UNIT –II

Part – A

Transverse loading on Beans and stresses in Beam

1) What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress in the case of solid circular section?
(Apr/May 2019)

 max 4
=
 avg 3

2) What is meant by shear stresses in beams? (Apr/May 2018)

When a beam is subjected to shear force and zero bending moment, then there will be only shear stresses in the
beam. These stresses acting across the transverse section of the beam.

3) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for a cantilever of length L carrying a point load W at
the free end. (Nov/Dec 2017)
W

WL

4) Draw shear force diagram for a simply supported beam of length 4m carrying a central point load of 4
KN. (May/June 2017)
4KN

2m
4m RB = 2KN
RA = 2KN

2KN 2KN
+
A B
C -

2KN 2KN
 R A  R B  4KN

M A  0  4R B  4KN  2
4 2
RB   2KN
4

5) Prove that the shear stress distribution over a rectangular section due to shear force is parabolic.

(May/June 2017)

The figure shows a rectangular section of a beam of width b and depth d. Let F is the shear force acting at
the section. Consider a level EF at a distance y from the neutral axis.

Ay
Shear stress ,   F.
b

d 
Where A = Area of the section above y (i.e, shaded area ABFE) =   y   b
2 

y = Distance of C.G of area A from neutral axis

1d  d y y d
y    y  y    
22  4 2 2 4
=
1 d
 y 
2 2

b = actual width of section at EF

I = M.O.I of whole section

Substituting the values in above equation

d  1 d
F  y   b   y  
  
2 2 2
b
F  d2 
=  -y 2  The variation of  with respect y in parabola.
2l  4 
6) Draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram for the cantilever beam carriers uniformly
varying load of zero initially at the freed end and w KN/m at the fixed end.

[Nov /Dec 2016]

(N/m) X

B
A x

X


SFD:

x x x 2
SF at XX   
 2 2
x  0  SF at B  0

x    SF at A 
2
BMD:

x x x
BM at XX   
 2 3
x 3

6
x  0  B.M at B  0
3  2
x    B.M at A  
6 6

B
A x


Parabolic curve

 / 2
+

B
A
A
B

2 / 6

Cubic curve
 7) List out the assumption used to derive the simple bending equation[Nov/ Dec 2015, 2014, 2018]

1) The material is perfectly homogeneous and isotopic. It obeys hooks law.

2) Transverse section, which are plane before bending, remains plane after bending

3) The radius of curvature of the beam is very large compared to the cross sectional dimension of the beam.

4) Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independently of the layer above or below it.

8) Discuss the fixed and Hinged support

[May/ June 2016]

Rx M Rx

Ry Ry
u

Resistance to the moment m  0 No resistance to moment

Displacement at (x & y axis) Resistance to Displacement x & y axis
ux  0 ux  0
uy  0 uy  0

9) What are the advantages of flitched beams [May /June 2016]

* It is used to strengthen the material. Ex. steel bars in concrete beam.

* Less space occupied.

10) What is the type of beams? [Nov / Dec 2015]

a) Cantilever beams

A B

A beam with on end free (B) fixed (A)

b) Simply supported beam (SSB)

A beam is resting freely on supports at is both ends (A&B)

A B
C) Overhanging beam

One or both the end portion beyond the support

A B

C D

A B

d) Fixed beam

A beam whose both ends are fixed

A B

e) Continuous beam:

A beam which has more than two supports

A B C D

11) Define a) sheer force b) bending moment [Apr /May 2015]

Sheer Force:

Algebraic sum of the forces acting on either right side or left side of the section

Bending moment

Algebraic sum of moment due to all forces acting on either right or left of the section
12) What is neutral axis of a beam under simple bending? [Apr/ May 2015]

The line of intersection of the neutral layer, with any normal cross section of a beam is known as neutral
axis of that section.

To locate the neutral axis of a section, first find out the centroid of the section and then draw a line passing
through this centroid and normal to the plane of bending. This line will be the neutral axis of the section.

