1

CSEC Mathematics
SECTION 1 – Number Theory and Computation
Number Theory
NOTE: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (ax)y = axy

Exercise
Simplify each of the following, without using calculator.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s.

Number Systems
The Place Value Chart for the base 10 system

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

dec.pl. dec.pl. d.p. d.p. d.p.


Ten Million

Thousandth

Thousandth
Units/Ones
Thousands

Thousandth
Hundreds

Hundredth-

Hundred
Million
Hundred

Ten
Decimal
Tenth

point
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000

1,000


100

The Binary System/Base Two System/Bicimal System

In the binary or bicimal system, we count in base two. We use the digits 0 and 1. Each digit in a number
has a place value in terms of powers of two. The largest digit in base two is 1, whereas the smallest digit is
0.
Consider 11101.01012

Face Value 1 1 1 0 1 . 0 1 0 1

Place Value 24 23 22 21 20=1 Decimal 2– 1 2– 2 2– 3 2– 4

point

Value 1 24 1 23 1 22 0 21 1 1 0 2–1

Adding Binary Numbers

The following rules apply when adding binary numbers:
02 + 02 = 02; 1 2 + 02 = 1 2 ; 12 + 12 = 102; 102 + 12 = 112; 112 + 12 = 1002
Exercise
Add the following binary (base two) numbers.
a. 11012 + 1112 b. 101012 + 10112 c. 11112 + 11112 d. 100112 + 110112
e. 1012 + 1112 + 1102 f. 10102 + 10112 + 11012 g. 1011012 + 110112 + 110012 + 1112
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Subtracting Binary Numbers

The following rules apply when subtracting binary numbers:
02 - 02 = 02; 12 - 02 = 12 ; 12 - 12 = 02; 102 – 12 = 12; 112 – 12 = 102; 1002 – 12 = 112
Exercise
Compute the following.
a. 110112 - 10102 b. 101002 -10102 c. 1010112 - 111112 d. 100102 - 11112
Express One Quantity as a Fraction of Another.
Note: We must ensure that both quantities have the same unit before we express one quantity as a fraction
of another.
Exercise
Express the first quantity as a fraction of the second quantity.
1. 20 cents, $3.00 (100 cents = $1)
2. 5 days, 4 weeks
3. 9 months, 5 years
4. 17 cm, 6 m (1 m = 100 cm)
5. 25 kg, 8 tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kg)

Sequences of Numbers
A sequence of numbers is a set of numbers that follows a mathematical rule. Each number in the sequence
is called a term and is given a value according to its position.
Exercise
Identify the rule for each of the following sequence and fill in the blanks.
a. 3, 15, 75, ____
b. 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, ____
c. 7, 6, 8, 7, 9, ____
d. 1, 4, 9, ____, 25
e. 3, 12, 48, ___, ____, 3072
f. - 9, - 6, - 3, 0, 3, _____
g. - 8, - 4, - 2, - 1, ____
h. 5, 6, 9, 14, 21, ____
i. 8, 10, 14, ____, 28, ____
j. 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, ____, 8, 13, ____
k. 0, 1, 8, 27, ___, 125, ____
Commutative Law
The commutative law for an arithmetic operation deals with the order in which the operation is performed,
does not affect the result. Thus: 2 + 6 + 9 = 9 + 2 + 6 = 17 and
2 3 5 = 5 2 3 = 30.
Hence, addition of numbers and the multiplication of numbers are both commutative.

Now 7 – 2 2 – 7, that is, 5 – 5.

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Also, 8 2 2 8, that is 4 . Hence, subtraction of numbers and division of numbers

are both non-commutative.

Associative Law
The associative law for an arithmetic operation deals with grouping the numbers and the result remains
unchanged. Thus, 3 + 4 + 7 = (3 + 4) + 7 = 3 + (4 + 7) = 14 and 2 4 5 = (2 4) 5 = 2 (4 5) = 40.
Hence, the addition of numbers and the multiplication of numbers are both associative.

Now 9 – 5 – 2 = (9 – 5) – 2 9 – (5 – 2), that is 2 = 2 6 and

8 4 2= (8 4) 2 8 (4 2), that is 1 4. Hence, the subtraction of numbers and the division

of numbers are both non-associative.
Distributive Law
The distributive law for an arithmetic operation deals with the multiplication of numbers in brackets.

