MODULE I

RISK MANAGEMENT AS APPLIED TO SAFETY, SECURITY, AND

SANITATION

INTRODUCTION

This module develops knowledge, skills, and values on the basic principles of
personal hygiene, food safety, and sanitation as applied in the tourism and hospitality
industry.

OBJECTIVES

After studying the module, you should be able to:

1. Express the definition of risk management

2. Discuss the steps in the risk management process
3. Illustrate the risk management process
4. Identify the different kinds of alarm system
5. Identify the different types of fire alarm system
6. Classify types of fire and what specific fire extinguisher to be used in a certain
type of fire.
7. Define contact dermatitis, ergonomic and musculoskeletal disorder
8. Clarify the importance of ergonomics in the workplace
9. Discuss the causes of contact dermatitis and musculoskeletal disorder
10. identify the loss control considerations include in car/van management
11. Define valet parking services
12. Discuss the importance of control considerations in non-owned vehicle exposure

DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER

There are four lessons in the module. Read each lesson carefully then answer the
exercises/activities to find out how much you have benefited from it. Work on these
exercises carefully and submit your output to your instructor.

In case you encounter difficulty, discuss this with your instructor during the face-
to-face meeting. If not contact your instructor at the College of Management. Good luck
and happy reading!!!
 LESSON 1
INTRODUCTION TO RISK MANAGEMENT
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
 Define risk management;
 Discuss the steps in the risk management process;
 Illustrate the risk management process;

INTRODUCTION TO RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling threats to
an organization's capital and earnings. These threats, or risks, could stem from a wide
variety of sources, including financial uncertainty, legal liabilities, strategic management
errors, accidents, and natural disasters. IT security threats and data-related risks, and the
risk management strategies to alleviate them, have become a top priority
for digitized companies. As a result, a risk management plan increasingly includes
companies' processes for identifying and controlling threats to their digital assets,
including proprietary corporate data, a customer's personally identifiable information

(PII), and intellectual property.

Every business and organization faces the risk of unexpected, harmful events that
can cost the company money or cause it to permanently close. Risk management allows
organizations to attempt to prepare for the unexpected by minimizing risks and extra

costs before they happen.

IMPORTANCE OF RISK MANAGEMENT
By implementing a risk management plan and considering the various potential
risks or events before they occur, an organization can save money and protect its future.
This is because a robust risk management plan will help a company establish procedures to
avoid potential threats, minimize their impact should they occur, and cope with the
results. This ability to understand and control risk enables organizations to be more
confident in their business decisions. Furthermore, strong corporate governance principles
that focus specifically on risk management can help a company reach its goals.
Other important benefits of risk management include:
 Creates a safe and secure work environment for all staff and customers.
 Increases the stability of business operations while also decreasing legal
liability.
 Protects from events that are detrimental to both the company and the
environment.
 Protects all involved people and assets from potential harm.
  Helps establish the organization's insurance needs to save on unnecessary
premiums.
RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
All risk management plans follow the same steps that combine to make up the
overall risk management process

ESTABLISH CONTEXT

CO RISK IDENTIFICATION M
M ON
M I
UN TO
IC RISK ANALYSIS RI
AT NG
E
AN
AN D
D RISK ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
RE
CO V
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RISK MITIGATION
T W

RISK MONITORING

 ESTABLISH CONTEXT. Establishing context and defining goals is an important step.

Once the context is established it is critical that the risk is defined and the
objectives are set. Also important is to know the limitations of the risk strategies
proposed. An effective risk management team understands the needs of the
organization and the way it operates. Once the goal is defined there is a need to
identify the scope of the context. In general, these factors can be classified into
strategic and operational risks. Strategic risk management includes economic,
social, environmental, political, legal, and public issues; while operational risk
management includes technological, human resource, financial, reputation, and
other relevant strategic issues. Management may not be able to control the many
factors but the risks posed by them could indeed be minimized.
In establishing the context the identification of stakeholders is critical;
these are individuals who may affect, or be affected by decisions made by the risk
management team. For example, stakeholders may be employees, volunteers,
 visitors, insurance organizations, government agencies or suppliers, etc. Each
stakeholder will have different needs, concerns, and opinions; therefore it is
important to communicate with the stakeholders involved in the process of
addressing risks.
 RISK IDENTIFICATION. Identification of risk involves a systematic process of
examining situations and finding solutions. The process includes stages such as
group discussions and brainstorming sessions to generate a variety of ideas. While
all the ideas or issues generated may or may not be relevant, it is important to
document all problems, possible impacts, and solutions identified.
 RISK ANALYSIS. This step determines and addresses the impact of threats that
have been documented. Threats identified are rated according to the likelihood of
occurrence. The potential of an identified risk can be estimated by the effect it
has on financial and other resources. When analyzing risk, one decides on the
relationship between the likelihood of a risk occurring and the consequences of the
risk identified. The level of risk is then defined and management of it is then
explored. Managing risk can be done in several ways such as contingency planning,
using existing assets, or making an investment in new resources. The levels of the
risks can be classified into
 extreme: an extreme risk requires immediate action as the potential could be
devastating to the enterprise;
 high: a high level of risk requires action, as it has the potential to be
damaging to the enterprise;
 moderate: allocate specific responsibility to moderate risk and implement
monitoring or response procedures; and
 low: can manage a low level of risk with routine procedures.
  The levels of the risks can be classified into
 extreme: an extreme risk requires immediate action as the potential could be
devastating to the enterprise;
 high: a high level of risk requires action, as it has the potential to be damaging
to the enterprise;
 moderate: allocate specific responsibility to moderate risk and implement
monitoring or response procedures; and
 low: can manage a low level of risk with routine procedures.

