279059 = 2⋅80 × 10

Exercise 2
1. Round off 1275 correct to:
(i) 1 significant figure (ii) 2 significant figures (iii) 3 significant figures
2. Write down the figure 0.0079653 correct to:
(i) 1 significant figure (ii) 4 significant figures
3. Round off 8647.5832 metres to:
(i) the nearest tenth of a metre (ii) the nearest hundredth of a metre
(iii) the nearest ten metre (iv) the nearest thousand metre
4. A man bought a pair of short trousers at K 78.99, a vest at K 35.85 and a handkerchief
at K 14.45. Estimate how much he spent?
5.(a) Express 509,970 in standard form.
(b) Express 0.0005426 in standard form, correct to 2 decimal places.
6. If 0.000085=8.5×10−n, find the value of n.
7. Simplify 4.8×10ˉ 3.

9
8. Express 0.537 as a percentage correct to two significant figures.
9. Express the following numbers in standard form:
(a) 0.0205 (b) 599900
10. Express the following numbers in standard form correct to 2 significant figures.
(a) 0.000439 (b) 599900
11. The size of a certain country in square kilometers is 752614. Express this number:
(i) to 1 significant figure. (ii) to the nearest 1000 km2
12. Round off 141768 to the nearest 100.

13. Write the number 2381.597 to:

(i) The nearest hundred. (ii) 3 Significant figures. (iii) 2 decimal places.
14. Find an estimate of the value of each of the following. Give your answer to one
significant figure:
30
(a) 0⋅049 (b) 0⋅0123 × 5040 (c) 9⋅87 − 5⋅79 × 0⋅48

Answers to Exercise 2
1.(i) 1000 (ii) 1300 (iii) 1280 2.(i) 0.008 (ii) 0.007965
3.(i) 8647.6 m (ii) 8647.58 m (iii) 8650 m 4. K 130
5 −4
5.(a) 509970 = 5⋅09970 × 10 (b) 0⋅0005426 = 5⋅43 × 10
6. n = −5
−2 5
7. 0.0048 8. 54% 9.(a) 2⋅05 × 10 (b) 5⋅999 × 10
−4 5
10.(a) 4⋅4 × 10 (b) 6⋅0 × 10 11.(i) 800 000 (ii) 753 000 12. 141 800
13.(i) 2 400 (ii) 2 380 (iii) 2 381 14.(a) 600 (b) 50 (c) 7

3. SETS
3.1 Common sets of Numbers
The following sets of numbers should be known.
Whole numbers: W = { 0, 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6, ..... }
Natural numbers: N = { 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6, . .. .. }
Integers: Z = { .. . ., −4 , −3 , −2 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , .. .. . }
Prime numbers: { 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , .. . .. }
Odd numbers: { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, ..... }
3.2 Subsets
A subset is a set contained in another set. The subsets of the set A = { 1 , 2, 3 } are { 1 , 2 , 3 } ,
{ 1, 2 } , { 1, 3 } , { 2, 3 } , { 1 } , { 2 } , { 3 } and { } . Note that the set itself and the empty set
are included in the number of subsets of any given set.
The proper subsets of a given set excludes the set itself. The proper subsets of the set
A = { 1 , 2, 3 } are, therefore, { 1, 2 } , { 1, 3 } , { 2, 3 } , { 1 } , { 2 } , { 3 } and { } .

10
3.3 Finding the number of subsets of a given set
n
If a set has n elements the total number of subsets is 2 and the total number of proper
n
subsets is 2 − 1 . The number of elements in a set A is written n ( A ) .
Examples
1.(a) Find the number of subsets of each of the following sets.
(i) A = { 1 , 2, 3 } (ii) B = { a , b , c , d , e } (iii) C = { 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 , 70 , 80 }
(b) Find the number of proper subsets of each of the following sets.
(i) A = { a , c , e } (ii) B = { 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 } (iii) C = { the first seven natural numbers }
2. Find the number of elements in a set with the following subsets.
(a) 64 subsets (b) 16 subsets (c) 31 proper subsets
3. A set Q has 128 subsets. Find n ( Q ) .

Solutions
n 3 n 5 n 8
1(a)(i) 2 =2 (ii) 2 =2 (iii) 2 =2
= 8 subsets = 32 subsets = 256 subsets

n 3 n 4
(b)(i) 2 −1=2 −1 (ii) 2 −1=2 −1
=8−1 = 16 − 1
= 7 proper subsets = 15 proper subsets
n 7
(iii) 2 −1=2 −1
= 128 − 1
= 127 proper subsets

2.

7
3. 128 = 2
∴ 7 elements

Exercise 2.1

11
1.(a) Find the number of subsets of each of the following sets.
(i) P = { 1, 3 } (ii) Q = { a , b , c, d , e, f } (iii) C = { 2, 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 }
(b) Find the number of proper subsets of each of the following sets.
(i) B = { p , q , r , s } (ii) C = { 1 , 3, 5 , 7 } (iii) C = { integers between - 3 and 4 }
2. Find the number of elements in a set with the following subsets.
(a) 7 proper subsets (b) 512 subsets (c) 2047 proper subsets
3. A set R has 4095 proper subsets. Find n ( Q ) .

2.2 Venn Diagrams

1. Using the information given in the Venn diagram below

E
A B

.b
.f .c
.k
.m .g

(a) List the set (A ∩ B) (b) List (A ∩B)′

(A∩B) = {f, m} (A∩B)′ = {k, b, c, g}

2. E (Universal Set) = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20}, A = {2, 4, 6. 8}

B = {4, 8, 12, 14}, C = {2, 4, 12, 18, 20}

(i) Illustrate the above information on a Venn diagram.

E A B

.6 .8 .14

4
.2 12

.10 18 20
20 C
.16
20

12
(i) List the Set
(A ∩ B ∩ C) = {4}

(ii) (A ∩ B′) ∪ C
A ∩ B′ = {2, 4, 6, 8} ∩ {2, 6, 10, 16, 18, 20)

(A ∩ B′) = {2, 6}

Set C = {2, 4, 12, 18, 20}

∴ ( A ∩B ' ) ∪C={ 2 , 6 } ∪ {2 , 4 ,12 , 18 ,20 }

(A∩ B′) ∪ C={ 2 , 4 , 6 , 12 ,18 , 20 }

(iii) Find the value of n ( A ∪ B∪ C ¿'

(A∪ B∪ C ¿' ={10 ,16 }

∴ n (A∪ B∪C ¿'=2

(iv) In the Venn diagram, shade the region

(A′∪ B ¿∩C
(A′ ∪ B ¿={12 , 14 , 18 , 20 ,10 , 16 ¿ ∪ {4 , 8 ,12 , 14 }
(A′ ∪ B ¿={4 , 8 , 10 ,12 , 14 , 16 , 18 ,20 }
(A′ ∪ B ¿∩C={4 ,8 ,10 , 12 ,14 ,16 , 18 , 20}∩ {2 , 4 ,12 , 18 ,20 }
(A′ ∪ B ¿∩C = {4, 12, 18, 20} Shade the region where these elements are lying.

3. 70 learners at Mansa Secondary School were asked to mention their favourite subjects
between Maths and Science.
The results are shown in a Venn diagram below

E
Maths Science

25 30 10

How many learners like Maths only? 25 learners

(i) How many learners do not like Maths nor Science?

70 – (25 + 30 + 10)
70 – (65)
70 – 65
= 5 learners do not like Maths nor Science
Answers to Exercise 2.1

13
1(a)(i) (ii) (iii) (b)(i) (ii) (iii)
2.(a) (b) (c)

4. ALGEBRA
4.1 Evaluation and Simplification of Algebraic Expressions
Examples
1. Given that x = 2 , y = −3 and z = −1 , evaluate

(i) xyz
2
(ii) x y −z (iii) x − 2 y − 3 xz (iv) √ xy − 15 z
2. Simplify each of the following
2
(i) 4 − 3( x − y ) + 2(3 x + 1) − 6 y (ii) x (2 x − 3) − y (3 x − y ) + 2(3 xy + 1) − 6 y
2
5ab − 10a 4 x2 y × 5 y3
(iii) 5a (iv) 2 xy 2
x −1 2x + 1
−
3. Express 4 3 as a single fraction.

