1

Reference Sheet for Applied Electromagnetics - ECE 351 z

z
Coordinate Systems:
ρ dρ
z dz
P

ρdφ
z dy
P y
dz
az
φ aφ
az dx
ay y
y
ax aρ
x
x
Fig. 2. The cylindrical coordinate system.

x
1 ∂ 1 ∂Aϕ ∂Az
Fig. 1. The cartesian coordinate system. ∇ · Ā = (ρAρ ) + + (19)
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z

The Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z): [ 1 ∂Az ∂Aϕ ]

∇ × Ā = − âρ (20)
ρ ∂ϕ ∂z
Ā = Ax âx + Ay ây + Az âz (1) [ ∂Aρ ∂Az ]
+ − âϕ (21)
dL̄ = dxâx + dyây + dzâz (2) ∂z ∂ρ
1[ ∂ ∂Aρ ]
dS̄ = dydz(±âx ) (3) + (ρAϕ ) − âz
ρ ∂ρ ∂ϕ
dS̄ = dxdz(±ây ) (4) 1 ∂ ( ∂V ) 1 ∂2V ∂2V
∇2 V = ρ + 2 2
+ (22)
dS̄ = dxdy(±âz ) (5) ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z 2

dV = dxdydz (6)
z
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = âx + ây + âz (7)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
∇ · Ā = + + (8)
∂x ∂y ∂z dr
[ ] θ
dθ
∂Az ∂Ay aθ P
∇ × Ā = − âx (9) dφ
∂y ∂z y
[ ]
∂Ax ∂Az ar aφ r
+ − ây (10) φ
∂z ∂x
[ ]
∂Ay ∂Ax
+ − âz
∂x ∂y x
2 2 2
∂ V ∂ V ∂ V
∇2 V = + + (11) Fig. 3. The spherical coordinate system.
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
The Cylindrical coordinate system (ρ, ϕ, z): The Spherical coordinate system (r, θ, ϕ):

Ā = Aρ âρ + Aϕ âϕ + Az âz (12) Ā = Ar âr + Aθ âθ + Aϕ âϕ (23)

dL̄ = dρâρ + ρdϕâϕ + dzâz (13) dL̄ = drâr + rdθâθ + r sin θdϕâϕ (24)
2
dS̄ = ρdϕdz(±âρ ) (14) dS̄ = r sin θdθdϕ(±âr ) (25)
dS̄ = dρdz(±âϕ ) (15) dS̄ = r sin θdrdϕ(±âθ ) (26)
dS̄ = ρdρdϕ(±âz ) (16) dS̄ = rdrdθ(±âϕ ) (27)
dV = ρdρdϕdz (17) dV = r2 sin θdrdθdϕ (28)
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V ∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
∇V = âρ + âϕ + âz (18) ∇V = âr + âθ + âϕ (29)
∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
 2

1 ∂ 2
∇ · Ā = (r Ar ) (30) Cartesian ⇒ Spherical Conversion
r2 ∂r
1 ∂
+ (Aθ sin θ) (31)
r sin θ ∂θ √
1 ∂Aϕ x2 + y 2 + z 2
r= (45)
+ (√ ( ) )
r sin θ ∂ϕ
x2 + y 2 z
θ = tan−1 = cos−1 √ (46)
[ ] z x + y2 + z2
2
1 ∂ ∂Aθ
∇ × Ā = (Aϕ sin θ) − âr (32) ( )
r sin θ ∂θ ∂ϕ −1 y
[ ] ϕ = tan (47)
1 1 ∂Ar ∂ x
+ − (rAϕ ) âθ (33)     
r sin θ ∂ϕ ∂r Ar sin θ cos ϕ sin θ sin ϕ cos θ Ax
1[ ∂ ∂Ar ]  Aθ  =  cos θ cos ϕ cos θ sin ϕ − sin θ   Ay 
+ (rAθ ) − âϕ
r ∂r ∂θ Aϕ − sin ϕ cos ϕ 0 Az
( )
1 ∂ 2 ∂V
∇ V =
2
r (34)
r2 ∂r ∂r Transmission Lines:
( )
1 ∂ ∂V
+ sin θ (35) Zs Iin IL
r2 sin θ ∂θ ∂θ
1 ∂2V + +
+ VS Z0 ZL
r2 sin2 θ ∂ϕ2 Vin VL
- -
Coordinate System Transformations:
Cylindrical ⇒ Cartesian Conversion Zin
z = -l z=0

Fig. 4. Transmission line.

x = ρ cos ϕ (36)
In General:
y = ρ sin ϕ (37)
Vs (z) = V0+ e−γz + V0− e+γz (48)
z=z (38) Vs (z)
     Is (z) = I0+ e−γz + I0− e+γz = (49)
Ax cos ϕ − sin ϕ 0 Aρ Z0
 Ay  =  sin ϕ cos ϕ 0   Aϕ  where
Az 0 0 1 Az √
γ= (R + jωL)(G + jωC) = α + jβ. (50)
√
Cartesian ⇒ Cylindrical Conversion R + jωL
Z0 = = |Z0 |ejθ . (51)
√ G + jωC
ρ = x2 + y 2 (39)
( ) Reflection at the load:
y ZL − Z0
ϕ = tan−1 (40) Γ=
V0r
= = |Γ|ejϕΓ . (52)
x V0i ZL + Z0
z=z (41) The position of the voltage maximum is denoted as zmax
     and the position of the voltage minimum is denoted as zmin :
Aρ cos ϕ sin ϕ 0 Ax
 Aϕ  =  − sin ϕ cos ϕ 0   Ay  zmin = − 2β
1
[ϕΓ + (2m + 1)π] and zmax = − 2β 1
[ϕΓ + 2mπ]
Az 0 0 1 Az where m = 0, 1, 2....
VsT (zmax ) 1 + |Γ|
s= = . (53)
Spherical ⇒ Cartesian Conversion VsT (zmin ) 1 − |Γ|
For a finite length TL:
VsT (z)
x = r sin θ cos ϕ (42) Z(z) = (54)
IsT (z)
[ ]
y = r sin θ sin ϕ (43) ZL cos βz − jZ0 sin βz
= Z0 .
Z0 cos βz − jZL sin βz
z = r cos θ (44)
     Permittivity of free space: ε0 = 8.854187817 × 10−12 F/m
Ax sin θ cos ϕ cos θ cos ϕ − sin ϕ Ar
 Ay  =  sin θ sin ϕ Permeability of free space: µ0 = 4π × 10−7 H/m.
cos θ sin ϕ cos ϕ   Aθ 
Az cos θ − sin θ 0 Aϕ