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Fluid Mechanics Lab: Salahaddin University - Erbil College of Engineering Chemical-Petrochemical Dep

The document summarizes an experiment measuring the force produced by deflecting a free jet of fluid with an obstacle. Key points: - The experiment uses a nozzle to direct a vertical jet of water at a curved plate, measuring the force needed to keep the plate horizontal. - Newton's second law is used to derive an equation relating force to the momentum change of the fluid mass. - Tests were run varying the weight on the plate and measuring flow rate and time to calculate velocity and theoretical force. - Results show theoretical force increasing with flow rate as expected, and generally matching measured force on the plate.

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Emran Muhammad
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56 views9 pages

Fluid Mechanics Lab: Salahaddin University - Erbil College of Engineering Chemical-Petrochemical Dep

The document summarizes an experiment measuring the force produced by deflecting a free jet of fluid with an obstacle. Key points: - The experiment uses a nozzle to direct a vertical jet of water at a curved plate, measuring the force needed to keep the plate horizontal. - Newton's second law is used to derive an equation relating force to the momentum change of the fluid mass. - Tests were run varying the weight on the plate and measuring flow rate and time to calculate velocity and theoretical force. - Results show theoretical force increasing with flow rate as expected, and generally matching measured force on the plate.

Uploaded by

Emran Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Salahaddin University -Erbil

College of engineering
Chemical-petrochemical dep.

Fluid mechanics Lab

Experiment name: impact of jet


Experiment no. : 3rd experiment
Date: 23/2/2022
Prepared by: Amran Muhammed
Lab supervisor: Mrs. Chnar
Lab groups: C
2021-2022

Second stage_4th semester


Objective
The aim of this experiment is to verify the value of force produced from
deflecting a free jet of fluid by an obstacle.

Theoretical overview
Newton's second law of motion states that "the resultant force acting on a fluid
mass in any direction is equal to the time rate of change of linear momentum in
that direction" or:
𝑑
𝛴𝐹 = (𝑚𝑣)
𝑑𝑣
Now, we are going to write a formula for the system showing Newton's law in
control volume. For one dimensional flow we can write:
Σ𝐹𝑥=( ρ.Q.𝑣𝑥)𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡−(𝜌.𝑄.𝑣𝑥)𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Σ𝐹𝑧=( ρ.Q.𝑣𝑧)𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡−(𝜌.𝑄.𝑣𝑧)𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

In other words, any change in the direction or magnitude of velocity of a fluid


mass is associated by force development. Therefore, directing a free jet of fluid
issuing from a nozzle to a stationary vane result in the deflection of the jet by an
angle (0). Assuming that the jet strikes the smooth vane, the change in elevation
at the entrance and exit is negligible, and the pressure is atmosphere within the
control volume (C.V), thus the velocity of fluid at sections (1 & 2) are equal

1
Apparatus
The experiment is carried out on an Impact of a Jet rig at Fluid Mechanics
• Nozzle from which water issues vertically with 1 cm diameter
• Experimental hemispherical curved plate
• Experimental hemispherical curved plate holder
• Spring retainer
• A swinging metal level (balance arm)
• The air bubble balancer is fitted on the metal level to indicate its horizontal
position
• The pan for carrying weights
• Transparent body which gathers water and pass it through a sink to volume
evaluation tank
• Control valve
• Pump
• Stop watch

2
Procedures
• Make sure that the balance arm is held horizontal
• Put a certain weight on the balance arm and open the control valve in order
to direct the free jet towards the hemispherical curved plate to bring the
arm to its horizontal position,
• Read the volume of water gathered and duration of gathering,
• Increase the weight and repeat step (2 & 3) for five times.

3
Calculation
The resultant force exerted by the jet of water strikes the hemispherical curved
plat (hemispherical cup) can be obtained from the directions momentum as
follows:
𝐹theo=( ρ.Q.𝑣)2−(𝜌.𝑄.𝑣)1
if v = v1=v2 & Q = Q1=Q2 then
Ftheo = 2ρ.Q.v

Measurements:
The measured values for deflectors with hemisphere are produced in the
measurement by adding further small load weights.
Fact = Weight = m.g

The velocity v1 of the jet from the nozzle is calculated from the volume flow rate
and the cross-sectional area, of the nozzle.
𝑄
𝑣1 =
𝐴𝑗𝑒𝑡
π
𝐴𝑗𝑒𝑡 = d2
4

The length and width of collecting tank are 46 and 44 cm respectively.

4
Calculation samples
Flow rate Volume
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 Vol = L x W x H
𝑄=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Vol= 0.44m x 0.46m x 0.03m
0.006
𝑄= Vol = 0.006 m3
23.8
𝑄 = 0.000252 m3/s

velocity Area
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 π
𝑣𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐴= d2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 4

0.000252 A = 0.0000758 m2
𝑣=
0.0000758
v = 3.325 m/s

Theoretical force Act. force

Ftheo = 2ρ.Q.v Fact = Weight = m.g

Ftheo = 2 (1000) (0.000252) (3.325) Fact = 0.03 x 9.81

Ftheo = 1.6758 N Fact = 0.2943 N

5
Mass Head Time Flow rate Velocity Ftheo Fact
No.
Kg m s m3/s m/s N N

1 0.03 0.03 23.8 0.000252 3.325 1.6758 0.2943

2 0.05 0.04 26.79 0.000302 3.984 2.406 0.490

3 0.07 0.04 22.36 0.000362 4.775 3.457 0.6867

4 0.1 0.04 18.67 0.000433 5.712 4.946 0.981

5 0.12 0.05 22.48 0.00045 5.936 5.342 1.772

Discussions
1.

Ftheo & Fact


8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5

Fact Ftheo

6
2.

Force vs flow rate


6
5.342
5 4.946

4
3.457
3
F

2.406
2
1.675
1

0
0.000252 0.000302 0.000362 0.000433 0.00045
FLOW RATE

7
8

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