Solutions
1. (i) xyz = 2(−3 )(−1) (ii) x 2 y −z = 22 (−3) − (−1 )
=6 = −12 + 1
= −11

(iii) x − 2 y − 3 xz = 2 − 2(−3 ) − 3(2)(−1) (iv) √ xy − 15 z = √ 2(−3)− 15(−1)

= 2 − (− 6) − 3(−2) = √− 6 + 15
= 2 + 6 +6 = √9
= 14 =3
2
2.(i) 4 − 3( x − y ) + 2(3 x + 1) − 6 y (ii) x (2 x − 3) − y (3 x − y ) + 2(3 xy + 1) − 6 y
= 4 −3x+ 3y +6x +2 −6 y 2 2
=2 x − 3 x − 3 xy + y + 6 xy + 2 − 6 y
2

= 4 + 2− 3 x + 6 x +3 y − 6 y 2 2 2
=2 x − 3 x − 3 xy + 6 xy + y − 6 y + 2
= 6+ 3x − 3 y 2 2
=2 x − 3 x + 3 xy − 5 y + 2

2
5ab − 10a 5a(b − 2a) 4 x2 y × 5 y3 4 x2 − 1 y1 + 3 − 2
= 2
=
(iii) 5a 5a (iv) 2 xy 2
= b − 2a = 2 xy
2

a c da − bc
− =
3. The easiest method is to use cross multiplication: b d bd .
x − 1 2 x + 1 3( x − 1 ) − 4(2 x + 1)
− =
4 3 12
3( x − 1 ) − 4 (2x + 1)
=
12

14
 3x − 3 − 8x − 4
=
12
−5x −7
=
12 .

4.2 Factorisation, The Difference of Two Squares

Examples
1.(a) Factorise completely
(i) 2x + 2 y + 2z
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) a x + a y (iii) 24 xy + 6 x y − 12 x y
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) (i) a x − a y (ii) 5 x − 50 y (iii) 12 − 27 a

Solutions
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1.(a)(i) 2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 2( x + y + z ) (ii) a x + a y = a ( x + y )
2 2 2 2
(iii) 24 xy + 6 x y − 12 x y = 6 xy (4 y + x − 2 xy )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(b)(i) a x − a y = a ( x − y ) (ii) 5 x − 125 y = 5( x − 25 y )
2
= a ( x − y) ( x + y) = 5( x − 5 y ) (x + 5 y )
2 2
(iii) 12 − 27 a = 3( 4 − 9 a )
= 3(2 − 3a ) (2 + 3 a)

Exercise 4
1.(a) Given that x = −2 , y = −1 and z = 4 , evaluate

(i) x + 2 y − 3 z (ii) xy z −2
3
(iii) x − 2 y − 3 xz (iv) √−4 y − x z2
(b) Find the value of each of the following if a = 6 , b = −8 and c = 3
b − 3a
2
(i) b − 4 ac (ii) b + 2c (iii) 2abc − 3ab + 5ac
2. Simplify each of the following
2
(i) 10 − 2(3x + y) − 5( x − 1) − 7 y (ii) a(2 − 3 a ) − b (2a + b ) − (2 ab − 5) − b
2
24 pq − 6 p q
2
9x 4 y 2 × 15 y 5 2
6 x6 y2 ×
(iii) 12 p (iv) 3 x2 y2 (v) x2 y
3. Express each of the following as a single fraction in its lowest terms.
2x x−1 x −4 x + 1 4− y y + 2
− + −
(a) 5 3 (b) 2 6 (c) 4 7
2 y +3 2x + 1 x + 2 3x
+ −
(d) 5 6 (e) 4 11
6. Factorise each of the following completely
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) ax + ay − a z (b) xy + x y (c) 18 x y − 6 xy + 12 x y
7. Factorise each of the following completely

15
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) 7 a x − 28 a y (b) 75 x − 3 y (c) 8 m − 2 k

Answers to Exercise 4
1.(a)(i) −16 (b)(i) −8 (ii) (iii) −54
13
(ii) 6 (iii) 24 (iv) 6 −2

q(4 q − p )
2.(i) 15 − 11x − 9 y
2 2 2 5
(ii) −3 a − 2 b +2 a − 4 ab (iii) 2 (iv) 45 x y
4
(v) 12 x y

5. INDICES:
5.1 Laws Of Indices

(i) am x an = am+n
(ii) an ÷ am =an−m

5.2 Multiplication And Division Of Powers Of The Same Base

W e can express the product of two powers in index form if the two powers have the
same base.

Examples
1. Express the product of 52 and 54 in the index form.
52 x 54 = (5 x 5) x ( 5 x 5 x 5 x 5)
=5x5x5x5x5x5
=56.
2. Simplify 32 x 36
32 x 36 = (3 x3) x ( 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3)
= 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x3
= 38.
Similarly when dividing powers, we can express the answer in index form if the two
powers have the same base.
Examples
6
9
Simplify (a) 75 ÷ 72 (b) 4
9
Solutions
7 x7 x7 x7 x 7
(a) 75 ÷ 72 =
7 x7
=7 x 7 x 7
= 73
6
9 9 x9 x 9x 9 x9 x 9
(b) 4 = = 81
9 9 x 9x 9 x9

16
Exercise
1. Simplify the following
(a) p4 x p2 (b) a10 ÷ a5

2. Calculate (3x)2 3x4

3. Find the value of
(a) 23 (b) 122 (c) 63 (d) 104
4. Evaluate the following
(a) √ 81 ( b ) √3 64 ( c ) √3 125 ( d ) √121
5. Evaluate 5 + (0.5)2

6. Given that L=
√ 128
n−1
, find the positive value of L when n = 3.

7. Evaluate -22 + 32
8. Find the value of (0.04)3.
9. If a = -2, b = 3 and c = -6, evaluate √ abc .

6. PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
Pythagoras Theorem states that in a right-angled triangle “the squre of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of the other sides”. This is shown in the right-angled
triangle below:

Examples
Calculate the length of the side marked x in each of the diagrams below. All lengths in cm.

Solutions
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) x =6 +8 (b) x + 12 = 13
2 2 2 2
x = 36 + 64 x = 13 − 12
2 2
x = 100 x = 25
∴ x = 10 cm ∴ x=5

17
Exercise
1. Calculate the length of the side marked x in each of the diagrams below.
All lengths are in cm.

2. Calculate the values of x, y and z in each of the following.

3.

(a) In the diagram (a) above, AB = 17 cm, AC = 8 cm, CD = 6 cm and ED = 19 cm.

Calculate
(i) the length BC (ii) the length CE (iii) the length BE
(iv) the perimeter of the figure ABEDA (v) the area of the figure ABEDA
(b) In diagram (b), PQ = 9 cm, PS = 8 cm and SR = 15 cm. Calculate
(i) the length OR (ii) the length QR
(iii) the perimeter of the trapezium
(iv) the area of the trapezium

7. NUMBER BASES
Definition of bicimal numbers

18
-The word bicimal comes from a combination of the words binary and decimal
-The decimal is the two analog of a decimal, it has bicimal point and bicimal place.
Examples
Convert a denary number to a binary number
1. Convert the decimal numbers to base 2
(a) 19 (b) 7
Solution

2 19 remainder or 19
/2 = 8 r 1 ½ = 0 r 1
2 8 r 1 8
/2 = 4 r 0
2 4 r 04/3 = 2 r 0
2 2 r 02/2 = 1 r 0
2 1 r 0
0 r 1
2. Write the reminders from bottom to top to form the binary number. Therefore 19
base 10=10001 base 2
2 7 remainder
2 3 r 1
2 1r 1
0 = r 1

7
10 =11/2

Activity 1
Convert the denary numbers to binary numbers
a). 15 b)7 c)48 d) 21 e)33

Convert a decimal fraction to a bicimal

1. Convert 8.125 to a bicimal
The base of required number is 2. Since 8.125 is a decimal fraction convert 8 a whole number to a
binary (base 2) number
Write 0.125 as a bicimal
2 8 remainder Since 0.125 is a decimal fraction we multiply
2 4 r 0 the fractional part of the number repeatedly
2 2 r 0 by 2 until the fractional part of the answer is 0
21 r 0
0 r 1

810= 10002

Therefore 8.12510=1000.0012

2. Convert 5.5

19
 2 5 remainder 5 ×2 = 1.0
2 2 r 1 0.510= 12
2 1 r 0
0 r 1

510= 1012
5.5 = 101.12
Activity 2
Convert the following decimal numbers to bicimals
(a) 19.125 (b) 7.5 (c) 2.625 (d) 4.125

Converting from binary to denary

Reminded on converting from binary (base two) to denary (base ten)
Convert 10101tow (binary to base ten (denary)
Solution

