Chapter1: Digital Systems and Binary

Numbers
Lecture3- Study Complements, Perform Subtraction
using Complements
Engr. Arshad Nazir, Asst Prof
Dept of Electrical Engineering
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 Objectives
• Study Complements
• Perform Subtraction of Unsigned Numbers using
Complements

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 Complements
• Complements are used in digital computers to simplify the subtraction
operation and for logical manipulation. We can perform subtraction by
adder circuits i.e
A – B = A+(-B)
• There are two types of complements for each base-r system:
 The radix complement, called the r’s complement.
 The diminished radix complement, called the (r-1)’s complement.
• When the value of the base r is substituted in the name, the two types
are referred as the 2’s complement and 1’s complement for binary
numbers and the 10’s complement and 9’s complement for decimal
numbers.

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Diminished Radix Complement (DRC)
• Given a number N in base r having n digits, the (r-1)’s complement of N
is defined as:
(rn – 1) – N; where
r: radix or base of the given number
n: number of digits of integer part
N: Given number
• Decimal numbers are in base-10.
(r-1) = (10-1) = 9.
• The 9’s complement would be defined as:
(10n – 1) – N
• So, to determine the 9’s complement of 52:
(102 – 1) – 52 = 47
• Another example is to determine the 9’s complement of 3124:
(104 – 1) – 3124 = 6875

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Finding Diminished Radix Complement
(DRC)
• The DRC or (r-1)’s complement of decimal number is obtained by
subtracting each digit from 9
• The (r-1)’s complement of octal or hexadecimal number is obtained
by subtracting each digit from 7 or F, respectively
• The DRC (1’s complement) of a binary number is obtained by
subtracting each digit from 1. It can also be formed by changing 1’s to
0’s and 0’s to 1’s

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 Diminished Radix Complement for
Binary Numbers
• For binary numbers r = 2 and (r-1) = 1. So, the 1’s complement would be
defined as:
(2n – 1) – N
• To determine the 1’s complement of 1000101:
(27 – 1) – 1000101 = 0111010
• To determine the 1’s complement of 11110111101:
(211 – 1) - 11110111101 = 00001000010
Note: 1’s complement can be done by switching all 0’s to 1’s and 1’s to 0’s.

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 Complements
 Radix Complement (r’s Complement)
The r’s complement of an n-digit number N in base-r is defined as:
rn – N ; for N  0
0 ; for N = 0
• We may obtain r’s complement by adding 1 to (r-1)’s complement. Since rn – N = [(rn –
1) – N]+1
• 10’s complement of 3229 is:
104 – 3229 = 6771
• 2’s complement of 101101 is:
26 – 101101 = 010011
Note that to determine 2’s complement, leave the least significant 0’s and the first 1
unchanged and then switch the remaining 1’s to 0’ and 0’s to 1’s.

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 2’s Complement
• Another method to find 2’s complement is
 Complement (reverse) each bit
 Add 1
• Example:

Note that 00000001 + 11111111 = 00000000

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 Notes on Complements
• A couple of points on complements to keep in mind:
 If you are trying to determine the complement of a value that
contains a radix point:
o Remove the radix point.
o Determine the complement.
o Replace the radix point in the same relative position.
 The complement of a complement will restore the original number i.e
N= 2n – 1 – [ (2n – 1) – N] 1,s complement
N=rn – ( rn – N) 2,s complement

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 Your Turn
• Find 9’s and 10’s complement of the following:
N=972.85
N=0.975
7256
• Find 1’s and 2’s complement of the following:
1011.101
0.10110
1101101

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 Subtraction with Complements
• In digital computers the use of borrows to complete subtraction is inefficient.
Complements are used to overcome this inefficiency.
• The subtraction of two n-digit unsigned numbers M – N in base r can be done as
follows:
 Add the minuend, M, to the r’s complement of the subtrahend, N:
o M-N= M + (rn – N) = M – N + rn
 If M  N, the sum will produce an end carry, rn, which can be discarded by -rn ;
what is left is the result of M – N. This gives us correct answer
o If M  N, the sum does not produce an end carry and is equal to rn – (N – M),
which is the r’s complement of (N – M). This shows –ve answer expressed in r’s
complement form. To obtain the answer in a familiar form, take the r’s
complement of the sum and place a negative sign in front i.e –(N-M).

