Q1.

Substances are transported through plants.

(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.

capillary guard cells phloem

stomata transpiration xylem

(i) Water is transported from the roots to the stem of a plant

in the ____________________________ .
(1)

(ii) Dissolved sugars are transported through the plant

in the ____________________________ .
(1)

(iii) Movement of water through the plant is called the

____________________________ stream.
(1)

(iv) Water vapour moves out of the plant through pores

called ____________________________ .
(1)

(b) Students investigated the effect of different conditions on water loss from leaves.

The apparatus is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

The students set up four flasks, A, B, C and D.

The students:

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• used the same size plant shoot in each flask

• recorded the mass of the flask and plant shoot at the start of each experiment

• left each flask and plant shoot in different conditions

• recorded the mass of each flask and plant shoot after 2 hours.

Table 1 shows the conditions that flasks A, B, C and D were left in for 2 hours.

Table 1

Flask Temperature in °C Fan or no fan

A 20 No Fan

B 20 Fan

C 35 No Fan

D 35 Fan

(i) Suggest why the students used cotton wool in each flask.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The use of the same size of plant shoot made the investigation a fair test.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) Table 2 shows the students’ results.

Table 2

Conditions Mass at the Mass after 2 Mass of

start in hours in water lost in
Temperature Fan or no grams grams 2 hours in
Flask
in °C fan grams

A 20 No Fan 150.0 148.1 1.9

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 B 20 Fan 152.0 148.5 3.5

C 35 No Fan 149.0 145.9 3.1

D 35 Fan 150.0 145.5

What mass of water was lost by the plant shoot in flask D?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

___________ grams
(1)

(iv) Suggest what conclusion can be made about the effect of temperature on
water loss from the plant shoot.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(v) Suggest what conclusion can be made about the effect of the fan on water
loss from the plant shoot.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The students carried out another experiment at 20 °C, with no fan.

The students used the apparatus in Figure 2.

Figure 2

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 In this experiment, the students:

• recorded the mass of the flask and plant shoot before tying the plastic bag
around the plant shoot

• removed the bag after 2 hours and recorded the mass again.

(i) What mass of water would be lost from the plant shoot in 2 hours?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

0.3 g 1.9 g 3.9 g

(1)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer to part (c)(i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Q2.
(a) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

distillation.

A plant loses water from its leaves by a process called respiration.

transpiration.
(1)

(b) Some scientists investigated the effect of temperature on water loss from a plant.

The graph shows the results.

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 Describe the effect of increasing the temperature on water loss from the plant.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Under different conditions, plants open or close their stomata.

(i) How does closing its stomata help a plant?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) In the investigation described in part (b), which temperature range would
cause most of the stomata to close?

Draw a ring around one answer.

25 - 30 °C 30 - 35 °C 40 - 45 °C
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q3.
The graph shows the rate of transpiration from a plant at different times of the day.

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Transpiration occurs mainly in the leaves of a plant.

(a) (i) What is transpiration?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Through which part of a leaf does most transpiration occur?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In this investigation, the rate of transpiration decreases between 16:00 hours and
19:00 hours.

(i) Calculate the average rate of decrease per hour in the rate of transpiration
over this time.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

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 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Rate = _______________ arbitrary units per hour

(2)

(ii) Suggest one explanation for the decrease in the rate of transpiration between
16:00 hours and 19:00 hours.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q4.
The image below shows some cells on the lower surface of a leaf.

© Stefan Diller/Science Photo Library

(a) What are the cells labelled X called?

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 Draw a ring around the correct answer.

guard cells palisade cells mesophyll cells

(1)

(b) Water loss by evaporation from leaves is called transpiration.

A student set up an experiment to investigate water loss from leaves.

The student:

• took two leaves, A and B, from a plant

• put Vaseline (grease) on both sides of Leaf B; did nothing to Leaf A

• wrote down the mass of each leaf

• attached the leaves onto a string as shown in the diagram below.

Leaf A Leaf B
(no treatment) (both surfaces
covered in Vaseline)

• left the leaves for 48 hours

• wrote down the mass of each leaf again

• calculated the percentage (%) change in mass for each leaf.

(i) Give one variable that the student controlled in this investigation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The mass of Leaf A was 1.60 g at the start of the investigation. After 48 hours
it was 1.28 g.

Calculate the % decrease in mass over 48 hours.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

% decrease = __________________
(2)

(c) Vaseline blocks the stomata.

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 The % change in mass of Leaf B was less than Leaf A after 48 hours.
Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give three environmental conditions that would increase transpiration.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

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Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) (i) xylem
1

(ii) phloem
1

(iii) transpiration
1

(iv) stomata
1

(b) (i) any one from:

• reduce / prevent evaporation of water from flask

• holds plant shoot in place
• prevent damage to the plant
1

(ii) same surface area or number of leaves

(because if they used larger / smaller size shoots) there
would be a larger / smaller surface area or a larger/ smaller
number of leaves
allow same number of stomata
1

from which (the same amount of) water evaporates

(and therefore) more / less water would escape
allow from which water escapes
1

(iii) 4.5
look for answer written in table
1

(iv) increasing temperature / heat increases (rate of) water loss / evaporation
1

(v) having moving air / a fan increases (rate of) water loss / evaporation
1

(c) (i) 0.3 g

1

(ii) plastic bag reduces air flow across leaves

or
air is humid around the leaves
allow plastic bag stops water (vapour) leaving
allow air (in plastic bag) becomes saturated (with water)
1
[12]

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Q2.
(a) transpiration
1

(b) increase then decrease

1

maximum rate at 36 - 38 (°C ) / 540 - 560 (grams per day)

any figure in these ranges
1

(c) (i) reduce water loss / prevent wilting

allow stops water loss
1

(ii) 40 - 45 °C
1
[5]

Q3.
(a) (i) water loss
extra substance(s) cancel
if transpiration stream described max 1 mark
1

as a vapour / by evaporation
ignore stomata
1

(ii) stomata / stoma / guard cells

ignore epidermis
1

(b) (i) 2.8

correct answer with or without working gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect:
allow 1 mark for (8.6 - 0.2) ÷ 3 or 8.4 ÷ 3
2

(ii) warmer at 16:00 / gets cooler

or reverse argument for 19.00
1

faster diffusion / evaporation

accept sun setting as equivalent to heat or light marking
points

or

lighter at 16:00 / gets darker (1)

if no environmental factor still allow reason mark

stomata open / more open (1)

eg ‘stomata close later in the dayߣ

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 or

(more) windy at 16:00 / gets less windy (1)

removal of (more) water vapour / steeper gradient (1)

or

air is less humid at 16.00 (1)

allow rain at 19.00

faster diffusion or steeper gradient (1)

1
[7]

Q4.
(a) guard cells
1

(b) (i) any one from:

• species / plant
• length of time
ignore temperature and size of leaves
1

(ii) 20
correct answer = 2 marks

accept

or

for 1 mark
2

(c) less water loss / transpiration / evaporation

1

(d) hot
1
ignore bright / sunny conditions

dry / low humidity

1

wind(y)
1
[8]

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