3423222120
1 0 1 0 1

1×16+0×8+1×4+10×2+1×1
16+0+4+0+1
16+4+1
21ten

Converting numbers in bicimal to base 10

(a) 10.112 (b) 11.0112

Solution

21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3

2 1 1
/2 1
/4 1
/8
1 0 . 1 1 1

2×1+0×1+1×0.5+1×0.25+0.125×1
2+0+0.5+0.25+0.125

20
2+0.875
2.875

(b)

2 1 1
/2 1
/4 1
/8
1 1 . 0 1 1

2×1+1×1+0×0.5+0.25×1+1v0.125
2+1+0+0.25+0.125
3+0.375
3.27510

Activity 4
Convert the following bicimals to base ten
(a) 111.011 (b) 0.1001 (c) 10101.101 (d) 11.001
Multiples and divide numbers in base 2 and base 5
Example
(a) 10112×1102(b)1112×11 (c) 325×125 (d) 145×115
(a)
1 0 1 1
× 1 1 02
0 0 0 0 multiply by 0: write zeros
1 0 1 1 0 multiply by 1: write 1011 and place holder 0
+1 0 1 1 0 0 multiply by 1: write 1011 and place holders 00
10 0 0 0 0 02 add the columns: write 0 or 1 and carry group of two

(b) (c)
1 1 1 3 2
× 1 12 x 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 4 3 x 3 = 6, what is 1 five
reminder 1, so write 11
+ 1 1 1 0 +3 2 0
1 0 1 0 12 4 3 45

(c)

21
 1 4
+1 1
1 4
+1 4 0
2 0 45

8. CARTESIAN PLANE

The Cartestian plane consists of two axes the X-axis and y-axis. The x-axis is the horizontal
line and y-axis the vertical line. These two axes cross at the point labeled O, the origin of the
coordinates. This is the XOY Plane.

5
4
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

To plot or read point on the XOY plane we use the ordered pair (X,Y)
X represents the number on the x-axis
Y represents the number on the y-axis

The ordered pair is not interchangeable.

Write down the points A, B, C, D and E shown on the XOY plane

22
 A (2,3)
B (-3, 2)
C (-4,-1)
D (1, -2)
E (5, -3)

5
4

3 A
B 2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
C -1
-2 D
-3 E
-4
-5

Draw the XOY Plane and Plot the following points A (0,0) B (4, 3)
C (-2, -3) D (0, -4) E (5, -2)

5
4

23
 3 B
2
1 A
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 X
-1
-2 E
C -3
-4 D
-5

If P (0, 1) Q(3,7) R(4,0) and S (5, 6) are points on the XOY –Plane, list all the:-

(a) X- Values
(b) Y – values

Answers
(a) 0, 3, 4, 5
(b) 1, 7, 0, 6

Drawing shapes by joining ordered pairs (x,y) we can draw the XOY Plane and Plot given
Points and then join them in the order given. This will form a shape.

Example
1. Plot the points A (2, 0) B (-4, 0) and C (-1, 4) on the XOY plane. what is the
name of the shape ABC?

5
4

24
 3
2
B 1 A
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
C -4
-5

The points A, B and C form a triangle

2. Plot the points A (3, 3), B (5, 3) C (8, 4) and D (6, 4) What is the name of the
shape ABCD?

7
6
5 D
4 C
3 A B
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1

The shape ABCD is a parallelogram.

EXERCISE

1. Plot the points P (2,4), Q (2,1), R(6,1) and S (6,4) on the XOY plane. Join the points
and what shape is this?

2. The points A (-3, 0), B (0,2), C and D (0,-2) form a rhombus. What are the
coordinates of C?

25
SOLUTIONS

1.
1.
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1

2. The shape formed is a rectangle

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-1

-2

C is (3,0)

Put the coordinates of the set of points A (1,1) B (2,2), C(3,3), D(4,4) in a table.

Plot the points. What do you notice?

X 1 2 3 4
Y 1 2 3 4

26
For each point the x-coordinate and y - cooordinate are the same.

Y=x

5
4
3
2
1
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

They form a straight line

Plot the points given in the table. What can you notice about x and y
X 1 2 3 4
Y 3 4 5 6

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Y= x + 2

ACTIVITY
1. On the XOY plane below
(i) Plot the points A (-2, 1), B(0,1) and C(2,3)
(ii) Draw the graph of the straight line y = x + 2

27
 5
4
3
2
1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3

2. On the XOY-plane shown below

(i) State the coordinates of D
(ii) Draw the graph of y=1/3x for the domain -3 ≤ x ≤ 6

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

-2

D (0,2)

3. The XOY plane below shows a quadrilateral PQRS.

Q
4
P 3
2 R
1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

28
 -1
-2
-3 S
-4

(i) What is the name of the quadrilateral PQRS?

(ii) Write the coordinates of the points P,Q,R and S

SOLUTION
(i) Kite
(ii) P (-2,2) Q(2,4) R(6,2) S(2,-3)

9. RELATIONS, MAPPINGS AND FUNCTIONS

9.1 RELATIONS
A relation from set X to a set Y is a pairing of elements from set X to elements of set Y.
For example, given the sets X = {1, 3, 5, 0} and Y = {2, 4, 6, 7} such that x ∈ X and y ∈ Y ,
the relation “ x is greater than y ” is illustrated below by means of an arrow diagram(fig. 1)
and a Cartesian graph(fig. 2).

The same relation can be defined by the set of ordered pairs { (3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 4)}.
The set X is the domain and the set Y is the codomain. The element 2 in set Y is the
image of the elements 3 and 5 in set X . 4 is also the image of 5. The image set {2, 4} is
known as the range. Note that set Y is not the range. In this case, the range is a subset
of the codomain.
Examples
1. Two sets X = {2, 4, 6, 8} and Y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} are such that x ∈ X and y ∈ Y .
Show the relation “ x is double y ”
(i) by an arrow diagram
(ii) on the Cartesian plane
(iii) by a set of ordered pairs

29
2. The diagram below shows a relationship from the set A to the set B, where a ∈ A and
b∈B.

(i) Write down the domain, the codomain and the range.
(ii) Write down the set of ordered pairs defined by this arrow diagram.
(iii) Show this relationship on a Cartesian plane.
(iv) Write down a possible relationship from the set A to the set B.
Solutions
1.

(iii) The required set of ordered pairs is {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4)}.
2. (i) Domain: A = {0, 1, 3, 5}, Codomain: B = {0, 2, 4, 5, 6}, Range: {0, 2, 4, 5}
(ii) {(0, 5), (1, 4), (3, 2), (5, 0)}
(iii)

(iv) The sum of a and b is 5 or a + b = 5 .

30
Exercise 9.1
1. Two sets F = {5, 3, 2} and G = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} are given.
(i) Use an arrow diagram to show the relation “ is a factor of ” from set F to set G.
(ii) Write down the domain, the codomain and the range.
Write down this relation
(iii) as a set of ordered pairs
(iv) on a Cartesian plane

2. A relation R is defined by 2 { }
( 1 , 8) , ( 1 , 4) , ( 2 , 2) , ( 4 , 1) , (8 , 12 )
. The set D is the domain
and the set C is the range.
(i) List the sets C and D
(ii) Show this relation on a Cartesian graph.
(iii) Describe in words a possible relation from set D to set C.

Answers to Exercise 9.1

1.

(iii) {(5, 5), (3, 3), (3, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4) (2, 6)}
(iv)

1 1
2. (i) C = {2 , 1, 2, 4, 8}, D = {2 , 1, 2, 4, 8}
(ii)

31
 (iii) The product of x and y is 4 or x y is equal to 4.
9.2 MAPPINGS
A mapping is a relation between the elements of one set(domain) and the elements of another
set(range). A mapping from set X to set Y links each element of X to exactly one element
of set Y. If, in addition, every element of Y is linked to exactly one element
of set X, then there is a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of set X and the
elements of set Y. In this case, we say that X maps onto Y.
If the number of elements in X and Y are not equal or if an element of Y (the codomain)
does not have a corresponding element in X (the domain), we say that X maps into Y.
Examples
1. State whether each of the following relations from X to Y is a mapping or not.
Give a reason for your answer.

Solutions
(a) This is not a mapping because the element 1 from set X is mapped to two elements 4

32
 and 5 in set Y.
(b) This is a mapping because each element from set X is mapped onto exactly one element
in set Y.
(c) This is a mapping because each element from set X is mapped onto exactly one element
in set Y.
(d) This is not a mapping because the element 2 from set X is not mapped to any elements
in set Y.
Exercise 9.2
1. State whether each of the following relations from R to S is a mapping or not.
Give a reason for your answer.

2. State whether each of the following relations from A to B is a mapping or not.

Give a reason for your answer.