The tools most commonly employed to measure risks include qualitative

techniques. It is described tools as probability and impact analysis tools and called this
likelihood and consequences tools. A risk matrix presentation tool (qualitative technique)
can provide better insights into the nature of risk. The risk matrix is often used as a tool
to display different risks once they have been analyzed. It allows an organization to mark
a threshold above which risks will not be tolerated or will receive additional treatment
from the board or delegated staff. In the figure above the threshold is set at a risk score
of 5 or above. It is then important to ask the following questions about each of the
identified risks:

 What is the likelihood of the risk occurring?

 Are there any controls currently in place to manage the risk - if yes then, are
there any remaining risks?
 What are the consequences if the risk should occur? and
 What is the level of the risk?
 RISK ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION. The risk is then further evaluated after
determining the risk's overall likelihood of occurrence combined with its overall
consequence. The company can then make decisions on whether the risk is
acceptable and whether the company is willing to take it on based on its risk
appetite.
In this step the tolerance of the risk is determined; that is, whether the
identified risk is acceptable or unacceptable. The evaluation takes into account the
following: the importance of risk management and possible outcomes of a risky
 activity; potential and actual losses that may arise from the risk; benefits and
opportunities presented by the risk; and the degree of control one has over the risk.

An acceptable risk is a type of risk that a business can tolerate; a loss for
example- the risk does not have a major impact on the business. An acceptable risk
has to be constantly monitored, reviewed, and documented so that it remains
tolerable. A risk is deemed to be an acceptable risk because of the following reasons:

The risk level is low and the benefits presented by the risk outweigh the cost of
managing it; the risk level is so low that it does not warrant spending time and money
to manage it, and risk presents opportunities that are much greater than the threats
posed by it.

An unacceptable risk is when a business is bound to experience significant

losses and such losses cannot be tolerated. In such an event it is important to address
and properly treat the risk.

 RISK MITIGATION. During this step, companies assess their highest-ranked risks and
develop a plan to alleviate them using specific risk controls. These plans include
risk mitigation processes, risk prevention tactics, and contingency plans in the
event the risk comes to fruition.
 RISK MONITORING AND REVIEW Part of the mitigation plan includes following up
on both the risks and the overall plan to continuously monitor and track new and
existing risks. The overall risk management process should also be reviewed and
updated accordingly.
 COMMUNICATE AND CONSULT Internal and external shareholders should be
included in communication and consultation at each appropriate step of the risk
management process and regarding the process as a whole.
RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
After the company's specific risks are identified and the risk management process
has been implemented, there are several different strategies companies can take
regarding different types of risk:
 Risk avoidance. While the complete elimination of all risks is rarely possible, a risk
avoidance strategy is designed to deflect as many threats as possible to avoid the
costly and disruptive consequences of a damaging event.
 Risk reduction. Companies are sometimes able to reduce the amount of damage
certain risks can have on company processes. This is achieved by adjusting certain
aspects of an overall project plan or company process, or by reducing its scope.
 Risk sharing. Sometimes, the consequences of risk are shared, or distributed
among several of the project's participants or business departments. The risk could
also be shared with a third party, such as a vendor or business partner.
 Risk retaining. Sometimes, companies decide a risk is worth it from a business
standpoint, and decide to keep the risk and deal with any potential fallout.
Companies will often retain a certain level of risk if a project's anticipated profit is
greater than the costs of its potential risk.
 LEARNING ACTIVITY
Direction: Illustrate the risk management process and explain each step.

RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS

 LESSON 2
PROPERTY PROTECTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
 Define fire detection
 Identify the different types of fire alarm system
 Discuss disaster management and safety premises
PROPERTY PROTECTION
Property risk management plays an important role in prevention and protection
strategies that address critical building systems and equipment, electrical safety, fire
protection, and the prevention of water intrusion. It is also important to guest experience,
comfort, and life safety.
FIRE DETECTION
Fire detection systems are designed to discover fires early in their development
when the time will still be available for the safe evacuation of occupants. Early detection
also plays a significant role in protecting the safety of emergency response personnel. To
be useful, detectors must be coupled with alarms.
ALARM SYSTEM
Alarm systems are also known as burglar alarm systems, security protection
systems, or intrusion detection systems. Alarm systems work based on the same technical
principle. They use several different sensors to detect a break-in into a building or
security area. If sensors are used to detect smoke, water, or toxic smoke, an alarm system
will also alert you of these dangers, for example, by sounding a siren or calling a
monitoring station.
TYPES OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
a. Conventional Fire Alarm. Conventional fire alarm systems and their components
are all wired to the same cable that connects them to a fire alarm control panel.
The control panel displays a signal when these components activate. These types of
systems are inexpensive and work well in small facilities.
b. Addressable Fire Alarm. Addressable fire alarm systems are the most modern type
of system and their components have individual unique identifiers.  When one of
the system’s components initiates, it indicates the component’s address on the fire
alarm panel. Large facilities utilize these systems because they can quickly
pinpoint where the trouble signal originated.
c. Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems. Intelligent Fire Alarm system, each detector
effectively incorporates its computer which evaluates the environment around it
 and communicates to the Control Panel whether there is a fire, fault or the
detector head needs cleaning.
d. Wireless Fire Alarm. These are an effective alternative to traditional wired fire
alarm systems for all applications. They utilize secure, license-free radio
communications to interconnect the sensors and devices with the controllers.
CLASSES OF FIRES
a. Class A - Class A fires are defined as ordinary combustibles. These types are
fires use commonly flammable material as their fuel source. Wood, fabric, paper,
trash ,and plastics are common sources of Class A fires. T. Class A fires are
commonly put out with water or mono ammonium phosphate.
b. Class B - The Class B fire is defined as one that uses a flammable liquid or gas
as its fuel base. Common liquid based fuel sources include petroleum based oils
and paints, kerosene, and gasoline. Flammable gases such as butane or propane are
also common fuel sources in Class B fires. Class B fires are a common hazard in
industries dealing with fuels, lubricants, and certain types of paint. Smothering
these types of fires to remove oxygen is a common solution as are chemical
reactions that produce similar effects.
c. Class C - The Class C fire is defined as a fire that uses electrical components
and/or energized equipment as its fuel source. Electrical fires are often fueled by
motors, appliances, and electronic transformers. Electrical fires are common in
industries that deal with energy or make use of heavy electrically-powered
equipment. However, electrical fires can occur on smaller scales in all businesses
(i.e. an overloaded surge protector or bad wiring) and should be taken seriously. To
extinguish such fires you cut the power off and use non-conductive chemicals to
extinguish the fire.
d. Class D -The Class D fire is defined as one that uses a combustible metal as its
fuel source. Examples of such combustible metals include titanium, magnesium,
aluminum, and potassium. 
e. Class K - A Class K fire is defined as a cooking fire involving combustion from
liquids used in food preparation.Cooking fires are fueled by a wide range of liquid
cooking materials. Greases, cooking oils, vegetable fat, and animal fat are all fuel
sources found in Class K fires. 
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
A. WATER EXTINGUISHERS WATER EXTINGUISHERS are one of the most cost-
effective ways to fight Class A fires, those fueled by solid materials such as paper,
wood, and textiles. All water extinguishers have a red label.
 FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF WATER EXTINGUISHERS:
a. Water jet extinguishers work by spraying a jet of water at the burning
materials, cooling them, and preventing re-ignition. They should not be
used on live electrical equipment.
b. Water spray extinguishers use a very fine spray of water droplets; each
droplet is surrounded by air that is non-conductive. Most water spray fire
extinguishers carry a 35 kV dielectric test approval which means they have
been tested on a 35,000 Volt electrical source at one meter.
c. Water extinguishers with additives are water extinguishers with foaming
chemicals added. The water loses its natural surface tension meaning that it
can soak into the burning materials more effectively.
d. Water mist or fog extinguishers apply water in the form of mist, or fog,
the droplets are much smaller than those from the water spray
extinguisher. The smaller the droplet, the larger its surface area concerning
its size, the quicker the droplet evaporates which absorbs the heat energy
faster.
B. FOAM FIRE EXTINGUISHERS can be used on Class A and B fires. They are most
suited to extinguishing liquid fires such as petrol or diesel and are more versatile
than water jet extinguishers because they can also be used on solids such as wood
and paper. The foam extinguishes liquid fires by sealing the surface of the liquid,
preventing flammable vapor from reaching the air and starving the fire of fuel.
Foam extinguishers have a cream label.
C. POWDER EXTINGUISHERS. Powder extinguishers are a good multi-purpose fire