13) Draw SFD for a 6m cantilever beam carrying a clockwise moment of 6KNm at free end [Nov/ Dec 2014]

A B 6KNm

A B
SFD

No vertical force. So shear force is zero

14) What are flitched beams? (Nov/Dec 2017)

A beam which is constructed by two different materials is known as flitched or composite beam. It is used
to reinforced the material and reduced the cost.

15) Mention the assumption made in the theory of simple bending?

Assumption made in the theory of pure Bending

 The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.

 The value of young’s modulus of elasticity is same in tension and compression
 The transverse section which were plane before bending remain plane after bending also
 The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments bend into circular arcs with a common centre of
curvature.
 The radius of curvature is large as compared to the dimension of the cross section
 Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independently of the layer above or below it.
16) Define point of contra flexure? In which beam it occurs? (Apr/May 2018) (Nov/Dec 2018) (Apr/May 2019)
The point where the bending moments change its sign or zero is called point contra flexure. It occurs in
overcharging beam.
17) Write the theory of simple bending equation?
M F E
 
I Y R
M – Maximum bending moments
I – Moments of inertia
F – Maximum stress induced
Y – Distance from the neutral axis
E – Young’s modules
R – Radius of curvature
18) Define beam?
BEAM is a structural member which is support along the length and subjected to external loads acting
transversely (i.e) perpendicular to the centre line of the beam.
19) What is mean by transverse loading on beam?
If a load is acting on the beam perpendicular to the axis of the beam then it is called transverse loading.
20) What is mean by positive or sagging BM?
BM is said to positive if moment on left side of beam is clockwise or right side of the beam is counter
clockwise.
21) What is mean by negative or hogging BM?
BM is said to negative if moment on left side of beam is counter clockwise or right side of the beam is
clockwise.
22) When will bending moments is maximum?
BM will be maximum, when shear force change its sign.
23) What are the types of loads?
 Concentrated load or point load
 Uniform distributed load
 Uniform varying load.
24) Define “Section Modulus”
It is the ratio of moment of inertia to the distance of plane from the neutral axis.
25) What is moment of resistance of the section?
It is product of the section modules and stress at that section
26) Define shear stress distribution
The variation of shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear stress distribution.
27) Sketch a) the bending stress distribution b) shear stress distribution for a beam of rectangular cross
section

b a
28) A rectangular beam of 150 mm wide & 250 mm deep is subjected to a max. shear force of 30KN.
Determine i) Avg. shear stress ii) max. shear stress iii) shear stress at a distance of 25 mm above the neutral
axis

A  b  d  150  250  37500mm2

i) Avg shear stress :
F 30  103
q avg    0.8N / mm 2
A 37500
ii) Max shear stress :
q max  1.5q avg  1.5  0.8  1.2N / mm 2
F  d4 2
iii) q   y 
2I  4 
bd 3
I
12
150  2503

12
 195312500 mm 4
y  25mm
30  103  2502 
q   252 
2  195312500  4 
q  1.152 N / mm 2
 PART – B

1) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the overhanging beam carrying uniformly
distributed load of 2kN/m over the entire length and a point load of 2kN as shown in fig. Locate the point of
contraflexure. (Apr/May 2019)
2) A timber beam 100mm wide and 200mm deep is to be reinforced by bolting on two steel flitches each
150mm by 12.5mm in section. Calculate the moment of resistance when flitches are attached symmetrically
at the top and bottom. Allowable stress in timber is 6 N/mm2. Es = 2× 105 N/mm2 and Et = 1× 104 N/mm2
(Apr/May 2019)
3) Draw a shear force and bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam of length 9m and carrying
a uniformly distributed load of 10kN/m for a distance of 6m from the left end. Also calculate the maximum
bending moment on the section. (Nov/Dec 2018)
4) A simply supported wooden beam of span 1.3m having a cross section 150mm wide by 250mm deep carries
a point load W at the centre. The permissible stresses are 7 N/mm2 in bending 1 N/mm2 in shearing.
Calculate the safe load W. (Nov/Dec 2018)
5) A simply supported beam of 16m effective span carries the concentrated loads of 4kN, 5kN and 3kN at
distances 3m, 7m and 11m respectively from the left end support. Calculate maximum shearing force and
bending moment. Draw the S.F and B.M diagrams (Apr/May 2018)
6) A timber beam of rectangular section is support a load of 50kN uniformly distributed over a span of 4.8m
when beam is simply supported. If the depth of section is to be twice the breath, and the stress in the timber
is not to exceed 7 N/mm2, find the dimensions of the cross section. (Apr/May 2018)