3 (4 + 7) = 3 4 + 43 7 = 12 + 21 = 33 and 4 (8 – 3) = 4 8 – 4 3 = 32 – 12 = 20. Hence,

multiplication is distributive with respect to addition of numbers and the subtraction of numbers.
Activity
Answer the following.
1. 5×6 + 5×3 is the same as:
A. 5×6
B. 6+3
C. 5×9
D. 5+9
2. 7×5 – 7×2 is the same as:
A. 7×3
B. 5 – 2
C. 7 – 3
D. 5×7
3. 12×8 – 12×3 is the same as:
A. 12×3
B. 12×5
C. 8 – 3
D. 12 – 5

Identity Element for Addition

The identity for an operation leaves the original number unchanged under the operation. If zero is added to
any number, then the sum is the original number. Thus:
i. 4 + 0 = 4 ii. 0 + 3 = 3 iii. – 4 + 0 = – 4 iv. 0 + (– 3) = – 3
Zero is the identity element for the addition of numbers.

Identity Element for Multiplication

If any number is multiplied by 1, then the product is the original number. Thus:
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i. 8 1=8 ii. 1 9=9 iii. – 8 1=–8 iv. 1 (– 9) = – 9

One is the identity element for the multiplication of numbers.

Inverse for Numbers under Addition

The inverse of a number for a given operation combines with the number under the operation to give the
identity. Thus:
The inverse of 5 under addition is – 5, since 5 + ( – 5) = 0 (identity).
The inverse of – 3 under addition is 3, since – 3 + 3 = 0 (identity).

Inverse for Numbers under Multiplication

The definition for the inverse was stated above. Thus: The inverse of 6 under multiplication is , since 6

= 1 (identity)The inverse of – 7 under multiplication is , since – 7 = 1 (identity)

Multiplication by Zero
If any number is multiplied by zero, the product is always zero. Thus:

i. 8 0=0 ii. 0 7=0 iii. – 3 0=0 iv. 0 ( – 1) = 0

Division by Zero
If any number is divided by zero, the result is infinity. Thus:

i. = ii.

The following table gives the Divisibility Rules for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
Divisibilty Rules
A number is divisible by
2 If last digit is zero or even
3 If the sum of the digits is a multiple of 3
4 If the last two digits is a multiple of 4
5 If the last digit is 0 or 5
6 If the number is a multiple of 2 and 3
7 Cross off last digit, double it and subtract. Repeat if you want. If new number is a multiple of 7, the
original number is a multiple of 7
8 If the last 3 digits is a multiple of 8
9 If the sum of the digits is a multiple of 9
10 If the last digit is 0
11 Subtract the last digit from the number formed by the remaining digits. If new number is a multiple of
11, the original number is a multiple of 11
12 If the number is divisible by 3 and 4

Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.)

The H.C.F. of a set of numbers is the highest number which can divide each of the set of numbers without
leaving a remainder.

Exercise
Find the H.C.F. for the following set of numbers.
1. 56, 28, 40 2. 30, 45, 60 3. 65, 70, 80 4. 54, 192, 96 5. 240, 160, 340
Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.)
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The L.C.M. of a set of numbers is the lowest number for which each of the set of numbers can go into
without leaving a remainder.
Exercise
Find the L.C.M. for the following set of numbers.
1. 2, 5, 6 2. 4, 8, 12 3. 5, 9, 6 4. 7, 8, 14 5. 3, 7, 9
Arranging Fractions in Ascending or Descending order
Note: Express each set of fractions with a common denominator. Then compare for the order of size.
OR
Express each fraction as a percentage. Then compare for the order of size.
Exercise
Arrange the following fractions in ascending order (smallest to the largest).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Arrange the following fractions in descending order.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Computation
Approximation
An approximation is a stated value of a number that it is close to, but not equal to.
The Place Value Chart

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

d.p. d.p. d.p. d.p. d.p.