extinguisher because they can be used on Class A, B, and C fires. Powder
extinguishers can also create a loss of visibility and may create breathing problems.
They are not generally recommended for use inside buildings unless there is no
alternative. Powder extinguishers have a blue label.
D. CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHERS (CO2). CO2 extinguishers are ideal for places
with a lot of electrical equipment such as offices or server rooms because they are
safe to use on fires involving electrical apparatus. Carbon dioxide extinguishers do
not leave any residue, unlike foam extinguishers.
E. WET CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHERS. Wet chemical extinguishers are suitable for use
on Class F fires involving cooking oils and fats, such as lard, olive oil, sunflower oil,
maize oil, and butter. They are extremely effective when used correctly. The wet
chemical rapidly knocks the flames out, cools the burning oil, and chemically
reacts to form a soap-like solution, sealing the surface and preventing re-ignition.
FIRE BLANKETS
Fire blankets are primarily for use on hot oil fires such as frying pans or small deep
fat fryers. They can also be used on someone whose clothing has caught fire. They work by
smothering the fire, stopping access to the oxygen fuelling it, and extinguishing it.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT & SAFETY PREMISES
A disaster is a sudden event, either an accident or a natural catastrophe, these
causes great damage or loss of lives. A disaster can be caused by natural disasters such as
typhoons, earthquakes, tsunami, floods, and volcanos. And the other is a man-made
disaster or correct terms as “human instigated” examples are transportation accidents in
land, sea, and air, chemical toxic air in polluted areas, pandemics such as swine flu, and
SARS.
IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON THE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY
Tourism brings a huge amount to the business industries and economic
development. Several factors may have an impact on tourism, maybe a positive impact or
a negative impact. Disaster either natural or man-made can affect the natural beauty of
the tourist destination, brings risk to the tourist's safety and security.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
When studying tourism and disaster, it considers a continuum, all the stakeholders
(the private sectors, government, community, business, the tourists) work together to
reduce the risk of a disaster and integrates the plans to respond and recover. When
disaster strikes, these agencies come together to provide relief identify the mortalities,
shelter, and medical assistance. The tourists' anxiety may be reduced by recovering their
passports, dealing with the embassy, retrieving their important documents such as ID and,
money.
EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake is known as a "tremor", "quake" or "tremblor" is a sudden movement of the
surface of the earth.
Types of Earthquake
a. Tectonic earthquake - created by a sudden movement along the faults and plate
boundaries.
b. Volcanic earthquake induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes.
EARTHQUAKE MONITORING SYSTEM
PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY
(PHILVOCS) is a service institute under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
accountable to monitor and mitigate disasters that may occur from earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, tsunami, and other related geotectonic phenomena. At present PHILVOCS
operates 101 seismic monitoring stations in the Philippines. (PHILVOCS,2019)
MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY
Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of the earthquake.
Magnitude measures the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake. It is
determined from the measurements: on seismographs. While intensity measures the strong
vibration or shaking generated by the earthquake at a certain area. Intensity is established
from the effects on people, man-made structures, and the natural environment.
PREPAREDNESS BEFORE EARTHQUAKE
 Safely secure hanging objects to the wall or ceiling:
 Learn to deactivate gas, water, and electricity:
 Secure heavy furnishing; do not position heavy objects on high shelves; and.
Examine the fire system regularly.
WHAT TO DO DURING THE EARTHQUAKE
 Apply drop, cover, and hold;
 Stay calm and do not panic;
 Shut off electricity, gas, and water tap;
 Protect self from falling objects;
 Do not attempt to run out of the building; and
 Never use an elevator during an earthquake.
WHAT TO DO AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE
 Assess the people around that are hurt and provide necessary first aid treatment;
 Monitor the disaster reports and pay attention to the emergency instructions;
 Wear sturdy shoes or wear boots to avoid injury caused by broken window glass and
other sharp objects;
 Inspect the structure and condition of the building.
 Evacuate the building calmly and use the stairs; Go to the nearest high places and
stay away from beaches and ports for tsunami warnings; and
 Prepare to experience aftershocks.
TYPHOON PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
1. Prepare and plan for possible flooding
 Check drainage to ensure no clogging; and
 Check pumps for draining water to prevent flooding.
2. Prepare and plan for possible damage to some infrastructures caused by strong winds
 Inspect ceilings and roof for possible damage when strong winds come; and
  Check for a possible leak from the roof.
3. Prepare and plan for possible brown-outs or power failure.
 Ensure the functionality of the generators;
 Ensure an adequate supply of functional flashlights; and
 Prepare radios for communication within the establishment.
4. Prepare and plan for possible water shortages.
5. Prepare and plan for possible manpower shortages.
 Prepare for a scheme to ensure adequate manpower during the typhoons; and
 Prepare for an overtime scheme for staff before, during, and after the typhoon.
6. Prepare for possible manpower being stranded in the establishment.
 Prepare food for the staff who may be stranded in the establishment.
 Prepare for lodging for the staff who may be stranded in the establishment.
 I.
LEARNING ACTIVITY