W  50kN
l  4.8m
d  2b
 b  7 N / mm 2
bd 2 b(2 b) 2 2b3
Z  
6 6 3
we know that,
wl 2 Wl
SSB with UDL, M= 
8 8
50 x103 x 4.8
M=  30000 Nm  30000000 Nmm
8
M= max xZ
2b3
30000000=7 x  b=185.94  186mm
3
d=2b=372mm

7) A cantilever of length 2m carries a uniformly distributed load of 2kN/m length over the whole length and a
point load of 3kN at the free end. Draw the S.F and B.M diagram for the cantilever. (Nov/Dec 2017)
8) A beam is simply supported and carries a uniformly distributed load of 40kN/m run over the whole span.
The section of the beam is rectangular having depth as 500mm. If the maximum stress in the material of the
beam is 120 N/mm2 and moment of inertia of the section is 7x10 8mm4, find the span of the beam. (Nov/Dec
2017)

w  40kN / m  40000 N / m
d  500mm
 max  120 N / mm 2
I  7 x108 mm 4
I
Z
ymax
d 500
ymax    250mm
2 2
I 7 x108
Z   28 x105 mm3
ymax 250
wl 2 40000 xl 2
M   5000l 2 Nm  5000l 2 x1000 Nmm
8 8
M   max xZ
5000l 2 x1000  120 x 28 x105  l=8.197mm  8.2mm

9) Draw shear force diagram and bending moment diagram for the beam given in fig.2 (May/June 2017)

10KN/m 5KN/m
C D
A B

3m 2m 2m
Solution.

First calculate the reactions RA and RB

Taking moments of all forces about A, we get

3  2
R B  7  10  3   5  2   3  2    45  60  105
2  2
105
 RB   15kN
7

and RA = Total load on beam-RB

= (10 x 3 + 5 x 2) – 15 = 40 – 15 = 25 kN

S.F Diagram

The shear force At A is + 25kN

The shear force at C = RA – 3 x 10 = +25 – 30 = -5kN

 The shear force varies between A and C by a straight line law.

The shear force between C and D is constant and equal to -5kN

The shear force at B is -15kN

The shear force between D and B varies by a straight line law.

The shear force diagram is drawn as shown in Fig.2(b)

The shear force is zero at point E between A and C . Let us find the location of E from A. Let the point E
at a be distance x from A.

The shear force at E = RA – 10 x x= 25 – 10x

But shear force at E = 0

∴ 25 – 10x = 0 or 10x = 25

25
Or x  2.5m
10

B.M.Diagram

B.M.. at A is zero

B.M. at B is zero

3
B.M. at C, Mc = RA x 3 – 10 x 3 x = 25 x 3 – 45 = 75 – 45 = 30 kNm
2

At E, x = 2.5 and hence

2.5
B.M. at E, ME = RA x 2.5 – 10 x 2.5 x = 25 x – 5 x 6.25
2

= 62.5 – 31.25 = 31.25 kNm

3 
B.M. at D, MD = 25(3+2) – 10 x 3 x   2  = 125 – 105 = 20 kNm
2 

The B.M. between AC and between BD varies according to parabolic law. But B.M. between C and D varies
according to straight line law. Now the bending moment diagram is drawn as shown in Fig.2.(c)

10) A beam of square section is used as a beam with one diagonal horizontal. The beam is subjected to a shear
force F, at a section. Find the maximum shear in the cross section of the beam and draw shear stress
distribution diagram for the section.