Thousandth

Thousandth

Thousandth
Units/Ones
Thousands

Hundredth
Hundreds

Hundred

Decimal
Tenth
Tens

point
Ten

Rounding off to the nearest whole number

When correcting a number to the nearest whole number, we examine the digit value of the first decimal
place. If the digit value in the first decimal place is 5 or more, we add 1to the whole number part and leave
out the decimal part. However, if the digit value in the first decimal place is less than 5, we do not add 1
but leave out the decimal part.
Example
Write each of the following numbers correct to the nearest whole number.
a. 174.573 Ans. 175 b. 2.999 c. 25.47 d. 0.068

Rounding off to the Nearest Tens

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When correcting a number to the nearest ten, we examine the digit value of the units/ones place. If the digit
value in the units place is 5 or more, we add 1to the digit value of the tens and leave out the decimal part.
However, if the digit value in the units place is less than 5, we do not add 1 but just leave out the decimal
part and place zero at the unit place as a place holder.

Example
Write each of the following numbers correct to the nearest tens.
a. 25.36 b. 12.958 c. 348.5036 d. 1,292.36

Approximation – Decimal Places

When rounding off a number to the specified number of decimal places, we look at the digit value that
follows, reading from left to right. If the digit value that follows is 5 or more, we add 1to the specified
decimal digit, keep the whole number part and leave out the decimal part that comes after it. However, if
the digit value of the specified decimal place is less than 5, we do not add 1 but just leave out the decimal
part that follows after it and keep the whole number part.
Example
Express each of the following numbers to the number of decimal places indicated in the bracket.
a. 6.07 (1 d.p.) Ans. 6.1
b. 124.06981 (3 d.p.) Ans. 124.070
c. 0.021458 (2 d.p.) Ans 0.02

1. 17.823 (1 d.p.) 2. 6987.245601 (3 d.p.) 3. 180.50361 (2 d.p.) 4. 8.1973 (1

dec. pl.)
5. 0.09876 (2 dec. pl.)

Approximation – Significant Figures

When rounding off a number correct to a specified number of significant figures, we examine the digit
value of the number that comes after it. If the digit value is 5 or more, we add 1to the specified number
digit value. However, if the digit value that comes after the specified number of significant figure is less
than 5, we do not add 1.
NOTE: The first significant figure cannot be zero. The first significant figure of a number is the first non-
zero (not zero) digit that occurs in the number, reading from left to right.
Example
Express the number 195.8024 correct to the number of significant figure(s) stated.
a. 6 s.f. Ans. 195.802
b. 5 s.f. Ans. 195.80
c. 4 s.f. Ans. 195.8
d. 3 s.f. Ans. 196
e. 2 s.f. Ans. 200
f. 1 s.f. Ans. 200

Express the number 0.00206398457 correct to the number of significant figure(s) stated.
a. 6 s.f.
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b. 5 s.f.
c. 4 s.f.
d. 3 s.f.
e. 2 s.f.
f. 1 s.f.
Standard Form or Scientific Notation
A number which is written in the form a x 10n, where 1 ≤ a < 10 and n Z is said to be written in standard
form or scientific notation.
We move the decimal point in the given number to obtain a number between 0 and 10.
The exponent or index or power n is the number of places the decimal point was moved.
n is positive if the given number is greater than 10 and negative if the given number is between 0 and 1.
Otherwise, n = 0.

Example
Express each of the following numbers in standard form (scientific notation).
a. 841902
b. 0.00047935
c. 7495 (correct to 1 d.p.)
d. 0.057849 (correct to 2 d.p.)

Activity

1. Calculate 2.01 0.015, giving your answer:

a. exactly
b. correct to 3 sig. fig.
c. correct to 2 dec. pl.
d. in standard form
e. to the nearest whole number

2. Calculate 47.021 3.6, giving your answer:

a. exactly
b. correct to 2 sig. fig.
c. 3 dec. pl.
d. nearest hundreds
e. in standard form

3. Compute 1718.052 67.8, giving your answer:

a. exactly
b. correct to 3 sig. fig.
c. 1 dec. pl.
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d. nearest tens
e. in standard form

4. Evaluate 0.0074375 1.7, giving your answer:

a. exactly
b. 4 dec. pl.
c. nearest thousandth
d. 3 sig. fig.
e. in standard form
Computation – Fractions and Decimals
Fractions
A fraction is part of a whole. The whole is represented as 100%. A whole is considered as a
quantity when the numerator and the denominator are the same. In a fraction, the number at the top
is called the numerator and the number at the bottom is called the denominator. The line between
the number at the top and the number at the bottom is called the ‘fraction bar’ or vinculum.

numerator

vinculum or fraction bar

denominator

The fraction above represents 3 equal parts out of a total of 7 equal parts. The whole would be 7
equal parts out of a total of 7 equal parts which equates to one. That is, .