Discuss the following fire alarm systems.

1. Conventional Fire Alarm

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2. Addressable Fire Alarm

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3. Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems

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4. Wireless Fire Alarm

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5. Discuss one type of fire suppression system

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LESSON 3
EMPLOYER LIABILITY-HEALTH AND SAFETY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
 Define contact dermatitis, ergonomic and musculoskeletal disorder
 Explain the importance of ergonomics in the workplace
 Discuss the causes of contact dermatitis and musculoskeletal disorder

EMPLOYER LIABILITY-HEALTH AND SAFETY

Slips, trips and falls, and manual material handling are major causes of injuries in
the workplace. Pool areas, bathrooms, entryways, and parking lots are especially prone to
wet surfaces that can contribute to slips and falls. Lifting and repetitive reaching tasks,
especially by housekeeping and maintenance staff can cause pain and injuries to the back,
hands wrists, shoulders, and neck.
CONTACT DERMATITIS
Contact dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin caused by an allergic reaction or
irritation from repeated contact with certain cleaners, chemicals, and other solvents used
by housekeeping and maintenance. It generally causes dryness and itchiness.
Loss prevention considerations include:
 Wearing gloves when handling cleaners, soap, and other substances that can
contribute to dermatitis.
 Checking of hands regularly for early stages of dermatitis
 Reporting symptoms to supervisors
 Using ointments and creams recommended by your physicians to reduce
symptoms.
ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics is the process of designing or arranging workplaces, products, and
systems so that they fit the people who use them.
Ergonomics can also be defined as the study of people in their working
environment. Ergonomics aims to improve workspaces and environments to minimize the
risk of injury or harm. So as technologies change, so too does the need to ensure that the
tools we access for work, rest, and play are designed for our body’s requirements.
IMPORTANCE OF ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics aims to create safe, comfortable, and productive workspaces by
bringing human abilities and limitations into the design of a workspace, including the
individual’s body size, strength, skill, speed, sensory abilities (vision, hearing), and even
attitudes.

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS OR MSDS

These are injuries and disorders that affect the human body’s movement or
musculoskeletal system (i.e. muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, discs, blood vessels,
etc.).
Common musculoskeletal disorders include:
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
 Tendonitis
 Muscle / Tendon strain
 Ligament Sprain
 Tension Neck Syndrome
 Thoracic Outlet Compression
 Rotator Cuff Tendonitis
 Epicondylitis
 Radial Tunnel Syndrome
 Digital Neuritis
 Trigger Finger / Thumb
 De Quervain’s Syndrome
 Mechanical Back Syndrome
THE CAUSE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS – EXPOSURE TO RISK FACTOR
When a worker is exposed to MSD risk factors, they begin to fatigue. When fatigue
outruns their body’s recovery system, they develop a musculoskeletal imbalance. Over
time, as fatigue continues to outrun recovery and the musculoskeletal imbalance persists,
a musculoskeletal disorder develops.
RISK FACTOR CATEGORIES
a. WORK-RELATED (ERGONOMIC) RISK FACTORS 
Three primary ergonomic risk factors:
 High task repetition. Many work tasks and cycles are repetitive and are frequently
controlled by hourly or daily production targets and work processes. High task
repetition, when combined with other risks factors such as high force and/or
 awkward postures, can contribute to the formation of MSD. A job is considered
highly repetitive if the cycle time is 30 seconds or less.
 Forceful exertions. 
Many work tasks require high force loads on the human body. Muscle effort
increases in response to high force requirements, increasing associated fatigue which
can lead to MSD.
 Repetitive or sustained awkward postures. 
Awkward postures place excessive force on joints and overload the muscles
and tendons around the affected joint. Joints of the body are most efficient when
they operate closest to the mid-range motion of the joint. The risk of MSD is
increased when joints are worked outside of this mid-range repetitively or for
sustained periods without adequate recovery time.
2. INDIVIDUAL-RELATED RISK FACTOR.
Human beings are multi-dimensional. Limiting ourselves to a singular cause of
MSDs will limit our ability to create a prevention strategy that addresses the multi-
dimensional worker. We need to address both workplace risk factors and individual risk
factors.
 Poor work practices
Workers who use poor work practices, body mechanics, and lifting
techniques are introducing unnecessary risk factors that can contribute to MSDs.
These poor practices create unnecessary stress on their bodies that increases
fatigue and decreases their body’s ability to properly recover.
 Poor overall health habits
 Workers who smoke, drink excessively, are obese, or exhibit numerous
other poor health habits are putting themselves at risk for not only musculoskeletal
disorders but also other chronic diseases that will shorten their life and healthspan.
 Poor rest and recovery
MSDs develop when fatigue outruns the worker's recovery system, causing a
musculoskeletal imbalance. Workers who do not get adequate rest and recovery put
themselves at higher risk.
 Poor nutrition, fitness, and hydration
For a country as developed as the United States, an alarming number of
people are malnourished, dehydrated, and at such a poor level of physical fitness
that climbing one flight of stairs puts many people out of breath. Workers who do
not take care of their bodies are putting themselves at a higher risk of developing
musculoskeletal and chronic health problems.
EMPLOYEE’S ORIENTATION AND TRAINING
Workplace accidents happen during the first six months of employment of
the young and new employees. The best way to prevent accidents from happening is
a practical orientation and training. The employer's primary responsibility is to
ensure that their employees have enough knowledge and awareness of their job
before they start working. Training must be mandated and become a part of the
employee's requirements before starting their work.