33
3. x and y are variables on the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16}.
A relation on R is defined by the open sentence “ x is three times y ”.
(i) Write an arrow diagram for this relation.
(ii) Write down the set of ordered pairs ( x, y ) which define this relation.
(iii) Is this relation a mapping? Give a reason for your answer.

Answers to Exercise 9.2

1. (i) mapping; each element from set R is mapped onto exactly one element
in set S.
(ii) mapping; each element from set R is mapped onto exactly one element
in set S.
(iii) not a mapping; element a and b in set R not mapped to any in set S.
(iv) mapping; each element from set R is mapped onto exactly one element
in set S.
(v) not a mapping; element b in set R not mapped to any in set S.
(vi) not a mapping; element c in set R not mapped to two elements(1 and 3) in set S.

2. (i) mapping; each element from set A is mapped onto exactly one element
in set B.
(ii) not a mapping; element λ in set A not mapped to any in set B.
(iii) mapping; each element from set A is mapped onto exactly one element
in set B.
(iv) not a mapping; element μ in set A not mapped to any in set B.
(v) not a mapping; element μ in set A is mapped to two elements(2 and 9) in set B.
(vi) mapping; each element from set A is mapped onto exactly one element
in set B.
3. (i)

(ii) { (3, 1), (6, 2), (9, 3), (12, 4), (15, 5)}.
(iii) a mapping; each element of the domain has exactly one element in the range.

9.3 FUNCTIONS
9.3.1 Definition
Let x ∈ X and y ∈ Y , where X = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Y = {3, 6, 9, 12, 16}. This relation

34
is shown in fig. 7 below. Note that this is a mapping of X into Y.

If we remove the element 16 in set Y we have the situation shown in fig. 8. Here the
elements are in one-to-one correspondence, and this is now a mapping of X onto Y.
A function f is a relation mapping a set X onto a set Y such that every element x in set X
has exactly one element y in set Y as shown in fig. 8. We say the function maps X onto Y.
9.3.2 Notation
The symbol f ( x ) denotes the image of x under the function f. Since the image is y, this
is written as f ( x ) = y . This means x is mapped onto y or symbolically x → y .

There are five main ways in which you can show the function f ( x) = 2 x − 1 , namely
(i) y = 2x − 1

(ii) f ( x) = 2 x − 1
(iii) f : x →2 x − 1
(iv) an arrow diagram
(v) on a Cartesian graph

9.3.3 Evaluating Functions

f ( x ) is the value of the function f at x. Thus, f (2) is the value of f at x = 2.
Examples
1
1. The functions f (x ) = 2 x + 3 , g( x ) = 1 − 4 x and
h ( x) = − 3 x are given.
(a) Evaluate each of the following:
(i) f (0) (ii) g (−3) (iii) h (6 )
1 3
(iv)
f( 4
) (v) g(1)
h( )
(vi) 10
(b) Find the value of x if
(i) f (x ) = 1 (ii) g ( x) = 9 (iii) f (x ) = 2 g ( x )
Solutions
1
1.(a)(i) f (x ) = 2 x + 3 (ii) g( x ) = 1 − 4 x (iii)
h ( x) = − 3 x
1
f (0) = 2(0 ) + 3 g(−3) = 1 − 4(−3) h (6) = − 3 (6)

35
 =0+3 = 1 + 12 = −2
=3 = 13
1
(iv) f (x ) = 2 x + 3 (v) g( x ) = 1 − 4 x (vi)
h ( x) = − 3 x
1 1 2 2 3 1 3
f ( 4 ) = 2( 4 ) + 3 g( 5 ) = 1 − 4 ( 5 ) h ( 10 ) = − 3 ( 10 )
1 8 1
= 2+3 =1− 5
= − 10
7 3
= 2
=−5

(b)(i) f (x ) = 1 (ii) g ( x) = 9 (iii) f (x ) = 2 g ( x )

2x + 3 = 1 1 − 4x = 9 2x + 3 = 2( 1 − 4 x )
2 x = −2 − 4x = 8 2x + 3 = 2 − 8 x
x = −1 x = −2 10 x = − 1
1
x = − 10
Exercise 9.3
2 1
1. Given the functions f (x ) = x − 13 ,
g( x) = 1 − 3 x and h ( x) = 2 ( 5x + 1) ,
(a) evaluate each of the following:
(i) f (31 ) (ii) g (− 9) (iii) h (2 )
1 1 3
(iv)
f( 2) (v)
g( 5 ) (vi)
h ( 10 )

(b) Find the value of x if

(i) g ( x) = 3 (ii) f (x ) = −1 (iii) 3 f ( x ) = h ( x )

Answers to Exercise 9.3.

11 25 13 5
1.(a) (i) 18 (ii) 7 (iii) 2 (iv)
− 2 (v) 15 (vi) 4

(b) (i) x = −3 (ii) x = 12 (iii) x = 79

10. EQUATIONS AND INEQUATIONS

10.1 EQUATIONS
10.1.1 Equations in One Variable

Examples
1. Solve the following equations
(a) 2 x + 3 = 9 (b) 3( x − 5) = 9(2 − x )
Solutions
(a) 2 x + 3 = 9 (b) 3( x − 5) = 9(2 − x )
2x = 9 − 3 3 x − 15 = 18 − 9x
2x = 6 3 x + 9 x = 18 + 15
2x = 6 12 x = 33
x =3 x =
33
12
(=
11
4
)

10.1.2 Simultaneous Equations

36
Examples
1. Solve the simultaneous equations
x − y ¿ −1 3x − y ¿ 5
(a) x + y ¿ 5 (b) x + 2 y ¿ −5
Solutions
(a) Substitution method Elimination method
x − y = −1 ------- (I) x − y = −1 ------- (I)
x + y = 5 ------- (II) x + y = 5 ------- (II)
From (II), y = 5 − x ------ (III) Adding (I) and (II): 2x = 4
Substitute in (I): x − (5 − x) = −1 x=2
x − 5 + x = −1 Substitute in (II): 2 + y = 5
2x = −1 + 5 y=3
2x = 4
x=2
Substitute in (III): y = 5 − 2
y=3

10.2 INEQUATIONS
10.2.1 Inequations in One Variable
Examples
1. Solve the inequations
(a) 3 x + 7 ≤ 1 (b) 2( x − 1 ) ˃ 8 (c) −5 x + 9 ˂ 4

Solutions
(a) 3 x + 7 ≤ 1 (b) 2( x − 1 ) ˃ 8 (c) −5 x + 9 ˂ 4
3x ≤ 1 − 7 2x − 2 ˃ 8 −5 x ˂ 4 − 9
3x ≤ − 6 2x ˃ 8 + 2 −5 x ˂ − 5
x ≤ −2 2x ˃ 10 x ˃1
x ˃5 (change inequality symbol)
Exercise 10
1. Solve the simultaneous equations
x − y ¿ 2 2 x + y ¿ −3 x + 2y ¿ 3
(a) x + y ¿ 6 (b) 7 x + y ¿ −13 (c) 3x − y ¿ 2

x − 3y ¿ 0 x − y ¿ 1 2x − 5 y ¿ 1
(d) 2x − 3 y ¿ 12 (e) x + 5 y ¿ 19 (f) 4x − 3 y ¿ 9
2. Solve the inequations
(a) 4 x + 1 ≤ 9 (b) 7( x + 1 ) ˃ 8 (c) −x − 5 ˂ 2
(d) −3 x ≤ 12 (e) 2( x + 2) ≥ 10 (f) −5 x − 9 ˂ 4x
(g) 5 − x ˃ 6
37
3. Solve the following equations
(a) 9 x + 3 = 18 (b) −( x − 5) = 2(2 − x) (c) x + 7 = 8 x
x x x+1 1 3
=9 = x+
(d) 2( x − 5 ) = 2 − 4 x (e) 4 (f) 4 3 (g) 3 4
11. MATRICES
11.1 Definitions
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. The numbers
contained in a matrix are called elements or entries of a matrix. These elements are enclosed
in either the square brackets or round brackets. Examples of matrices are given below.

() ( )
8 2 −1 3 5

( ) (
2 4 1 3 −2 3
5 7 , 4 −1 −1 , 1 , (−9) 0 6) ,
1 −4 7 6
0 0 8 9
The order of a matrix is determined by the numbers of rows and columns of a matrix. The
order is written as r × c , where r is the number of rows and c the number of columns.
A square matrix is an n × n . This means the number of rows is equal to the number
of columns.

The 2 × 2 identity matrix is

(10 01 )
and the matrix
(00 00 )
whose entries are all zero is
known as the zero matrix. The zero matrix can be of any order.