A proper fraction is a rational number whose numerator is less than its denominator. For example,
.

An improper fraction is a rational number whose numerator is greater than its denominator. For
example, .

A mixed number consists of the sum of a whole number and a rational number. For example,
.

Note:

Activity
1. State whether each of the following fraction is a mixed number, proper or improper fraction.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
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Exercise
Express each of the following improper fractions as a mixed number.

a. b. c. d.

Changing from a Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction

To change a mixed number into an improper fraction, we multiply the whole number by the
denominator and add the numerator, then write the result over the denominator.

Exercise
Express each of the following as an improper fraction.

a. b. c. d.

Equivalent Fractions
Equivalent fractions are fractions which have the same value. This can be shown when they are
reduced to their lowest term. We can make equivalent fractions by multiplying or dividing the
numerator and the denominator by the same value.
What do you notice about the three shapes below in the first diagram?
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Exercise
Determine the equivalent fraction for each of the following fractions with the denominator or
numerator indicated.

a. , denominator 36 b. , numerator 21 c. , denominator 3

d. , numerator 8 e. , numerator 45 f. , denominator 18

Enrichment
Reduce each of the following fractions to its simplest form.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Order of Operation
 Work out the expression in the bracket first, if there are any
 Apply power or index e.g. squaring or cubing the number
 Multiplication or division is done before addition or subtraction, in the order they appear
from left to right.
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 In the case of a fraction work out the numerator first then the denominator accordingly.

Performing Operations on Fractions and Decimals

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
Note: We can only add or subtract the numerator of fractions which have a common denominator.
For example,

Note: is the same as .

Note: is the same as

Multiplication and Division of Fractions

Note: When multiplying or dividing fractions, we do not find a common denominator.
Multiplication of Fractions
When multiplying fractions, we can cancel a numerator and a denominator if possible. Then we
multiply numerator by numerator all over, the denominator multiplied by the other denominator.

For example, .

Division of Fractions
When dividing by a fraction we multiply by the dividend reciprocal of the divisor. The divisor is the
fraction immediately to the right of the division sign. For example,

CSEC Mathematics
Fractions and Decimals Worksheet
1. Using a calculator or otherwise, calculate the exact value of:

a. (2.67 4.1) – 1.32. (Jan 2013)

Ans: 9.257

b. 5.25 0.015 Ans: 350

c. Ans: 2.55

d. 3.142 x 2.2362 (May 2014) Ans: 15.709

e. ANSWER:

f. (May 2013)
g. (12.8)2 – (30 0.375) (Jan 2015)
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2. Give your answer as a fraction in its lowest term:

(May 2012)

3. Evaluate: May 2015

May 2015
4. Using a calculator or otherwise, determine the exact value of:
 a.

b. 3.96 x 0.25 – (May 2011)

c. (Jan 2011)

5. Write your answer as a decimal to 2 significant figures:

a. (June 1989)

b. (June 1992)

c. (Jan 1990)

6. Calculate the exact value of:

a. (Jun 2005)
b. 0.03 x 10.3
c. 6 (3 – 1.47) (Jun 1988)

7. Find the exact value and write your answer to 1 decimal place:
a. 2.55 x 6.3 – (Jun 1987)

8. Give your answer to 2 significant figures:

a. (Jun 1990)

b. (Jun 1998)
9. Determine the exact value of:

a.

b. 2.52 – (give answer for b to 2 significant figures) (May 2010)

10. Simplify:
(May 2015).

11. Farmer Dan used of his land for oranges, for apples, for mangoes and the remainder

for grapes.
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a. Calculate the total fraction of the land used for all fruits except grapes.
b. What fraction of the land was used for grapes?

12. Mark spends of his monthly income on housing. Of the remainder, he spends on food

and saves what is left.

a. Calculate the fraction of his monthly income spent on food.
b. Calculate the fraction of his monthly income that he saved.
Arithmetic Operations on Numbers
Order of Operation (reminder)
 Work out the expression in the bracket, if any
 Apply powers or index e.g. squaring or cubing the number
 Multiplication or division is done before addition or subtraction, in the order they appear
from left to right.
 In the case of a fraction work out the numerator first then the denominator.