Continuous training is essential for experienced workers and employees to

need a new orientation if circumstances changes or new hazards develop. For
example, a new task or assignment, new equipment, a new work process, workers
moved to a new location.
Training and Orientation may include the following:
 Job-specific hazards; Employee's rights and responsibilities;
 Employee's right to refuse unsafe work;
 Violence in the workplace; • Bullying and harassment;
 Working alone or in isolation; Accident investigations;
 Workplace Hazardous (WHMIS) Materials
 Personal protective equipment (PPE);
 Reporting potential hazards and unsafe work conditions;
 First aid policies and procedures; Reporting injuries, accidents, and close
calls; and
 Emergency and evacuation procedures.
EMPLOYER'S RESPONSIBILITIES
 All work must be executed without any form of risks or work-related
diseases;
 Ensure that all machinery and equipment are safe and performing well;
 Permanent structures like buildings must be capable of withstanding any
stresses;
 Buildings and structures including machinery, equipment, tools, and places of
employment are in a well-maintained condition;
 Frequent and regular inspections to machinery, equipment, arrangements to
ensure safety;
 Any unsafe conditions must be corrected immediately;
 All employees/workers are supplied with all their necessary protective
equipment required by the law;
  All employees must undergo training and instructions in the safe performance
of their duties;
 They should provide a secure entry and exit from the work area;
 A fire extinguisher should be provided and maintained;
 Workers with physical or mental impairment should not work where their
impairment endangers themselves and others.

WORKPLACE HAZARDS
SAFETY HAZARDS BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
These are hazards, resulting from any
These are hazards associated with working
unsafe conditions that may cause injury,
with animals, people, infectious plants,
illness, and death
and mater Such as working in a daycare
Examples:
center, hospitals schools, laboratories,
 Liquid overflows, spill on floors
nursing homes, outdoor occupations.
 Cords running across the floor Examples:
 Working from heights that may use  Blood and other body fluids
a ladder, scaffolds, and roofs
 bacteria and viruses
 Moving types of machinery and
 molds
machinery parts that could cause
 plants
accidents
 insect bites
 Improper electrical wirings
 animal droppings
 Lock-out, tag-out
 Confined Spaces

PHYSICAL HAZARDS CHEMICAL HAZARDS

These are hazards within the environment These are hazards resulting from exposure
that harm the body without necessarily to chemicals in the workplace that can
touching it lead to damaging health effects
Examples: Examples:
• Radiation (X-ray, microwaves)  Cleaning products, acid cleaner,
• Too much exposure to sunlight paints, solvents
 Working in extreme temperatures  Fumes and vapors emitted
(cold and hot) machines Harmful gases like
• Constant loud noise acetylene, carbon monoxide, and
helium
 Flammable materials like
gasoline, solvents, explosive
chemicals
 Pesticides
 ERGONOMIC HAZARDS WORK ORGANIZATION HAZARDS
These are hazards resulting from faulty These are work-related hazards that
workplace design, awkward body cause stress, anxiety, and strain. These
positions, mechanics or postures, are hazards associated with too many
repetitive movements. workloads, unreasonable and demanding
Examples: co-employees, lack of control and
• Faulty working area (too high or respect.
too low chair and table) Frequent lifting Examples:
and awkward movements of constant  Long hours of work
repetitions  Workplace violence harassment
• Poor posture resulting from the long  Verbal abuse
hour of standing  Lack of respect
• constant vibration • Exerting too much  The intensity of workloads
force  lack of support

SAFETY SIGNS & SAFETY LABEL REQUIREMENTS

To ensure that all employees understand the various types and meanings of
each sign is to include the training as part of the orientation of the new
employees. Displaying the safety signs and their meanings and also include in the
newsletter and posting on the bulletin board will also help improve employees'
awareness of the hazard signs.
Placement of the hazard signs should be as close as possible to the hazard,
this would enable to inform the public of the link between the message and the
hazard, or should be placed in the door. Place the signs that are highly visible to
the tool operator. Damaged and faded signs need to be replaced immediately.

