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Government Property Senior High School

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Practical Research 2
Quarter 2 - Module 4
Understanding Data and Ways to
Systematically Collect Data
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Lesson
Quantitative Research Designs
1

Research design is defined as the logical and coherent overall strategy that
the researcher uses in order to integrate all the components of the research study

Types of Quantitative Research Design

Descriptive Research. It is a design that is exploratory in nature. The


purpose of descriptive research is basically to answer questions such as “who”,
“what”, “where”, “when”, and “how much”. So this design is best used when the
main objective of the study is to just observe and report a certain phenomena as it
is happening.
Correlational Research. The main goal of this design is to determine if a
variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases. This
design seeks to establish association between variables. It does not seek cause and
effect relationship like descriptive research it measures variables as it occur.
Ex Post Facto. If the objective of the study is to measure a cause from a pre
existing effects, then Ex Post Facto research design is more appropriate to use.
Quasi-Experimental. This research design aims to measure causal
relationship between variables. The effect measured is considered to have
occurred during the conduct of the current study.
Experimental Research. This research design is based on scientific method
called experiment with a procedure of gathering data under a controlled or
manipulated environment. It is also known as true experimental design since it
applies treatment and manipulation more extensively compared to quasi-
experimental design.

Lesson
Sampling Procedure
2 and the Sample

Population and Sample

The population is the totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and
characteristics under consideration.

When the whole population is too costly or time consuming or impractical


to consider then a sample representative is identified. Sampling pertains to the
systematic process of selecting the group to be analyzed in the research study. The
goal is to get information from a group that represents the target population.
The representative subset of the population refers to sample. All the 240
Senior High School Students enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) Strand in a school for example constitute the population; 60
of those students constitute the sample. Generally, the larger the sample the more
reliable the sample be; but still it will depend on the scope and delimitation and
research design of the study.

Approaches in Identifying the Sample Size


Heuristics. This approach refers to the rule of the thumb for sample size.
Number of
Research Design
Subjects/Participants
Descriptive 10% to 20% maybe
Research required
Comparative 15 subjects or
Research groups

Number of
Research Design
Subjects/Participants
Survey 800
Correlational 100 to 200
Ex post facto 30+
Experimental 30 or more

Literature Review. Another approach is by reading similar or related


literature and studies to your current research study. Using this approach
increases the validity of your sampling procedure.
Formulas. Formulas are also being established for the computation of
acceptable sample size. Common formula is the Slovin’s Formula.
9
Slovin’s Formula:
N
n= 2
1+ Ne

where: n is sample size


N is population size
E is desired margin of error
Power Analysis. This approach is basically founded on the principle of
power analysis.

Probability Sampling in Quantitative Research

Simple Random Sampling. It is a way of choosing individuals in which all


members of the accessible population are given equal chance to be selected.
There are various ways of obtaining samples through simple random sampling.
These are fish bowl technique, roulette wheel, or use of table of random numbers.

Stratified Random Sampling. stratified random sampling also gives equal


chance to all members of the population to be chosen.
However, the population is first divided into strata or groups before
selecting the samples. The samples are chosen from these subgroups and not
directly from the entire population. This is procedure is best used when the
variables of the study are also grouped into classes such as gender and grade level.

example: A population of 600 Junior High School students includes 180


Grade 7, 160 Grade 8, 150 Grade 9, and 110 Grade 10. If the computed sample size
is 240, the following proportionate sampling will be as follows.

Cluster Sampling. This procedure is usually applied in large-scale studies,


geographical spread out of population is a challenge, and gathering information
will be very time consuming.
For example, a researcher would like to conduct an interview of all public
senior high school students across Mindanao. As a researcher cluster will be
selected to satisfy the plan size. In the given example, first cluster can be by
region, second cluster can be by division, and third cluster can be by district.

Systematic Sampling. This procedure is as simply as selecting sample every


nth (example every 2nd, 5th) of the chosen population until arriving at a desired
total number of sample size. Therefore the selection is based on a predetermined
interval. Dividing the population size by the sample size the interval will be
obtained. For example, from a total population of 75 you have 25 samples, using
systematic sampling you will decide to select every 3 rd person on the list of
individuals.
Lesson
Research Instrument,
3 Validity, and Reliability

Quantitative Research Instrument


Research Instruments are basic tools researchers used to gather data for
specific research problems. Common instruments are performance tests,
questionnaires, interviews, and observation checklist. The first two instruments
are usually used in quantitative research while the last two instruments are often
in qualitative research.

Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument


Concise.
A good research instrument is concise in length yet can elicit the needed data.
Sequential. Questions or items must be arranged well. It is recommended to
arrange it from simplest to most complex.
Valid and reliable. The instrument should pass the tests of validity and
reliability in order to get more appropriate and accurate information.
Easily tabulated. Since you will be constructing an instrument for
quantitative research this factor should be considered.