Exercise
Simplify the following, without the use of a calculator.

1. 24 8 4 2. 24 8 4

3. 5 + 32 4. 28 – 12 4

5. 5 + 3 2

6. (3 2 – 1) + (44 11 – 7)

7. (7 – 4) 9 (8 2 3)

8. 5.32 0.46

9. 73.12 2.4 10. 39.48 – 7.395

11. 4.57 + 0.8316 + 25 12. 7 8

13. 45 – 2(4 + 2 3) 14. 10 – (12 – 6 3) 15. 25 – 5 + 16 4 2

Expressing a Decimal Number as a Fraction

Exercise
Express each of the following as a fraction in its lowest state.
1) 0.45 2) 0.125 3) 0.375 4) 6.25 5) 12.75 6) 5.02 7) 18.625
Percentage

A percentage is a number or rate expressed out of 100.For example, 17% is .

Conversion Among Fractions, Decimals and Percentage

Exercise
Copy and complete the table below. Show all working below the table.

Fractions Decimal Percentage

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1.

2. 0.125

3. 2.5%

4. 0.65
5. 45%

6.

7. 0.8

8. 25%

9.

10. 0.32

Exercise
Calculate the following.
1. What is 30% of $600?
2. What is 0.45% of $500?
3. 25% of a certain volume is 60 cm3. Calculate the total volume.
4. A student scored 16 out of 40 in an English test. What was the students’ percentage score?
5. Express 17 as a percentage of 60, exactly.
6. There are 530 students in a school and 30% are footballers.
a. What percentage of the school are not footballers?
b. How many students are not footballers?
7. A mathematics book has 360 pages, of which 50% are on Algebra, 20% on Geometry and
the remainder on Arithmetic.
a. What percentage of the book is on Arithmetic?
b. How many pages of Arithmetic are there in the book?
8. The price of a car that cost $27,000 last year increased by 12.5% this year. What is
the present cost of the car?
9. A concert is attended by 2500 people. If 47% are adult females and 32% are adult males,
how many children attended the concert?
10. Express 45 as a percentage of 25.
11. What percentage of 20 is 17?
12. What percentage of 17 is 20?
Ratio
A ratio refers to a comparison between measures of the same quantity carried out by division.
Exercise
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Answer the following.

1. The sum of $25,000 was divided among two consultants in the ratio 2:3. What is the amount of
the smaller share?
2. A sum of money is divided among two friends in the ratio 4:11. If the smaller amount is $420,
find the larger amount.
3. Two lengths are in the ratio 7:8. If the first length is 273m, what is the second length?
4. Natasha and Tricia shared a sum of money in the ratio 5:3 respectively. If Tricia’s share was
$126.75, calculate:
a) Natasha’s share
b) the total sum of money shared.
5. A sum of money was shared among Albert, Bruce and Christine in the ratio 3:7:10 respectively.
If Bruce received $660 more than Albert, determine the sum of money shared.
6. A sum of money is divided among Yuri, Anna and Maria in the ratio 4:7:9 respectively. If
Anna’s share amounts to $1295, calculate:
a) the total sum of money shared
b) Yuri’s share
c) the percentage of the total amount that Maria received.
7. A sum of money was shared among three daughters, Ann, Beryl and Candy, in the ratio 2:5:8
respectively. If Ann received $510 less than Candy, evaluate the sum of money shared.
8. The sum of $3500 is divided among Adrian, Sean and James. Sean received half, Adrian
received $850 and James received the remainder. Calculate:
a. Sean’s share
b. James share
c. The ratio in which the $3500 was divided among the three persons.
9. John, Peter and Mary shared a sum of money in the ratio 2:4:9, respectively. Mary and Peter
together received $780. How much money in all was shared?
10. The sum of $2,040 was shared among Akeme, Shawna and Kissis. Kissis received $720 more
than Akeme. Akeme received $360. Determine:
a) Shawna’s amount
b) the ratio into which $2,040 was divided among the three persons.

Direct Proportion
Two quantities are said to be in direct proportion, they increase or decrease using a constant
multiplier. That is, if one quantity is doubled, then the other is doubled also. If we halve one
quantity the other is also halved. For example, if the cost of 2 gleaners is $300, then the cost of 4
gleaners would be $600.