DANGER WARNING

"Danger" sign indicates an "Warning" sign indicates a

immediate hazard could happen; harmfu situation which if not
this. would result in death or avoided could resul in a severe
severe injury if not avoided right injury or even death.
away.
The black letter is printed on an
Black and red letters are printed orang background. The safety
on the white background or alert symb precedes the heading
white letters. on a black "Warning".
background.
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Biological Hazard sign
indicates an actual or potential
biological hazard presence in an
equipment container, rooms,
material
The black letter is
written in a fluorescent orange
background or red orange NOTICE SIGN
background. Notice sign provides
information relevant to a
building, an area, equipment or
machine.
The black letter is
written in a white background or
a white letter written on a black
background.

Caution
Caution sign indicates a dangerous situation if
not avoided may result in moderate or minor injury.The
sign is paced where potential hazards or damaged
equipment to prevent using or to caution against unsafe
practices.
The black letter is written on a yellow
background and preceded by a safety a alert symbol.
 General Safety Sign Fire Safety
This sign is to inform the This sign indicates the
public of the general practice and location of fire extinguishing
rules related to health such as first equipment and material.
aid, medical equipment, The safety symbol is
sanitation, housekeeping. The printed in a red or white
message and safety symbols background.
should be printed in green or black
on a white background.

Prohibitory Signs Other safety symbol

This sign indicates that
the area does not allow any act It is commonly called “pictograms”. Safety
indicated in the symbol. symbols provide information required
actions, consequences, effects of the
interaction of certain chemical.

GHS STANDS FOR THE GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION AND

LABELLING OF CHEMICALS. It is a system of
hazard communication for chemical hazards that can be adopted by countries around the
world. GHS was developed by a United Nations (UN) international team of hazard
communication experts.

 LEARNING ACTIVITY
I. Direction: Research the causes of the following musculoskeletal disorder.

1. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

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2. Tendonitis
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3. Ligament Sprain
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4. Tension Neck Syndrome
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5. Thoracic Outlet Compression
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 LESSON 4
MOTOR LIABILITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
 identify the loss control considerations include in car/van safety
management
 Discuss valet parking services
 Discuss the importance of control considerations in non-owned vehicle
exposure
MOTOR LIABILITY

Hotels providing guest transportation have potential exposure to motor accidents.

Vehicle accidents can injure employees and the public and result in property damage.
Hotels that drive their vehicles in the scope of their work or drive a customer’s car as a
part of a valet program can put the hotel at risk. Vehicles should be entrusted to drivers
with good driving skills.
CAR/VAN SAFETY MANAGEMENT
An effective driver safety program includes among other things, hiring criteria
policies and procedures that include motor vehicle checks, driver safety training, a vehicle
maintenance program, and proper certificates of insurance to help reduce your loss
potential.
Loss control considerations include:
 Implement policies for driver selection and hiring procedures for company drivers
including those who drive shuttles or use their cars in the scope of their work.
 Implement a vehicle inspection and maintenance program including non-owned
vehicles.
 Include mobile device policy for the driver.
 Have an accident reporting and investigation procedure.
 If you provide shuttle service, make sure the driver is trained and has the
appropriate license depending on the passenger-carrying capacity.
REDUCING MOTOR VEHICLE RISKS

Traffic accidents are the number one cause of on-the-job fatalities.  Effective risk
management can reduce the number of injuries and deaths and the potential liability
lawsuits that may result from accidents in which employees were involved.

These are some recommended practices:

 Before allowing anyone to drive company vehicles, check motor vehicle

department records in any state where the person previously lived or worked.
 Prohibit driving and drinking or use of certain nonprescribed drugs.
  If intoxication or substance abuse is proven, have a safety-oriented procedure for
dealing with it.
 Implement and enforce a mandatory seat-belt policy for all drivers and passengers.
 Prohibit employees from using cell phones while driving. Require that they pull off
the road before talking on a cell phone.
 Recognize that aggression and hostility are personality traits that may lead to
accidents.  Some drivers may need behavior modification training.   
 Require drivers to report any off-duty accidents to the company.  Review the
motor vehicle records of your company drivers at least annually.
 Limit nonbusiness use of vehicles.
 Require employees that regularly drive vehicles in the course of their employment
to complete a driver-training program that includes: safe following distance, speed
awareness and control, and proper backing techniques.
 Implement a periodic safety inspection and maintenance program for all vehicles
used for business purposes.
 Offer recognition to accident-free drivers to encourage better driving overall.
 Make sure that your work schedule doesn’t pressure drivers to speed, complete
paperwork while driving, or engage in other poor driving habits.
 Have a procedure for drivers to follow after an accident.
 Investigate the causes of all accidents and use the results as a training opportunity
for all drivers.
 Use security measures to prevent theft and vandalism of vehicles stored on your
property.