11.2 Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar

If a matrix is multiplied by a number k, all the entries are multiplied by k.

k ( ad b c
e f
= ) (
ka kb kc
kd ke kf . )
11.3 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
Two or more matrices can only be added(or subtracted) if and only if they have the same
order. To do this corresponding entries are added(or subtracted).

(ac bd ) + (wy xz ) − ( pr qs ) = ( ac ++ wy −− pr b+x−q

)
d + z− s .

11.3 Multiplication of a Matrix by Another Matrix

A matrix of order a × b can be multiplied by a matrix of order r × c if and only if b = r .
In other words matrix multiplication is only possible if the number of columns of the first
matrix is equal to the number of rows of the second matrix.

( )( ) (
a b w x
c d y z
=
aw + by ax + bz
cw + dy cx + dz . )
If matrix A is of order a × b and matrix B is of order r × c and the product AB = C, then
matrix C will be of order a × c .

38
11.4 Equal Matrices
If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding entries are equal.

( ) ( )
a b
If c d
=
w x
y z , then a = w , b = x , c = y and d = z .

Examples
1. Write down the order of each of the following matrices

()
8

(i)
(25 47 ) (ii)
(41 3 −2
−1 −1 ) (iii)
3
1 (iv) (−7 2 )
2.(a) Evaluate

() ()
−2 −3
3 −2 5
4 2
(i) 3 1
( ) (
+
3 4
2 −1 ) (ii)
4 1

(b) Given that

A= (−45 −23 ) ,
B= ( 76 −51 ) ,
C= (42 75 ) and
D= (23) , evaluate
(i) A + B (ii) A − 2B (iii) BD

3. Given that
(28x −3x )(34 ) = ( 4012 ) , find the value of x.

4. Find the value of x and the value of y if

( x y ) 3 1 = (9 6 )
0 3 .
( )
Solutions
1.(i) 2 × 2 (ii) 2 × 3 (iii) 3 × 1 (iv) 1 × 2

2.(a)(i)
( )( )(
4 2 3 4
+ =
4+3 2 + 4
3 1 2 −1 3 + 2 1 + −1 )
= ( 75 60 )

() ()()( )
−2 −3 −2 −6
3 − 2 5 = 3 − 10
(ii)
4 1 4 2

( )
−2 − (−6)
= 3 − 10
4 −2

39
 ()
4
= −5
2

(b)(i)
(−45 −23 ) + (76 −51 )
A + B=
(ii)
A − 2B= (−45 −23 ) − 2 (76 −51 )
=(
5 + 6 −2 +−5 )
=(
5 −2 ) (12 −10 )
−4 +7 3 +1 −4 3 14 2
−

=(
11 −7 ) (−45 −−1214 −2 −(−10) )
3 4 =
3 −2

=(
−7 8 )
−18 1

(ii)
BD = (76 −51 )( 23 ) = (1412 −+ 315)
=( )
17
−3

3.
(28x −3x )(34 ) = ( 4012 )
(624x −+412x ) = ( 4012 )
(1012 x ) = ( 4012 )
10 x = 40
x=4

4.
( )
( x y ) 3 1 = (9 6 )
0 3
(3 x + 0 x + 3 y ) = (9 6 )
(3 x x + 3 y ) = (9 6 )
3x = 9 x +3y = 6
∴ x =3 . 3+3y = 6
3y = 9− 3
3y = 6
∴ y=2

Exercise 11
1. Write down the order of each of the following matrices.
40
 ( )
2 −1 3 5
1 −4 7 6
(i) (−9 0 6 ) (ii)
0 0 8 9 (iii) ( 9 )
2.(a) Evaluate

( ) ( ) ()
−2 −4 5
3 5 −2 7 + 1
( ) ( ) (
7 6
(i) 5 2
−
2 3
4 1
−3
−1 −2
−4 5 ) (ii)
3 2 0

( ) ( )
1 6 −4 2
P= 3 4 Q= 6 0
(b) Given that
−1 −3 , 8 4 ,
R=
3 1
1 −2 and
S=
2
−3 , evaluate ( ) ( )
1
P− Q
(i) 2 (ii) Q − 2 P (iii) PS (iv) QR

3. If
P= (−62 94 ) and
Q= (−25 103 ) , find P − Q .

4. If
M= ( 20 41 ) and
N= (00 34 ) , find
(i) M − 2N (ii) 3 N − M − I , where I is the identity matrix.

5. Find the matrix product

(25) (3) .

(
2a b 1
6. Given that 4 b −3 −1
=
0
)( ) ( )
11 , find the value of a and the value of b.

7. Find the value of p and the value of q if

( p 3 ) 2 −1 = ( 11 −1 )
1 q .
( )
8. Given that
A= (42 31 ) ,
B= (−32 14 ) , C = ( 6 8 −4 2 ) , evaluate
1
(i) 3A (ii) 4B (iii) 2
C

9. Given the matrix

P= (−4 1 2 8 0
−1 2 5 −2 −3 )
(i) write down the number of entries in P
(ii) write down the order of P

41
 (iii) Find 3P
1 0 −2
10. Express as a single matrix 0 1 5 . ( )( )
11. Find the value of x and the value of y for the given matrix equations.

(a) (b)
12. Malaya Johnas bought 5 oranges and 11 bananas while his friend Nkhata Elijah bought
1 orange and 4 bananas.
(a) Form two matrices to calculate how many oranges and bananas they have altogether.
(b) If the cost of an orange is K5 and that of the banana is K2, form two matrices and
use them to find the total cost that each one paid.

Answers to Exercise 11
1.(i) .(i) 1 × 3 (ii) 3 × 4 (iii) 1 × 1

( ) ( )
19 3 5

2.(a)(i)
(138 9
−14 ) (ii)
2
5 (b)
0 4
−5 −5 3.
(−114 −11 )
4.(i)
(20 −7−2 ) (−30 125 ) (156 ) a = 1 b = 2
(ii) 5. 6. , 7. p = 4 , q = 1

8. .(i)
( 6 3 ) ( 8 16 )
12 9
(ii)
−12 4
2×5 ( −3
−12
9.(i) 10 (ii) (iii)
3 6 24 0
6 15 −6 −9 )
10.
(−25 ) 11.(a) x=2 y=3 x = −1 y = 3
, (b) ,

12.(a)
( 11) ( 4) ( 15)
5
+
1
=
6
, they have 6 oranges and 15 bananas.

(b)
(115 14 )( 52) = ( 2763 ) , Malaya paid K 27, Nkhata paid K 63.

13. RATIO AND PROPORTION

13.1 Ratio
A ratio is a comparison between similar quantities. A ratio can be written as a to b,
a
or a : b or as a fraction b . When simplifying ratio of measures, express the measure
in the same units, preferably the smaller unit.

42
In solving ratio or problems involving ratio and proportion, the following concepts will
greatly help you.
(i) a number is increased when it is multiplied by an improper fraction.
(ii) a number is decreased when it is multiplied by a proper fraction.
3 3
For example, 2
× 12 = 18 (12 is increased to 18 since 2 is an improper fraction).
2 2
3
× 12 = 8 (12 is decreased to 8 since 3 is a proper fraction).
Examples
1. Express the ratio 2 hrs to 45 minutes in its lowest terms.
2.(a) Increase K 200 in the ratio 8 : 5
(b) Decrease K 54 in the ratio 2 : 9.
3. In a Grade 9 class, the ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls is 9 : 7
respectively. If there are 27 boys, find the number of girls.
4. If 18 men can dig a trench in 6 hours, how long would it take 20 men to dig the same
trench?

Solutions
1. 2 hrs : 45 min = (2 × 60) : 45 , since 1 hr = 60 minutes
= 120 : 45
=8 : 3
8 2
2.(a) 5
× 200 = K 320 (b) 9
× 54 = K 12

3. Let x be the number of girls. Then, 9 : 7 = 27 : x

9 27
=
7 x writing the ratios as fractions
9 x = 189 by cross multiplication
x = 21 dividing both sides by 9
Therefore, there are 21 girls.

4. 18 men ----------- 6 hours

20 men ----------- ( less hours)
Since we know that 20 men will spend less time, 6 hrs should be multiplied by the
18
proper fraction 20 . Therefore,
18 2
20 men will take 20
× 6 = 5 5 hrs
2
= 5 hrs ( 5 × 60 ) min
= 5 hrs 24 mins
Exercise 13
1. Express the ratio 3 hrs to 15 minutes in its lowest terms.
2.(a) Increase K 1440 in the ratio 13 : 12
(b) Decrease K 600 in the ratio 7 : 10.
3. In a college class, the ratio of the number of men to the number of women is 3 : 2
respectively. If there are 36 men, find the total number of students.