Exercise
Answer the following.
1. The cost of 26 articles is $214.50. Calculate the cost of:
a. one article
b. 15 articles
2. Eggs cost $5.40 per dozen. What is the cost for 25 eggs?
3. A train travels 240 km in 42 hours. How long would it take to complete 350 km?
4. A 5 kg bag of peas cost $17.90. Calculate the cost of a 9 kg bag of peas at the same rate.
5. A car travels 240 km on 20 litres of petrol. How many litres of petrol is needed to travel 600
km?
6. The cost of 8 sweets is $320. What is the cost for 5 sweets?
7. It cost $112 to cut a lawn of area 56 m2. What amount would it cost to cut a lawn of area 99 m2?
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Inverse Proportion –
One quantity is said to be inversely proportional to another quantity, if when the first quantity is
doubled, the second quantity is halved. And if the first quantity is halved the second quantity is
doubled. For example, if two men can weed a compound in 6 days, then 4 men working at the same
rate can weed the compound in 3 days.
Exercise
Answer the following.
1. If 12 men can sew 180 shirts in 5 days, how long will it take 15 men to sew the 180 shirts?
2. Twelve men produce 700 watches in 9 working days. How long would it take 18 men to produce
the 700 watches?
3. A field of grass feeds 28 cows for 6 days. How many days would the same field feed 21 cows?
4. If 9 women can sew 375 dresses in 8 weeks, calculate the time it would take 4 women to
perform the same task.
5. Nine taps fill a water tank in 3 hours. How many hours would it take to fill the tank if only three
taps are working?
6. A rice farmer employs 15 men to harvest his crop. The men took 12 days to do the job. If he
employed 9 men, how many days would it have taken them?
7. If 4 men can paint a house in 12 days, how long would it take 6 men to complete the same task?

The Metric System

The metric system consist of basic quantities such as length, mass, time, temperature with
corresponding basic units, metre (m), gram (g), seconds(sec), degree Celsius (0C) respectively.
Conversion from One Unit to Another

Prefix Symbol Multiplication factor

kilo k 1000
hecto h 100
deca da 10
deci d 0.1
centi c 0.01
milli m 0.001

Length: km, hm, dam, m, dm, cm, mm (descending order of units)

Mass: kg, hg, dag, g, dg, cg, mg (descending order of units)
Note: 1000 cm3 = 1 litre,
1 cm = 10 mm, 100 cm = 1 m 1 kg = 2.21 pounds 1 tonne = 1000 kg
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Note: When changing from a larger unit to a smaller unit we multiply by the respective power of
ten.However, when changing from a smaller unit to a larger unit we divide by the respective power
of ten.
Exercise
Write the correct value on the line provided.
1) 34.56 cm = ______m Answer 0.3456
2) 8.107 mm = _____dm Answer 0.08107
3) 4.72 kg = ______ hg Answer 47.2
4) 345.09 m = ______ km Answer 0.34509
5) 4.5 litre = ______ cm3 Answer 4,500
6) 670.2 cm3 = _____ litres Answer 0.6702
7) 80.321 g = _____ mg Answer 80,321
8) 10.87 dam = ____ km Answer 0.1087
9) 9.3 litres = _____ cm3 Answer 9,300
10) 45.981 mm = _____ m Answer 0.045981
[Practice question – Page 107 Exercise 4a, R. Toolsie textbook]

Change from 24 –hour to 12 –hour system and vice-versa (Page 154, R. Toolsie)
Exercise
1. Copy and complete the table below.

12-hour system 24-hour system

a. 3:00 am
b. 5:00 pm
c. 07:30 hrs.
d. 21:15 hrs.
e. 11:40 pm

2. Calculate the length of time in hours and minutes for the following pairs of time extracted from an
airline time schedule.

Time of Departure Time of Arrival

a. 3:39 a.m. 6:43 a.m.

b. 7:38 a.m. 11:18 a.m.

c. 12:15 p.m. 2:30 p.m.

d. 1:15 p.m. 3:12 p.m.

e. 10:45 a.m. 7:32 p.m.

f. 9:12 p.m. 6:45 a.m. (next day)

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g. 8:45 p.m. 7:30 p.m. (next day)