VALET PARKING SERVICES

Valet parking is the opposite of finding a parking space on your own: It means
that someone else parks your car for you. This person is called a valet. The valet parking
service is often offered at restaurants, hotels, stores, and other businesses. The service
can be additional service on the house, or you as a customer have to pay a fee. The
advantage for the businesses that offer valet parking, is that you can stack more cars in
your parking facility. You don’t have to deal with people double parking and you can even
park two cars deep (with one car blocked). The valet holds all the keys so he can move
one car to remove the other. A valet parking service usually gives the customer a feeling
of luxury, because someone else parks their car when they enter and picks it up whenever
they want to leave. Most of the time, the valet receives tips from customers.

This service either requires a fee to be paid by the customer or is offered free of
charge by the establishment. Hotels should have an important responsibility in safely
operating the vehicles of patrons to help ensure against accidents, injury, or event vehicle
theft.

Park & Ride

 Park and Ride facilities are parking facilities that are usually just
outside the city center, with direct public transport connections
to the city center. These Park and Ride facilities are meant for
commuters and other people who want to go to the city center.
By adding these facilities, you can reduce the amount of traffic
in the center. Also, drivers looking to park their car won’t have
to deal with the stress of finding a parking space in a crowded
city center and having to pay more money for parking for the same amount of time as
outside of the city center.

Meet & Greet parking

Meet and Greet parking services are usually offered at airports. You drive your car
to the airport where a chauffeur is waiting for you. A chauffeur is someone employed to
look after the needs of the passenger as well as the operation of the motor vehicle. A
chauffeur is an experienced, licensed professional. You can go inside and the chauffeur
will drive your car to the designated parking space. When you return, the chauffeur has
already picked up your car from the parking facility and is waiting for you. Meet and greet
parking is convenient for people with lots of baggage or children who don’t want to have
the hassle of carrying everything from the parking space to the terminal. Normally you
book the service by filling in a form where you enter at what specific spot and what time
you want the chauffeur to pick up your car and bring it back again. If you return to the
airport after you collected your baggage, you can give the chauffeur a call and he will
bring the car back to you and hand over the keys. You will most probably have to pay a fee
for this service.

Loss control considerations include:

 Use license checks for selection of valet staff
 Make sure valets understand your key control program to help prevent loss of
motor keys or vehicle theft.
 Monitor the valet area with closed-circuit television
NON-OWNED VEHICLE EXPOSURES
Non-owned vehicle exposures (vicarious liability) occur when employees use their
vehicles on company business. Most organizations experience this exposure when
employees run errands or travel on company business. These exposures are becoming
increasingly common as more companies provide mileage reimbursement or a vehicle
allowance rather than providing a company vehicle. Hotels should have loss control
strategies to help reduce exposures related to employees who drive their vehicles (non-
owned) for the hotel.
Loss control considerations include:
 Anyone using a personal vehicle for company business must be on an
approved driver list.
 Licenses of these drivers should be reviewed to make sure that they are
good drivers.
 The driver must provide valid drivers for a file copy and certificate of
insurance that does not exclude business use.
 Drivers should be instructed to undertake regular basic vehicle inspections
to help ensure safe operating conditions at least four times a year.
  LEARNING ACTIVITY
Direction: Answer the following question substantially.
1. What are the car safety programs to be implemented to reduce vehicle event
accidents and potential loss?

________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
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2. What are non-owned vehicle exposures? How this exposure affects the safety of
the employees in the workplace?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
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3. What are valet parking services? What are the loss control considerations to
monitor vehicle theft incidents?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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  MODULE SUMMARY

There are four lessons in Module 1, you have learned about Introduction to
risk management, property protection, employer’s liability, and motor liability.

Lesson 1 is about the introduction, importance, and process of risk

management. Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and
controlling threats to an organization's capital and earnings. These threats,
or risks, could stem from a wide variety of sources, including financial
uncertainty, legal liabilities, strategic management errors, accidents, and
natural disasters.

Lesson 2 is regarding property protection specifically discussed on fire

detection, different types of fire alarm systems, types of fire, and what specific
fire extinguisher to be used in a certain type of fire.

Lesson 3 discussed contact dermatitis, ergonomic and musculoskeletal

disorder. The importance of ergonomics in the workplace and discuss the causes of
contact dermatitis and musculoskeletal disorder

Lesson 4 discussed concerning loss control considerations include in car/van

safety management. Valet parking services and the importance of control
considerations in non-owned vehicle exposure were also discussed.

Congratulations! You have just studied Module 1. now you are ready to evaluate ho
w much you have benefited from your reading by answering the summative test. Good Luc
k!!!
 SUMMATIVE TEST

Direction: Answer the following question comprehensively.

1. What is the importance of studying risk management as a hospitality

management student?

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2. Site ways to ensure safety in the workplace.
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3. As a manager, site methods to ensure the safety of guests or clients in your
establishment?
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