Solution:

Given : A square section with its diagonal horizontal.

The beam with horizontal diagonal is shown in Fig.2.(a)

Let 2b = Diagonal of the square, and

F = shear force at the section

Now consider the shaded strip AJK at a distance x from the corner A. From the geometry of the figure, we find that
length JK = 2x

1
∴ Area of AJK, A   2x.x  x 2
2

2x
and y  b
3

we know that moment of inertia of the section ABCD about the neutral axis,

2b  b3 b 4
I  2 
12 3

and shearing stress at any point,

 2x 
x2  b  
 F  4
Ay 3 
  F  Here b  JK  2x) 
Ib b
 2x
3
 4  3bx  2x 2 
F
....  i 
2b

We also know that when x = 0, τ = 0 and when x = b, then

F F
   m ean
2b2 Area

Now for maximum shear stress, differentiating the equation (i) and equating it to zero
 d d  F

dx dx  2b 4
 3bx  2x 2   0
3b
 3b  4x  0 or x 
4

Substituting this value of x in equation (i),

 F 3b  3b  
2
F 9b 2
max  3b   2     4 
2b 4
 4  4   2b 8
9 F 9 F 9
  2     mean
8 2b 8 Area 8

Now complete the shear stress distribution diagram as shown in Fig.2(b)

11) A simply supported beam AB of length 5m carries point loads of 8 KN, 10 KN and 15 KN at 1.5 m, 2.50m
and 4.0 m respectively from the left hand support. Draw the sheer force diagram and bending moment
diagram. (Nov / Dec 2016)
8 KN 10 KN 15 KN

A 1.5 m C D E B
RA=19.42KN RB=13.6 KN
2.5 m

4m

5m

19.4 KN

11.4 KN

+
1.4 KN

A C D E B
_

13.6 KN
 13.6 KN

11.5 KN

0.1 KN +

A RA and RB,C
To Find Reaction D E B

R A  R B  8  10  15  33
R A  R B  33 KN ......1

M A 0 R B  5  15  4  10  2.5  8  1.5  0

5R B  97
 R B  19.4 KN substitutein1
R A  13.6 KN

SFD BMD

SF at B  13.6 KN
SF at E   13.6  15  1.4 KN SSB at supports M A  M B  0
SF at D  13.6  15  10  11.4 KN M E  13.6 1  13.6 KNm
SF at C  13.6  15  10  8  19.4 KN M D  13.6  2.5  15 1.5  11.5 KNm
SF at A  19.4 KN

12) A cantilever beam AB of length 2m carries a uniformly distributed load of 12 KN/m over entire length.
Find the shear stress and bending stress, if the size of the beam is 230mm  300 mm. [5 mark]

[Nov/ Dec 2016]

12 KN/m

300
A B

230
2m

Bending stress: Shear stress:

 F    24 KN
b M 3
 max  avg
y I 2
 2 avg 
F
M
2 bd
12  22 24  103
M  24 KNm 
2 230  300
bd 3 230  3003 avg  0.347 N / mm 2
I 
12 12
max  0.52 N / mm 2

I  517500000 mm 4
y  150mm
M
b  y
I
24  103  102  150

517500000
b  6.96 N / mm 2 b  6.96 N / mm2

avg  0.347 N / mm2

300

max  052 N / mm2

b  6.96 N / mm2
230

13) Construct the SFD & BMD for the beam as shown in fig (6 mark)

C [Nov/ Dec 2016]

A E B

25 KN
 25 KN

A C B

RA RB
0.5 m

D
18.75 KNm

25 KN

A C B

37.5 K.N

37.5 KN
D
RA = 12.5 KN RB =12.5 KN

12.5 KN 12.5 KN

A C B
SFD

12.5 KN 12.5 KN

25 KN

A C B
R A  R B  25 KN ...1
M A 0
4R B  25  2
R B  12.5 KN
R A  12.5 KN

SFD
S.F at B  12.5 KN
S.F at C  12.5  25 KN
 12.5 KN
S.F at A  12.5 KN

BMD
mA  mB  0
mC  12.5  2  25 KNm
SF  0 at C   BM max  25 KNm

14) Two timber joist are connected by a steel plate, are used as beam as show in fig find the load W if the
permissible stress in steel and timber are 165 N/m2 and 8.5 N/m2 respectively (7 mark)