Common Scales Used in Quantitative Research


Likert Scale. This is the most common scale used in quantitative research.
Respondents were asked to rate or rank statements according to the scale
provided.

Example: A likert scale that measures attitude of students towards distance


learning.

Strongly Strongly
Items Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
There would be
difficulty in
communicating
our concerns to
our teacher.
There would be
many
distractions
when learning at
home than in
school.
Semantic Differential. In this scale, a series of bipolar adjectives will be
rated by the respondents. This scale is seems to be more advantageous since it is
more flexible and easy to construct.

Example: On a description of an active student in school activities.

Pleasant 5 4 3 2 1 Unpleasant
Enthusiastic 5 4 3 2 1 Not Enthusiastic
Competent 5 4 3 2 1 Incompetent

Types of Validity of Instrument

Face Validity. It is also known as “logical validity.”


Just by looking at the instrument, the researcher
decides if it valid.
Validity
Content Validity. An instrument that is judged with
content validity meets the objectives of the study. It A research instrument is
considered valid if it measures
is done by checking the statements or questions if what it supposed to measure.
this elicits needed information. Experts in the field
of interest can also provide specific elements that When measuring oral
communication proficiency
should be measured by the instrument. level of students, speech
Construct Validity. It refers to validity of performance using rubric or
instruments as it corresponds to theoretical rating scale is more valid than
students are given multiple
construct of the study. It is concerned if specific choice tests.
measure relates to other measures.
Validity has also several types:
face, content, construct,
concurrent, and predictive
validity.
Concurrent Validity. When the instrument is able to predict results similar to
those similar tests already validated, it has concurrent validity.
Predictive Validity. When the instrument is able to produce results similar to
those similar tests that will be employed in the future, it has predictive validity.
This is particularly useful for aptitude test.
Reliability refers to the consistency of the measures or results of the instrument.

Lesson
Planning Data Collection Procedure
4

When research data appears to be measurable in numerical form it is considered a


quantitative data.

Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

Observation. It is gathering information about a certain condition by


means of senses. The researcher records the observation as seen and heard. This is
done by direct observation or indirect observation by the use of gadgets or
apparatus. An observation checklist aid the researcher in recording the data
gathered.
Survey. Data gathering is done through interview or questionnaire. By
means of questionnaire you use series of questions or statements that
respondents will have to answer. Basically, respondents write or choose their
answer from given choices. On the other hand, interview is when you ask
respondents orally to tell you the responses. Since you are doing quantitative
research, it is expected that responses have numerical value either it is nominal or
ordinal in form.
Experiment. When your study is experimental design, it will use treatment
or intervention. After the chosen subjects, participants, or respondents undergone
the intervention the effects of such treatment will be measured.
Three Phases in Data Collection

Before During After

Prepare the research Clear the instructions Summarize the data


instruments provided to the gathered, in a tabular
Identify the authorities respondents. form
that will be involved and Administer the research Analyze the summarize
need to ask permission instrument or implement data corresponding to
Determine the samples the research intervention, the research questions.
size and corresponding if applicable.
respondents; per group if Collect or gather or take
applicable. note of the responses.
Ask consent form (if
respondents are 18
years old above) or
parent's consent (if
minor).
Pilot test the research
instrument if needed.

Lesson
Planning Data Analysis
5

Data Analysis

Data analysis in research is a process in which gathered information are


summarized in such a manner that it will yield answers to the research questions.
Statistical treatment makes explicit the different statistical methods and
formulas needed in order to analyze the research data.

Test of Relationship between Two Variables


 Pearson’s r (parametric)
 Phi coefficient (non-parametric for nominal and dichotomous
variables)
 Spearman’s rho (non-parametric for ordinal variable)

Test of Difference between Two Data Sets from One Group


 T-test for dependent samples (parametric)
 McNemar change test (non-parametric for nominal and dichotomous
variables)
 Wilcoxon signed-rank test (non-parametric for ordinal variable)

Test of Difference between Two Data Sets from Two Different Groups
 T-test for independent samples (parametric)
 Two-way chi-square (non-parametric for nominal variable)
 Mann-Whitney U test (non-parametric for ordinal variable)

Test More than Two Population Means


 Analysis of Variance or ANOVA (parametric)

Test the Strength of Relation or Effect or Impact


 Regression (parametric)

Lesson
Presenting Research Methodology
6

At this point, it is assumed that you are now ready to present your written
output. ( research defense by group will be scheduled for this part)

You need to consider the parts of your research these are:

Research Design
Research Population and Sample
Sampling Procedure
Research Instruments
Validity and Reliability of Instruments
Research Intervention (if applicable)
Data Collection Procedure
Data Analysis

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