43
4. If 5 men can complete a task in 15 days. How long would it take 2 men to complete the
the same task if each man works at the same rate?
5. Bridget earn K6,400.00 per month. She pays 25% of her earning for water and electricity.
She spends the remaining amount on food, school fees and transport in the ratio 4:3:1.
Find the amount spent on food.
6. If 3 books costs K45.00 how much will 8 books costs?
7. On a particular day, the exchange rate between the Zambian Kwacha and American
Dollar was $1 = K9.50. How many dollars could be exchanged for K28,500.00
8. Express the following in their simplest form
(a) K5 to 80n (b) 20 mm to 42 cm (c) 900 m : 3 km
9. The scale of a map is 1: 50 000. Find the distance on the ground in kilometers that will
be represented by 40cm on the map.
10. If four cups of lemonade cost K9.60, what is the cost of the following;-
(i) 1 cup (ii) 12 cups

13.2 Time, Distance and Speed

Answers to Exercise 13
1. 12 : 1
2.(a) K 1 560 (b) K 420 3. 60 4. 30 days 5. K 2 400 6. K 120
7. $ 3 000 8.(a) 25 : 4 (b) 1 : 21 (c) 3 : 10 9. 0.2 km
10.(i) K 2.40 (ii) K 28.80

14. MENSURATION

14.1 The Circle

14.1.1 Circumference Of A Circle
The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference.
22
The circumference of a circle given the radius, r, is give by: C = 2 πr , where π =
7
or 3.14 (to 2 decimal places). If, however, the diameter is given, circumference of a
circle C = πd where d is the value of the diameter given ( d =2r).
Example 1
Calculate the circumference of a circle of:
22
(a) radius 7 cm (take π as ) (b) diameter 10 cm, (take π as 3.14)
7

Solution
(a) C = 2 πr and r = 7cm (b) C = πd , d = 10cm
22
C=2x x7 C = 3.14 x 10
7

44
 C = 44cm C = 31.4cm
The circumference is 44 cm The circumference is 31.14cm

Exercise 1
22
1. Find the circumference of a circle with radius 2.1m. (take π as )
7
22
2. Find the diameter of a circle with circumference 814 cm. (take π as )
7
3. A string is rounded 100 times, around a pipe of radius 5cm. find the length of the
string. (take π as 3.14)
4. Calculate the perimeter of the semicircle below:

(take π as 3.14)
14.5.2 Area Of A Circle
The area of a circle of radius r cm is given by the formula A = π r 2.
Example1
22
Calculate the area of a circle with radius 7 cm. (take π as )
7
Solution
r = 7 cm A = π r2
22
= x 7 x7
7
= 154cm2
Example 2
The area of a circular pond is 314 cm2. Find the diameter of the pond. (take π as 3.14)
Solution
Area = 314 cm2 r=?
A = π r2
314 cm2 = 3.14r 2
Dividing throughout by 3.14, we have
r 2 = 100
r =√ 100
r = 10 cm.
therefore diameter is 2 x 10 cm = 20cm.
Exercise2
22
1. Find the areas of circles with radii of length (take π as ):
7
(a) 3.5 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 2 cm

45
 2. Find the areas of circles with diameters of lengths (take π as 3.14):
(a) 7mm (b)2.1m (c) 18mm
3. The diameter of a one kwacha coin is 20mm. Calculate the area of one of its flat
surfaces. (take π as 3.14)
22
4. Calculate the area of a circular mirror of radius 21 cm. (take π as )
7
5. Calculate the area of the sports pitch, consisting of a rectangular area, with
22
semicircular ends, shown below. (take π as )
7

ANSWERS
EXERSISE 1
1. 44cm 2. 259cm 3. 3140cm 4. 35.98cm
EXERCISE 2
1. (a) 38.5 cm2 (b) 314.29 cm2 (c) 12.57 cm2
2. (a) 38.45 cm2 (b) 3.46 cm2 (c) 254.34cm2
3. 314mm2 4.1386cm2 5. 738.5m2

15. ANGLES AND POLYGONS

15.1 Types of Angles
(i) Acute Obtuse, Reflex, Right angle, Straight angle, Complete turn
(ii) Vertically Opposite angles
(ii) Alternate and Corresponding angles

15.2 Interior angles of a Triangle

46
15.3 Polygons
15.3.1 Definitions
A polygon is a plane figure bounded(closed) by straight sides.

The figure ABC (triangle) above is a polygon. A polygon has interior angles and exterior
angles as shown above. An interior angle is the supplement of an exterior angle. That is,
0
Interior angle = 180 − Exterior angle
0
or Exterior angle = 180 − Interior angle

A regular polygon is one in which all sides are equal and all interior and exterior angles
are equal. Examples of regular polygons are the equilateral triangle and the square.
An irregular polygon is one in which two or more sides are not equal two or more
angles interior angles are not equal.
A convex polygon has no interior angle greater than 1800.
A re-entrant has at least one angle greater than 1800.
A list of common polygons is given in the table below.
Name of Polygon Number of Sides
Quadrilateral 4
Pentagon 5
15.3.2 The Sum Of Interior and
Hexagon 6
Heptagon 7 Exterior Angles
Octagon 8 (i) The sum of interior angles
Nonagon 9 of any polygon is given by the
Decagon 10 formula S = 180( n − 2 )
where n = number of sides of the polygon, S = the sum of all the interior angles the polygon.

47
 0
(ii) The sum of exterior angles of any polygon is 360 .
0
360
E=
(iii) The size of each exterior angle of a regular polygon is given by n ,
where E = exterior angle n = number of sides of the polygon. If we make n the subject of
0
360
n=
this formula, we get E and this gives the formula for calculating the number of
sides of a regular polygon if the exterior angle is given.

Examples
1. Find the sum of the interior angles of a 6 – sided regular polygon.
2. The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 18000. Find the number of sides
of this polygon.
3. Find the size of the exterior angle of a 10 sided polygon.
4. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 1500. Find the number of sides that this
polygon has.

Solutions
1. Known: n = 6 , required S = ? 2. Known: S = 1800 , required n = ?
S = 180(n − 2 ) S = 180(n − 2 )
S = 180(6 − 2 ) 1800 = 180(n − 2 )
= 180 × 4 10= n − 2
= 720
0
10 + 2= n
12= n

3. Known: n = 10 , required E = ?
0
360
E=
n
0
360
E=
10
0
E= 36
4. Known: interior angle = 1500, required n = ?
0
Exterior angle = 180 − Interior angle
0 0 0
Exterior angle = 180 − 150 = 30

0
360
E=
n

48
 0
360
300 =
n
0
30 n= 360
0
360
n=
30
n= 12

Exercise
1. Find the sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon with:
(a) 6 sides (b) 8 sides (c) 20 sides
2. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 1400. Calculate the number of sides of
the polygon.
3. A regular polygon has an exterior angle of 600. Find:
(a) the size of each interior angle
(b) the number of sides.
4. The sum of the angles of a regular polygon is 25200. How many sides does this
polygon have?
5. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 1000 greater than the exterior angle.
How many sides does the polygon have?
6. Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 11 times the exterior angle.
How many sides does the polygon have?
7. The interior angles of an irregular pentagon are 90, 110 , 120, x and 3x.
Calculate the value of x.
8. A hexagon has interior angles of 100, 110, 120 and 128. If the remaining two angles
are equal, what is the their size?

Answers to Exercise
1. (a) 720 (b)1080 (c) 3240 2. 9 3.(i) 120 (ii) 6 4. 12 5. 9 6. 24
7. 55 8. 131

16. SIMILARITY & CONGRUENCE

16.1 Similarity
Two objects are said to be similar if:
(i) the corresponding angles are equal
(ii) the ratio of the corresponding sides is the same or equal.
16.2 Congruency
Two objects are congruent if they have the same shape and size.
Example

49
In the diagram, DE is parallel to AB, DE = 3cm, AB = 9cm and CD = 4cm

(i) Find the ratio of corresponding sides.

(ii) Find the value of x
Solution
(i) 3 : 9 = 1 : 3
3 4
=
(ii) 9 4+x
3(4 + x ) = 36
12 + 3 x = 36
3 x = 24
x=8

Exercise
1.

(i) State the two triangles in the diagram below which are similar.
(ii) Find x and y .
2.(a) Determine whether the two pairs of rectangles in each of the diagrams in
(i) and (ii) below are similar.

(b) Are the two pairs congruent?