Steel [Nov/ Dec 2016]

Timber

150 mm

40 mm 40 mm
10 mm

W W

A B C

1m 1m
 +

A B C

SFD

A B C

_
3w

BMD

s  165 N / mm 2  w  8.5 N / mm 2
bd 2 80  150 2
Zw  
6 6
 300  103 mm 3
bd 2 10  150 2
Zs  
6 6
 37500 mm3
m w  w Zw
 8.5  300  103
 2.55  106 N mm
m s   s Zs
 165  37500
 6.18  106 N mm
m  m w  ms
3w  m  8.7  106 N mm
W  m / 3000  2.91103 N
W  2.91
15) Draw SRD & BDM and indicates the salient feature of beam loaded in fig

[May / June 2016]

X
10 KN/m 15 KN

C A x B C
RA = 54.64 KN
RB = 50.36 KN
34.64 KN

7m 1.5 m 15 KN
2m

C -A -B D

20 KN

SFD 35.36 KN

C D
-A -B
19.98 KNm 22.5 KNm
40.01 KNm

RA & RB :
m A 0

R A  R B  10   2  7   15  105 KN ...1
7
R B  7  5  7   15  8.5  10  2 1  0
2
7R B  352.5 KN
R B  50.36 KN sub in 1
R A  54.64 KN
SFD

SF at D  15 KN
SF at B  15  50.36  35.64
SF at A  15  50.36  10  7  34.64 KN
SF at A  34.64  54.64  20 KN
SF at C   20  10  2  0

BMD

BM at D  0
BM at B  15 1.5  22.5 KN
7
BM at A  15  8.5  50.36  7  10  7 
2
 19.98 KNm
9
BM at C  15 10.5  50.36  9  10  9   54.64  2
2
 0.02  0

SF at XX  15  50.36  10   x  1.5 

BM at XX  15x  50.6   x  1.5   10   x  1.5    x  1.5  ...2
SF at XX  0
15  50.36  10  x  1.5   0
10  x  1.5   35.36
x  1.5  3.536
x  5.036 m sub in equation 2
B.M at  x  5.036   40.01 KNm

16) Find the dimensions of a timber joist, spam 4m to carry a brickwork is 20 KN/m3. Permissible bending
stress in timber is 10N/mm2. The depth of the joist twice the width (8)

[May/ June 2016]

  4m
t  230 mm  0.23m
h  3m
  20 KN / m3
 b max  10N / mm 2
d  2b

Wt of bricks wall (W) =  t  h  

SSB with UDL, = 20  0.23  3  4  55.2KN

  2  55.2  4
M  
8 8 8
M  27.6 KNm  27.6  106 Nmm
bd 3 b   2b 
3
8b 4
I  
12 12 12
d 2b
y  b
2 2
I 8b 4 1 8b3
section modulus  Z     
y 12 b 12
8b3
M   b Z  10 
12
8b3
10   27.6  106
12
27.6  106  12
b3 
10  8
b  160.57 mm
d  2b  321.14 mm

17) Draw the sheer force & bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam of length 8m and carrying
a UDL of 10KN/m for a distance of 4m as shown in fig (16)

[Nov/ Dec 2015]

10 KN/m

A C D B

1m 4m 3m

RA = 25 KN
RB = 15 KN

8m

25KN

A C D _ B

SFD

15KN
 45 KNm
25 KNm

A C D B

RA & RB

R A  R B  10  4  40 KN ...1
M A 0 R B  8  10  4  3  0
8R B  120
R B  15 KN sub in 1
R A  25 KN

SFD BM D
SFat B   15 KN M A  M B  0  At end of supporb 
SF at D  15 KN BM at D  M D   15  3  45 KNm
SF at C   15  10  4  25 KN BM at C  M C   15  7  10  4  2
SFat A  25 KN  25 KNm

