Salahaddin University -Erbil

College of engineering
Chemical-petrochemical dep.

Heat transfer Lab

Lab Date: 30/3/2022

Prepared by: Amran Muhammed
Lab supervisor:
Lab groups: D
2022-2023

Second stage_4th semester

INTRODUCTION
There are many different meters used to measure fluid flow: the turbine-type
flow meter, the rotameter, the orifice meter, and the venturi meter are only a
few. Each meter works by its ability to alter a certain physical property of the
flowing fluid and then allows this alteration to be measured. The measured
alteration is then related to the flow. The subject of this experiment is to analyze
the features of certain meters.

Objectives

• To use the Venturi meter and Orifice meter to measure the rate of discharge

• To determine the coefficient of discharge of Venturi tube.

Theory:
A Venturi meter is a device for determining the flow-rate of a fluid down a pipe.
One measures the pressure difference between the venturi inlet and neck, and
from this the flow-rate can be determined. The apparatus used on this
experiment also has a-number of straight tube manometers at equally spaced
intervals. These will be used to determine the hydraulic grade line of the fluid as it
passes through the manometer.

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Experimental Apparatus
The experiment is carried out on a venturi meter rig at Fluid Mechanics
Laboratory, mechanical
department, college of engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil.
1. A pump,
2. A pipe carries the water horizontally to a Venturi meter,
3. The pressure drop between the base and throat is measured by two
piezometers,
4. The flow through the Venturi meter is controlled by valves fitted up and down
stream the meter,
5. Transparent body which gathers water and pass it through a sink to volume
evaluation tank, and
6. A stop watch.

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Experimental Procedure:
1- Make sure the air purge valve on the upper manifold is tightly closed.
2- Set both apparatus flow control and bench supply valve to approximately 1/3
their fully open positions
3- switch on bench supply valve and allow water to flow. (tap manometer tubes in
order to remove air bubbles from apparatus).
4-Close apparatus flow control valve.
5- Release air purge valve to allow water to rise approximately 2/3 the way up the
manometer tubes.
6- Open apparatus flow control valve to obtain full flow.
7- Make 4 runs, being sure measure and calculate flow rate. Also measure h1 and
h2, where h1 is the height of water in manometer tube A (inlet) and h2 is the
height of water in manometer tube D (throat). Vary the flow rates and read (h1-
h2)

Calculation and Results:

Assumptions:

 Steady Now.
 Incompressible Now.
 Frictionless flow.
 Flow along a streamline,

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In those equations the subscript 1 is for manometer tube section A and the
subscript 2 is for manometer tube section D.
For flow though the Venturi meter, Bernoulli's theorem states that:
Ui 2 U 22 U 2n
+h 1= +h 2= + hn
2g 2g 2g

Where g is gravity, u is the velocity and h is the manometer reading at section 1.

The continuity equation says:
Q = constant = u1a1=u2a2=unan
where Q is the volumetric flow rate or discharge and of the cross-sectional area,
Solving the continuity equation for u and substituting into the Bernoulli equation
gives:

( )
2 2 2
U 2 a1 U2
+h 1= + h2
2 g a2 2g

Solving for u gives:

[ ( )]
1
2 g ( h2−h1 ) 2
u2 = 2
a2
1−
a1

Q – u2 a2 and thus:

[ ()]
1
2 g ( h 1−h2 ) 2
Qmeasured =a1 2
a2
1−
a1

The preceding equations are only valid for ideal situations in which viscosity is
ignored, Therefore, the values for Q that are measured will be slightly less than

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the vales that are calculated. A constant can be determined experimentally that
accounts for the effects of viscosity.
Qmeasured
c v=
Qcalculated

The value for Q that is measured experimentally is equal to the above equation.
Once the value for Q has been calculated and measured, the measured value can
be divided by the calculated value to determine the value of C., the discharge
coefficient (typically between 0.90-0.99).

Sample calculation
Δh=h2-h1
= 9-2.5
= 6cm

Vol = L x W x H
= 57  46  4
= 10488 cm3

v
Q=
s
10488
Q=
31
Q=338.32

[ ()]
1
2 g ( h 1−h2 ) 2
Qmeasured =a1 2
a
1− 2
a1

2
 [ ]
1
2(981) ( 9−2.5 ) 2
Qmeasured =4.711
( )
2
2.137
1−
4.711

= 596.96

Q measured
cv=
Q calculated
569.96
cv=
338.32

= 1.684

Q
v=
a
596.96
v=
2.137

= 266.71 cm/s

vd
Re =
ν
266.71 x 1.65
Re = −6
10

= 4.4x106

Experimental data and results

No. hbase hthroat h h t Qact Qth Cv v Re2

(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (sec) (cm3/sec) (cm3/sec) (cm/sec)

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1 9 2.5 6.5 4 31 338.32 596.96 1.684 266.71 4.4x106

2 15.5 6 9.5 4 30 349.6 721.69 2.064 337.71 5.57x106

3 19.5 9.5 10 4 28 374.57 740.44 1.976 346.48 5.71x106

4 22.5 12.5 10 5 36 364.16 740.44 2.033 346.48 5.71x106

D1  24.5 mm (Base dia.)

D2  16.5 mm (Throat dia.)
AT  57  46 cm2 (Cross-sectional area of the gathering tank)

Graphed relations

sqrt(h1-h2) vs Q
380

370

360

350
q

340

330

320
2.55 3.082 3.162 3.162
sqrt(h1-h2)

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 Q vs cv
800

700

600

500

400
q

300

200

100

0
1.684 2.064 1.976 2.033
cv

Discussion
1. the design of the Venturi meter and the selection of materials it is made of.

2. There should be at least 3 pipe diameters of straight piping before and after the
venturi with no valves or obstructions. When engineers specify vertical mounting,
it normally means they have a shortage of straight pipe and they tried to squeeze
the meter in the longest vertical section, which might still be too small. Metering
is often an afterthought in the design plans. You tend to add that in last after the
piping runs have been laid out.

3. by using:

 Bernoulli’s equation from point 1 to point 2

 Manometer equation from point 1 to point 2
 Continuity equation from point 1 to point 2

4. A rotameter is a device that measures the volumetric flow rate

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Reference

 https://www.aybu.edu.tr/bolumroot/contents/muhendislik_makina/files/
VENTURIMETER%20EXPERIMENT(1).pdf

 http://bifwater.com/blog/venturi-flow-meter-installation-what-you-need-
to-know/

 https://academics.su.edu.krd/public/profiles/saeed.yassen/teaching/
teaching-568-5201-1556805593.pdf