50
3. Name all the pairs of congruent triangles in the figures below:

4. Show that ΔABC and ΔPQR below are congruent

5. Find the length of YU in the diagram below

6. A wall, which is 4m high, is built next to a street light that is 8m high.

The shadow of the wall is 5m long. How far is the wall from the street light?

51
17. SOCIAL & COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC
17.1 Simple Interest
PRT
I=
Simple interest is given by the formula 100 ,
where I = simple interest(in Kwacha), P = Principal(in Kwacha), R = Rate(as %),
T = time(in years).
If we make P, R ad T the buject of the formula for Interest, we get
100 I 100 I 100 I
P= R= T=
RT , PT and PR .

Examples
1. Calculate the principal if the interest is K125,000 the rate is 10% and the is 5years.
100I 100 × 125000
P= =
RT 10 × 5
= 250 000
2. The bank lends Mrs. Musonda K20000 at a rate of interest of 20%. How much
interest does she owe after 2 years?

PRT 20000 × 20 × 2
I= =
100 100
= 8000
The interest is K 8000.

1
3. Calculate the time in which K4 000 000 will earn K 500 000 interest at 2 % per annum.
2

100 I 100 × 500 000

T= =
PR 4 00 000 × 2.5
=5
It will take 5 years.

1. Mr. Ndabombesha , owns a house valued at K72 000.00. He offer it for rent 20% per
annum of the house. What monthly rent must he charge?

20
Rent/annum = 72000 × = K14 400.00
100
K 14 400.00
Monthly rent =
12

52
 Monthly rent = K1 200.00
17.2 Rates of Exchange
2. If the exchange rate between the Zambian kwacha (K) and the American Dollars is
K9.00 per $
a) How much Dollar can be exchanged for K468000.00
K9.00 to $ 1.00
K468 000.00 to x
468000
x=
9
x=$ 52 000.00
¿ $ 52000.00 can be exchanged for K 468 000.00
17.3 Hire Purchase
3. A sofa can bought for K5 250.00 cash. It can also be bought on higher of purchase by
paying a Deposit of K4000.00 plus 5 equal Monthly installments of K880.00. How
much more would be paid if the bought on hire purchase?

Extra amount paid=[ K 4000.00+( K 880.00)] – K 5 250.00

¿ K 8 400.00 – K 5 250.00
Extra Amount paid =K 3 150.00

17.4 Commission

4. A company sales agent is paid a salary of K 5 300.00 per Month. He also receive a
commission of 3% of the value of the goods sold. Calculate his total income if he
sold goods worth K29 000.00.

3
Total income=K 5 300.00+ K 29 000.00×
100
Total income=K 5 300.00+ K 870.00
Total income=K 6 170.00

17.5 Wages and Salaries

5. A security guards wage for a 5 day working a 5 day working week is K720.00. given
that she works 8 hours per day, calculate.
(i) Her wage per year if there are 52 weeks in a year

53
 K 720.00× 52 weeks=K 37,440.00
(ii) Her rate per hour.
K 720.00÷ 40 hrs/week=K 18.00
6. A car costing K100 000.00 is deposited at the rate of 5% of the original cost (straight
line method) per year. Find its book value after 6 years.
5
Book value=K 100 000.00 – [ K 100 000.00× ×6 ]
100
Book value=K 100 000.00−K 30 000.00
Book value=K 70 000.0 0

7. An agent sold a Goat at K330.00. this amount include 10% commission for the agent.
What was the price of the Goat before the commission was added?

Let x be actual cost of of the goat=100 % ,then ,

X =100 %
K 330=110 %
100
Then x=K 330×
110
x=K 300.00
Exercise 17A
1. A sales man receives K1000 000 as his fixed salary. He however receives 5%
commission on any good sold per Month. Calculate his monthly income if he good
worth K5500 000.
2. Mrs. Chomba used 842 units of electricity if the rate is 3.67ngwee per unit, fixed
charge is K11.25 and sales tax rate is 15%. Find
a) The amount of money he has to pay for the units used.
b) The total amount he has to pay
3. A business man put K30,000 in the bank at the rate of 7% per annum for 2 years.
a) Find the interest he received
b) The amount
4. A car was purchased at K20,000.00. calucate the value of the car after 5 years if
depreciation
for this period was 25%.
5. The cost of a dining table is K468.000 and it includes value added Tax (VAT) at 17%.

54
 Calculate the price of dining table before VAT is added.
6. The digital meter reading has been given in litres.
Previous reading present reading
1 3 4 7 0 2 1 3 5 8 0 2

a) What is the amount of water in the most recent time period.

b) Calculate the costs of the units used if each litre cost K50.00
c) Calculate the exercise duty.
7. Mr. Phiri prepared the following shopping bill
12 eanelles at K2.50n,
2 bags of potatoes K32.50n per bag.
4 boxes of matches at K3.20n per box.
10 tablets of bathing soap at K8.50n each
a) What is the total cost of her items?
b) How much change will she get if she has a K250.00
8. Mrs. Chanda wants to send transport money of K320.00 to her son at school. If the
commission is charged at 10%. Find the total amount paid for post order.
9. A television is marked K6,250.00. if pay cash for the TV you will receive a 12%
discount. If you buy the TV on hire purchase, you have to put down a deposit of
12.5% and you must pay or make 18 monthly payments of K250.
a) Calculate the cash price of the TV.
b) Calculate the total price of the TV on hire purchase.
c) How much money will you save if you pay cash for the TV instead of
buyiung it on hire purchase.
10. Kafola has a Monthly salary of K3500.00. its tax allowance is K3,000.00 and he
pays income tax at the rate of what is his net salary?
11. Find the simple interest when:

(a) K700 is invested for 3 years at 9% p.a.

(b) K725 is invested for 2½ years at 7% p.a.
(c) K800 is invested for 7½ years at 5½% p.a.

12. Find the time it takes for a sum of K600 to produce K80 interest at 6% per annum.

55
13. Calculate the sum of money which should be invested to earn K250 interest over 4 years
at 7% per annum.

14. Find the rate of interest needed to produce interest of K123 on an investment of K500
over 3½ years.

17.6 Profit and Loss

o When you buy something then sell it for a higher price you make a profit. If you sell
it for a lower price you make a loss.
o The cost price is the amount you originally paid for it. While the selling price is the
amount you sold it for.
o Profit or loss is the difference between the cost price and the selling price. You
can write the profit or loss as a percentage of the original price.
profit
o Percentage profit = × 100%
cost price
loss
o Percentage loss = × 100%
cost price
Examples
1. Peter bought a flash disc for K40 and sold it on his market stall for K60. What was his
percentage profit?
Solution
Profit = K60−¿K40 = K20

profit
Percentage profit = × 100%
cost price

20
Percentage profit = × 100% = 50%
40

2. A man bought a pair of shoes for K500 and later sold it for K460. Calculate the
percentage loss.
Solution
Loss = K500−¿K460 = K40
loss
Percentage loss = × 100%
cost price
40
Percentage loss = × 100% = 8%
500
Exercise 17B
1. For each of the following find the percentage profit
(a) Cost price = K20, selling price = K30
(b) Cost price = K60, selling price = K65
2. For each of the following find the percentage loss
(a) Cost price = K125, selling price = K120
(b) Cost price = K80, selling price = K55
56
 3. A shop owner buys a radio cassette player for K25, and sells it for K45. Find the
percentage profit.
4. Musonda bought a used car for K15000. He later sold it for K12000. Find the
percentage loss he made.
5. A street vendor buys a carpet for K375. A customer then buys it for K500. Find the
percentage profit that he made.

18. STATISTICS
1. 20 students took a short test.
The table gives information about their marks in the test.

Mark Frequency

7 1

8 4

9 6

10 9

Work out the mean mark. [10]

2. Here is a pictogram showing the number of tennis players who played at the local
tennis club last week.

R ep resen ts 4
ten n is p la yers
M o n d ay

Tu e sd ay

W e d n esd a y

T h u rsd a y

F rid ay

S atu rd ay

S u n d ay

(a) Write down the number of tennis players who played on

(i) Tuesday [Ans: 12]

(ii) Wednesday [Ans: 10]

57
 On Saturday 20 tennis players played at the club.

(b) Show this on the pictogram.

3. 22 students took a short test.

The table gives information about their marks in the test.

Mark Frequency

7 1

8 6

9 5

10 10

(a) Write down the modal mark. [Ans: 10]

(b) Work out the range of the marks. [Ans: 3]

(c) Work out the mean mark. [Ans: 9.09]

4. Simon did an investigation into the colours of shirts worn by some football teams.
He recorded the colour of the shirts for each team.
There were only five different colours.
Simon then drew a frequency table and a bar chart.
Part of Simon’s frequency table is shown below.