8b3
10   27.6  106
12
27.6  106  12
b3   4140000
10  8
b  160.57
d  2 b  321.14 mm

18) A Steel plate at width 120 mm and of thickness 20 mm is bent into circular arc of radius 10m. Determine
the maximum stress induced and the bending moment which will produce the maximum stress Take
E  2 105 N / mm2 (16)

[Nov / Dec 2015]

 b  120mm t  20mm R  10m
E  2  10 N / mm
3 2

bt 3
I  80000 mm 4
12
t 20
y max    10mm
2 2
M b E
 
I y R
E
 b   ymax
R
2  105  10 2
 b    10  200 N / mm 2
10  103
M E

I R
E 2  105
M I  80000
R 10  103
M  1.6  106 Nmm

19) An overhanging beam ABC of length 7 m is simply supported at A & B over a span of 5m and the portion
overhangs by 2m. Draw the shearing force & bending moments diagram and determine the point of contra
flexure if it is subjected to UDL of 3 KN/ m over the portion AB and a concentrated load of 8 KN at C.(16)

[Apr/ May 2015]

RA & RB

X 3 KN/m 8 KN

A x B C

RB = 18.7 KN
RA = 4.3KN

5m 2m
7m
8 KN

+
+

A B C
_

SFD 35.36 KN
 A B C

3.08 KNm _

16 KNm

R A  R B  3  5  8  23 KN ...1
5
M A 0 R B  5  3 5  8 7  0
2
5R B  93.5
R B  18.7 KN sub in 1

R A  4.3 KN

SFD BMD
SF at C  8 KN M C  4.3 7  3  5  4.5  18.7  2
SF at B  8  18.7  10.7 KN M B  8  2  16 KNm
SF at A  10.7  3  5 5
M A  8  7  18.7  5  3  5  0
 4.3 KN 2

Assume

XX section at a distance of x from end B,

SF at XX   8 KN  18.7  3Xx  0
3Xx  10.7
x  3.57 m
x
BM at XX  8   x  2   18.7  x  3  x 
2
 BM max  3.08 KNm
 x  3.57  B.M at XX  0
8x  16  18.7x  1.5x 2  0
1.5x 2  10.7x  16  0
x  5m or x  2.13m

20) Draw SFD & BMD and find the max bending moment for the beam given in fig

[Nov/ Dec 2014]

 6 KN m
20 KN

A B C D E

2/3
RA= 17.5 KN 1/3 RE= 8.5 KN

2m 2m 2m 2m

17.5 KN 17.5 KN

A B C D E
_
2.5 KN
8.5 KN 8.5 KN
SFD

35 KNm

30 KNm
17 KNm
+

A B C D E

RA & RE

1
R A  R E  20   2  6  26 KN ...1
2
1  1 
MA  0  R E  8   2  6  2  2   2   20  2  0
2  3 
8R E  68
R E  8.5 KN sub in1
R A  17.5 KN
 BMD
MA  ME  0
SFD B.M at D  8.5  2  17 KNm
SF at E  8.5 KN 1 1
B.M at C  8.5  4   2  6   2
SF at D  8.5 KN 2 3
1  30 KNm
SF at C  8.5   2  6  2.5 KN
2 1 1
B.M at B  8.5  6   2  6   2  2
SF at B  2.5  20  17.5 KN 2 2
SF at A  17.5 KN  35 KNm
SF  0   BM max
SF  0 at point B   B.M max at B  35KNm

21) Three beams here the same length allowable stress and the same bending moment. The cross section of
the beams are a square, a rectangular with depth twice the width and a circle. Find the ratio of weight of
circular and the rectangular beam with respect to the square beam (16)

[Apr / May 2015]

d
a b

a 2b

A= side of d= disc of
Rectangular
square beam circular beam
beam

b= Width

2b=Depth
Since all three beams here the same σ & M the modules of section of the three beams must be equal