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 10’s Complement Subtraction
• Using 10’s complement, subtract 62513 – 2140

• Note that the extra 9 in the 10’s complement of N is to fill the space
holder 0.

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 10’ Complement Subtraction
• Using 10’s complement, subtract 2140 - 62513

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2’s Complement Subtraction
• Using 2’s complement, subtract 1001001 - 1000110

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 2’s Complement Subtraction
• Using 2’s complement, subtract 1000110 - 1001001

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 Subtraction with r-1’s Complement
• The subtraction of two n-digit unsigned numbers M – N in base r using r – 1’s
complement can be done as follows:
 Add the minuend, M, to the r – 1’s complement of the subtrahend, N:
o M – N= M+(– N)= M + (r – 1’s complement of N)= M+[(rn –1) – N] =
M – N +(rn – 1)
 If M > N, M – N , a +ve value after added to rn –1 will produce an end carry, rn
, which can be discarded by -rn and 1 added to the least significant digit (LSD)
of SUM i.e end around carry.; what is left is the result of M – N. This gives us
correct +ve answer. Examples are 72532 – 3250 and 1010100 – 1000011.
Mathematically,
o M – N= M – N +rn – 1 – rn+ 1
 If M≤ N, M – N= (rn – 1) – (N – M). Here (N – M) is a +ve value and after
subtracted from rn – 1, doesn’t produce an end carry . The result (rn – 1) – (N –
M) shows r – 1’s complement of (N – M). This shows – ve answer. To obtain the
answer in a familiar form, take the r – 1’s complement of the SUM and place a
– ve sign in front i.e – (N – M). Examples are 3250 – 72532 and 1000011 –
1010100. Mathematically,
o M – N= (rn – 1) – (N – M)= – [(rn – 1) – {(rn – 1) – (N – M)}]= – [rn – 1 – rn+ 1+
(N – M)]= – (N – M)
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 Subtraction using 9’s Complement
• You can use the 9’s complement for performing subtraction.
• You can add the minuend M to the 9’s complement i.e (r-1)’s
complement of subtrahend N. Then inspect the result.
 If an end carry occurs discard end carry by – rn , and add 1 to the
least significant digit i.e end around carry
 If there is no end carry take 9’s complement i.e (r-1)’s
complement of the result obtained and place a negative sign
 Note: Remember that 9’s complement is 1 less than 10’s
complement. This means we must compensate by adding 1
when an end carry occurs. Removing an end-carry and adding
one is called an end-around carry.

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9’S Complement Subtraction Example
• Using 9’s complement, subtract 62513– 2140
M= 62513
9’S complement of N=+ 97859
SUM 160372
– rn -100000
60372
end around carry +1
Answer= 60373

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9’S Complement Subtraction Example
• Using 9’s complement, subtract 2140 – 62513
M= 02140
9’S complement of N=+ 37486
SUM 39626
No end around carry;
9’s complement 60373
(Add – Sign) Answer= -60373

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Subtraction using 1’s Complement
• You can also use the 1’s complement for performing subtraction.
• You can add the minuend M to the 1’s complement i.e (r-1)’s
complement of subtrahend N. Then inspect the result.
 If an end carry occurs discard the end carry by – rn and add 1 to
the least significant digit i.e end around carry.
 If there is no end carry take 1’s complement i.e (r-1)’s
complement of the result obtained and place a negative sign
 Note: Remember that 1’s complement is 1 less than 2’s
complement. This means we must compensate by adding 1
when an end carry occurs. Removing an end-carry and adding
one is called an end-around carry.

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 1’s Complement Subtraction
• Using 1’s complement, subtract 1001001 - 1000110

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1’s Complement Subtraction
• Using 1’s complement, subtract 1000110 - 1001001

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 Your Turn

• Perform subtraction 110110.10-10101.01 using 2’s

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The End

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