Colour Tally Frequency

Red …………….

Blue …………….

White ……………..

(a) Complete the frequency column for the three colours in Simon’s frequency
table.

Part of Simon’s bar chart is shown below.

58
 14

12

10
F req u en cy

0
R ed B lu e W h ite G re en Yello w

(b) Complete the bar chart for the colours Red, Blue and White.

(c) Which colour was the mode for the shirts of the football teams in Simon’s
investigation?
(d) Work out the number of football teams in Simon’s investigation.

5. Clare drew a bar chart of her teachers’ favourite colours.

Part of her bar chart is shown below.

3
F re q u e n c y
2

0
R ed B lu e Yello w G re en
C o lo u rs

4 teachers said that Yellow was their favourite colour.

2 teachers said that Green was their favourite colour.

(b) Complete Clare’s bar chart.

(c) Which colour was the mode for the teachers that Clare asked

59
 (d) Work out the number of teachers Clare asked.

6. Andy did a survey of the number of cups of coffee some pupils in his school
had drunk yesterday.

The frequency table shows his results.

Number of cups of
Frequency
coffee
2 1
3 3
4 5
5 8
6 5

Work out the number of pupils that Andy asked. [Ans: 101]

7. Musonda asked some people which region their favourite football team came
from. The table shows her results.
Region Frequency
Ndola 22
Kitwe 36
Kabwe 8
Lusaka 24

Draw the pie chart showing the above information.

19. PROBABILITY
19.1 Definition
Probability is the likelihood of an event to take place. The probability of an event A
occurring is written as P(A) and defined as
number of favourable outcomes
P( A ) =
total number of possible outcomes .
The following should be noted:
(i) All probabilities lie between 0 and 1. That is, 0 ˂ P(A) ˂ 1.
(ii) If an event A is certain to occur, then P(A) = 1 and if it is not certain to occur P(A) = 0.
(iii) If probability of an event A occurring is P(A), then probability of an event A not
' '
occurring is written P( A ) and, since P( A ) + P( A ) = 1 ,
'
P( A ) = 1 − P( A ) .
Examples

60
1. A coin is tossed once. Find the probability that a head shows.

2. A bag contain 3 black and 2 white balls. A ball is taken out at random.
Find the probability of taking
(i) a black ball. (ii) a white ball

Solutions
1. Let H be the event ‘a head shows when a coin is tossed’. Then
number of heads on a coin 1
P( H ) = =
total number of heads and tails 2 .

2. Let B be the event ‘picking a black ball’, W the event ‘picking a white ball’. Then
total number of black balls 3
P(B ) = =
(i) total number of balls in the bag 5
total number of white balls 2
P(W ) = =
(ii) total number of balls in the bag 5

Exercise 19.

1. A bag contains 1 red ball and 3 white balls. If a ball if picked at random from the bag,
what is the probability that it is
(i) white (ii) red

2. A bag contains 15 white and 9 green balls. If a ball is picked at random from the bag,
Find the probability that it is green.
3. Numbers 1 to 15 are written on small cards of the same size and placed in an opaque
bag. A card is picked at random. Find the probability that the number drawn will be
(i) Even (ii) Prime (iii) Even Prime (iv) Odd

4. If you choose one letter at random from the letters in the word PROBABILITY,
what is the probability of choosing
(i) A (ii) B (iii) I

5. The probability that Sally arrives at work on time is 0.6. How many days would
you expect her to be late in the next 15 days?

6. The probability of passing an examination is 40%. Find the probability of failing the
same examination.

7. After a fowl was committed on the pitch a referee draw a card from a packet containing
4 red cards and 3 yellow cards. Find the probability that the player is
(i) warned (ii) sent off the pitch

Answers to Exercise 19

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 3 1 9 7 2 1 8
1.(i) 4 (ii) 4 2. 24 3.(i) 15 (ii) 5 (iii) 15 (iv) 15

20. GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

20.1 Constructing perpendicular lines
Construct a perpendicular bisector of AB given that AB = 10cm.

20.2 Constructing an angle of 60o

(i) Draw a line AB, which will form one arm of the angle.
(ii) With centre A and any radius draw an arc to cut AB at P
(iii) With centre P and the same radius as in (ii) draw an arc to cut the first arc at Q
(iv) Join A to Q. Then angle QAB = 60o

20.3 Bisecting an angle of 60o

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Measure ROQ to 30o
20.4 Constructing an angle of 90o
(i) Let XY be the straight line and P be the given point on it.
(ii) With the centre P and any radius, draw an arc on each side of P to cut XY at A and B
(iii) With centres A and B and radius more than AP, draw arcs on the same side XY
intersect at Q.

20.5 Triangles
Construct a triangle ABC in which AB = 10 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC= 7 cm.
Steps
(i) Draw line AB horizontally using a rule ( 10cm)
(ii) Open a compass and measure it on a ruler to measure 6 cm for AC.
(iii) Using the same arc done in (b) make an arc with centre A.
(iv) Open a compass again, as in (b) on a ruler up to 7 cm.
(v) Using the same arc done in (d) make an arc with centre B.

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Exercise
1.(a) Using a ruler and a pair of compasses only, construct triangle ABC in which
AB = 8 cm,BC = 10 cm and angle ABC = 60º.
(b) Measure AC and write down its length.
(c) From A construct a perpendicular to BC to meet BC at N. Measure and write
down the length BN.
(d) Construct the bisector of angle ABC and let it meet AN at X.
Measure XN and calculate the area of triangle BXN correct to 1 decimal place.

2. Use pencil, ruler and compasses only in this question. All construction lines
must be clearly shown.
(i) Given that AB = 6.5 cm, construct triangle ABD in which angle ABD = 60˚
and angle BAD = 45˚.
(ii) Measure and write down the length of BD.
(iii) Construct a line through point D, parallel to AB. Mark the point C,
on the parallel line, such that CD = AB.
(iv) Join point C to B and name the figure ABCD formed.
(v) Construct a perpendicular from D to meet AB at M.
(vi) Calculate the area of the figure ABCD .

3. Using ruler and compass only:

(i) Construct a circle with radius 6 cm.
(ii) Draw a diameter PQ
o
(iii) Construct angle PQR = 30 with R on the circumference.
(iv) Join P to R
(v) Measure and state angle PQR.

21. COMPUTER STUDIES

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21.1 Specific Outcomes
The following are the specific outcomes in Computer Studies at Grade 9 level.
1. Construction of decision boxes
2. Identification and creation of loops in flow charts
3. Writing simple computer programmes
4. Use simple programmes to calculate area, volume, find averages and resolve linear
equation.
21.2 Algorithms
An algorithm is a process, procedure or formula that performs some sequence of operations
in order to solve a given problem.
21.2.1 Methods Of Expressing An Algorithm
Algorithms can be expressed in many different notations including, pseudo code, flowcharts
and programming languages. The following are different examples of algorithms.

Examples
1. Write an algorithm to calculate the area of a circle.
2. Write an algorithm to find the sum of two numbers.
Solutions
1. Step 1: Read \input\enter the Radius r of the Circle
Step 2: if radius<0 then print invalid radius go to step 1
Step 3: Area = π *r*r
Step 4: Print Area
Step 5: end

2. Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read\input the first num1.
Step 3: Read\input the second num2.
Step 4: Sum num1+num2 // calculation of sum
Step 5: Print Sum
Step 6: End

21.2.2 Flowchart
A flowchart is a visual representation of the sequence needed to perform a task.
It represents a process showing the steps as boxes of various kinds connected by arrows.

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21.2.3 Pseudo Code
A Pseudo code is a step-by-step explanation of a flow chart in human language. It is a set
of statements written in a human language but expressing the processing logic of a
programme.

Examples
1. An employee is paid on an hourly rate:
(a) Draw a flow chart to represent the programme that can be used to calculate his
overtime pay.
(b) Write down the Pseudo-code for the programme.

2. Write down a Pseudo-code and draw a flowchart for a program that determines if a
person is allowed to vote or not, given that a person can only vote if he/she is over
18 years old.

Solutions
1.(a) Flowchart

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(b) Pseudo-Code
START
PRINT “INSERT h, r
INPUT h, r
OVERTIME = h * r
PRINT OVERTIME
STOP
2.(a) Pseudo-Code
Begin
Print “Enter Age
Read age
IF age ˃ 18, THEN
Print Vote
ELSE
Print Not Vote
End
(b) Flow Chart

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