Square beams Rectangular beam

bd 2 bd 2
Z1  Z2 
6 6 Circular beam
a  a2 b  2b  
2

  z3   d3 ...3
6 6 32
3
a 4b 2 2 2
Z1  ...1 Z2   b ...2
6 6 3

Equating 1 & 2
a 3 2b 2 Equating1& 3

b 3 a3 
 d3
2 6 32
a 3  6  b2
3 
a 3  6   d3
a 3  4b3 32
b  0.63a ...4 d  1.19 a ...5

Weight of all the beams are proportional to the c/s area of their section,

Weight of Square beam Area of square beam


Weight of rec tangular beam Area of rectangular beam

a2 a2 1
 
2   0.63a 
2 2
2b 0.79
Weight of Square beam Area of square beam

Weight of circular beam Area of Circular beam
a2 a2
 
 2 
 1.19a 
2
d
4 4
1

1.12

22) Prove that the ratio of depth to width of the strongest beam that can be cut from a circular log of
diameter d is 1.414. Hence calculate the depth and width of the strongest beam that can be cut of a cylindrical
log of wood whose diameter is 300mm.

D d

Diameter of circular log of wood = D

b = breadth of rectangular beamb

d = depth of rectangular beam

section  bd 2
 Z ...1
modulus  6

From geometry of the fig ,

b2  d 2  D2
d 2  D2  b 2 ..2  substituting equ1

b   D2  b2 
Z
6
bD  b3
2


6
For strongest section, Differentiate the above equation and equate it to zero,

dz d  bD 2  b3  D 2  3b 
  
db db  6  6
D 2  3b 2
0
6
D 2  3b 2  0
3b 2  D 2
D
b ...2 subtituting in equa1
3
D 2 2D 2
d 2  D2  
3 3
2
dD ..4
3

Equ 4  Equ 3
2
D
d 3 D 2 3

b D 3 D
3
d
 2  1.414  Hence it is proved 
b

PART-C

23) A water main of 500mm internal diameter and 20mm thick is full. The water main is of cast iron and is
supported at two points 10m apart. Find the maximum stress in the metal. The cast iron and water weigh
72000 N/m3 and 10000 N/m3 respectively. (May 2017 – 15 Marks)

Given:

Internal diameter, Di = 500 mm = 0.5 m

Thickness of pipe, t = 20 mm

∴ outer dia, D0 = Di + 2 x t = 500 + 2 x 20

= 540 mm = 0.54 m

Weight density of cast iron = 72000 N/m3

 Weight density of water = 10000 N/m3

 2 
Internal area of pipe = Di   0.52  0.1960m2
4 4

This is also equal to the area of water section

∴ Area of water section = 0.196 m2

 2 
Outer area of pipe = D0   0.542 m2
4 4

 2  2
Area of pipe section = D 0  Di
4 4

 
  D0 2  Di 2   0.542  0.52   0.0327m 2
4 4

Moment of inertia of pipe section about neutral axis

 
I  D0 4  Di 4   5404  5004   1.105 109 mm 4
64 64 

Weight of pipe for one metre run = weight density of cast iron x volume of pipe

= 72000 x [area of pipe section x Length]

= 72000 x 0.0327 x 1

= 2354 N

Weight of water for me metre run = weight density of water x Volume of water

= 10000 x (Area of water section x length]

= 10000 x 0.196 x 1 = 1960 N

Total weight on the pipe for one metre run

= 2354 + 1960 = 4314 N

Hence the above weight is the U.D.L on pipe.

The maximum bending moment due to U.D.L is w x L2/8, where w = Rate of U.D.L= 4314 N per metre run.

∴ Maximum bending moment due to U.D.L

w  L2 4314 102
M   53925 Nm
8 8
M  53925 103 Nmm
 M 
Now using 
I y

M
 y
I

The stress is maximum when y is maximum

D0 540
y   270 mm
2 2

ymax = 270 mm

M
∴ maximum stress max   y max
I

53925 103
  270
1.105  109
 13.18 N / mm 2